Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Thrombophlebitis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thrombophlebitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354607

  Thrombophlebitis is caused by a blood clot. A blood clot can form because of an injury to a vein or from having an inherited disorder that affects how your blood clots. You may also get a blood clot after not being active for long periods of time, like during a hospital stay or recovery from an injury. […] The cause of thrombophlebitis is a blood clot, which can form in your blood as a result of: […] An injury to a vein […] An inherited blood-clotting disorder […] Being immobile for long periods, such as during an injury or a hospital stay.

• #1 Superficial thrombophlebitis

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/superficial-thrombophlebitis

  The cause of superficial thrombophlebitis is not completely clear but it is believed to be associated with a change in the dynamic balance of haemostasis. […] In 1846, the German pathologist Virchow showed that damage to a blood vessel wall, abnormal blood flow, or a change in blood constituents causing abnormal blood clotting, could lead to inflammation or formation of blood clots in the veins. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis can occur spontaneously and without apparent reason. […] There are various conditions or drugs that can make blood clot more easily and cause superficial thrombophlebitis: Pregnancy through most of the pregnancy and for about 6 weeks after delivery. Thrombophlebitis is especially of concern in pregnant women who carry prothrombin G20210A gene mutation or factor V Leiden, as they have a predisposition to clotting.

• #1 Superficial Thrombophlebitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-overview

  Superficial thrombophlebitis can occur spontaneously, especially in the lower extremities in the GSV, or as a complication of medical or surgical interventions. […] Although the etiology is frequently obscure, superficial venous thrombosis is most often associated with one of the components of the Virchow triad that is, intimal damage (which can result from trauma, infection, or inflammation), stasis or turbulent flow, or changes in blood constituents (presumably causing increased coagulability). […] The most important clinically identifiable risk factors for thrombophlebitis are a prior history of superficial phlebitis, DVT, and PE. […] Some common risk markers include recent surgery or pregnancy, prolonged immobilization, and underlying malignancy. […] Phlebitis also occurs in diseases associated with vasculitis, such as polyarteritis nodosa (periarteritis nodosa) and Buerger disease (thromboangiitis obliterans).

• #1 Thrombophlebitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1086399-overview

  Trauma to a varicose vein or healthy vein is common. […] Predisposing factors include any event that can reduce venous flow; examples include prolonged sitting or immobilization and dehydration (eg, as on a long airline flight), long surgery, or prolonged bed rest. […] Genetic thrombophilia or underlying malignancy can lead to a hypercoagulable state. […] Internal trauma to a vein due to an indwelling catheter or even a difficult phlebotomy procedure can also cause venous injury and inflammation. […] Viral diseases, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Chikungunya virus infection, have been associated with superficial and deep thrombophlebitis.

• #1 Thrombophlebitis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23311-thrombophlebitis

  Thrombophlebitis is vein inflammation that happens in connection with one or more blood clots. This usually happens in your legs but can affect any vein in your body. While it isn’t usually dangerous on its own, it’s an important indicator of clotting problems that can lead to life-threatening conditions like pulmonary embolism. […] Thrombophlebitis can happen for several different reasons. The following may cause blood clots to form or may merely make them more likely. […] Genetic (inherited) conditions. Mutations in your DNA can cause your blood to clot too easily. Some people inherit these mutations from their parents. Genetic conditions like this are often treatable but will be life-long and aren’t curable. […] Varicose veins. Bulging, blue or spider-like veins on your legs are a particular risk for thrombophlebitis in the same area.

• #1 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556017/

  A hypercoagulable state, prolonged immobilization, or vessel wall trauma may increase the risk of SVT. Superficial thrombophlebitis accounts for 5.4% of the adjusted population attributable risk for initial DVT or PE. SVT has been the presenting symptom in certain inheritable thrombophilias. According to several studies, it occurs in 11% to 15% of patients with protein C or S deficiency and approximately 40% with factor V Leiden mutation. However, another study showed that these results were not statistically significant. In pregnancy, the risk of SVT is akin to that of DVT, most commonly in the postpartum period. Advanced age, exogenous estrogens, autoimmune or infectious diseases, obesity, recent trauma or surgery, active malignancy, history of venous thromboembolic disease, and respiratory or cardiac failure also increase the risk of SVT. Prior occurrences increase the risk of subsequent ones. As noted in 75% to 88% of cases, varicose veins are considered the most important clinically identifiable predisposing factor for SVT.

• #1 Superficial Thrombophlebitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-overview

  After 2010, a medically emergent cutaneous thrombophlebitis began to be noted more frequently, after an increase in use of levamisole (an antihelminth) for bulking cocaine in the United States. […] The increased likelihood of developing thrombophlebitis occurs through most of pregnancy and for approximately 6 weeks after delivery. […] This is partly due to increased platelet stickiness and partly due to reduced fibrinolytic activity. […] The association between pregnancy and thrombophlebitis is of particular concern to women who carry the factor V Leiden or prothrombin C-20210-a gene, because they already have a predisposition to clotting, which would also be exacerbated by pregnancy. […] High-dose estrogen therapy is another risk factor. […] Other recognized markers of risk for venous thromboembolic disease include the following: Varicose veins, Obesity, Age older than 60 years, Cigarette smoking, IV drug abuse, Hypercoagulable states, Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), AIDS – Lupus anticoagulant, Drug-induced lupus anticoagulant, Antithrombin III deficiency, Behet disease, Blood type A, Burns, Catheters, Chemotherapy, Congestive heart failure, Estrogen replacements, Fibrinogen abnormality, Fractures, Hemolytic anemias, Heparin-associated thrombocytopenia, Homocysteinemia, Homocystinuria, Hyperlipidemias, Immobilization, Malignancy, MI, Phenothiazines, Plasminogen abnormality, Plasminogen activator abnormality, Polycythemia, Postoperative, Protein C deficiency, Protein S deficiency, Resistance to activated protein C, Thrombocytosis, Trauma, Ulcerative colitis (UC), Venography, Venous pacemakers, Venous stasis, Warfarin – First few days of therapy, Caustic materials, such as lighter fluid, injected intravenously.

• #1 Superficial Thrombophlebitis: Symptoms & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17523-superficial-thrombophlebitis

  Superficial thrombophlebitis is inflammation of the veins near your skin due to blood clots. These are typically in your legs or arms. Veins become painful and red. Its also called superficial venous thrombosis (SVT). […] Healthcare providers dont always know why superficial thrombophlebitis develops. But you may develop the condition if you had an: […] You may develop superficial thrombophlebitis if you have varicose veins. The condition is also more likely to return (recur) if you have varicose veins. […] In superficial thrombophlebitis, a blood clot forms in a vein under your skin. The condition causes inflammation, pain, redness and swelling.

• #1 Thrombophlebitis (Superficial and Migratory): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/dvt/understanding-thrombophlebitis-basics

  Other things that raise your chances of having this condition include: […] Certain cancers […] Use of the hormone estrogen for birth control or hormone replacement […] Being over age 60 […] Obesity […] Smoking […] A family or personal history of blood clots […] Catheters placed in the central veins of the arm or leg […] Anyone who has a hypercoagulable state […] If you’ve had trauma […] If you’ve had surgery and are immobilized, or are immobile for another reason

• #1 Thrombophlebitis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23311-thrombophlebitis

  Being pregnant or recently giving birth. Pregnancy can increase the risk of developing blood clots for several reasons. That risk also doesn’t go away immediately after childbirth. […] Thrombophlebitis is a serious condition, but it doesn’t usually cause problems on its own. It’s usually an indicator of clotting problems that can cause more serious conditions, some of which are deadly. If caught early, thrombophlebitis is very treatable, and complications are rare. However, waiting to get this condition diagnosed and treated increases the risk of developing more serious problems.

• #1 Thrombophlebitis – Symptoms & Causes

  https://www.centerforvein.com/blog/thrombophlebitis-symptoms-causes

  Smoking: Chemicals in cigarette smoke decrease oxygen levels in the blood, which causes inflammation and damage to the blood vessels and increases your risk of developing cardiovascular conditions, including thrombophlebitis. […] Medications: Hormonal birth control or hormone replacement therapy increases blood clot formation risk. […] Pregnancy: Hormonal changes and weight gain associated with pregnancy can increase pressure on veins in the lower body and affect blood clotting. […] Varicose Veins: People with varicose veins have an increased risk of developing superficial thrombophlebitis. […] Inactive Lifestyle: Long periods of inactivity or immobility can increase your risk of blood clots. […] Trauma Injury: Traumatic injuries can damage blood vessels and cause the formation of blood clots, especially in those who have had injuries or surgery to the lower extremities.

• #1 Thrombophlebitis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23311-thrombophlebitis

  Trauma. Injuries to or close to veins can cause inflammation that leads to clot formation. […] Medical procedures and medications. Intravenous (IV) lines and catheters, which are tubes that deliver medications and fluids directly into your veins, can cause clots that lead to thrombophlebitis. Certain kinds of hormone treatments, including some types of birth control, can also increase your risk of blood clots. […] IV drug use. Recreational drugs that you inject are a risk factor for thrombophlebitis. […] Lack of movement. People who sit for long periods, such as those with desk jobs, may have poor circulation, increasing their risk of thrombosis. […] Conditions or circumstances that otherwise affect clotting. Various potential risk factors include cancer, obesity, lupus and certain blood disorders.

• #1 Thrombophlebitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombophlebitis

  Those with familial clotting disorders such as protein S deficiency, protein C deficiency, or factor V Leiden are also at increased risk of thrombophlebitis. […] Specific disorders associated with thrombophlebitis include superficial thrombophlebitis which affects veins near the skin surface, deep vein thrombosis which affects deeper veins, and pulmonary embolism. […] Migratory thrombophlebitis, which is when there is repeated thrombophlebitis of multiple different sites that moves around the body, is strongly associated with pancreatic cancer or other malignancies.

• #1 Septic Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430731/

  Septic or suppurative thrombophlebitis (STP) is defined by the presence of an endovascular thrombus in the setting of associated bacterial or fungal infection. […] Even though phlebitis can occur without an underlying infection, simply as a result of catheter-related mechanical or chemical irritation, an infection should always be in the differential diagnosis. […] Septic thrombophlebitis can occur spontaneously; however, the majority of cases with superficial, peripheral vein involvement result from breaks in the skin, as with venipuncture done for phlebotomy, or intravenous injection. […] Other conditions such as Lemierre syndrome, pylephlebitis, STP of the dural sinuses, and pelvis veins often result from an invading infection from a near non-vascular structure. […] Pylephlebitis is a rare form of STP that can be associated with diverticulitis (most commonly), pancreatitis, appendicitis, inflammatory bowel disease, hemorrhoidal disease as well as any intra-abdominal infection that involves structures draining into the portal vein. […] Pelvic and ovarian vein STP occurs most commonly in the setting of childbirth and within the first three weeks post-partum due to local spread of uterine infection, such as endometritis or chorioamnionitis.

• #1 Septic pelvic thrombophlebitis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/septic-pelvic-thrombophlebitis

  Septic pelvic thrombophlebitis (SPT) can occur in the setting of pelvic vein endothelial damage, venous stasis, and hypercoagulability. […] SPT is largely a condition of postpartum females. The risk is higher with cesarean compared with vaginal delivery. Females with peripartum or postpartum pelvic infections, such as endometritis or chorioamnionitis, are also at higher risk for SPT. As an example, in one case control study of over 73,000 females in a pregnancy registry, cesarean delivery and chorioamnionitis were each independently associated with SPT (adjusted odds ratios 6.3 and 4.8, respectively).

• #1 Ultrasound proven superficial thrombophlebitis | CUH

  https://www.cuh.nhs.uk/patient-information/ultrasound-proven-superficial-thrombophlebitis/

  Blood flowing more slowly than normal (stasis) – this might occur in varicose veins, during long flights, or in people who are immobile, and also following major surgery. […] In some cases, the blood clot can extend further up the vein. If the clot extends to where the superficial and deep veins join, a DVT can develop. […] It is common for people with varicose veins to get recurrent bouts of superficial thrombophlebitis. However, for a small number of people this may be the first sign of a more serious condition.

• #1 Superficial Thrombophlebitis: Symptoms, Risks & Causes

  https://www.usaveinclinics.com/vein-disease/superficial-thrombophlebitis/

  Superficial thrombophlebitis (ST), also known as phlebitis, is an inflammation in a vein near the skins surface. The inflammation happens when a blot clot develops in the vein. Typically, this inflammation occurs in the legs. […] There are several possible causes linked to superficial thrombophlebitis. These include: Varicose veins, An injection or IV into the vein, Long periods of sitting or bed rest, Blood clotting disorders, Autoimmune conditions that involve the veins, Cancer, Certain medications. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis is also associated with a few known risk factors, including: Obesity, Smoking, Pregnancy, Being over the age of 60, Certain medications. […] While superficial thrombophlebitis is usually not life-threatening, it can sometimes lead to serious complications, especially if left untreated. These risks are typically associated with blood clots that may develop and progress into more dangerous conditions. Early diagnosis and treatment can help manage vein disease and minimize risks. […] Possible complications include: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT), Stroke, Pulmonary embolism, Blood clot formation, Amputation. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis rarely leads to a stroke. However, the condition can sometimes result in a DVT, and a DVT can lead to a stroke.

• #1 Superficial Venous Thrombophlebitis Phlebitis Treatments | Austin Texas

  https://austinvaricosevein.com/superficial-venous-thrombophlebitis-and-phlebitis-treatments/

  The prognosis of people with superficial thrombophlebitis depends on its etiology, the extent of involvement, and whether there was extension of blood clot into the deep venous system. […] Typically, once an episode of SVT occurs there is a much higher incidence of another future episode of the same process. When varicose veins and venous reflux disease have caused the SVT, it is generally advised to have the abnormal veins treated with intervention in order to prevent future SVT recurrence.

• #1 What is plebhitis? The causes and treats for you | STOX

  https://stoxenergy.com/en-us/blogs/medical/phlebitis-4-treatments-7-causes-and-more

  When a blood clot causes inflammation, it is called thrombophlebitis. […] Deep phlebitis is significantly more dangerous because it is most likely caused by a blood clot that can have very serious, life-threatening consequences. […] In the case of a DVT, the causes are: Irritation or injury to a deep vein due to trauma such as surgery, a broken bone, serious injury, or a previous DVT. […] Blood that clots more frequently than usual, which may be due to medication, cancer, connective tissue disorders, or congenital bleeding disorders. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis does not usually lead to serious complications. But it can lead to infections of the surrounding skin, wounds on the skin and even infections of the bloodstream. […] If the clot in the superficial vein is large enough and affects the area where the superficial vein and a deep vein come together, DVT can develop. […] Minimizing your risk factors for developing future DVTs is also an important part of treatment. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis per se may not indicate a serious problem, but it can mark the onset of serious and fatal conditions (DVT and pulmonary embolism).

• #2 Thrombophlebitis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23311-thrombophlebitis

  Thrombophlebitis is vein inflammation that happens in connection with one or more blood clots. This usually happens in your legs but can affect any vein in your body. While it isn’t usually dangerous on its own, it’s an important indicator of clotting problems that can lead to life-threatening conditions like pulmonary embolism. […] Thrombophlebitis can happen for several different reasons. The following may cause blood clots to form or may merely make them more likely. […] Genetic (inherited) conditions. Mutations in your DNA can cause your blood to clot too easily. Some people inherit these mutations from their parents. Genetic conditions like this are often treatable but will be life-long and aren’t curable. […] Varicose veins. Bulging, blue or spider-like veins on your legs are a particular risk for thrombophlebitis in the same area.

• #2 Superficial Thrombophlebitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-overview

  Superficial thrombophlebitis can occur spontaneously, especially in the lower extremities in the GSV, or as a complication of medical or surgical interventions. […] Although the etiology is frequently obscure, superficial venous thrombosis is most often associated with one of the components of the Virchow triad that is, intimal damage (which can result from trauma, infection, or inflammation), stasis or turbulent flow, or changes in blood constituents (presumably causing increased coagulability). […] The most important clinically identifiable risk factors for thrombophlebitis are a prior history of superficial phlebitis, DVT, and PE. […] Some common risk markers include recent surgery or pregnancy, prolonged immobilization, and underlying malignancy. […] Phlebitis also occurs in diseases associated with vasculitis, such as polyarteritis nodosa (periarteritis nodosa) and Buerger disease (thromboangiitis obliterans).

• #2 Superficial thrombophlebitis

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/superficial-thrombophlebitis

  The cause of superficial thrombophlebitis is not completely clear but it is believed to be associated with a change in the dynamic balance of haemostasis. […] In 1846, the German pathologist Virchow showed that damage to a blood vessel wall, abnormal blood flow, or a change in blood constituents causing abnormal blood clotting, could lead to inflammation or formation of blood clots in the veins. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis can occur spontaneously and without apparent reason. […] There are various conditions or drugs that can make blood clot more easily and cause superficial thrombophlebitis: Pregnancy through most of the pregnancy and for about 6 weeks after delivery. Thrombophlebitis is especially of concern in pregnant women who carry prothrombin G20210A gene mutation or factor V Leiden, as they have a predisposition to clotting.

• #2 Thrombophlebitis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23311-thrombophlebitis

  Trauma. Injuries to or close to veins can cause inflammation that leads to clot formation. […] Medical procedures and medications. Intravenous (IV) lines and catheters, which are tubes that deliver medications and fluids directly into your veins, can cause clots that lead to thrombophlebitis. Certain kinds of hormone treatments, including some types of birth control, can also increase your risk of blood clots. […] IV drug use. Recreational drugs that you inject are a risk factor for thrombophlebitis. […] Lack of movement. People who sit for long periods, such as those with desk jobs, may have poor circulation, increasing their risk of thrombosis. […] Conditions or circumstances that otherwise affect clotting. Various potential risk factors include cancer, obesity, lupus and certain blood disorders.

• #2 Thrombophlebitis (Superficial and Migratory): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/dvt/understanding-thrombophlebitis-basics

  Thrombophlebitis Causes […] First, a blood clot forms. This can be the result of several things. Most often, its caused by blood not moving the way it should through the leg veins. This can happen because of: […] Long-term bed rest. Your doctor might order this after a major illness or surgery. […] Sitting for a long time. This can happen on long trips by car or plane, or in some other place where you cant stretch your legs. […] Varicose veins. They cause your blood vessels to stretch too much. This allows blood to pool in the vessel instead of flowing straight through in one direction. This can lead to blood clots. […] […] Anyone with poor circulation in their legs may be more likely to have this condition. This could include those who may get thrombophlebitis during or after pregnancy. People whove been kept in the hospital on an IV are at risk, too. Hospital staffers try to lower this risk by changing the spots where IV lines are placed in the body.

• #2 Thrombophlebitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombophlebitis

  Those with familial clotting disorders such as protein S deficiency, protein C deficiency, or factor V Leiden are also at increased risk of thrombophlebitis. […] Specific disorders associated with thrombophlebitis include superficial thrombophlebitis which affects veins near the skin surface, deep vein thrombosis which affects deeper veins, and pulmonary embolism. […] Migratory thrombophlebitis, which is when there is repeated thrombophlebitis of multiple different sites that moves around the body, is strongly associated with pancreatic cancer or other malignancies.

• #2 Superficial Thrombophlebitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-overview

  After 2010, a medically emergent cutaneous thrombophlebitis began to be noted more frequently, after an increase in use of levamisole (an antihelminth) for bulking cocaine in the United States. […] The increased likelihood of developing thrombophlebitis occurs through most of pregnancy and for approximately 6 weeks after delivery. […] This is partly due to increased platelet stickiness and partly due to reduced fibrinolytic activity. […] The association between pregnancy and thrombophlebitis is of particular concern to women who carry the factor V Leiden or prothrombin C-20210-a gene, because they already have a predisposition to clotting, which would also be exacerbated by pregnancy. […] High-dose estrogen therapy is another risk factor. […] Other recognized markers of risk for venous thromboembolic disease include the following: Varicose veins, Obesity, Age older than 60 years, Cigarette smoking, IV drug abuse, Hypercoagulable states, Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), AIDS – Lupus anticoagulant, Drug-induced lupus anticoagulant, Antithrombin III deficiency, Behet disease, Blood type A, Burns, Catheters, Chemotherapy, Congestive heart failure, Estrogen replacements, Fibrinogen abnormality, Fractures, Hemolytic anemias, Heparin-associated thrombocytopenia, Homocysteinemia, Homocystinuria, Hyperlipidemias, Immobilization, Malignancy, MI, Phenothiazines, Plasminogen abnormality, Plasminogen activator abnormality, Polycythemia, Postoperative, Protein C deficiency, Protein S deficiency, Resistance to activated protein C, Thrombocytosis, Trauma, Ulcerative colitis (UC), Venography, Venous pacemakers, Venous stasis, Warfarin – First few days of therapy, Caustic materials, such as lighter fluid, injected intravenously.

• #2

  https://www.kuh.ku.edu.tr/mayo-clinic-care-network/mayo-clinic-health-information-library/diseases-conditions/thrombophlebitis

  Thrombophlebitis (throm-boe-fluh-BY-tis) is an inflammatory process that causes a blood clot to form and block one or more veins, usually in the legs. […] Causes of thrombophlebitis include trauma, surgery or prolonged inactivity. […] The cause of thrombophlebitis is a blood clot, which can form in your blood as a result of: An injury to a vein, An inherited blood-clotting disorder, Being immobile for long periods, such as during an injury or a hospital stay. […] Your risk of thrombophlebitis might increase if you: Are inactive for a prolonged period, either because you’re confined to bed or you’re traveling in a car or plane for a long period, Have varicose veins, which are a common cause of superficial thrombophlebitis, Have a pacemaker or have a thin, flexible tube (catheter) in a central vein, for treatment of a medical condition, which may irritate the blood vessel wall and decrease blood flow, Are pregnant or have just given birth, Use birth control pills or hormone replacement therapy, which can make your blood more likely to clot, Have a family history of a blood-clotting disorder or a tendency to form blood clots, Have had previous episodes of thrombophlebitis, Have had a stroke, Are older than 60, Are overweight or obese, Have cancer, Smoke.

• #2 Ultrasound proven superficial thrombophlebitis | CUH

  https://www.cuh.nhs.uk/patient-information/ultrasound-proven-superficial-thrombophlebitis/

  Superficial thrombophlebitis is inflammation of a vein just under the skin, usually in the leg. […] Many cases occur for no apparent reason but even a slight injury to the vein may trigger the inflammation in some cases. […] There are a number of risk factors that make it more likely for inflammation to develop in a vein: Varicose veins – many cases occur in people who have varicose veins of the legs. […] Intravenous injection or cannulation – sometimes it occurs after having intravenous injections (injections into the veins) or intravenous infusions (’drips’) in hospital. […] Previous problems with veins – if someone has had previous superficial thrombophlebitis or a previous DVT, they are more likely to get superficial thrombophlebitis. […] Abnormalities of blood clotting factors – various conditions can alter certain chemicals (’clotting factors’) in the bloodstream, which make the blood clot more easily.

• #2 „Thrombophlebitis: Understanding Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options”

  https://www.doctorshubnepal.com/diseases-conditions/thrombophlebitis

  Older adults are at an increased risk of developing thrombophlebitis due to decreased blood flow and increased blood clotting. […] Having a family history of thrombophlebitis or other blood clotting disorders may increase the risk of developing the condition. […] Certain medical conditions, such as cancer, heart failure, and stroke, can increase the risk of developing thrombophlebitis. […] Certain medications, such as hormone replacement therapy and certain antidepressants, can increase the risk of developing thrombophlebitis.

• #2 Thrombophlebitis – Symptoms & Causes

  https://www.centerforvein.com/blog/thrombophlebitis-symptoms-causes

  Family History: A family history of clotting disorders, high blood pressure, obesity, or diabetes can increase your risk of developing thrombophlebitis. […] Medical Conditions: People with certain cancers, inflammatory disorders, and autoimmune diseases may have an increased risk for thrombophlebitis. […] Deep Vein Thrombosis: People with a previous history of DVT are at risk of developing thrombophlebitis.

• #2 Superficial thrombophlebitis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/superficial-thrombophlebitis?lang=us

  Superficial thrombophlebitis, also called superficial venous thrombosis (SVT), is a pathological condition characterized by the presence of a thrombus in the lumen of a superficial vein, accompanied by inflammatory reaction of adjacent tissues. […] There are a large number of potential causes which does overlap with the causes of DVT: varicose veins (most common), morphological changes that predispose to stasis and consequently to the development of thrombotic process, prolonged immobilization, surgery/trauma, obesity, hypercoagulable states, e.g. factor V Leiden thrombophilia, oral contraceptive use, past history SVT or DVT, intravenous cannula or catheter use, malignancies (see: Trousseau syndrome), autoimmune disease, inflammatory conditions, in particular, Behcet disease and Buerger disease.

• #2 Related conditions – Thrombophlebitis – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis – MedBroadcast.com

  https://medbroadcast.com/channel/smoking/related-conditions/thrombophlebitis

  Thrombophlebitis is an inflammation of a vein due to a blood clot. The term comes from a combination of thrombus, meaning blood clot, and phlebitis, meaning inflammation or infection of a vein. When blood clots form, they release a number of toxic chemicals that cause inflammation of the vein. […] A variety of things can cause inflammation of a superficial vein. One common cause is due to trauma or injury, for example, from IV catheters or some solutions and medications used in hospitals that pierce the vein wall and cause irritation. […] Sometimes, thrombophlebitis is caused by a bacterial infection in the vein. The usual culprit is a bacteria called Staphylococcus, commonly found on the skin. […] People receiving cancer treatment can also be at risk for developing a DVT. Women over the age of 35 years who smoke and take oral contraceptives are at a higher risk of thrombophlebitis. […] In some women, the use of certain types of oral contraceptives may increase the risk for forming blood clots. The risk is higher for women over 35 years of age who smoke or have a history of previous blood clots.

• #2 Management of superficial venous thrombophlebitis associated with peripheral venous catheters: A review. | Published in Global Journal of Surgery and Case Reports

  https://www.gjscr.com/article/118529-management-of-superficial-venous-thrombophlebitis-associated-with-peripheral-venous-catheters-a-review

  Superficial venous thrombophlebitis (SVT) associated with peripheral venous cannulation is the most frequent complication of peripheral venous infusion, occurring in in 25% to 35% of hospitalized patients, which is much higher than the 5% incidence considered acceptable by the Intravenous Nurses Society’s guidelines. […] SVT can lead to serious medical complications that impact negatively both patients and healthcare institutions. Thrombophlebitis causes patient discomfort and occlusion of the intravenous catheters, both requiring removal and re-siting of the catheter. […] Local inflammation of the wall of the vein at the catheter site is considered to be the initiating event in a cascade that ultimately leads to thrombophlebitis. […] The venous endothelium can be injured by the chemical irritation caused by the infusate, physical trauma by the catheter, or microorganisms colonizing the cannula.

• #2 Septic Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430731/

  Septic or suppurative thrombophlebitis (STP) is defined by the presence of an endovascular thrombus in the setting of associated bacterial or fungal infection. […] Even though phlebitis can occur without an underlying infection, simply as a result of catheter-related mechanical or chemical irritation, an infection should always be in the differential diagnosis. […] Septic thrombophlebitis can occur spontaneously; however, the majority of cases with superficial, peripheral vein involvement result from breaks in the skin, as with venipuncture done for phlebotomy, or intravenous injection. […] Other conditions such as Lemierre syndrome, pylephlebitis, STP of the dural sinuses, and pelvis veins often result from an invading infection from a near non-vascular structure. […] Pylephlebitis is a rare form of STP that can be associated with diverticulitis (most commonly), pancreatitis, appendicitis, inflammatory bowel disease, hemorrhoidal disease as well as any intra-abdominal infection that involves structures draining into the portal vein. […] Pelvic and ovarian vein STP occurs most commonly in the setting of childbirth and within the first three weeks post-partum due to local spread of uterine infection, such as endometritis or chorioamnionitis.

• #2 Ultrasound proven superficial thrombophlebitis | CUH

  https://www.cuh.nhs.uk/patient-information/ultrasound-proven-superficial-thrombophlebitis/

  Blood flowing more slowly than normal (stasis) – this might occur in varicose veins, during long flights, or in people who are immobile, and also following major surgery. […] In some cases, the blood clot can extend further up the vein. If the clot extends to where the superficial and deep veins join, a DVT can develop. […] It is common for people with varicose veins to get recurrent bouts of superficial thrombophlebitis. However, for a small number of people this may be the first sign of a more serious condition.

• #2 Superficial Thrombophlebitis: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/vascular-conditions/superficial-thrombophlebitis

  Superficial thrombophlebitis occurs when a blood clot forms in a vein near the surface of the skin. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis often begins with microscopic clots. These form due to trauma to a blood vessel, blood flow being slow or compromised, or a condition that causes blood to clot easily. […] In some cases, superficial thrombophlebitis can develop in conjunction with more serious conditions. For example, DVT, or clots that develop in deep veins, may occur in 6–40% of cases. […] The condition may also develop in people with certain types of cancer, such as pancreatic cancer. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis may cause or be associated with a few different complications, some of which are significant. These include DVT, pulmonary emboli, and recurrence, which may take the form of migratory thrombophlebitis. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis was formerly thought to be a benign, self-limiting condition. However, newer research has shown that it can occur along with serious conditions such as DVT and cancer.

• #2 Thrombophlebitis | Quirónsalud

  https://www.quironsalud.com/en/diseases-symptoms/thrombophlebitis

  Superficial venous thrombosis is associated with factors that promote clot formation, such as reduced venous flow, coagulation abnormalities, and vessel wall damage. These factors may include: Prolonged immobility, such as hospitalization or long trips. Advanced age. Pregnancy. Overweight or obesity. Recent surgeries. Presence of venous catheters. Hormonal treatments. Family history of thrombophlebitis or thrombosis. Hereditary clotting disorders. Cancer. […] Among these, the most significant factors for superficial vein thrombosis (SVT) and superficial thrombophlebitis in the lower limbs are: Varicose veins: The leading cause of superficial thrombosis in the lower extremities, accounting for up to 90% of cases. The primary risk factors include local trauma and a sedentary lifestyle in individuals with varicose veins. Pregnancy and estrogen therapy: The incidence of phlebitis and thrombosis in the superficial veins of the lower extremities rises significantly during the first postpartum month. The use of combined oral contraceptives containing estrogen and progesterone, as well as other hormonal treatments, also increases the risk of thrombophlebitis, superficial vein thrombosis (SVT), and venous thromboembolism. History of DVT or SVT: Increases the risk of future thrombotic events, including DVT and pulmonary embolism. Hypercoagulable states (increased clotting risk): Conditions like cancer are associated with thrombophlebitis. Trousseaus syndrome, characterized by recurrent migratory phlebitis, is linked to adenocarcinomas, particularly pancreatic cancer. Autoimmune disorders: Behcets disease has been associated with SVT. Additionally, patients with Buergers disease are particularly susceptible to SVT, which in these cases involves inflammation of the vessel walls. Venous catheters: These devices cause endothelial injury or vessel wall damage and venous stasis. The upper extremities are more commonly affected due to frequent catheter placement in these locations.

• #2 Superficial Thrombophlebitis: Symptoms, Risks & Causes

  https://www.usaveinclinics.com/vein-disease/superficial-thrombophlebitis/

  Superficial thrombophlebitis (ST), also known as phlebitis, is an inflammation in a vein near the skins surface. The inflammation happens when a blot clot develops in the vein. Typically, this inflammation occurs in the legs. […] There are several possible causes linked to superficial thrombophlebitis. These include: Varicose veins, An injection or IV into the vein, Long periods of sitting or bed rest, Blood clotting disorders, Autoimmune conditions that involve the veins, Cancer, Certain medications. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis is also associated with a few known risk factors, including: Obesity, Smoking, Pregnancy, Being over the age of 60, Certain medications. […] While superficial thrombophlebitis is usually not life-threatening, it can sometimes lead to serious complications, especially if left untreated. These risks are typically associated with blood clots that may develop and progress into more dangerous conditions. Early diagnosis and treatment can help manage vein disease and minimize risks. […] Possible complications include: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT), Stroke, Pulmonary embolism, Blood clot formation, Amputation. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis rarely leads to a stroke. However, the condition can sometimes result in a DVT, and a DVT can lead to a stroke.

• #2

  https://www.aurorahealthcare.org/services/heart-vascular/conditions/phlebitis

  Phlebitis, or thrombophlebitis, is an inflammation that causes a blood clot to form in a vein, usually in your leg. […] Superficial phlebitis usually develops after you’ve had a mild trauma to one of your veins, such as having an IV line. […] In deep vein thrombosis, the blood clot in the deep vein can break loose and travel through your bloodstream to your lungs. This can cause a pulmonary embolism, a dangerous blockage that prevents blood from reaching your lungs.

• #2 What Happens if Thrombophlebitis is Left Untreated? | Thrombophlebitis Doctors

  https://www.centerforvein.com/blog/what-happens-if-thrombophlebitis-is-left-untreated

  Thrombophlebitis occurs when blood clots form in the vein, causing inflammation in the vascular system, underscoring the importance of early detection and medical consultation. […] Several factors contribute to the development of thrombophlebitis, including prolonged periods of inactivity or immobility, the vein’s inner lining being damaged due to surgical procedures, trauma, or infection, conditions that increase blood clotting tendency, the presence of varicose veins, and factors like obesity, smoking, pregnancy, and the use of birth control pills or hormone replacement therapy. […] Leaving thrombophlebitis untreated can lead to localized and systemic health complications caused by disrupting normal blood flow and long-term inflammation caused by the blood clot. Some complications of thrombophlebitis include but aren’t limited to infection, tissue damage, chronic venous insufficiency, and pulmonary embolism. […] Thrombophlebitis is a critical vascular condition that demands prompt attention. Ignoring its symptoms can lead to dire consequences, emphasizing the importance of consulting healthcare professionals.

• #3 Thrombophlebitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/thrombophlebitis

  Thrombophlebitis is caused by a blood clot, typically in the legs, but clots can also appear in the neck and arms. […] A blood clot causes thrombophlebitis. Inactivity, such as being bedridden after trauma or surgery, is a major cause of blood clots. […] You might also develop blood clots if you have injured your blood vessels. Trauma to the limb in question may cause injury to a vein. […] There are also some things that may cause blood to clot more easily. These include: having a pacemaker, having a central venous IV line, having cancer, having an inherited condition that causes your blood to clot too much, being pregnant, being obese, having varicose veins, being on hormone therapy, including some birth control pills, smoking, having a personal or family history of thrombophlebitis, having an h/o stroke, being older than 60 years of age.

• #3 Thrombophlebitis: Symptoms, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/thrombophlebitis

  Thrombophlebitis occurs when a blood clot forms in a vein, and the veins wall becomes inflamed. […] Potential causes of thrombophlebitis include: injury to a vein from trauma or surgery, reduced blood flow from prolonged immobilization, such as during long flights or bed rest, increased blood viscosity, which refers to blood thickness, due to dehydration or certain medical conditions. […] Injuries, inactivity, or thick blood can trigger it, while age, cancer, pregnancy, and certain medical conditions increase the risk.

• #3 Superficial Thrombophlebitis: Risk Factors, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/superficial-thrombophlebitis

  Superficial thrombophlebitis is an inflammatory condition of the veins due to a blood clot just below the surface of the skin. […] Several factors increase the risk of developing superficial thrombophlebitis. The more common risk factors include: recent IV, catheter, or injection into a vein, sitting or lying down for too long, such as on a long flight, varicose veins, pregnancy, infection, disorders that increase blood clotting, obesity, smoking, oral contraceptives and hormone replacement medications, being over the age of 60, chemical irritation, such as from cancer treatments, a stroke or injury that caused paralysis of the arms or legs. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis is also associated with more serious medical conditions, including: deep vein thrombosis, which is a blood clot in a deep vein, cancers of the abdomen, such as pancreatic cancer, Factor V Leiden, a genetic blood clotting disorder, prothrombin gene mutation, a gene mutation that causes a blood clotting disorder, thromboangiitis obliterans, a blockage of the blood vessels in the hands and feet. […] Several very rare conditions can also lead to the development of superficial thrombophlebitis: antithrombin III (AT-III) deficiency, protein C deficiency, protein S deficiency.

• #3 Thrombophlebitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1086399-overview

  Trauma to a varicose vein or healthy vein is common. […] Predisposing factors include any event that can reduce venous flow; examples include prolonged sitting or immobilization and dehydration (eg, as on a long airline flight), long surgery, or prolonged bed rest. […] Genetic thrombophilia or underlying malignancy can lead to a hypercoagulable state. […] Internal trauma to a vein due to an indwelling catheter or even a difficult phlebotomy procedure can also cause venous injury and inflammation. […] Viral diseases, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Chikungunya virus infection, have been associated with superficial and deep thrombophlebitis.

• #3 Thrombophlebitis (Superficial and Migratory): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/dvt/understanding-thrombophlebitis-basics

  Thrombophlebitis Causes […] First, a blood clot forms. This can be the result of several things. Most often, its caused by blood not moving the way it should through the leg veins. This can happen because of: […] Long-term bed rest. Your doctor might order this after a major illness or surgery. […] Sitting for a long time. This can happen on long trips by car or plane, or in some other place where you cant stretch your legs. […] Varicose veins. They cause your blood vessels to stretch too much. This allows blood to pool in the vessel instead of flowing straight through in one direction. This can lead to blood clots. […] […] Anyone with poor circulation in their legs may be more likely to have this condition. This could include those who may get thrombophlebitis during or after pregnancy. People whove been kept in the hospital on an IV are at risk, too. Hospital staffers try to lower this risk by changing the spots where IV lines are placed in the body.

• #3 Thrombophlebitis – Symptoms & Causes

  https://www.centerforvein.com/blog/thrombophlebitis-symptoms-causes

  Family History: A family history of clotting disorders, high blood pressure, obesity, or diabetes can increase your risk of developing thrombophlebitis. […] Medical Conditions: People with certain cancers, inflammatory disorders, and autoimmune diseases may have an increased risk for thrombophlebitis. […] Deep Vein Thrombosis: People with a previous history of DVT are at risk of developing thrombophlebitis.

• #3 Management of superficial venous thrombophlebitis associated with peripheral venous catheters: A review. | Published in Global Journal of Surgery and Case Reports

  https://www.gjscr.com/article/118529-management-of-superficial-venous-thrombophlebitis-associated-with-peripheral-venous-catheters-a-review

  Injury to the venous endothelium causes a prostaglandin-mediated activation of the inflammatory cascade and the coagulation pathway leading to thrombosis. […] Numerous studies have identified several risk patient-related, catheter-related, and healthcare-and-provider-related factors for the development of SVT. […] Female sex, medical comorbidities, poor quality peripheral veins, and insertion in the lower extremity, forearm, or antecubital fossa are thought to increase the risk of SVT. […] Diabetes mellitus in particular increases the thrombophlebitis risk by 40%, presumably due to diabetes-induced endothelial damage. […] Larger catheter size, longer duration, greater number of catheters inserted, bruising at the site, catheter material, type of infusate, and infected and colonized catheters increase the SVT risk.

• #3 Superficial Thrombophlebitis: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/vascular-conditions/superficial-thrombophlebitis

  Superficial thrombophlebitis occurs when a blood clot forms in a vein near the surface of the skin. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis often begins with microscopic clots. These form due to trauma to a blood vessel, blood flow being slow or compromised, or a condition that causes blood to clot easily. […] In some cases, superficial thrombophlebitis can develop in conjunction with more serious conditions. For example, DVT, or clots that develop in deep veins, may occur in 6–40% of cases. […] The condition may also develop in people with certain types of cancer, such as pancreatic cancer. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis may cause or be associated with a few different complications, some of which are significant. These include DVT, pulmonary emboli, and recurrence, which may take the form of migratory thrombophlebitis. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis was formerly thought to be a benign, self-limiting condition. However, newer research has shown that it can occur along with serious conditions such as DVT and cancer.

• #3 Superficial Thrombophlebitis Treatment, India Thrombophlebitis Causes

  http://www.indiahospitaltour.com/vascular/superficial-thrombophlebitis-treatment-surgery-india.html

  Various conditions can alter certain chemicals (’clotting factors’) in the bloodstream, which make the blood clot more easily. These include: using the oral contraceptive pill, using hormone replacement therapy, cancer, smoking, and pregnancy. […] In some cases, the blood clot can extend further up the vein. If the clot extends to where the superficial vein and the deep, larger veins join, a 'deep vein thrombosis’ (DVT) can develop. This is more likely if the superficial thrombophlebitis is in the upper thigh or the groin, near to where the superficial veins and the deep veins of the leg meet. […] In some people with recurring bouts of superficial thrombophlebitis, it may be the first indication of a more serious condition. This is especially if the bouts are occurring at different sites, and in different veins in someone without varicose veins. Tests may be advised if there is no explanation for recurring bouts of superficial thrombophlebitis. Rarely, recurring bouts of superficial thrombophlebitis can be a sign of a cancer within the body. It may also be a sign of other rare conditions including polyarteritis nodosa (a rare condition of unknown cause where there is patchy inflammation of the walls of the arteries).

• #3 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556017/

  Despite the number of studies performed, there is still debate on the appropriate treatment for superficial thrombophlebitis. Multiple strategies have been proposed to control symptoms and decrease the extension of thrombosis and risk for PE in low-risk superficial thrombophlebitis. Low-risk thromboses are those not associated with the presence of or predisposition to other thromboembolic diseases. In these cases, the consensus is that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, heat, and anticoagulants are all reasonable. Those who are at higher risk include patients with an SVT in the lower extremity that is at least 5 cm in length; SVT proximal to the knee, especially within 10 cm of the saphenofemoral junction; the presence of severe symptoms; greater saphenous vein involvement; previous SVT/venous thromboembolic disease; active malignancy; or recent surgery. Based on the Cochrane review published in 2018, these patients should receive fondaparinux 2.5 mg/day subcutaneously for 45 days.

• #4 Phlebitis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/thrombophlebitis-7111584

  Active cancer increases the risk of phlebitis, which in some cases may be an early warning sign of malignancy. […] Cancerous tumors cause phlebitis by releasing chemicals that stimulate the production of clotting factors. […] Certain chemotherapy drugs like anthracyclines and Navelbine (vinorelbine) are also associated with an increased risk of SVT (referred to as chemotherapy-induced phlebitis).

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