Żylakowatość zakrzepowa
Epidemiologia

Żylakowatość zakrzepowa (thrombophlebitis) to zapalenie ściany żyły z tworzeniem skrzepliny, o częstości występowania powierzchownego zapalenia żył (SVT) w populacji ogólnej od 3% do 11%. Zapadalność na SVT wynosi około 0,64%, a w warunkach hospitalizacyjnych zakrzepica związana z cewnikami dożylnymi dotyczy 25-35% pacjentów. Wiek (średnio 54 lata u mężczyzn i 58 lat u kobiet), płeć, otyłość, hospitalizacja, choroby nowotworowe oraz unieruchomienie stanowią kluczowe czynniki ryzyka. Powierzchowne zapalenie żył wiąże się z ryzykiem rozwoju zakrzepicy żył głębokich (DVT) i zatorowości płucnej (PE) – współwystępowanie DVT wynosi 22-37%, a PE do 33%. Śmiertelność 3-miesięczna dla DVT i PE wynosi około 5%, natomiast dla SVT jest poniżej 1%. Epidemiologiczne dane wskazują na wzrost zapadalności na ŻChZZ w latach 2001-2009, głównie z powodu PE z DVT, a także na rosnące znaczenie „e-zakrzepicy” związanej z długotrwałym siedzeniem (każda godzina siedzenia zwiększa ryzyko o 10%).

  1. Epidemiologia żylakowatości zakrzepowej
    1. Częstotliwość występowania
    2. Różnice demograficzne
    3. Trendy epidemiologiczne
  2. Nadzór epidemiologiczny żylakowatości zakrzepowej
    1. Systemy monitorowania
    2. Zastosowanie badań przesiewowych
    3. Czynniki ryzyka i ich monitorowanie
  3. Epidemiologia powikłań żylakowatości zakrzepowej
    1. Nawroty zakrzepicy
    2. Związek z innymi rodzajami zakrzepicy
    3. Epidemiologia specyficznych rodzajów thrombophlebitis
  4. Wpływ hospitalnej zakrzepicy żylnej na zdrowie publiczne
    1. Epidemiologia zakrzepicy związanej z nowotworem
  5. Podsumowanie nadzoru epidemiologicznego
    1. Kolejne rozdziały

Epidemiologia żylakowatości zakrzepowej

Żylakowatość zakrzepowa (ang. thrombophlebitis) to schorzenie naczyniowe charakteryzujące się zapaleniem ściany żyły połączonym z tworzeniem się skrzepliny. Jest to stosunkowo powszechna przypadłość, chociaż dokładne dane epidemiologiczne są trudne do ustalenia ze względu na różnice w metodologii badań oraz częste przypadki niezgłaszania choroby.12

Częstotliwość występowania

Dane dotyczące zapadalności i chorobowości w przypadku żylakowatości zakrzepowej różnią się w zależności od badanej populacji oraz typu schorzenia. Według niektórych szacunków, częstość występowania powierzchownego zapalenia żył (SVT) w populacji ogólnej wynosi od 3% do 11%.1 Badania przeprowadzone we Francji wskazały, że zapadalność na powierzchowne zapalenie żył wynosi około 0,64%, podczas gdy inne badania sugerują, że jest ona dwukrotnie niższa niż w przypadku zakrzepicy żył głębokich (DVT) i zbliżona do wskaźnika zatorowości płucnej (PE).3 Istnieją także doniesienia, że częstość występowania SVT w populacji ogólnej może być 2-6 razy wyższa niż zakrzepicy żył głębokich i zatorowości płucnej.4

W szczególnych warunkach, jak na przykład hospitalizacja, żylakowatość zakrzepowa związana z wkłuciem dożylnym występuje u 25-35% pacjentów z obwodowymi cewnikami dożylnymi.5 Natomiast w przypadku zakrzepicy związanej z zakażeniem, dane wskazują, że septyczne zapalenie żył towarzyszy około 7% przypadków zakażeń krwi związanych z obecnością cewnika.6

Różnice demograficzne

Dane dotyczące różnic płciowych w występowaniu żylakowatości zakrzepowej są niejednoznaczne. Niektóre badania wskazują na przewagę kobiet wśród pacjentów z powierzchownym zapaleniem żył (50-70% przypadków)78, podczas gdy inne sugerują, że schorzenie to występuje prawie równie często u obu płci, z niewielką przewagą u mężczyzn.9 W przypadku zakrzepicy żył głębokich, ogólny wskaźnik zapadalności skorygowany o wiek jest wyższy u mężczyzn niż u kobiet.10 Co ciekawe, w przypadku zakrzepicy zatoki jamistej, istnieje wyraźna przewaga kobiet (stosunek kobiet do mężczyzn wynosi około 3,75-5,3:1).11

Wiek jest istotnym czynnikiem ryzyka rozwoju żylakowatości zakrzepowej. Chociaż może ona wystąpić w każdej grupie wiekowej, częstość wzrasta znacząco wraz z wiekiem.12 Średni wiek rozpoznania thrombophlebitis wynosi około 54 lat dla mężczyzn i 58 lat dla kobiet.13 W europejskim rejestrze żylnej choroby zakrzepowo-zatorowej obejmującym ponad 15 000 pacjentów, średni wiek wynosił 66,3 ± 16,9 lat.14 U osób starszych zwiększone ryzyko może wynikać z relatywnego zastoju krwi w zatokach żylnych podudzia, będącego rezultatem zmniejszonej aktywności pompy mięśniowej łydki.15

W odniesieniu do różnic etnicznych, dane sugerują, że zakrzepica żylna może występować częściej u Afroamerykanów i rzadziej u Azjatów w porównaniu do osób pochodzenia europejskiego.16 Jednak w przypadku wielu podtypów żylakowatości zakrzepowej nie stwierdzono wyraźnych predyspozycji rasowych.1718

Trendy epidemiologiczne

Obserwacje wskazują na potencjalne zwiększenie częstości występowania powikłań zakrzepowo-zatorowych związanych z powierzchownym zapaleniem żył. Współczesne badania donoszą o wysokiej częstości towarzyszącej zakrzepicy żył głębokich (22-37%) oraz zatorowości płucnej (do 33%).19 Dane dotyczące trendów w zapadalności na żylną chorobę zakrzepowo-zatorową są ograniczone. Ogólne wskaźniki zapadalności na ŻChZZ oraz zapadalność na PE z DVT i samo DVT pozostawały stosunkowo stałe lub wzrastały w okresie 1981-2000, ze znacznym wzrostem ogólnego wskaźnika zapadalności na ŻChZZ w latach 2001-2009, głównie z powodu rosnącej zapadalności na PE z DVT.20

Interesującym zjawiskiem epidemiologicznym jest tak zwana „e-zakrzepica” (e-thrombosis), związana z długotrwałym siedzeniem przed komputerem. Badania wskazują, że każda godzina spędzona w pozycji siedzącej zwiększa skumulowane ryzyko żylnej choroby zakrzepowo-zatorowej o 10%.21 Zjawisko to nabiera coraz większego znaczenia epidemiologicznego ze względu na rosnącą popularność urządzeń komputerowych na całym świecie.22

Nadzór epidemiologiczny żylakowatości zakrzepowej

Systemy monitorowania

Nadzór epidemiologiczny nad żylakowatością zakrzepową i jej powikłaniami jest istotnym elementem zdrowia publicznego. W Stanach Zjednoczonych, Główny Chirurg (U.S. Surgeon General) klasyfikuje żylną chorobę zakrzepowo-zatorową jako poważny problem zdrowia publicznego.23 CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) prowadzi programy nadzoru dla zakrzepicy żył głębokich i zatorowości płucnej, w tym „Surveillance for Deep Vein Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism: Recommendations from a National Workshop”.24

Wśród regionalnych inicjatyw nadzoru znajdują się programy takie jak „Racial differences in venous thromboembolism: A surveillance program in Durham County, North Carolina” oraz „Incidence of Venous Thromboembolism in a Racially Diverse Population of Oklahoma County, Oklahoma”.25 Programy te mają na celu lepsze zrozumienie występowania ŻChZZ w różnych populacjach i identyfikację grup wysokiego ryzyka.

Zastosowanie badań przesiewowych

Istnieją kontrowersje dotyczące odpowiedniego wdrażania badań ultrasonograficznych jako metody przesiewowej w kierunku zakrzepicy żylnej. Badania wskazują jednak, że nadzór za pomocą ultrasonografii dupleksowej u pacjentów wysokiego ryzyka, zwłaszcza po urazach, może zmniejszyć częstość występowania zatorowości płucnej.26

W badaniu porównującym pacjentów urazowych poddanych nadzorowi ultrasonograficznemu z grupą bez takiego nadzoru, częstość zakrzepicy żył głębokich wynosiła 11,6% w grupie objętej nadzorem w porównaniu do 2,1% w grupie bez nadzoru (p < 0,001). Co ważniejsze, częstość zatorowości płucnej wynosiła 1,9% w grupie objętej nadzorem w porównaniu do 7,0% w grupie bez nadzoru (p = 0,014).27 Wyniki te sugerują, że wczesne wykrywanie i leczenie DVT może zapobiec rozwojowi poważniejszych powikłań.

Analiza ekonomiczna wskazuje, że wdrożenie ultrasonografii dupleksowej jako nadzoru w kierunku zakrzepicy żył głębokich może skutkować kosztem na rok życia zyskanego między 1193 a 9050 dolarów, w zależności od wieku i rodzaju urazu.28

Czynniki ryzyka i ich monitorowanie

Identyfikacja i monitorowanie czynników ryzyka stanowi istotny element nadzoru epidemiologicznego nad żylakowatością zakrzepową. Wśród najważniejszych czynników ryzyka wymienia się:29

  • Wiek pacjenta (rosnące ryzyko z wiekiem)
  • Otyłość
  • Hospitalizację (zabiegi chirurgiczne, ostre choroby)
  • Przebywanie w domach opieki
  • Aktywną chorobę nowotworową
  • Urazy lub złamania
  • Unieruchomienie lub niedowład kończyn
  • Powierzchowne zapalenie żył
  • U kobiet: ciążę i okres połogu, stosowanie doustnej antykoncepcji i hormonalnej terapii zastępczej

30

W przypadku dzieci i noworodków na oddziałach intensywnej terapii, metaanaliza wykazała, że głównymi czynnikami ryzyka są: obecność centralnego cewnika żylnego (OR=3,66), zabiegi chirurgiczne (OR=2,25), wentylacja mechaniczna (OR=2,1), zakażenie/sepsa (OR=1,95), wiek ciążowy (OR=1,5), zespół niewydolności oddechowej (OR=1,39) oraz różnice etniczne (OR=0,88).31

U nastolatków na oddziałach intensywnej terapii częstość występowania zakrzepicy żył głębokich kończyn dolnych wynosi 12,4% (95% CI: 6,1%, 20,1%), z zakresem od 6,3% do 19,8%. DVT w tej grupie jest związana z cewnikowaniem żyły udowej (OR 15,44) oraz ciężkim stanem choroby (OR dla każdego wzrostu ryzyka śmiertelności o 0,1 wynosi 3,11).32

Epidemiologia powikłań żylakowatości zakrzepowej

Nawroty zakrzepicy

Jednym z istotnych aspektów epidemiologicznych żylakowatości zakrzepowej jest częstość nawrotów. Według dostępnych danych, żylna choroba zakrzepowo-zatorowa często nawraca; około 30% pacjentów doświadcza nawrotu w ciągu kolejnych 10 lat.33 Po zaprzestaniu leczenia przeciwzakrzepowego, wskaźnik nawrotów (w ciągu 5 lat) wynosi 25%.34

Ryzyko nawrotu jest szczególnie wysokie u pacjentów, u których początkowa zakrzepica żylna była niesprowokowana (idiopatyczna).35 Kobiety, u których pierwsze zdarzenie zakrzepowe było związane z jednoczesnym stosowaniem doustnych środków antykoncepcyjnych, są narażone na wysokie ryzyko nawrotu, jeśli nie zaprzestaną ich stosowania po wystąpieniu zakrzepicy.36

Po przerwaniu terapii przeciwzakrzepowej, roczne ryzyko nawrotu u pacjentów z zespołem antyfosfolipidowym może wynosić nawet 50-67%, szczególnie w ciągu pierwszych kilku miesięcy.37 Niedawne badania wykazały, że mężczyźni mają 2-4-krotnie wyższe ryzyko nawrotowej zakrzepicy żylnej niż kobiety.38

Niezależnymi predyktorami nawrotu są: wiek pacjenta, wskaźnik masy ciała, płeć męska, aktywna choroba nowotworowa oraz choroby neurologiczne z niedowładem kończyn.39

Związek z innymi rodzajami zakrzepicy

Powierzchowne zapalenie żył (SVT) jest związane ze zwiększonym ryzykiem zakrzepicy żył głębokich i zatorowości płucnej. U osób z historią SVT, całożyciowe ryzyko wystąpienia DVT lub PE wzrasta 4-6-krotnie.40 Związek ten może wynikać z migracji skrzepliny w kierunku żył głębokich na poziomie połączenia odpiszczelowo-udowego, odpiszczelowo-podkolanowego lub z żyły przeszywającej w stanie nadkrzepliwości.41

Podczas gdy 3-miesięczna śmiertelność u pacjentów z DVT lub PE wynosi około 5%, w przypadku SVT jest ona mniejsza niż 1%.42 Jednak w Stanach Zjednoczonych szacuje się, że rocznie występuje około 900 000 przypadków zakrzepicy żył głębokich, co prowadzi do około 60 000-100 000 zgonów rocznie.43

Epidemiologia specyficznych rodzajów thrombophlebitis

Zakrzepica żyły wrotnej występuje z częstością około 5000-10 000 na 100 000 przypadków nadciśnienia wrotnego w krajach rozwiniętych i 40 000 na 100 000 w krajach rozwijających się. Ogólna śmiertelność z powodu zakrzepicy żyły wrotnej wynosi mniej niż 10%, z wyjątkiem pacjentów z nowotworem złośliwym lub marskością wątroby.44

Zakrzepica zatoki jamistej występuje z częstością około 1,32-1,57 na 100 000 osób na całym świecie, ze wskaźnikiem śmiertelności wynoszącym około 20%. Zastosowanie antykoagulantów w połączeniu z antybiotykami w leczeniu zakrzepicy zatoki jamistej znacząco zmniejszyło śmiertelność.45

Zakrzepica żył mózgowych (CVT) jest rzadkim typem udaru mózgu z zapadalością około 3-4 przypadków na milion dorosłych, z przewagą u kobiet rasy kaukaskiej. Interesującym zjawiskiem jest wzrost częstości występowania CVT u pacjentów z COVID-19. Badanie retrospektywne wieloośrodkowe wykazało zapadalność 8,8 na 10 000 w porównaniu do 3-4 na milion przed pandemią. Śmiertelność związana z zakrzepicą indukowaną szczepionką z małopłytkowością (VITT) jest wysoka, wahając się od 18,3% do 50%.4647

Septyczne zapalenie żył miednicy (SPT) jest rzadkim powikłaniem ciąży. Badanie w Stanach Zjednoczonych sugerowało, że częstość występowania SPT wynosi 1 na 3000 porodów (1 na 9000 porodów drogami natury i 1 na 800 cięć cesarskich). Ryzyko jest wyższe w przypadku cięcia cesarskiego w porównaniu do porodu drogami natury oraz u kobiet z zakażeniami miednicy w okresie okołoporodowym lub poporodowym.48

Wpływ hospitalnej zakrzepicy żylnej na zdrowie publiczne

Żylna choroba zakrzepowo-zatorowa związana z hospitalizacją stanowi znaczące obciążenie dla zdrowia publicznego. Ponad jedna trzecia przypadków ŻChZZ diagnozowanych każdego roku jest związana z niedawną hospitalizacją, a większość z nich nie występuje aż do wypisu ze szpitala.49 ŻChZZ jest wiodącą przyczyną możliwych do uniknięcia zgonów szpitalnych w Stanach Zjednoczonych.50

Hospitalizacja i pobyt w domu opieki odpowiadają łącznie za prawie 60% przypadków ŻChZZ występujących w społeczności. Hospitalizacja z powodu choroby internistycznej i hospitalizacja w celu przeprowadzenia zabiegu chirurgicznego odpowiadają za prawie równe proporcje przypadków ŻChZZ.51

Szacuje się, że do 70% przypadków ŻChZZ związanych z opieką zdrowotną można zapobiec dzięki zastosowaniu środków takich jak stosowanie leków przeciwzakrzepowych lub pończoch uciskowych.52 Obwodowe zapalenie żył związane z wkłuciem dożylnym występuje u 25-35% hospitalizowanych pacjentów z obwodowymi cewnikami dożylnymi i ma zarówno implikacje związane z pacjentem (np. sepsa), jak i konsekwencje ekonomiczne (np. dodatkowy czas pielęgnacji).53

Epidemiologia zakrzepicy związanej z nowotworem

Aktywna choroba nowotworowa odpowiada za prawie 20% wszystkich przypadków ŻChZZ występujących w społeczności.54 Szacuje się, że około jedna piąta przypadków żylnej choroby zakrzepowo-zatorowej jest związana z nowotworem i jego leczeniem.55

Ryzyko wydaje się być wyższe u pacjentów z nowotworami mózgu, trzustki, jajnika, okrężnicy, żołądka, płuc, nerek i kości oraz u pacjentów z przerzutami odległymi.56 Identyfikacja tych grup wysokiego ryzyka może pomóc w ukierunkowaniu wysiłków profilaktycznych.

Rodzaj żylakowatości zakrzepowej Częstość występowania Główne czynniki ryzyka Śmiertelność
Powierzchowne zapalenie żył (SVT) 3-11% populacji ogólnej Żylaki, otyłość, wiek >60 lat <1% (3-miesięczna)
Zakrzepica żył głębokich (DVT) 104-183/100 000 osobolat Wiek, unieruchomienie, nowotwór, zabiegi chirurgiczne ~5% (3-miesięczna)
Zakrzepica związana z cewnikiem 25-35% hospitalizowanych pacjentów z cewnikami Czas utrzymania cewnika, zakażenie, materiał cewnika Zmienna
Zakrzepica żyły wrotnej 5000-10 000/100 000 przypadków nadciśnienia wrotnego Marskość wątroby, nowotwory <10% (wyjątek: nowotwór, marskość)
Zakrzepica zatoki jamistej 1,32-1,57/100 000 osób Wiek >60 lat, płeć żeńska ~20%
Zakrzepica żył mózgowych (CVT) 3-4/1 000 000 dorosłych Płeć żeńska, rasa kaukaska Zmienna
Septyczne zapalenie żył miednicy 1/3000 porodów Cięcie cesarskie, infekcje miednicy Zmienna

Podsumowanie nadzoru epidemiologicznego

Nadzór epidemiologiczny nad żylakowatością zakrzepową i jej powikłaniami jest kluczowy dla zdrowia publicznego. Pomimo dostępności skutecznej profilaktyki pierwotnej i wtórnej oraz zidentyfikowania niezależnych czynników ryzyka ŻChZZ i predyktorów nawrotu, częstość występowania ŻChZZ wydaje się być stosunkowo stała lub nawet wzrastająca.57

Istnieje potrzeba rozszerzenia badań nad epidemiologią żylakowatości zakrzepowej na populacje pochodzenia innego niż europejskie, ponieważ większość badań dotyczyła głównie populacji pochodzenia europejskiego.58 Ponadto, rozwijające się zjawiska, takie jak e-zakrzepica czy zakrzepica związana z COVID-19, podkreślają konieczność stałego monitorowania i dostosowywania strategii zdrowia publicznego.

Wczesne wykrywanie i odpowiednie leczenie żylakowatości zakrzepowej są kluczowe dla zapobiegania poważnym powikłaniom. Jeśli zostanie wykryta wcześnie, żylakowatość zakrzepowa jest dobrze poddająca się leczeniu, a powikłania są rzadkie. Im dłużej zwleka się z leczeniem, tym bardziej niebezpieczny staje się ten stan.59

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  1. 09.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Superficial Thrombophlebitis | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/superficial-thrombophlebitis-pro
    This is a very common condition and, although figures are difficult to find. Some reports estimate an incidence of between 3-11% of the general population.1 […] It has a female preponderance, and seasonal variation (more common in warmer months) has also been reported. Women make up 50-70% of reported cases of superficial venous thrombophlebitis.23
  • #2
    https://www.jvascbras.org/article/doi/10.1590/S1677-54492008000200007
    A tromboflebite superficial de membros inferiores doena de ocorrncia comum, estando associada a diversas condies clnicas e cirrgicas. […] Entretanto, relatos recentes de freqncias altas de complicaes tromboemblicas associadas – 22 a 37% para trombose venosa profunda e at 33% para embolia pulmonar – alertaram para a necessidade de abordagens diagnsticas e teraputicas mais amplas, visando diagnosticar e tratar essas possveis complicaes. […] No entanto, devido falta de ensaios clnicos controlados e s incertezas quanto a sua histria natural, o diagnstico e o tratamento da tromboflebite superficial continuam indefinidos. […] A literatura review was performed analyzing the epidemiology, physiopathology and current status of the diagnosis and treatment of superficial thrombophlebitis.
  • #3 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556017/
    The true incidence of superficial thrombophlebitis is unclear. In France, 1 community-based study noted the incidence of SVT to be 0.64%, while a different community-based study found the incidence to be half that of DVT and similar to PE. […] Other studies suggest its prevalence in the general population is 2 to 6 times higher than the incidence of DVT and PE. […] SVT is commonly seen in the outpatient population, usually, women, who made up 50% to 70% of the affected patients in 1 study; 60 years mean age; a body mass index that exceeds 25 kg/m2; and those with varicose veins. […] For people who have a history of SVT, the lifetime risk of DVT or PE increases 4 to 6 times. […] While the 3-month mortality is about 5% in patients with DVT or PE, it is less than 1% for those with SVT. […] The migration of the thrombus towards the deep veins at the saphenofemoral junction, the saphenopopliteal junction, or from a perforating vein during a hypercoagulability state may cause the association between SVT and DVT or PE.
  • #4 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556017/
    The true incidence of superficial thrombophlebitis is unclear. In France, 1 community-based study noted the incidence of SVT to be 0.64%, while a different community-based study found the incidence to be half that of DVT and similar to PE. […] Other studies suggest its prevalence in the general population is 2 to 6 times higher than the incidence of DVT and PE. […] SVT is commonly seen in the outpatient population, usually, women, who made up 50% to 70% of the affected patients in 1 study; 60 years mean age; a body mass index that exceeds 25 kg/m2; and those with varicose veins. […] For people who have a history of SVT, the lifetime risk of DVT or PE increases 4 to 6 times. […] While the 3-month mortality is about 5% in patients with DVT or PE, it is less than 1% for those with SVT. […] The migration of the thrombus towards the deep veins at the saphenofemoral junction, the saphenopopliteal junction, or from a perforating vein during a hypercoagulability state may cause the association between SVT and DVT or PE.
  • #5 The epidemiology of peripheral vein infusion thrombophlebitis: a critical review – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12133753/
    We critically assessed studies on the clinical importance, diagnosis, incidence, and pathogenesis of peripheral vein infusion thrombophlebitis, including catheter-related and patient-related risk factors. […] Peripheral vein infusion thrombophlebitis occurs in 25% to 35% of hospitalized patients with peripheral intravenous catheters and has both patient-related implications (e.g., sepsis) and economic consequences (e.g., extra nursing time). […] Although duration of catheterization, catheter-related infection, and catheter material are important risk factors for peripheral vein infusion thrombophlebitis, patient-related risk factors are not well elucidated.
  • #6 Catheter-related septic thrombophlebitis – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/catheter-related-septic-thrombophlebitis
    Catheter-related septic thrombophlebitis is a relatively uncommon complication of catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI); in one series including 102 episodes of CRBSI, suppurative thrombophlebitis was observed in 7 percent of cases. […] Risk factors for catheter-related septic thrombophlebitis include burns, cut-downs in burn patients for vein access, glucocorticoid use, and injection drug use. Burn patients may be at particular risk due to a variety of factors (eg, altered skin flora, impairment of local defense due to loss of skin integrity).
  • #7 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556017/
    The true incidence of superficial thrombophlebitis is unclear. In France, 1 community-based study noted the incidence of SVT to be 0.64%, while a different community-based study found the incidence to be half that of DVT and similar to PE. […] Other studies suggest its prevalence in the general population is 2 to 6 times higher than the incidence of DVT and PE. […] SVT is commonly seen in the outpatient population, usually, women, who made up 50% to 70% of the affected patients in 1 study; 60 years mean age; a body mass index that exceeds 25 kg/m2; and those with varicose veins. […] For people who have a history of SVT, the lifetime risk of DVT or PE increases 4 to 6 times. […] While the 3-month mortality is about 5% in patients with DVT or PE, it is less than 1% for those with SVT. […] The migration of the thrombus towards the deep veins at the saphenofemoral junction, the saphenopopliteal junction, or from a perforating vein during a hypercoagulability state may cause the association between SVT and DVT or PE.
  • #8 Superficial Thrombophlebitis | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/superficial-thrombophlebitis-pro
    This is a very common condition and, although figures are difficult to find. Some reports estimate an incidence of between 3-11% of the general population.1 […] It has a female preponderance, and seasonal variation (more common in warmer months) has also been reported. Women make up 50-70% of reported cases of superficial venous thrombophlebitis.23
  • #9 Thrombophlebitis – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombophlebitis
    Thrombophlebitis occurs almost equally between women and men, though males do have a slightly higher possibility. The average age of developing thrombophlebitis, based on analyzed incidents, is 54 for men and 58 for women.
  • #10
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11239-015-1311-6
    Most studies of VTE epidemiology addressed populations of predominantly European origin, and the data discussed in this chapter mainly relate to these populations. Where available, data from populations originating from other continents are presented. […] The estimated average annual incidence rate of overall VTE among persons of European ancestry ranges from 104 to 183 per 100,000 person-years; overall VTE incidence is similar to that of stroke. […] Overall VTE incidence may be higher in African-Americans and lower in Asians, and may differ among African-Americans by United States region. […] VTE is predominantly a disease of older age; VTE is rare prior to late adolescence. […] Incidence rates increase markedly with age for both men and women and for both DVT and PE. […] The overall age-adjusted incidence rate is higher for men than women.
  • #11 Cavernous sinus thrombosis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc
    https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Cavernous_sinus_thrombosis_epidemiology_and_demographics
    The prevalence of cavernous sinus thrombosis is approximately 1.321.57 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. The mortality rate of cavernous sinus thrombosis is approximately 20%. […] The combination of anticoagulants with antibiotics in treatment of cavernous sinus thrombosis has significantly decreased the mortality rate of it. […] Patients of all age groups may develop cavernous sinus thrombosis. The incidence of cavernous sinus thrombosis significantly increases with age. […] Women are more commonly affected by cavernous sinus thrombosis than men. The women to men ratio is approximately 3.75.3 to 1.
  • #12 Thrombophlebitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1086399-overview
    The approximate annual incidence of VTE in Western society is 1 case per 1000 individuals. […] The annual incidence of symptomatic VTE as compared with asymptomatic VTE is lower, at approximately 0.5 and 1.6 per 1000 individuals. […] Exact frequency data for the general population are difficult to find. […] The frequency is influenced by the subgroups of patients studied. […] Patients with a prior superficial venous thrombosis are at increased risk for DVT. […] Age may be a predisposing factor in SVT, DVT, or both. […] In a European VTE registry that included more than 15,000 patients, the average age was 66.3 16.9 years. […] Reportedly, elderly patients have an increased risk of DVT. […] The major cause of this increased risk may be the relative pooling of blood in the soleal venous sinuses, which occurs as a result of decreased calf muscle pump infusion. […] The condition is slightly more common in women than in men as a consequence of systemic estrogen use. […] No racial predilection is recognized.
  • #13 Thrombophlebitis – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombophlebitis
    Thrombophlebitis occurs almost equally between women and men, though males do have a slightly higher possibility. The average age of developing thrombophlebitis, based on analyzed incidents, is 54 for men and 58 for women.
  • #14 Thrombophlebitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1086399-overview
    The approximate annual incidence of VTE in Western society is 1 case per 1000 individuals. […] The annual incidence of symptomatic VTE as compared with asymptomatic VTE is lower, at approximately 0.5 and 1.6 per 1000 individuals. […] Exact frequency data for the general population are difficult to find. […] The frequency is influenced by the subgroups of patients studied. […] Patients with a prior superficial venous thrombosis are at increased risk for DVT. […] Age may be a predisposing factor in SVT, DVT, or both. […] In a European VTE registry that included more than 15,000 patients, the average age was 66.3 16.9 years. […] Reportedly, elderly patients have an increased risk of DVT. […] The major cause of this increased risk may be the relative pooling of blood in the soleal venous sinuses, which occurs as a result of decreased calf muscle pump infusion. […] The condition is slightly more common in women than in men as a consequence of systemic estrogen use. […] No racial predilection is recognized.
  • #15 Thrombophlebitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1086399-overview
    The approximate annual incidence of VTE in Western society is 1 case per 1000 individuals. […] The annual incidence of symptomatic VTE as compared with asymptomatic VTE is lower, at approximately 0.5 and 1.6 per 1000 individuals. […] Exact frequency data for the general population are difficult to find. […] The frequency is influenced by the subgroups of patients studied. […] Patients with a prior superficial venous thrombosis are at increased risk for DVT. […] Age may be a predisposing factor in SVT, DVT, or both. […] In a European VTE registry that included more than 15,000 patients, the average age was 66.3 16.9 years. […] Reportedly, elderly patients have an increased risk of DVT. […] The major cause of this increased risk may be the relative pooling of blood in the soleal venous sinuses, which occurs as a result of decreased calf muscle pump infusion. […] The condition is slightly more common in women than in men as a consequence of systemic estrogen use. […] No racial predilection is recognized.
  • #16
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11239-015-1311-6
    Most studies of VTE epidemiology addressed populations of predominantly European origin, and the data discussed in this chapter mainly relate to these populations. Where available, data from populations originating from other continents are presented. […] The estimated average annual incidence rate of overall VTE among persons of European ancestry ranges from 104 to 183 per 100,000 person-years; overall VTE incidence is similar to that of stroke. […] Overall VTE incidence may be higher in African-Americans and lower in Asians, and may differ among African-Americans by United States region. […] VTE is predominantly a disease of older age; VTE is rare prior to late adolescence. […] Incidence rates increase markedly with age for both men and women and for both DVT and PE. […] The overall age-adjusted incidence rate is higher for men than women.
  • #17 Thrombophlebitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1086399-overview
    The approximate annual incidence of VTE in Western society is 1 case per 1000 individuals. […] The annual incidence of symptomatic VTE as compared with asymptomatic VTE is lower, at approximately 0.5 and 1.6 per 1000 individuals. […] Exact frequency data for the general population are difficult to find. […] The frequency is influenced by the subgroups of patients studied. […] Patients with a prior superficial venous thrombosis are at increased risk for DVT. […] Age may be a predisposing factor in SVT, DVT, or both. […] In a European VTE registry that included more than 15,000 patients, the average age was 66.3 16.9 years. […] Reportedly, elderly patients have an increased risk of DVT. […] The major cause of this increased risk may be the relative pooling of blood in the soleal venous sinuses, which occurs as a result of decreased calf muscle pump infusion. […] The condition is slightly more common in women than in men as a consequence of systemic estrogen use. […] No racial predilection is recognized.
  • #18 Portal vein thrombosis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc
    https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Portal_vein_thrombosis_epidemiology_and_demographics
    The incidence of portal vein thrombosis in cirrhosis patients is unknown. […] The prevalence of portal vein thrombosis is approximately 5000-10,000 per 100,000 in overall cases of portal hypertension in developed counties and 40,000 per 100,000 in developing countries. […] The overall mortality rate of portal vein thrombosis is less than 10% except for patients with malignancy or cirrhosis. […] Patients of all age groups may develop portal vein thrombosis. […] There is no racial predilection to portal vein thrombosis. […] Portal vein thrombosis affects men and women equally.
  • #19
    https://www.jvascbras.org/article/doi/10.1590/S1677-54492008000200007
    A tromboflebite superficial de membros inferiores doena de ocorrncia comum, estando associada a diversas condies clnicas e cirrgicas. […] Entretanto, relatos recentes de freqncias altas de complicaes tromboemblicas associadas – 22 a 37% para trombose venosa profunda e at 33% para embolia pulmonar – alertaram para a necessidade de abordagens diagnsticas e teraputicas mais amplas, visando diagnosticar e tratar essas possveis complicaes. […] No entanto, devido falta de ensaios clnicos controlados e s incertezas quanto a sua histria natural, o diagnstico e o tratamento da tromboflebite superficial continuam indefinidos. […] A literatura review was performed analyzing the epidemiology, physiopathology and current status of the diagnosis and treatment of superficial thrombophlebitis.
  • #20
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11239-015-1311-6
    Data on trends in VTE incidence are limited; overall VTE incidence rates as well as incidence rates for PE DVT and DVT alone either remained relatively constant or increased for the period, 1981-2000, with a significant increase in the overall VTE incidence rate from 2001 to 2009, mostly due to an increasing incidence of PE DVT. […] VTE recurs frequently; about 30% of patients develop recurrence within the next 10 years. […] Independent predictors of recurrence include increasing patient age and body mass index, male sex, active cancer, and neurologic disease with leg paresis. […] Active cancer accounts for almost 20% of all incident VTE occurring in the community. […] Hospitalization and nursing home residence together account for almost 60% of incident VTE events occurring in the community. […] The risk appears to be higher for patients with cancer of the brain, pancreas, ovary, colon, stomach, lung, kidney and bone, and in patients with distant metastases. […] Hospitalization for medical illness and hospitalization for surgery account for almost equal proportions of VTE.
  • #21 e-thrombosis: epidemiology, physiopathology and rationale for preventing computer-related thrombosis
    https://atm.amegroups.org/article/view/21180/html
    As later followed by the publication of epidemiological investigations, these helped to provide a clearer picture on the epidemiology of e-thrombosis. […] Notably, each 1 hour of seated immobility was found to enhance the cumulative risk of VTE by 10%. […] Prolonged, computer-related, seated immobility (i.e., for more than 10 hours) was found to be more frequently present in VTE cases than in controls. […] Overall, the VTE risk was found to be enhanced by 10% for each additional hour spent seated at a computer. […] Convincing epidemiological and biological evidence now exists that computer-related thrombosis (i.e., e-thrombosis) should be regarded as an independent clinical entity, deserving enhanced healthcare focus and interventions, due to the growing worldwide diffusion of laptops, and personal or tablet computers.
  • #22 e-thrombosis: epidemiology, physiopathology and rationale for preventing computer-related thrombosis
    https://atm.amegroups.org/article/view/21180/html
    The term e-thrombosis was originally coined by Beasley et al. in 2003, who put forward the hypothesis that the increasing diffusion of computers for work or recreational activities would have dramatically enhanced the epidemiological burden of seated immobility thrombosis. […] Convincing epidemiological and biological evidence has been published that computer-related thrombosis (also known as e-thrombosis) should now be regarded as an independent clinical entity, deserving enhanced healthcare focus and interventions, due to the growing worldwide diffusion of computer devices, which may ultimately contribute to enhance the risk of computer-related thrombosis, and turn it from a relatively rare disease to a noticeably frequent pathology. […] The very first case of VTE associated with prolonged sitting, described by Homans, more than 60 years ago, was at a time when the modern personal computers were still in infancy.
  • #23
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11239-015-1311-6
    Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is categorized by the U.S. Surgeon General as a major public health problem. VTE is relatively common and associated with reduced survival and substantial health-care costs, and recurs frequently. […] VTE is a complex (multifactorial) disease, involving interactions between acquired or inherited predispositions to thrombosis and VTE risk factors, including increasing patient age and obesity, hospitalization for surgery or acute illness, nursing-home confinement, active cancer, trauma or fracture, immobility or leg paresis, superficial vein thrombosis, and, in women, pregnancy and puerperium, oral contraception, and hormone therapy. […] Although independent VTE risk factors and predictors of VTE recurrence have been identified, and effective primary and secondary prophylaxis is available, the occurrence of VTE seems to be relatively constant, or even increasing.
  • #24 Data and Statistics on Venous Thromboembolism | Venous Thromboembolism (Blood Clots) | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/blood-clots/data-research/facts-stats/index.html
    Surveillance for Deep Vein Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism: Recommendations from a National Workshop. […] Racial differences in venous thromboembolism: A surveillance program in Durham County, North Carolina. […] Incidence of Venous Thromboembolism in a Racially Diverse Population of Oklahoma County, Oklahoma.
  • #25 Data and Statistics on Venous Thromboembolism | Venous Thromboembolism (Blood Clots) | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/blood-clots/data-research/facts-stats/index.html
    Surveillance for Deep Vein Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism: Recommendations from a National Workshop. […] Racial differences in venous thromboembolism: A surveillance program in Durham County, North Carolina. […] Incidence of Venous Thromboembolism in a Racially Diverse Population of Oklahoma County, Oklahoma.
  • #26
    https://journals.lww.com/journalacs/fulltext/2016/01000/surveillance_and_early_management_of_deep_vein.8.aspx
    Venous duplex ultrasound (VDU) is the modality of choice for surveillance of venous thromboembolism (VTE), but there is controversy about its appropriate implementation as a screening method. […] We hypothesize that VDU surveillance in trauma patients at high risk for VTE decreases the rate of pulmonary embolism (PE). […] Deep vein thrombosis rate was 11.6% (n = 30) in the surveillance group vs 2.1% (n = 3) in the non-surveillance group (p 0.001). […] In the surveillance group, the PE rate was 1.9% (n = 5) vs 7.0% (n = 10) in the non-surveillance group (p = 0.014). […] Trauma patients at high risk for VTE and who received VDU surveillance and early management of deep vein thrombosis have decreased rates of pulmonary embolism.
  • #27
    https://journals.lww.com/journalacs/fulltext/2016/01000/surveillance_and_early_management_of_deep_vein.8.aspx
    Venous duplex ultrasound (VDU) is the modality of choice for surveillance of venous thromboembolism (VTE), but there is controversy about its appropriate implementation as a screening method. […] We hypothesize that VDU surveillance in trauma patients at high risk for VTE decreases the rate of pulmonary embolism (PE). […] Deep vein thrombosis rate was 11.6% (n = 30) in the surveillance group vs 2.1% (n = 3) in the non-surveillance group (p 0.001). […] In the surveillance group, the PE rate was 1.9% (n = 5) vs 7.0% (n = 10) in the non-surveillance group (p = 0.014). […] Trauma patients at high risk for VTE and who received VDU surveillance and early management of deep vein thrombosis have decreased rates of pulmonary embolism.
  • #28 Duplex Ultrasound Surveillance vs. No Surveillance for Deep Venous Thrombosis – SCIRE Professional
    https://scireproject.com/evidence/economic-evaluation/results/economic-evaluation-studies/duplex-ultrasound-surveillance-vs-no-surveillance-for-deep-venous-thrombosis/
    Based on one study, the implementation of duplex ultrasound for deep venous thrombosis surveillance would result in a cost per life year gained of between $1,193 and $9,050 depending on age and type of injury.
  • #29
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11239-015-1311-6
    Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is categorized by the U.S. Surgeon General as a major public health problem. VTE is relatively common and associated with reduced survival and substantial health-care costs, and recurs frequently. […] VTE is a complex (multifactorial) disease, involving interactions between acquired or inherited predispositions to thrombosis and VTE risk factors, including increasing patient age and obesity, hospitalization for surgery or acute illness, nursing-home confinement, active cancer, trauma or fracture, immobility or leg paresis, superficial vein thrombosis, and, in women, pregnancy and puerperium, oral contraception, and hormone therapy. […] Although independent VTE risk factors and predictors of VTE recurrence have been identified, and effective primary and secondary prophylaxis is available, the occurrence of VTE seems to be relatively constant, or even increasing.
  • #30
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11239-015-1311-6
    Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is categorized by the U.S. Surgeon General as a major public health problem. VTE is relatively common and associated with reduced survival and substantial health-care costs, and recurs frequently. […] VTE is a complex (multifactorial) disease, involving interactions between acquired or inherited predispositions to thrombosis and VTE risk factors, including increasing patient age and obesity, hospitalization for surgery or acute illness, nursing-home confinement, active cancer, trauma or fracture, immobility or leg paresis, superficial vein thrombosis, and, in women, pregnancy and puerperium, oral contraception, and hormone therapy. […] Although independent VTE risk factors and predictors of VTE recurrence have been identified, and effective primary and secondary prophylaxis is available, the occurrence of VTE seems to be relatively constant, or even increasing.
  • #31 Epidemiology and risk factors for thrombosis in children and newborns: systematic evaluation and meta-analysis | BMC Pediatrics | Full Text
    https://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12887-023-04122-x
    Thrombosis is a serious condition in children and neonates. However, the risk factors for thrombosis have not been conclusively determined. This study aimed to identify the risk factors for thrombosis in children and neonates in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) through a meta-analysis to better guide clinical treatment. […] The incidence of thrombosis in children was 2% per year (95% CI 1%-2%, P0.01). Infection and sepsis (OR=1.95, P0.01), CVC (OR=3.66, [95%CL 1.787.51], P0.01), mechanical ventilation (OR=2.1, [95%CL1.473.01], P0.01), surgery (OR=2.25, [95%CL1.24.22], P0.01), respiratory distress (OR=1.39, [95%CL0.424.63], P0.01), ethnicities (OR=0.88, [95%CL 0.790.98], P=0.78), gestational age (OR=1.5, [95%CL1.341.68], P=0.65) were identified as risk factors for thrombosis. […] This meta-analysis suggests that CVC, Surgery, mechanical ventilation, Infection/sepsis, gestational age, Respiratory distress, and different ethnicities are risk factors for thrombosis in children and neonates in ICU. These findings may help clinicians to identify high-risk patients and develop appropriate prevention strategies.
  • #32 Epidemiology of Lower Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis in Critically Ill Adolescents
    https://touroscholar.touro.edu/nymc_fac_pubs/1089/
    OBJECTIVE: To determine the epidemiology of lower extremity deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in critically ill adolescents, which currently is unclear. […] A total of 88 adolescents were enrolled, from whom 184 lower extremity sonograms were performed. Of these, 9 adolescents developed DVT, with 1 having bilateral DVT. The frequency of DVT was 12.4% (95% credible interval: 6.1%, 20.1%), which ranged from 6.3% to 19.8% with a variability of 41.0% across units. […] DVT was associated with femoral central venous catheterization (OR 15.44; 95% credible interval 1.62, 69.05) and severe illness (OR for every 0.1 increase in risk of mortality 3.11; 95% credible interval 1.19, 6.85). […] Our findings highlight the similarities and differences in the epidemiology of DVT between adults and adolescents.
  • #33
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11239-015-1311-6
    Data on trends in VTE incidence are limited; overall VTE incidence rates as well as incidence rates for PE DVT and DVT alone either remained relatively constant or increased for the period, 1981-2000, with a significant increase in the overall VTE incidence rate from 2001 to 2009, mostly due to an increasing incidence of PE DVT. […] VTE recurs frequently; about 30% of patients develop recurrence within the next 10 years. […] Independent predictors of recurrence include increasing patient age and body mass index, male sex, active cancer, and neurologic disease with leg paresis. […] Active cancer accounts for almost 20% of all incident VTE occurring in the community. […] Hospitalization and nursing home residence together account for almost 60% of incident VTE events occurring in the community. […] The risk appears to be higher for patients with cancer of the brain, pancreas, ovary, colon, stomach, lung, kidney and bone, and in patients with distant metastases. […] Hospitalization for medical illness and hospitalization for surgery account for almost equal proportions of VTE.
  • #34 SciELO Brazil – Epidemiology of recurrent venous thrombosis Epidemiology of recurrent venous thrombosis
    https://www.scielo.br/j/bjmbr/a/z7jH8C9vsrjkQGC6NBcP3TF/?lang=en
    Venous thrombosis, including deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, is a common disease that frequently recurs. […] This review briefly outlines what is currently known about the epidemiology of recurrent venous thrombosis, and focuses in more detail on potential new risk factors for venous recurrence. […] Venous thrombosis can recur and its recurrence rate (after stopping anticoagulant treatment) is 25% within 5 years. […] Therefore, efforts are required to reduce the risk of recurrent venous thrombosis while minimizing the use of anticoagulant treatment. This requires the identification of factors associated with recurrence. […] The risk of thrombosis recurrence is especially high in patients in whom the initial venous thrombosis was unprovoked. […] Women who had a first venous thrombotic event that was associated with concurrent oral contraceptive use are at high risk for recurrence when they do not refrain from oral contraceptives after the event occurred.
  • #35 SciELO Brazil – Epidemiology of recurrent venous thrombosis Epidemiology of recurrent venous thrombosis
    https://www.scielo.br/j/bjmbr/a/z7jH8C9vsrjkQGC6NBcP3TF/?lang=en
    Venous thrombosis, including deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, is a common disease that frequently recurs. […] This review briefly outlines what is currently known about the epidemiology of recurrent venous thrombosis, and focuses in more detail on potential new risk factors for venous recurrence. […] Venous thrombosis can recur and its recurrence rate (after stopping anticoagulant treatment) is 25% within 5 years. […] Therefore, efforts are required to reduce the risk of recurrent venous thrombosis while minimizing the use of anticoagulant treatment. This requires the identification of factors associated with recurrence. […] The risk of thrombosis recurrence is especially high in patients in whom the initial venous thrombosis was unprovoked. […] Women who had a first venous thrombotic event that was associated with concurrent oral contraceptive use are at high risk for recurrence when they do not refrain from oral contraceptives after the event occurred.
  • #36 SciELO Brazil – Epidemiology of recurrent venous thrombosis Epidemiology of recurrent venous thrombosis
    https://www.scielo.br/j/bjmbr/a/z7jH8C9vsrjkQGC6NBcP3TF/?lang=en
    Venous thrombosis, including deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, is a common disease that frequently recurs. […] This review briefly outlines what is currently known about the epidemiology of recurrent venous thrombosis, and focuses in more detail on potential new risk factors for venous recurrence. […] Venous thrombosis can recur and its recurrence rate (after stopping anticoagulant treatment) is 25% within 5 years. […] Therefore, efforts are required to reduce the risk of recurrent venous thrombosis while minimizing the use of anticoagulant treatment. This requires the identification of factors associated with recurrence. […] The risk of thrombosis recurrence is especially high in patients in whom the initial venous thrombosis was unprovoked. […] Women who had a first venous thrombotic event that was associated with concurrent oral contraceptive use are at high risk for recurrence when they do not refrain from oral contraceptives after the event occurred.
  • #37 SciELO Brazil – Epidemiology of recurrent venous thrombosis Epidemiology of recurrent venous thrombosis
    https://www.scielo.br/j/bjmbr/a/z7jH8C9vsrjkQGC6NBcP3TF/?lang=en
    After discontinuation of anticoagulant therapy the annual risk of recurrence among patients with antiphospholipid syndrome may be as high as 50 to 67%, especially during the first few months. […] Recent studies have shown that men have a 2-4-fold higher risk of recurrent venous thrombosis than women. […] The mode of presentation of venous thrombosis, as deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, could predict the likelihood and type of recurrence. […] The presence of sequelae in the area affected by venous thrombosis is a possible risk factor for recurrence. […] D-dimer levels have been used as a predictive test for recurrence of venous thrombosis when remaining high after 30 days of discontinuation of oral anticoagulation. […] A recently introduced approach for the assessment of risk for recurrent venous thrombosis is the combination of clinical characteristics of the patients with laboratory or imaging tests. […] In summary, prevention of recurrent venous thrombosis will be more profitable if it becomes possible both to identify more precisely those persons who are at risk of recurrent venous thrombosis and to quantify the risk to which they are exposed.
  • #38 SciELO Brazil – Epidemiology of recurrent venous thrombosis Epidemiology of recurrent venous thrombosis
    https://www.scielo.br/j/bjmbr/a/z7jH8C9vsrjkQGC6NBcP3TF/?lang=en
    After discontinuation of anticoagulant therapy the annual risk of recurrence among patients with antiphospholipid syndrome may be as high as 50 to 67%, especially during the first few months. […] Recent studies have shown that men have a 2-4-fold higher risk of recurrent venous thrombosis than women. […] The mode of presentation of venous thrombosis, as deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, could predict the likelihood and type of recurrence. […] The presence of sequelae in the area affected by venous thrombosis is a possible risk factor for recurrence. […] D-dimer levels have been used as a predictive test for recurrence of venous thrombosis when remaining high after 30 days of discontinuation of oral anticoagulation. […] A recently introduced approach for the assessment of risk for recurrent venous thrombosis is the combination of clinical characteristics of the patients with laboratory or imaging tests. […] In summary, prevention of recurrent venous thrombosis will be more profitable if it becomes possible both to identify more precisely those persons who are at risk of recurrent venous thrombosis and to quantify the risk to which they are exposed.
  • #39
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11239-015-1311-6
    Data on trends in VTE incidence are limited; overall VTE incidence rates as well as incidence rates for PE DVT and DVT alone either remained relatively constant or increased for the period, 1981-2000, with a significant increase in the overall VTE incidence rate from 2001 to 2009, mostly due to an increasing incidence of PE DVT. […] VTE recurs frequently; about 30% of patients develop recurrence within the next 10 years. […] Independent predictors of recurrence include increasing patient age and body mass index, male sex, active cancer, and neurologic disease with leg paresis. […] Active cancer accounts for almost 20% of all incident VTE occurring in the community. […] Hospitalization and nursing home residence together account for almost 60% of incident VTE events occurring in the community. […] The risk appears to be higher for patients with cancer of the brain, pancreas, ovary, colon, stomach, lung, kidney and bone, and in patients with distant metastases. […] Hospitalization for medical illness and hospitalization for surgery account for almost equal proportions of VTE.
  • #40 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556017/
    The true incidence of superficial thrombophlebitis is unclear. In France, 1 community-based study noted the incidence of SVT to be 0.64%, while a different community-based study found the incidence to be half that of DVT and similar to PE. […] Other studies suggest its prevalence in the general population is 2 to 6 times higher than the incidence of DVT and PE. […] SVT is commonly seen in the outpatient population, usually, women, who made up 50% to 70% of the affected patients in 1 study; 60 years mean age; a body mass index that exceeds 25 kg/m2; and those with varicose veins. […] For people who have a history of SVT, the lifetime risk of DVT or PE increases 4 to 6 times. […] While the 3-month mortality is about 5% in patients with DVT or PE, it is less than 1% for those with SVT. […] The migration of the thrombus towards the deep veins at the saphenofemoral junction, the saphenopopliteal junction, or from a perforating vein during a hypercoagulability state may cause the association between SVT and DVT or PE.
  • #41 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556017/
    The true incidence of superficial thrombophlebitis is unclear. In France, 1 community-based study noted the incidence of SVT to be 0.64%, while a different community-based study found the incidence to be half that of DVT and similar to PE. […] Other studies suggest its prevalence in the general population is 2 to 6 times higher than the incidence of DVT and PE. […] SVT is commonly seen in the outpatient population, usually, women, who made up 50% to 70% of the affected patients in 1 study; 60 years mean age; a body mass index that exceeds 25 kg/m2; and those with varicose veins. […] For people who have a history of SVT, the lifetime risk of DVT or PE increases 4 to 6 times. […] While the 3-month mortality is about 5% in patients with DVT or PE, it is less than 1% for those with SVT. […] The migration of the thrombus towards the deep veins at the saphenofemoral junction, the saphenopopliteal junction, or from a perforating vein during a hypercoagulability state may cause the association between SVT and DVT or PE.
  • #42 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556017/
    The true incidence of superficial thrombophlebitis is unclear. In France, 1 community-based study noted the incidence of SVT to be 0.64%, while a different community-based study found the incidence to be half that of DVT and similar to PE. […] Other studies suggest its prevalence in the general population is 2 to 6 times higher than the incidence of DVT and PE. […] SVT is commonly seen in the outpatient population, usually, women, who made up 50% to 70% of the affected patients in 1 study; 60 years mean age; a body mass index that exceeds 25 kg/m2; and those with varicose veins. […] For people who have a history of SVT, the lifetime risk of DVT or PE increases 4 to 6 times. […] While the 3-month mortality is about 5% in patients with DVT or PE, it is less than 1% for those with SVT. […] The migration of the thrombus towards the deep veins at the saphenofemoral junction, the saphenopopliteal junction, or from a perforating vein during a hypercoagulability state may cause the association between SVT and DVT or PE.
  • #43 Thrombophlebitis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23311-thrombophlebitis
    Thrombophlebitis is vein inflammation that happens in connection with one or more blood clots. […] Depending on why it occurs, how severe it is and where it happens, this condition can sometimes indicate a serious medical problem. […] Thrombophlebitis can happen in any vein in your body. However, several named conditions involve thrombophlebitis that happens for a specific reason or in a certain place. […] DVT is a serious condition that needs immediate treatment because it can lead to pulmonary embolism, a life-threatening medical emergency. […] Each year in the United States, there are an estimated 900,000 cases of DVT, resulting in about 60,000-100,000 deaths per year. […] Thrombophlebitis is a serious condition, but it doesn’t usually cause problems on its own. […] If caught early, thrombophlebitis is very treatable, and complications are rare. […] The longer you wait to get treatment, the more dangerous this condition becomes.
  • #44 Portal vein thrombosis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc
    https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Portal_vein_thrombosis_epidemiology_and_demographics
    The incidence of portal vein thrombosis in cirrhosis patients is unknown. […] The prevalence of portal vein thrombosis is approximately 5000-10,000 per 100,000 in overall cases of portal hypertension in developed counties and 40,000 per 100,000 in developing countries. […] The overall mortality rate of portal vein thrombosis is less than 10% except for patients with malignancy or cirrhosis. […] Patients of all age groups may develop portal vein thrombosis. […] There is no racial predilection to portal vein thrombosis. […] Portal vein thrombosis affects men and women equally.
  • #45 Cavernous sinus thrombosis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc
    https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Cavernous_sinus_thrombosis_epidemiology_and_demographics
    The prevalence of cavernous sinus thrombosis is approximately 1.321.57 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. The mortality rate of cavernous sinus thrombosis is approximately 20%. […] The combination of anticoagulants with antibiotics in treatment of cavernous sinus thrombosis has significantly decreased the mortality rate of it. […] Patients of all age groups may develop cavernous sinus thrombosis. The incidence of cavernous sinus thrombosis significantly increases with age. […] Women are more commonly affected by cavernous sinus thrombosis than men. The women to men ratio is approximately 3.75.3 to 1.
  • #46 Epidemiology and Management of Cerebral Venous Thrombosis during the COVID-19 Pandemic
    https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/12/8/1105
    Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is an uncommon type of stroke with an incidence around 3–4 cases per million adults, with a predominance in Caucasian females. […] By May 2022, COVID-19 had infected 513 million people worldwide and had caused over 6.2 million deaths. Part of its morbidity and mortality has been related to the potential increase in thromboembolic events, such as CVT, described in several case reports. A retrospective multicenter cohort study reported an incidence of 8.8 per 10,000, versus 3–4 per million in previous publications before the pandemics. Thus, its prevalence is higher in COVID-19-positive patients than in the general population, with a predominance of males (66%) and a mean age of 48 years. […] The clinical presentation of CVT related to COVID-19 does not seem to be different from CVT which is not COVID-19-related: cephalalgia, seizures, encephalopathy, abducent palsies, papilledema and focal deficits such as hemiparesis or aphasia.
  • #47 Epidemiology and Management of Cerebral Venous Thrombosis during the COVID-19 Pandemic
    https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/12/8/1105
    One study focused on neuro-ophthalmological complications of CVT related to COVID-19. The intracranial hypertension caused by CVT can lead to papilledema and direct ischemic injury of visual pathways and also to ocular motility impairment due to injury of oculomotor and abducent nerves with diplopia. […] Thromboembolic events related to COVID-19 are frequent and can appear in later stages of infection and even after patients no longer have respiratory symptoms. […] The literature reports 3 to 4 days as the mean time from neurological symptoms onset to CVT diagnosis and 7 to 11 days as the mean time from COVID-19 symptoms onset to CVT diagnosis. […] A VITT risk score was developed, adapted from the HIT 4Ts scoring system which considers the number of thrombocytes, the timing post-vaccine, the presence of thrombosis or elevated D-dimers and the presence of other possible causes for thrombosis or thrombocytopenia. […] The mortality of VITT is high, varying from 18.3% to 50%.
  • #48 Septic pelvic thrombophlebitis – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/septic-pelvic-thrombophlebitis
    Septic pelvic thrombophlebitis (SPT) is a rare complication of pregnancy. One survey in the United States suggested that the incidence of SPT was 1 in 3000 deliveries (1 in 9000 vaginal deliveries and 1 in 800 cesarean deliveries). Similarly, in one study of over 73,000 females who underwent cesarean delivery or vaginal delivery after prior cesarean, only 89 (0.1 percent) had suspected or documented SPT. […] SPT is largely a condition of postpartum females. The risk is higher with cesarean compared with vaginal delivery. Females with peripartum or postpartum pelvic infections, such as endometritis or chorioamnionitis, are also at higher risk for SPT. As an example, in one case control study of over 73,000 females in a pregnancy registry, cesarean delivery and chorioamnionitis were each independently associated with SPT (adjusted odds ratios 6.3 and 4.8, respectively).
  • #49 Data and Statistics on Venous Thromboembolism | Venous Thromboembolism (Blood Clots) | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/blood-clots/data-research/facts-stats/index.html
    Up to 900,000 people in the United States are affected by venous thromboembolism (VTE, a blood clot), each year. […] The precise number of people affected by either a DVT or PE is unknown, although as many as 900,000 people could be affected each year in the United States. […] More than a third of VTE cases diagnosed each year are related to a recent hospitalization and most of these do not occur until after discharge. […] VTE is a leading cause of preventable hospital death in the United States. […] As many as 70% of cases of healthcare-associated VTEs are preventable through measures such as use of anticoagulant medications or compression stockings. […] An estimated one in five cases of VTE are related to cancer and its treatment. […] Women are five times more likely to experience a VTE during pregnancy, childbirth, or the 3-month period after delivery.
  • #50 Data and Statistics on Venous Thromboembolism | Venous Thromboembolism (Blood Clots) | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/blood-clots/data-research/facts-stats/index.html
    Up to 900,000 people in the United States are affected by venous thromboembolism (VTE, a blood clot), each year. […] The precise number of people affected by either a DVT or PE is unknown, although as many as 900,000 people could be affected each year in the United States. […] More than a third of VTE cases diagnosed each year are related to a recent hospitalization and most of these do not occur until after discharge. […] VTE is a leading cause of preventable hospital death in the United States. […] As many as 70% of cases of healthcare-associated VTEs are preventable through measures such as use of anticoagulant medications or compression stockings. […] An estimated one in five cases of VTE are related to cancer and its treatment. […] Women are five times more likely to experience a VTE during pregnancy, childbirth, or the 3-month period after delivery.
  • #51
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11239-015-1311-6
    Data on trends in VTE incidence are limited; overall VTE incidence rates as well as incidence rates for PE DVT and DVT alone either remained relatively constant or increased for the period, 1981-2000, with a significant increase in the overall VTE incidence rate from 2001 to 2009, mostly due to an increasing incidence of PE DVT. […] VTE recurs frequently; about 30% of patients develop recurrence within the next 10 years. […] Independent predictors of recurrence include increasing patient age and body mass index, male sex, active cancer, and neurologic disease with leg paresis. […] Active cancer accounts for almost 20% of all incident VTE occurring in the community. […] Hospitalization and nursing home residence together account for almost 60% of incident VTE events occurring in the community. […] The risk appears to be higher for patients with cancer of the brain, pancreas, ovary, colon, stomach, lung, kidney and bone, and in patients with distant metastases. […] Hospitalization for medical illness and hospitalization for surgery account for almost equal proportions of VTE.
  • #52 Data and Statistics on Venous Thromboembolism | Venous Thromboembolism (Blood Clots) | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/blood-clots/data-research/facts-stats/index.html
    Up to 900,000 people in the United States are affected by venous thromboembolism (VTE, a blood clot), each year. […] The precise number of people affected by either a DVT or PE is unknown, although as many as 900,000 people could be affected each year in the United States. […] More than a third of VTE cases diagnosed each year are related to a recent hospitalization and most of these do not occur until after discharge. […] VTE is a leading cause of preventable hospital death in the United States. […] As many as 70% of cases of healthcare-associated VTEs are preventable through measures such as use of anticoagulant medications or compression stockings. […] An estimated one in five cases of VTE are related to cancer and its treatment. […] Women are five times more likely to experience a VTE during pregnancy, childbirth, or the 3-month period after delivery.
  • #53 The epidemiology of peripheral vein infusion thrombophlebitis: a critical review – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12133753/
    We critically assessed studies on the clinical importance, diagnosis, incidence, and pathogenesis of peripheral vein infusion thrombophlebitis, including catheter-related and patient-related risk factors. […] Peripheral vein infusion thrombophlebitis occurs in 25% to 35% of hospitalized patients with peripheral intravenous catheters and has both patient-related implications (e.g., sepsis) and economic consequences (e.g., extra nursing time). […] Although duration of catheterization, catheter-related infection, and catheter material are important risk factors for peripheral vein infusion thrombophlebitis, patient-related risk factors are not well elucidated.
  • #54
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11239-015-1311-6
    Data on trends in VTE incidence are limited; overall VTE incidence rates as well as incidence rates for PE DVT and DVT alone either remained relatively constant or increased for the period, 1981-2000, with a significant increase in the overall VTE incidence rate from 2001 to 2009, mostly due to an increasing incidence of PE DVT. […] VTE recurs frequently; about 30% of patients develop recurrence within the next 10 years. […] Independent predictors of recurrence include increasing patient age and body mass index, male sex, active cancer, and neurologic disease with leg paresis. […] Active cancer accounts for almost 20% of all incident VTE occurring in the community. […] Hospitalization and nursing home residence together account for almost 60% of incident VTE events occurring in the community. […] The risk appears to be higher for patients with cancer of the brain, pancreas, ovary, colon, stomach, lung, kidney and bone, and in patients with distant metastases. […] Hospitalization for medical illness and hospitalization for surgery account for almost equal proportions of VTE.
  • #55 Data and Statistics on Venous Thromboembolism | Venous Thromboembolism (Blood Clots) | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/blood-clots/data-research/facts-stats/index.html
    Up to 900,000 people in the United States are affected by venous thromboembolism (VTE, a blood clot), each year. […] The precise number of people affected by either a DVT or PE is unknown, although as many as 900,000 people could be affected each year in the United States. […] More than a third of VTE cases diagnosed each year are related to a recent hospitalization and most of these do not occur until after discharge. […] VTE is a leading cause of preventable hospital death in the United States. […] As many as 70% of cases of healthcare-associated VTEs are preventable through measures such as use of anticoagulant medications or compression stockings. […] An estimated one in five cases of VTE are related to cancer and its treatment. […] Women are five times more likely to experience a VTE during pregnancy, childbirth, or the 3-month period after delivery.
  • #56
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11239-015-1311-6
    Data on trends in VTE incidence are limited; overall VTE incidence rates as well as incidence rates for PE DVT and DVT alone either remained relatively constant or increased for the period, 1981-2000, with a significant increase in the overall VTE incidence rate from 2001 to 2009, mostly due to an increasing incidence of PE DVT. […] VTE recurs frequently; about 30% of patients develop recurrence within the next 10 years. […] Independent predictors of recurrence include increasing patient age and body mass index, male sex, active cancer, and neurologic disease with leg paresis. […] Active cancer accounts for almost 20% of all incident VTE occurring in the community. […] Hospitalization and nursing home residence together account for almost 60% of incident VTE events occurring in the community. […] The risk appears to be higher for patients with cancer of the brain, pancreas, ovary, colon, stomach, lung, kidney and bone, and in patients with distant metastases. […] Hospitalization for medical illness and hospitalization for surgery account for almost equal proportions of VTE.
  • #57
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11239-015-1311-6
    Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is categorized by the U.S. Surgeon General as a major public health problem. VTE is relatively common and associated with reduced survival and substantial health-care costs, and recurs frequently. […] VTE is a complex (multifactorial) disease, involving interactions between acquired or inherited predispositions to thrombosis and VTE risk factors, including increasing patient age and obesity, hospitalization for surgery or acute illness, nursing-home confinement, active cancer, trauma or fracture, immobility or leg paresis, superficial vein thrombosis, and, in women, pregnancy and puerperium, oral contraception, and hormone therapy. […] Although independent VTE risk factors and predictors of VTE recurrence have been identified, and effective primary and secondary prophylaxis is available, the occurrence of VTE seems to be relatively constant, or even increasing.
  • #58
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11239-015-1311-6
    Most studies of VTE epidemiology addressed populations of predominantly European origin, and the data discussed in this chapter mainly relate to these populations. Where available, data from populations originating from other continents are presented. […] The estimated average annual incidence rate of overall VTE among persons of European ancestry ranges from 104 to 183 per 100,000 person-years; overall VTE incidence is similar to that of stroke. […] Overall VTE incidence may be higher in African-Americans and lower in Asians, and may differ among African-Americans by United States region. […] VTE is predominantly a disease of older age; VTE is rare prior to late adolescence. […] Incidence rates increase markedly with age for both men and women and for both DVT and PE. […] The overall age-adjusted incidence rate is higher for men than women.
  • #59 Thrombophlebitis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23311-thrombophlebitis
    Thrombophlebitis is vein inflammation that happens in connection with one or more blood clots. […] Depending on why it occurs, how severe it is and where it happens, this condition can sometimes indicate a serious medical problem. […] Thrombophlebitis can happen in any vein in your body. However, several named conditions involve thrombophlebitis that happens for a specific reason or in a certain place. […] DVT is a serious condition that needs immediate treatment because it can lead to pulmonary embolism, a life-threatening medical emergency. […] Each year in the United States, there are an estimated 900,000 cases of DVT, resulting in about 60,000-100,000 deaths per year. […] Thrombophlebitis is a serious condition, but it doesn’t usually cause problems on its own. […] If caught early, thrombophlebitis is very treatable, and complications are rare. […] The longer you wait to get treatment, the more dangerous this condition becomes.

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