Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Thrombophlebitis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23311-thrombophlebitis

  Thrombophlebitis is vein inflammation that happens in connection with one or more blood clots. This usually happens in your legs but can affect any vein in your body. While it isn’t usually dangerous on its own, it’s an important indicator of clotting problems that can lead to life-threatening conditions like pulmonary embolism. […] Depending on why it occurs, how severe it is and where it happens, this condition can sometimes indicate a serious medical problem. Minor cases are typically treatable and not dangerous, but early detection and quick treatment are critical to avoid serious complications in more severe cases. […] Healthcare providers usually diagnose thrombophlebitis in a hospital setting, especially in an emergency room. That’s because thrombophlebitis has close connections to severe, potentially life-threatening conditions like DVT.

• #1 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556017/

  Superficial thrombophlebitis, increasingly known as superficial venous thrombosis, is no longer considered benign. […] This activity reviews the evaluation and management of superficial venous thrombosis and highlights the healthcare team’s role in evaluating and treating patients with this condition. […] Identify critical elements in evaluating patients with superficial thrombophlebitis that predispose patients to concomitant deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis is an inflammatory disorder of superficial veins with coexistent venous thrombosis. […] More recently, superficial thrombophlebitis, also called superficial venous thrombosis (SVT), has been associated with other venous thromboembolic disorders, primarily deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE).

• #1 Thrombophlebitis | Columbia Surgery

  https://columbiasurgery.org/conditions-and-treatments/thrombophlebitis

  Thrombophlebitis often causes redness that can be seen over the area of the affected vein. The vein may also feel hard and thick, like a piece of rope. Some people experience swelling and heat or pain over the vein. These symptoms sometimes are accompanied by a fever if the vein is infected. […] If you have concerns about thrombophlebitis, visit our Vein Program or fill out our appointment request form now.

• #1 Superficial thrombophlebitis

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/superficial-thrombophlebitis

  How is superficial thrombophlebitis diagnosed? The visual characteristics of superficial thrombophlebitis are not enough to confirm the diagnosis as several other conditions have similar symptoms. A thorough history and complete physical examination are essential. […] If the condition is often recurring or there is the possibility of complications, your doctor may perform other tests, such as blood tests, ultrasound scan and radiographic imaging.

• #1 Thrombophlebitis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thrombophlebitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354607

  Thrombophlebitis is a condition that causes a blood clot to form and block one or more veins, often in the legs. […] Both types of thrombophlebitis can be treated with blood-thinning medications. […] Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) increases the risk of serious health problems. It’s usually treated with blood-thinning medications. […] See your doctor right away if you have a red, swollen or tender vein especially if you have one or more risk factors for thrombophlebitis. […] Thrombophlebitis is caused by a blood clot. […] The cause of thrombophlebitis is a blood clot, which can form in your blood as a result of: An injury to a vein, An inherited blood-clotting disorder, Being immobile for long periods, such as during an injury or a hospital stay. […] Your risk of thrombophlebitis is higher if you’re not active for a long period or you have a catheter in a central vein to treat a condition. […] Complications from superficial thrombophlebitis are rare. However, if you develop deep vein thrombosis (DVT), the risk of serious complications increases. […] A pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a blood clot gets stuck in an artery in the lung, blocking blood flow to part of the lung.

• #1 Thrombophlebitis Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Procedures

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1086399-workup

  The laboratory evaluation for factor-related hypercoagulability conditions includes measurement and evaluation of the following: […] Venous duplex ultrasonography (US), which is mandatory, helps in diagnosing the thrombosis in the vein and details its extent. […] If an occult malignancy is suspected, a thorough workup should be performed. A complete medical workup is required in young adults who have thrombophlebitis but no predisposing factors because an occult malignancy is possible. […] It is important to differentiate superficial thrombophlebitis from polyarteritis nodosa in biopsy specimens.

• #1 Superficial thrombophlebitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superficial_thrombophlebitis

  Clinical evaluation is the primary diagnostic tool for thrombophlebitis. People with thrombophlebitis complain of pain along the affected area. Some report constitutional symptoms, such as low-grade fever and aches. On physical examination, the skin over the affected vein exhibits erythema, warmth, swelling, and tenderness. Later in the disease, as induration subsides, erythema gives way to a ruddy or bruised color. […] Duplex ultrasound identifies the presence, location and extent of venous thrombosis, and can help identify other pathology that may be a source of the patient’s complaints. Ultrasound is indicated if superficial phlebitis involves or extends into the proximal one-third of the medial thigh, there is evidence for clinical extension of phlebitis, lower extremity swelling is greater than would be expected from a superficial phlebitis alone or diagnosis of superficial thrombophlebitis in question.

• #1 Thrombophlebitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/thrombophlebitis

  Thrombophlebitis is inflammation of a vein caused by a blood clot. […] How is thrombophlebitis diagnosed? […] In some cases, your doctor wont need to do any major tests to identify the problem. The appearance of the area and your description of your symptoms may be enough to diagnose this condition. […] If the appearance and description of the condition doesnt provide enough information for your doctor to make a diagnosis, they may use an imaging technique to see whether a clot is present. Options include an ultrasound, a CT scan, and an MRI scan. […] In other cases, your doctor might choose to perform a venogram. This involves injecting a dye into your vein that shows up on X-rays. Your doctor will then take X-ray images to see whether you have a clot.

• #1 Septic Pelvic Thrombophlebitis: Diagnosis and Management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1581461/

  Septic pelvic thrombophlebitis (SPT) was initially diagnosed and described in the late 1800’s. […] Since then, the diagnosis, incidence, and management of the entity evolved. […] A suspicion of SPT should arise when fever, which usually follows a spiking pattern, fails to respond to standard broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy. […] Septic pelvic thrombophlebitis was diagnosed in 20 percent of patients with prolonged febrile morbidity, defined as more than five days of fever regardless of appropriate antimicrobial treatment. […] Diagnostic tools like computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are used to provide confirmation of pelvic thrombophlebitis. […] Tomographic criteria for diagnosis include (1) enlargement of the vein involved, (2) low density lumen within the vessel wall, and (3) sharp enhancement of the vessel wall.

• #1 Thrombophlebitis: Symptoms, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/thrombophlebitis

  Generally, diagnosing thrombophlebitis involves a thorough physical examination, symptom review, and medical history. […] Additional diagnostic tests may include: […] Blood tests: […] D-dimer test: The D-dimer test checks the blood for a small protein fragment called D-dimer. A positive result may indicate the presence of elevated clotting mechanisms. […] Complete blood count (CBC): A CBC measures the levels of red and white blood cells and platelets. […] Coagulation studies: These tests evaluate the bloods ability to clot and identify abnormalities in the clotting process. […] Imaging tests: […] Duplex ultrasound: This noninvasive test allows doctors to see how blood moves through the veins and identify any blood clots. […] MRI scan: In some cases, an MRI scan may provide more detailed images of the veins and detect any abnormalities or blood clots. […] Venogram: This imaging test involves injecting a contrast dye into the veins and taking X-ray images to visualize blood clots or blockages.

• #1 Diagnosing Deep Vein Thrombosis | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/deep-vein-thrombosis/diagnosis

  If you experience swelling and pain in one of your legs, NYU Langone doctors assess your symptoms with a series of diagnostic tests to determine whether you have deep vein thrombosis. […] In addition to performing a physical examination and asking about your medical history, your doctor may order tests to look for signs of deep vein thrombosis. […] When a blood clot breaks up in the body, it releases a substance called D-dimer. Many people who have deep vein thrombosis also have an elevated level of D-dimer in the blood. […] Doctors may use this test to examine the legs and determine whether there is a narrowing or blood clot that may indicate deep vein thrombosis. […] At NYU Langone, our doctors regularly use CT scans with the least amount of radiation possible to obtain images of veins, which can reveal blood clots.

• #1 Thrombophlebitis (Superficial and Migratory): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/dvt/understanding-thrombophlebitis-basics

  Thrombophlebitis Diagnosis […] The doctor will start by asking about your symptoms and taking a look at veins near the surface of your skin. Theyll do a physical exam. They also may order blood and circulation tests, or imaging exams such as a CT scan or MRI. Other tests might include: […] Duplex ultrasound. This painless imaging test doesnt have radiation the way an X-ray does. It uses sound waves to create a picture. The doctor spreads warm gel on your skin and then rubs a wand over the area where they think the clot is. The wand sends sound waves into your body. The echoes go to a computer, which makes pictures of your blood vessels. […] A radiologist will review the images and send a report to your primary care doctor or to the doctor who requested the ultrasound. […] D-dimer test. This is a blood test to look for a protein, called D-dimer, thats made when a blood clot breaks down. Your doctor will order this test if they think youve got a dangerous clot, such as a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE).

• #1 Superficial Thrombophlebitis Workup: Approach Considerations, Laboratory Studies, Venography

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-workup

  Key questions in cases of superficial thrombophlebitis concern the location and extent of the thrombosis, as well as its proximity to the deep venous system at the saphenofemoral or saphenopopliteal junction. […] Patients who present with spontaneous thrombophlebitis without a previous indwelling intravenous (IV) catheter or other precipitating cause should be considered for evaluation for a hypercoagulable state. Certainly, all patients with a past history of another thromboembolic event should undergo a workup as well. […] Blood tests are rarely helpful for diagnosing thrombophlebitis, except in patients at risk for an underlying hypercoagulable state. Several common hypercoagulable states, including the following, can be identified through laboratory studies: Resistance to activated protein C (most often due to factor V Leiden), Protein C deficiency, Protein S deficiency, Antithrombin III deficiency, Antiphospholipid antibodies, Prothrombin gene 2010-a mutation (factor II mutation).

• #1 Superficial vein thrombosis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/335

  Superficial vein thrombosis (SVT, also known as superficial vein thrombophlebitis) of the lower limb is most often a complication of varicose veins. […] Doppler (duplex) ultrasonography is recommended for all patients with suspected SVT of the lower limb, as concomitant deep vein thrombosis (DVT) may be present. […] Underlying prothrombotic conditions should be sought in cases of recurrent SVT and migratory SVT, especially in the absence of varicose veins. […] Anticoagulation for 45 days to prevent venous thromboembolic complications (DVT or pulmonary embolism) is warranted, especially in patients with SVT of 5 cm or greater in length. […] SVT refers to thrombus formation in a superficial vein, and inflammation in the tissue surrounding the vein. […] Key diagnostic factors include presence of risk factors, previous superficial vein thrombosis (SVT), deep vein thrombosis, or pulmonary embolism, redness/erythema of overlying skin, hot/warm overlying skin, painful/tender over affected vein, swelling/oedema of surrounding area, cord-like mass palpable, development of symptoms over hours to days, and signs/symptoms of concomitant DVT or PE. […] 1st investigations to order include Doppler ultrasonography. […] Investigations to consider include biopsy, pulmonary CT angiography, ventilation perfusion (VQ) scan, conventional pulmonary angiography, assessment for malignancy, and thrombophilia screening.

• #1 Superficial Thrombophlebitis: Risk Factors, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/superficial-thrombophlebitis

  How is superficial thrombophlebitis diagnosed? […] Your doctor may also perform the following tests: […] Doppler ultrasound. This is a noninvasive test that uses sound waves to measure blood flow and blood pressure. […] Duplex ultrasound. This procedure uses a combination of Doppler ultrasound and traditional ultrasound to capture pictures of your blood flow. […] Venography. This rarely used type of X-ray captures images of your blood flow by injecting a special dye into your veins. […] MRI or CT scan. These scans provides images of the affected area so your doctor can check your veins for clots. […] Skin or blood culture. If an infection is also suspected, your doctor will use a cotton swab to take a sample of the surface of the skin, or draw blood from a vein for laboratory tests.

• #1 Diagnosis and Treatment of Lower Extremity Venous Thromboembolism

  https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/ten-points-to-remember/2020/11/04/20/21/diagnosis-and-treatment-of-lower

  Lower extremity VTE is common, with incidence estimates between 88-112 per 100,000 person-years. Recurrence is also common, estimated at 20-36% over 10 years after an initial event. […] Diagnosis of VTE includes assessment of pretest probability. Most commonly, this is done with the Wells deep vein thrombosis (DVT) score in the outpatient setting. Results of this score guide the need for imaging. The Wells criteria do not perform well for hospitalized patients and, therefore, imaging should be performed when VTE is suspected. […] If a DVT is felt to be unlikely based on Wells assessment, then an age-adjusted D-dimer test should be performed to determine if imaging is needed. The threshold is calculated as 10 x age (years) with a lower threshold of 500 ng/ml. […] May-Thurner syndrome occurs when the right iliac artery compresses the left iliac vein and leads to thrombus formation or venous congestion. This accounts for 2-5% of all DVT and usually requires cross-sectional or invasive imaging for diagnosis.

• #1 Deep Vein Thrombosis – Diagnosis : Emergency Care BC

  https://emergencycarebc.ca/clinical_resource/clinical-summary/deep-vein-thrombosis-diagnosis/

  Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is common, with over 45,000 cases diagnosed in Canada each year. […] Diagnosis of DVT requires determining the pre-test probability of DVT either through clinical gestalt (depends on clinical experience) or better to use a clinical tool, such as the Well’s Score followed by D-dimer/ultrasound as indicated. […] Thrombosis Canada recommends patients presenting with suspected DVT should be risk stratified. The most commonly used tool is the Well’s Score for DVT. […] A D-dimer less than a fixed cut-off, in combination with validated clinical prediction rules (Wells score) can be used to rule out DVT in patients where DVT is deemed unlikely. […] This diagnostic strategy has been approved and developed by Thrombosis Canada.

• #1 Diagnosis of thrombosis | LUMC

  https://www.lumc.nl/en/afdelingen/Trombose-en-Hemostase/diagnosis-of-thrombosis/

  Diagnosing venous thrombosis may be complex and time consuming. In our diagnostic trials, we develop novel algorithms and imaging strategies that help confirming the diagnosis faster, more efficient and with more accuracy. […] The most common imaging tests to diagnose venous thrombosis involve indirect visualization of clots, i.e. by lack of compressibility of the veins (compression ultrasonography) or contrast filling defects on CT scans. Whereas these tests are accurate for patients with a first venous thrombosis, they are insufficiently accurate to diagnose recurrent thrombosis as they cannot differentiate between old chronic thrombotic remains and fresh acute thrombosis. This often lead to over-diagnosis and over-treatment with anticoagulation with inherent (fatal) bleeding risk. To solve this issue, our department has developed a novel MRI-based imaging technique, MR direct thrombus imaging (MRDTI), in which metabolic changes in a fresh clot (formation of methemoglobin) can be visualized. In the Titan study program, the accuracy of MRDTI for several anatomical locations is evaluated: deep vein thrombosis in the upper and lower extremities, pelvic vein thrombosis in pregnant women, portal vein thrombosis and cerebral vein thrombosis. Also, we are investigating the potential use of MRDTI for determining the need for treatment with anticoagulants in the setting of tumor thrombi in the portal vein and inferior vena cava.

• #1 Value of clinical review for AI-guided deep vein thrombosis diagnosis with ultrasound imaging by non-expert operators | npj Digital Medicine

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-025-01518-0

  Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) carries high morbidity, mortality, and costs globally. […] We examine a database of 381 patients with suspected DVT who underwent an AI-guided ultrasound scan by a non-ultrasound-trained nurse and an expert sonographer-performed standard compression ultrasound scan. […] Diagnosing lower extremity DVT through AI-guided image acquisition with clinician review is feasible. […] Performance is influenced by reviewer expertise. […] We find potential positive impacts on health economics, including safely avoiding expert-led ultrasound scans. […] The evaluated guidance system (ThinkSono Guidance) is a software guiding non-expert users to conduct a two-point compression ultrasound (i.e. common femoral and popliteal veins) to obtain diagnostic-quality images that can be used to diagnose DVT.

• #2 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556017/

  Therefore, it involves more than a purely clinical diagnosis with supportive treatment. […] Compressive ultrasonography is recommended. […] Compressive ultrasonography can identify concomitant DVT, evaluate the extent of the thrombus, and confirm the diagnosis. […] D-dimer testing is of limited utility in detecting SVT. […] Experts debate whether patients who present with extensive superficial thrombophlebitis without an apparent inciting reason should have an evaluation for thrombophilia, given that hypercoagulability is associated with SVT. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis of the superficial breast veins is referred to as Mondor disease. […] To help establish the pretest probability for the presence of DVT in patients with SVT, the Internal Carotid Artery Occlusion (ICARO) Study Group has outlined the following 5 variables.

• #2 Thrombophlebitis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23311-thrombophlebitis

  Your provider will diagnose thrombophlebitis based on a combination of a physical exam, imaging tests and lab tests. Combining these various methods is important because a physical examination alone is usually not enough to diagnose thrombophlebitis. Several conditions have similar symptoms, some of which are especially dangerous, which makes imaging and lab tests even more useful if not critical in preventing serious complications. […] A variety of tests are possible when healthcare professionals investigate the possibility of thrombophlebitis or any related or similar conditions. These include physical examination, lab tests, and imaging tests. […] In cases where thrombophlebitis happens because of IV or catheter lines, removing that line is usually the first step. Other treatments usually involve medications, surgery, catheter-based or other types of procedures, and wearable compression items.

• #2 Superficial Thrombophlebitis Workup: Approach Considerations, Laboratory Studies, Venography

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-workup

  The prothrombin time (PT) and the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) are not useful in the diagnostic evaluation of patients with suspected superficial or deep thrombophlebitis. […] Duplex US evaluation is the diagnostic study of choice for venous thrombosis. […] All patients with superficial thrombophlebitis above the knee should undergo duplex US as the initial diagnostic modality of choice to rule out DVT. […] After an initial diagnosis of superficial thrombophlebitis, especially in the thigh region, a follow-up duplex US examination in 48-72 hours should be performed to look for progression of disease after treatment is initiated. […] The diagnostic approach, as follows, should be exactly the same in a pregnant patient as in a nonpregnant one: Duplex US is safe in pregnancy.

• #2 Current Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges in Superficial Venous Thrombosis

  https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/60/9/1466

  Duplex ultrasound (DUS) is an invaluable tool that provides the location of SVT, the proximity to the sapheno–femoral junction, and the clot length, all of which influence the decision for optimal management. […] A systematic review of 17 studies concluded that compression ultrasonography is a viable alternative to standard contrast venography also in upper extremity vein thrombosis. […] The primary criteria for diagnosing thrombosis include the vein’s non-compressibility, abnormal flow patterns such as flow reversal, and the presence of a visible intraluminal thrombus, with sensitivity and specificity ranging from 80% to 100%. […] Therefore, DUS should be performed in all patients with SVT in order to evaluate the presence of a possible DVT. […] The treatment of SVT should be symptomatic, pathogenic (limiting the extension of thrombosis), and prognostic (to prevent complications).

• #2 How is DVT diagnosed? – Blood Clots

  https://www.stoptheclot.org/learn_more/signs-and-symptoms-of-blood-clots/how_dvt_is_diagnosed/

  If the ultrasound is negative, yet the patients symptoms are severe or a DVT is strongly suspected, the next step is either a venogram (venography) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). […] Although isolated pelvic vein thrombosis is uncommon, it can occur in women who are pregnant or who have recently delivered a baby, in people who have had pelvic cancer, or in people who have had recent pelvic surgery. […] Today, the use of x-ray venography has been almost entirely replaced by the use of ultrasound and magnetic resonance (MR) venography, because x-ray venography is invasive and can be painful. […] MR venography does a better job of imaging the veins in the pelvis, abdomen, and chest than ultrasound does. […] For that reason, a blood test for D-dimers is often performed to ensure that a blood clot is absent.

• #2 Thrombophlebitis (Superficial and Migratory): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/dvt/understanding-thrombophlebitis-basics

  If your D-dimer level is high, it could mean a clot is breaking down. If your results are negative, it means you probably dont have a clot. But a positive result doesnt mean you have a clot. Your doctor will need to order imaging studies to visualize the clot. […] MR venography and CT venography. If the results of your ultrasound arent clear, your doctor will use these imaging studies to confirm the presence of a clot. They will inject a dye into your vein, and the image will show up on an X-ray. Possible side effects include pain and an allergic reaction to the dye. […] CT scan. If your doctor is concerned that a deep vein clot has moved to your lung, they might order this test to get a better image.

• #2 Phlebitis (Thrombophlebitis) Symptoms, Types, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/phlebitis_and_thrombophlebitis/article.htm

  Conditions that mimic phlebitis include cellulitis (superficial skin infection), insect bites, or lymphangitis (swelling and inflammation of lymph nodes) and can be distinguished by obtaining a careful medical history and physical examination by a physician. […] If deep venous thrombophlebitis is suspected or diagnosed, or if its risk of developing is considerable, then anti-coagulation (thinning of the blood) may be necessary. […] Recovery of symptoms from superficial phlebitis can last a few weeks. Thrombophlebitis may take weeks to months to recover. […] Complications of phlebitis may include local infection and abscess formation, clot formation, and progression to a deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. […] If you experience the above symptoms and suspect you have phlebitis, then seek medical attention immediately.

• #2 Septic Pelvic Thrombophlebitis: Diagnosis and Management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1581461/

  The only laboratory test that may aid in the diagnosis and management of the disease is a complete blood count with blood cultures. […] The absence of a definitive diagnostic technique made it difficult to corroborate a clinical suspicion and compare the effectiveness of treatment regimens proposed. […] In the last 20 years, the introduction of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging has revolutionized the diagnosis of pelvic thrombophlebitis allowing investigators to assess response to heparin therapy. […] The Brown et al study does not support the empiric use of anticoagulants for SPT. […] Nevertheless, there are no recommendations available to guide physicians in regards to anticoagulation therapy. […] The incidence of septic pelvic thrombophlebitis is likely to rise, as the cesarean section rates continue to climb. […] When patients did not respond to broad spectrum antibiotics after 5 days, SPT was suspected, anticoagulation was initiated with subcutaneous enoxaparin and a CT scan or MRI of the pelvis was ordered.

• #2 Value of clinical review for AI-guided deep vein thrombosis diagnosis with ultrasound imaging by non-expert operators | npj Digital Medicine

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-025-01518-0

  Our primary endpoints were the sensitivity of the guidance system with qualified clinician review and the number of standard, expert-led ultrasound scans avoided. […] The sensitivity primary endpoint cut-off was 90% sensitivity relative to duplex ultrasound. […] Our analyses produced a wide array of results to consider multiple clinical applications and analytical lenses. […] All groups demonstrated high sensitivities (90-98%), specificities (74-100%) and NPVs (98-99%). […] The addition of a second reader consistently improved clinical performance over single-reviewer bootstrapping. […] Our results are generally consistent with the literature and place the performance of AI-guided ultrasound image acquisition within the range expected from validated compression POCUS protocols. […] This literature helps underscores the adaptability and accessibility of ultrasound across a variety of clinical settings and operators and highlights operational advantages, like the ability to offer rapid diagnosis without requiring specialised personnel for interpretation.

• #2 Diagnosis and Treatment of Lower Extremity Venous Thromboembolism

  https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/ten-points-to-remember/2020/11/04/20/21/diagnosis-and-treatment-of-lower

  For patients with proximal DVT or high-risk distal DVT, patients should receive anticoagulation for 3 months. For patients with low-risk distal DVT, a short duration of anticoagulants (4-6 weeks) or serial compression ultrasound to screen for progression can be considered. […] Patients with isolated calf vein DVT should receive anticoagulation if they have severe symptoms or risk factors for extension/pulmonary embolism (e.g., hospitalization, prior VTE, cancer). […] International guidelines recommend the use of a direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) over a vitamin K antagonist (VKA) for eligible patients with acute DVT. VKA is often preferable for patients with advanced chronic kidney disease or in breastfeeding women. Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) is preferred in patients with pregnancy.

• #3 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556017/

  The ICARO Study Group suggested this scoring system to help when assessing such patients for coexisting DVT. […] Despite the number of studies performed, there is still debate on the appropriate treatment for superficial thrombophlebitis. […] In these cases, the consensus is that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, heat, and anticoagulants are all reasonable. […] Those who are at higher risk include patients with an SVT in the lower extremity that is at least 5 cm in length. […] Based on the Cochrane review published in 2018, these patients should receive fondaparinux 2.5 mg/day subcutaneously for 45 days. […] However, the Cochrane review recommended further research on its use and the other direct oral factor-X or thrombin inhibitors. […] Patients should be educated on the likelihood and significance of disease propagation and recurrence based on their risk factors. […] Given the incidence of concomitant venous thromboembolic disease and the possibility of extension, it is paramount for healthcare team members to recognize that superficial thrombophlebitis is no longer considered a benign entity.

• #3 Thrombophlebitis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23311-thrombophlebitis

  The severity of your case and the treatments you receive determine when you feel better and how long it takes you to recover. In general, you should start to feel better while your symptoms are being treated, especially with medications that treat pain. Most people recover from thrombophlebitis within days, but some may need a little longer (especially if they had complications, the clot was in a critical location or they needed surgery). […] Thrombophlebitis is a serious condition, but it doesn’t usually cause problems on its own. It’s usually an indicator of clotting problems that can cause more serious conditions, some of which are deadly. If caught early, thrombophlebitis is very treatable, and complications are rare. However, waiting to get this condition diagnosed and treated increases the risk of developing more serious problems.

• #3 Diagnosis and Treatment of Lower Extremity Venous Thromboembolism

  https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/ten-points-to-remember/2020/11/04/20/21/diagnosis-and-treatment-of-lower

  Patients with newly diagnosed lower extremity DVT, adequate home support, and manageable symptoms who can afford the cost of a DOAC may be treated as an outpatient without hospital admission. […] Patients with cancer-associated VTE are eligible for either LMWH or DOAC therapy. Patients with gastrointestinal malignancies and VTE may be better candidates for LMWH rather than DOAC (especially edoxaban). […] Lower extremity superficial vein thrombophlebitis can be treated with a prophylactic dose of anticoagulation for 45 days. Randomized trial data support the use of fondaparinux 2.5 mg daily or rivaroxaban 10 mg daily. […] Post-thrombotic syndrome is a clinical diagnosis made when lower extremity signs and symptoms persist 3-6 months after an acute DVT. These include chronic leg discomfort, edema, venous stasis skin changes, and venous ulceration (in advance stages).

• #3 Current Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges in Superficial Venous Thrombosis

  https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/60/9/1466

  The decision for initiation, intensity, and length of anticoagulation is based on the eventual risk of progression to DVT or PE, which can be high, intermediate, or low. […] The strongest recommendation from the ESVS 2021 Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Management of Venous Thrombosis is the use of fondaparinux 2.5 mg subcutaneously daily for 45 days. […] In the ESVS 2021 Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Management of Venous Thrombosis, there is Class IIa recommendation that a regimen with an intermediate dose of LMWH for 45 days could be used as an alternative to fondaparinux. […] In conclusion, SVT is increasingly recognized as a marker of systemic tendency to thrombosis with significant implications regarding the recurrence and development of more serious thromboembolic events such as DVT or PE.

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