Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Gangrene – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gangrene/symptoms-causes/syc-20352567

  Gangrene is death of body tissue due to a lack of blood flow or a serious bacterial infection. […] Treatments for gangrene may include antibiotics, oxygen therapy, and surgery to restore blood flow and remove dead tissue. The earlier gangrene is identified and treated, the better the chances for recovery. […] Gangrene is a serious condition and needs emergency treatment. […] Causes of gangrene include: Lack of blood supply. The blood provides oxygen and nutrients to the body. It also provides the immune system with antibodies to fight infections. Without a proper blood supply, cells can’t survive, and tissue dies. […] Gangrene occurs when blood flow to a certain area of the body is interrupted. The lack of blood flow causes tissue to die. […] Gangrene can lead to serious complications if it’s not immediately treated. Bacteria can spread quickly to other tissues and organs. You may need to have a body part removed (amputated) to save your life. […] Here are a few ways to help reduce the risk of developing gangrene: Manage diabetes. If you have diabetes, it’s important to control your blood sugar levels. Also make sure you examine your hands and feet daily for cuts, sores and signs of infection, such as redness, swelling or drainage.

• #2 Gangrene – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560552/

  Gangrene is tissue damage secondary to infection, ischemia, or both. It is a relatively uncommon condition, and early recognition is essential. Gangrene is associated with a high incidence of mortality, and in patients that survive, it can have a massive impact on the quality of life. This activity reviews the identification, evaluation, and treatment of gangrene, highlighting the role of the interprofessional team in managing patients with this condition. […] Gangrene is a clinical condition of ischemic and necrotic tissue, often circumferential around a digit or extremity. It is identified by discolored or black tissue and associated sloughing of natural tissue planes. The three main types of gangrene are wet gangrene, dry gangrene, and gas gangrene. […] The associated tissue loss in gangrene can significantly decrease life quality due to associated pain, limited mobility, and increased risk of hospitalization. These conditions can also progress to substantial morbidity and mortality, with the risk of multiple surgeries and death with the disease progression.

• #3

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/gangrene/diagnosis/

  A diagnosis of gangrene is based on a combination of physical examination, medical history and tests. […] A number of tests and investigations can be carried out to confirm the diagnosis of gangrene. […] Fluid or tissue culture where a small tissue or fluid sample from the affected area is tested to find out which bacteria are responsible for the condition and determine the most effective antibiotic to treat it with. […] Blood cultures where a sample of blood is taken and put into special culture bottles and placed in a warm environment (incubated) to encourage the growth of bacteria so they can be examined further. […] Imaging tests, a range of imaging tests, such as X-rays, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans or computerised tomography (CT) scans can be used to confirm the presence and spread of gangrene; these tests can also be used to study blood vessels so any blockages can be identified. […] Surgery, a surgical examination under anaesthetic may be necessary to confirm a diagnosis of gangrene deeper inside the body.

• #4 Gangrene – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560552/

  Gangrene is tissue damage secondary to infection, ischemia, or both. It is a relatively uncommon condition, and early recognition is essential. Gangrene is associated with a high incidence of mortality, and in patients that survive, it can have a massive impact on the quality of life. This activity reviews the identification, evaluation, and treatment of gangrene, highlighting the role of the interprofessional team in managing patients with this condition. […] Gangrene is a clinical condition of ischemic and necrotic tissue, often circumferential around a digit or extremity. It is identified by discolored or black tissue and associated sloughing of natural tissue planes. The three main types of gangrene are wet gangrene, dry gangrene, and gas gangrene. […] The associated tissue loss in gangrene can significantly decrease life quality due to associated pain, limited mobility, and increased risk of hospitalization. These conditions can also progress to substantial morbidity and mortality, with the risk of multiple surgeries and death with the disease progression.

• #5 Gangrene – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK560552/

  Gangrene is tissue damage secondary to infection, ischemia, or both. It is a relatively uncommon condition, and early recognition is essential. Gangrene is associated with a high incidence of mortality, and in patients that survive, it can have a massive impact on the quality of life. This activity reviews the identification, evaluation, and treatment of gangrene, highlighting the role of the interprofessional team in managing patients with this condition. […] Gangrene is a clinical condition of ischemic and necrotic tissue, often circumferential around a digit or extremity. It is identified by discolored or black tissue and associated sloughing of natural tissue planes. The three main types of gangrene are wet gangrene, dry gangrene, and gas gangrene. […] The associated tissue loss in gangrene can significantly decrease life quality due to associated pain, limited mobility, and increased risk of hospitalization. These conditions can also progress to substantial morbidity and mortality, with the risk of multiple surgeries and death with the disease progression.

• #6 Gangrene – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK560552/

  Dry/ischemic gangrene is most commonly secondary to atherosclerosis and progressive occlusion of the peripheral arterial blood supply to distal tissue. […] Wet gangrene occurs when tissue compromised by poor venous or arterial blood flow becomes infected. […] Gas gangrene is historically caused by infection with Clostridium perfringens and other Clostridium species, resulting in clostridial myonecrosis. […] Gas gangrene typically occurs after trauma, with anaerobic bacteria’s introduction into a previously protected tissue space. […] The laboratory evaluation of ischemic gangrene is focused on identifying clinical risk factors such as renal failure, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes, which would impact the treatment plan. […] Treatment of ischemic gangrene is focused on restoring blood flow to help reduce rest pain and heal ischemic wounds.

• #7 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Diagnosis-and-treatment-of-gangrene.aspx

  Diagnosis of gangrene is based on history, physical examination and clinical and laboratory tests. […] Physical examination shows discoloration of the affected area. In case of dry gangrene there is a dried, cool and black appearance of the affected limb. […] Wet gangrene on the other hand leads to a swelling of the limb or the affected area. There is evidence of collection of foul smelling pus. […] Laboratory tests include; Blood tests – Routine blood tests indicate rise in white blood cells. […] Surgical examination is needed to confirm a diagnosis of gangrene in any of the internal organs. […] Treatment of gangrene has three important aims: Surgical debridement of removal of the infected tissues so that the infection does not spread via the blood vessels. […] The treatment aims at prevention of the infection and its spread.

• #8 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Diagnosis-and-treatment-of-gangrene.aspx

  Diagnosis of gangrene is based on history, physical examination and clinical and laboratory tests. […] Physical examination shows discoloration of the affected area. In case of dry gangrene there is a dried, cool and black appearance of the affected limb. […] Wet gangrene on the other hand leads to a swelling of the limb or the affected area. There is evidence of collection of foul smelling pus. […] Laboratory tests include; Blood tests – Routine blood tests indicate rise in white blood cells. […] Surgical examination is needed to confirm a diagnosis of gangrene in any of the internal organs. […] Treatment of gangrene has three important aims: Surgical debridement of removal of the infected tissues so that the infection does not spread via the blood vessels. […] The treatment aims at prevention of the infection and its spread.

• #9 Gangrene – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK560552/

  Dry/ischemic gangrene is most commonly secondary to atherosclerosis and progressive occlusion of the peripheral arterial blood supply to distal tissue. […] Wet gangrene occurs when tissue compromised by poor venous or arterial blood flow becomes infected. […] Gas gangrene is historically caused by infection with Clostridium perfringens and other Clostridium species, resulting in clostridial myonecrosis. […] Gas gangrene typically occurs after trauma, with anaerobic bacteria’s introduction into a previously protected tissue space. […] The laboratory evaluation of ischemic gangrene is focused on identifying clinical risk factors such as renal failure, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes, which would impact the treatment plan. […] Treatment of ischemic gangrene is focused on restoring blood flow to help reduce rest pain and heal ischemic wounds.

• #10 Gas Gangrene (Clostridial Myonecrosis): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/782709-workup

  Gas gangrene and clostridial myonecrosis are interchangeable terms used to describe an infection of muscle tissue by toxin-producing clostridia. […] Gas gangrene gained recognition for its wartime incidence, during which only a paucity of civilian cases occurred. […] The incidence of gas gangrene was 0.96% in a study of 1970 survivors admitted to Sichuan Provincial Peoples Hospital after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. […] Another study of 226 patients during the same earthquake showed the importance of rapid and accurate screening, as well as isolation, in the successful treatment of gas gangrene and in helping to prevent nosocomial diffusion. […] Gas gangrene is caused by an anaerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming bacillus of the genus Clostridium. […] C perfringens is the most common etiologic agent that causes gas gangrene.

• #11 Gas Gangrene – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-anaerobic-bacteria/gas-gangrene

  Gas gangrene is a life-threatening infection of muscle tissue caused mainly by the anaerobic bacteria Clostridium perfringens and several other species of clostridia. […] Symptoms suggest the diagnosis, and imaging tests or culture of a sample taken from infected tissue is usually done. […] Gas gangrene is suspected based on symptoms and results of a physical examination. […] X-rays are taken to check for gas bubbles in muscle tissue, or computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is done to check for areas of dead muscle tissue. These findings support the diagnosis. […] Fluids from the wound are examined under a microscope to check for clostridia and are sent to a laboratory where bacteria, if present, can be grown (cultured) and tested. Cultures can confirm the presence of clostridia. […] Confirmation of the diagnosis often requires exploratory surgery or removal of a tissue sample for examination under a microscope (biopsy) to check for characteristic changes in muscle.

• #12 Fournier’s Gangrene: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22025-fourniers-gangrene

  Fourniers gangrene is a type of flesh-eating disease that affects your genitals or perineum. […] If you have symptoms, get to the emergency room as soon as possible for treatment. […] Early symptoms of Fourniers gangrene include discolored skin and genital swelling. Go to the ER if you have these symptoms. […] Fourniers gangrene is a rare, life-threatening bacterial infection of your genitals or surrounding genital areas. […] Its a type of necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease) that worsens quickly and requires emergency care. […] Its important to pay attention to the early symptoms of Fourniers gangrene. […] Fourniers gangrene gets worse (progresses) quickly. […] Fourniers gangrene is rare. […] In the U.S., experts estimate that fewer than 2 out of 100,000 males will get Fourniers gangrene.

• #13 Fournier Gangrene: A Complete Overview – DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/fournier-gangrene

  Fournier gangrene is a surgical emergency associated with septic shock, which requires prompt surgical excision and broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics. […] Fournier gangrene should be suspected if fluctuance, soft tissue crepitation, localised tenderness of wound are detected on examination of the genitalia and perineum. It is confirmed if gangrenous tissue or pus is found. Examination under anaesthesia may be needed. […] Computed tomography (CT scan) defines the extent of disease and reveals fascial thickening, fat stranding, and soft tissue gas collections. […] Fournier gangrene is life-threatening and fatal without appropriate treatment. […] Diagnosis is often delayed due to the insidious onset of symptoms. The mortality rate is 20-40%. The most common cause of death is septic shock.

• #14 Gangrene – Diagnosis | Health Information from MSN Lunts Pharmacy group

  https://msnlunts.co.uk/nhs_conditions_gangrene_diagnosis

  A diagnosis of gangrene is based on a combination of physical examination, medical history and tests. […] Your doctor will want to find out whether you have any long-term health conditions, or if you’ve recently experienced any injuries that could have caused the condition. […] They’ll also examine the affected area to check for any obvious signs of gangrene, such as a foul odour or discolouration of the skin. […] A number of tests and investigations can be carried out to confirm the diagnosis of gangrene. These include: […] blood tests to check for an infection […] fluid or tissue culture where a small tissue or fluid sample from the affected area is tested to find out which bacteria are responsible for the condition and determine the most effective antibiotic to treat it with […] blood cultures where a sample of blood is taken and put into special culture bottles and placed in a warm environment (incubated) to encourage the growth of bacteria so they can be examined further

• #15 Gangrene – Diagnosis | Health Information from MSN Lunts Pharmacy group

  https://msnlunts.co.uk/nhs_conditions_gangrene_diagnosis

  A diagnosis of gangrene is based on a combination of physical examination, medical history and tests. […] Your doctor will want to find out whether you have any long-term health conditions, or if you’ve recently experienced any injuries that could have caused the condition. […] They’ll also examine the affected area to check for any obvious signs of gangrene, such as a foul odour or discolouration of the skin. […] A number of tests and investigations can be carried out to confirm the diagnosis of gangrene. These include: […] blood tests to check for an infection […] fluid or tissue culture where a small tissue or fluid sample from the affected area is tested to find out which bacteria are responsible for the condition and determine the most effective antibiotic to treat it with […] blood cultures where a sample of blood is taken and put into special culture bottles and placed in a warm environment (incubated) to encourage the growth of bacteria so they can be examined further

• #16 Gangrene: Types, Symptoms, Risk Factors, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/gangrene

  Gangrene is when part of your body dies and is considered a medical emergency. […] Gangrene usually affects your extremities the areas farthest from your heart, such as your toes and fingers. […] Gangrene can spread through your body and cause you to go into septic shock if left untreated and bacteria reach your bloodstream. […] Recognizing and treating gangrene as fast as possible will improve your outlook. […] Gangrene is a medical emergency that could lead to amputations or death. […] A doctor may suspect that you have gangrene based on your medical history and symptoms. They may also use a combination of additional diagnostic methods to determine your condition. […] A scraping of tissue or a fluid sample from your affected body part may be examined with a microscope to determine which type of bacteria is present.

• #17 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Diagnosis-and-treatment-of-gangrene.aspx

  Diagnosis of gangrene is based on history, physical examination and clinical and laboratory tests. […] Physical examination shows discoloration of the affected area. In case of dry gangrene there is a dried, cool and black appearance of the affected limb. […] Wet gangrene on the other hand leads to a swelling of the limb or the affected area. There is evidence of collection of foul smelling pus. […] Laboratory tests include; Blood tests – Routine blood tests indicate rise in white blood cells. […] Surgical examination is needed to confirm a diagnosis of gangrene in any of the internal organs. […] Treatment of gangrene has three important aims: Surgical debridement of removal of the infected tissues so that the infection does not spread via the blood vessels. […] The treatment aims at prevention of the infection and its spread.

• #18 Gangrene – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1015

  Key diagnostic factors include presence of risk factors, pain, oedema or swelling, skin discoloration, and crepitus (gas gangrene). […] Other diagnostic factors include diminished pedal pulses and ankle-brachial index (ischaemic gangrene) and low-grade fever and chills (infectious gangrene). […] 1st investigations to order include FBC, comprehensive metabolic panel, serum LDH, coagulation panel, blood cultures, serum CRP, plain x-rays, CT of affected site, MRI of affected site, and Doppler ultrasonography. […] Investigations to consider include surgical exploration and skin biopsy, CT angiography, magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), CT chest and abdomen, antinuclear antibodies (ANA), lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin, and anti beta2 glycoprotein-1 antibodies, serum cold agglutinins, serum cryofibrinogens, and plasma cryoglobulin.

• #19 Gangrene – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK560552/

  Surgical treatment of limb ischemia is focused on revascularization to improve pain and prevent limb loss. […] If gas or wet gangrene is suspected, Gram stain and wound cultures can help identify the bacterial cause to guide antibiotic therapy, but the diagnosis is typically made clinically. […] Gas gangrene presents with pain, edema, the development of hemorrhagic bullae, and color changes ranging from a pale coloration to a bronze-purplish red coloration. […] Within one year of the diagnosis of critical limb ischemia/chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLI/CLTI), up to 40 to 50% of patients with diabetes will have an amputation, and 20 to 25% will die. […] Gas gangrene has a significant fatality rate; up to 25% of trauma patients with gas gangrene die, with an increase to 100% if treatment is delayed or inadequate.

• #20 Gas Gangrene – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-anaerobic-bacteria/gas-gangrene

  Gas gangrene is a life-threatening infection of muscle tissue caused mainly by the anaerobic bacteria Clostridium perfringens and several other species of clostridia. […] Symptoms suggest the diagnosis, and imaging tests or culture of a sample taken from infected tissue is usually done. […] Gas gangrene is suspected based on symptoms and results of a physical examination. […] X-rays are taken to check for gas bubbles in muscle tissue, or computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is done to check for areas of dead muscle tissue. These findings support the diagnosis. […] Fluids from the wound are examined under a microscope to check for clostridia and are sent to a laboratory where bacteria, if present, can be grown (cultured) and tested. Cultures can confirm the presence of clostridia. […] Confirmation of the diagnosis often requires exploratory surgery or removal of a tissue sample for examination under a microscope (biopsy) to check for characteristic changes in muscle.

• #21 Fournier Gangrene: A Complete Overview – DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/fournier-gangrene

  Fournier gangrene is a surgical emergency associated with septic shock, which requires prompt surgical excision and broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics. […] Fournier gangrene should be suspected if fluctuance, soft tissue crepitation, localised tenderness of wound are detected on examination of the genitalia and perineum. It is confirmed if gangrenous tissue or pus is found. Examination under anaesthesia may be needed. […] Computed tomography (CT scan) defines the extent of disease and reveals fascial thickening, fat stranding, and soft tissue gas collections. […] Fournier gangrene is life-threatening and fatal without appropriate treatment. […] Diagnosis is often delayed due to the insidious onset of symptoms. The mortality rate is 20-40%. The most common cause of death is septic shock.

• #22 Diagnosis Of Fournier’s Gangrene

  https://www.necrotisingfasciitis.co.uk/fourniers-gangrene/diagnosis/

  Fourniers Gangrene needs to be diagnosed promptly or the infection will progress rapidly. This can lead to devastating consequences for the patient. […] The diagnosis of Fourniers Gangrene is often made upon the clinical presentation alone. This means a doctor should be able to make an accurate assessment based upon a patients symptoms. […] When a patient presents with these problems, alarm bells should start ringing in the minds of medical professionals. These symptoms are indicative of infection, especially of Fourniers Gangrene. Tests should then be carried out to confirm or rule out this putative diagnosis. […] If a patients symptoms, test results and examination all point towards Fourniers Gangrene, urgent imaging tests should be carried out. This may involve a CT scan or an ultrasound scan. If this verifies the presence of Fourniers Gangrene, treatment must be provided as soon as possible.

• #23 Gangrene – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gangrene/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352573

  Tests used to help diagnose gangrene include: […] A high white blood cell count is often a sign of infection. Other blood tests can be done to check for the presence of specific bacteria and other germs. […] Tests can be done to look for bacteria in fluid sample from a skin blister. A sample of tissue can be examined under a microscope for signs of cell death. […] X-rays, computerized tomography (CT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans can show the organs, blood vessels and bones. These tests can help show how far gangrene has spread through the body. […] Surgery may be done to get a better look inside the body and learn how much tissue is infected.

• #24

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/gangrene/diagnosis/

  A diagnosis of gangrene is based on a combination of physical examination, medical history and tests. […] A number of tests and investigations can be carried out to confirm the diagnosis of gangrene. […] Fluid or tissue culture where a small tissue or fluid sample from the affected area is tested to find out which bacteria are responsible for the condition and determine the most effective antibiotic to treat it with. […] Blood cultures where a sample of blood is taken and put into special culture bottles and placed in a warm environment (incubated) to encourage the growth of bacteria so they can be examined further. […] Imaging tests, a range of imaging tests, such as X-rays, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans or computerised tomography (CT) scans can be used to confirm the presence and spread of gangrene; these tests can also be used to study blood vessels so any blockages can be identified. […] Surgery, a surgical examination under anaesthetic may be necessary to confirm a diagnosis of gangrene deeper inside the body.

• #25 Fournier Gangrene Workup: Approach Considerations, Chemistry Panel and Blood Gases, Blood Tests

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2028899-workup

  Diagnosis of Fournier gangrene is based primarily on clinical findings, and treatment is based on those findings. Incisional biopsy may ultimately confirm the diagnosis. […] The following studies are indicated: Complete blood cell count (CBC), Arterial blood gas (ABG) sampling, Blood and urine cultures, Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) panel, Cultures of any open wound or abscess. […] Pelvic imaging studies can be extremely valuable, although sensitivities and specificities of different radiologic modalities are not established. […] Plain radiography should be the initial imaging study, while computed tomography (CT) should be considered the imaging study of choice. […] With either technique, the presence of subcutaneous air is very suggestive of the diagnosis in a patient with an appropriate clinical history.

• #26 Fournier Gangrene Workup: Approach Considerations, Chemistry Panel and Blood Gases, Blood Tests

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2028899-workup

  Diagnosis of Fournier gangrene is based primarily on clinical findings, and treatment is based on those findings. Incisional biopsy may ultimately confirm the diagnosis. […] The following studies are indicated: Complete blood cell count (CBC), Arterial blood gas (ABG) sampling, Blood and urine cultures, Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) panel, Cultures of any open wound or abscess. […] Pelvic imaging studies can be extremely valuable, although sensitivities and specificities of different radiologic modalities are not established. […] Plain radiography should be the initial imaging study, while computed tomography (CT) should be considered the imaging study of choice. […] With either technique, the presence of subcutaneous air is very suggestive of the diagnosis in a patient with an appropriate clinical history.

• #27 Fournier Gangrene Workup: Approach Considerations, Chemistry Panel and Blood Gases, Blood Tests

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2028899-workup

  Diagnosis of Fournier gangrene is based primarily on clinical findings, and treatment is based on those findings. Incisional biopsy may ultimately confirm the diagnosis. […] The following studies are indicated: Complete blood cell count (CBC), Arterial blood gas (ABG) sampling, Blood and urine cultures, Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) panel, Cultures of any open wound or abscess. […] Pelvic imaging studies can be extremely valuable, although sensitivities and specificities of different radiologic modalities are not established. […] Plain radiography should be the initial imaging study, while computed tomography (CT) should be considered the imaging study of choice. […] With either technique, the presence of subcutaneous air is very suggestive of the diagnosis in a patient with an appropriate clinical history.

• #28 Gangrene – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gangrene/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352573

  Tests used to help diagnose gangrene include: […] A high white blood cell count is often a sign of infection. Other blood tests can be done to check for the presence of specific bacteria and other germs. […] Tests can be done to look for bacteria in fluid sample from a skin blister. A sample of tissue can be examined under a microscope for signs of cell death. […] X-rays, computerized tomography (CT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans can show the organs, blood vessels and bones. These tests can help show how far gangrene has spread through the body. […] Surgery may be done to get a better look inside the body and learn how much tissue is infected.

• #29

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/gangrene/diagnosis/

  A diagnosis of gangrene is based on a combination of physical examination, medical history and tests. […] A number of tests and investigations can be carried out to confirm the diagnosis of gangrene. […] Fluid or tissue culture where a small tissue or fluid sample from the affected area is tested to find out which bacteria are responsible for the condition and determine the most effective antibiotic to treat it with. […] Blood cultures where a sample of blood is taken and put into special culture bottles and placed in a warm environment (incubated) to encourage the growth of bacteria so they can be examined further. […] Imaging tests, a range of imaging tests, such as X-rays, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans or computerised tomography (CT) scans can be used to confirm the presence and spread of gangrene; these tests can also be used to study blood vessels so any blockages can be identified. […] Surgery, a surgical examination under anaesthetic may be necessary to confirm a diagnosis of gangrene deeper inside the body.

• #30 Gangrene – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK560552/

  Surgical treatment of limb ischemia is focused on revascularization to improve pain and prevent limb loss. […] If gas or wet gangrene is suspected, Gram stain and wound cultures can help identify the bacterial cause to guide antibiotic therapy, but the diagnosis is typically made clinically. […] Gas gangrene presents with pain, edema, the development of hemorrhagic bullae, and color changes ranging from a pale coloration to a bronze-purplish red coloration. […] Within one year of the diagnosis of critical limb ischemia/chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLI/CLTI), up to 40 to 50% of patients with diabetes will have an amputation, and 20 to 25% will die. […] Gas gangrene has a significant fatality rate; up to 25% of trauma patients with gas gangrene die, with an increase to 100% if treatment is delayed or inadequate.

• #31 Gangrene Specialist in Singapore: Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.sgvascularctr.com/gangrene-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Simultaneously, your doctor will perform a scan on your blood vessels to check for blockages that could be the cause of the gangrene. […] Cultures: Blood culture: Samples of your blood are drawn and incubated in a warm suitable environment to promote the growth of the bacteria. After the bacteria replicate, it can be identified accurately and tested for appropriate antibiotic susceptibility. […] Tissue/Fluid cultures: Samples of the tissue or the fluid from the affected area is taken and tests are conducted on the samples. This is to determine the specific bacteria responsible for the infection, so that the doctor can prescribe the correct antibiotic to counter the infection. […] After gangrene has damaged the tissue, it cannot be salvaged, but treatment can help to prevent the condition from getting worse.

• #32 Anaerobic Culture Media’s Crucial Role in Diagnosing Unique Gas Gangrene Case

  https://hardydiagnostics.com/blog/anaerobic-culture-medias-crucial-role-in-diagnosing-unique-gas-gangrene-case

  Anaerobic bacterial culture and frozen-section tissue biopsy are considered the gold standard of GG diagnosis. Cultures can then be identified using mass spectrometry. According to the authors of the 2022 report, anaerobic culture of tissue or discharge is of, “great diagnostic value, especially when necrotizing fasciitis or GG is suspected.” […] The GG diagnosis for this patient was difficult due to a number of reasons, including very acute onset, rapid progression of symptoms, limited time, and underlying health issues. Examination of discharge from the patient’s incision revealed infiltrated leukocytes and Gram-positive bacilli. The microbiologist concluded that the Gram-positive bacilli were most likely anaerobes, and the specimen was promptly cultivated on an anaerobic medium. The health care team also sent peripheral blood samples to identify the bacilli via next-generation sequencing (NGS). Subsequently, the peripheral blood sample confirmed the diagnosis of GG.

• #33 Gangrene – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gangrene/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352573

  Tests used to help diagnose gangrene include: […] A high white blood cell count is often a sign of infection. Other blood tests can be done to check for the presence of specific bacteria and other germs. […] Tests can be done to look for bacteria in fluid sample from a skin blister. A sample of tissue can be examined under a microscope for signs of cell death. […] X-rays, computerized tomography (CT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans can show the organs, blood vessels and bones. These tests can help show how far gangrene has spread through the body. […] Surgery may be done to get a better look inside the body and learn how much tissue is infected.

• #34

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/gangrene/diagnosis/

  A diagnosis of gangrene is based on a combination of physical examination, medical history and tests. […] A number of tests and investigations can be carried out to confirm the diagnosis of gangrene. […] Fluid or tissue culture where a small tissue or fluid sample from the affected area is tested to find out which bacteria are responsible for the condition and determine the most effective antibiotic to treat it with. […] Blood cultures where a sample of blood is taken and put into special culture bottles and placed in a warm environment (incubated) to encourage the growth of bacteria so they can be examined further. […] Imaging tests, a range of imaging tests, such as X-rays, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans or computerised tomography (CT) scans can be used to confirm the presence and spread of gangrene; these tests can also be used to study blood vessels so any blockages can be identified. […] Surgery, a surgical examination under anaesthetic may be necessary to confirm a diagnosis of gangrene deeper inside the body.

• #35

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/gangrene/diagnosis/

  A diagnosis of gangrene is based on a combination of physical examination, medical history and tests. […] A number of tests and investigations can be carried out to confirm the diagnosis of gangrene. […] Fluid or tissue culture where a small tissue or fluid sample from the affected area is tested to find out which bacteria are responsible for the condition and determine the most effective antibiotic to treat it with. […] Blood cultures where a sample of blood is taken and put into special culture bottles and placed in a warm environment (incubated) to encourage the growth of bacteria so they can be examined further. […] Imaging tests, a range of imaging tests, such as X-rays, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans or computerised tomography (CT) scans can be used to confirm the presence and spread of gangrene; these tests can also be used to study blood vessels so any blockages can be identified. […] Surgery, a surgical examination under anaesthetic may be necessary to confirm a diagnosis of gangrene deeper inside the body.

• #36 Gangrene: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/gangrene-causes-symptoms-treatments

  Gangrene Diagnosis […] Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. You may have: […] Blood tests. These look for bacteria or check for signs of infection, such as more white blood cells than usual. […] Imaging tests. CT and MRI tests tell your doctor whether your gangrene has spread and if gas has built up in your tissues. In an arteriogram, your doctor injects dye into your blood and then takes an X-ray to check blood flow and look for blocked arteries. […] Cultures. Your doctor might take a sample of blood, fluid, or tissue, and look at it under a microscope for signs of bacteria or tissue death. […] Surgery. This can confirm internal gangrene or tell your doctor whether gangrene has spread.

• #37 Fournier Gangrene Workup: Approach Considerations, Chemistry Panel and Blood Gases, Blood Tests

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2028899-workup

  Diagnosis of Fournier gangrene is based primarily on clinical findings, and treatment is based on those findings. Incisional biopsy may ultimately confirm the diagnosis. […] The following studies are indicated: Complete blood cell count (CBC), Arterial blood gas (ABG) sampling, Blood and urine cultures, Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) panel, Cultures of any open wound or abscess. […] Pelvic imaging studies can be extremely valuable, although sensitivities and specificities of different radiologic modalities are not established. […] Plain radiography should be the initial imaging study, while computed tomography (CT) should be considered the imaging study of choice. […] With either technique, the presence of subcutaneous air is very suggestive of the diagnosis in a patient with an appropriate clinical history.

• #38 Gas Gangrene – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-anaerobic-bacteria/gas-gangrene

  Gas gangrene is a life-threatening infection of muscle tissue caused mainly by the anaerobic bacteria Clostridium perfringens and several other species of clostridia. […] Symptoms suggest the diagnosis, and imaging tests or culture of a sample taken from infected tissue is usually done. […] Gas gangrene is suspected based on symptoms and results of a physical examination. […] X-rays are taken to check for gas bubbles in muscle tissue, or computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is done to check for areas of dead muscle tissue. These findings support the diagnosis. […] Fluids from the wound are examined under a microscope to check for clostridia and are sent to a laboratory where bacteria, if present, can be grown (cultured) and tested. Cultures can confirm the presence of clostridia. […] Confirmation of the diagnosis often requires exploratory surgery or removal of a tissue sample for examination under a microscope (biopsy) to check for characteristic changes in muscle.

• #39 Fournier Gangrene Workup: Approach Considerations, Chemistry Panel and Blood Gases, Blood Tests

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2028899-workup

  Diagnosis of Fournier gangrene is based primarily on clinical findings, and treatment is based on those findings. Incisional biopsy may ultimately confirm the diagnosis. […] The following studies are indicated: Complete blood cell count (CBC), Arterial blood gas (ABG) sampling, Blood and urine cultures, Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) panel, Cultures of any open wound or abscess. […] Pelvic imaging studies can be extremely valuable, although sensitivities and specificities of different radiologic modalities are not established. […] Plain radiography should be the initial imaging study, while computed tomography (CT) should be considered the imaging study of choice. […] With either technique, the presence of subcutaneous air is very suggestive of the diagnosis in a patient with an appropriate clinical history.

• #40 Fournier Gangrene: A Complete Overview – DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/fournier-gangrene

  Fournier gangrene is a surgical emergency associated with septic shock, which requires prompt surgical excision and broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics. […] Fournier gangrene should be suspected if fluctuance, soft tissue crepitation, localised tenderness of wound are detected on examination of the genitalia and perineum. It is confirmed if gangrenous tissue or pus is found. Examination under anaesthesia may be needed. […] Computed tomography (CT scan) defines the extent of disease and reveals fascial thickening, fat stranding, and soft tissue gas collections. […] Fournier gangrene is life-threatening and fatal without appropriate treatment. […] Diagnosis is often delayed due to the insidious onset of symptoms. The mortality rate is 20-40%. The most common cause of death is septic shock.

• #41 Utility of Diagnostic Imaging in the Early Detection and Management of the Fournier Gangrene

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/12/10/2320

  Fournier gangrene represents a urologic emergency. It is a rapidly progressing necrotizing fasciitis that comprises the perineal, perianal, and genital regions and has a high mortality rate. Diagnosis is usually made clinically, but radiological diagnostics, such as ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), can determine the extent of the disease in relation to pelvic structures. Early and accurate diagnosis precipitates the initiation of the effective treatment and, thus, affects the outcome of the therapy. […] The diagnosis is usually made clinically, but radiological imaging—ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)—can be very useful in clinically ambiguous and complex cases. […] MRI remains superior to US and CT as it provides a higher soft tissue contrast, a more detailed evaluation of the disease’s extent, and the initial site of infection. […] Our study underlines the significance of early magnetic resonance imaging in the process of decision-making in cases of suspected Fournier gangrene in order to avoid a potentially fatal course and improve the prognosis.

• #42

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s003300000599

  Magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound are the imaging modalities recommended in the early diagnosis of Fournier’s gangrene. Because of the high mortality of this inflammatory disease early diagnosis is essential to initiate adequate surgical and medical treatment. […] In the clinical literature only a handful of cases, in which diagnosis of Fournier’s gangrene is based on MRI findings, have been reported; therefore, we report another case which shows the ability of MRI especially to determine the point of origin and extension of disease.

• #43 Critical Point-of-care Ultrasound Diagnosis of Fournier’s Gangrene: A Case Report

  https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1ts405ng

  Fourniers gangrene is a severe, necrotizing, and potentially fatal, soft tissue infection of the perineum that can be difficult to diagnose clinically. […] Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) has established a critical role in emergency medicine as a quick diagnostic tool due to its safety, accuracy, and cost effectiveness. […] We present a case in which POCUS was used to rapidly confirm diagnosis in an unstable, severely septic patient presenting to the emergency department with Fourniers gangrene. […] Point-of-care ultrasound can be used to make the diagnosis of Fourniers gangrene in critical patients when other diagnostic modalities are not feasible due to a patients clinical state.

• #44

  https://scholars.duke.edu/display/pub671750

  Fournier gangrene: diagnosis with scrotal US. […] Skin thickening and subcutaneous air were detected at ultrasound (US) of the scrotum in a patient with normal-appearing testicles and signs and symptoms suggestive of an acute inflammatory process, such as epidydimitis or orchitis. The patient was found to have Fournier gangrene. […] Because of the high mortality of this mixed anaerobic and aerobic infection, it is important to recognize Fournier gangrene early so that the correct surgical and medical treatment can be promptly instituted. […] To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first description of the US characteristics of Fournier gangrene.

• #45 Gangrene Specialist in Singapore: Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.sgvascularctr.com/gangrene-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Simultaneously, your doctor will perform a scan on your blood vessels to check for blockages that could be the cause of the gangrene. […] Cultures: Blood culture: Samples of your blood are drawn and incubated in a warm suitable environment to promote the growth of the bacteria. After the bacteria replicate, it can be identified accurately and tested for appropriate antibiotic susceptibility. […] Tissue/Fluid cultures: Samples of the tissue or the fluid from the affected area is taken and tests are conducted on the samples. This is to determine the specific bacteria responsible for the infection, so that the doctor can prescribe the correct antibiotic to counter the infection. […] After gangrene has damaged the tissue, it cannot be salvaged, but treatment can help to prevent the condition from getting worse.

• #46 Gangrene – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1015

  Key diagnostic factors include presence of risk factors, pain, oedema or swelling, skin discoloration, and crepitus (gas gangrene). […] Other diagnostic factors include diminished pedal pulses and ankle-brachial index (ischaemic gangrene) and low-grade fever and chills (infectious gangrene). […] 1st investigations to order include FBC, comprehensive metabolic panel, serum LDH, coagulation panel, blood cultures, serum CRP, plain x-rays, CT of affected site, MRI of affected site, and Doppler ultrasonography. […] Investigations to consider include surgical exploration and skin biopsy, CT angiography, magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), CT chest and abdomen, antinuclear antibodies (ANA), lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin, and anti beta2 glycoprotein-1 antibodies, serum cold agglutinins, serum cryofibrinogens, and plasma cryoglobulin.

• #47 Gangrene – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1015

  Key diagnostic factors include presence of risk factors, pain, oedema or swelling, skin discoloration, and crepitus (gas gangrene). […] Other diagnostic factors include diminished pedal pulses and ankle-brachial index (ischaemic gangrene) and low-grade fever and chills (infectious gangrene). […] 1st investigations to order include FBC, comprehensive metabolic panel, serum LDH, coagulation panel, blood cultures, serum CRP, plain x-rays, CT of affected site, MRI of affected site, and Doppler ultrasonography. […] Investigations to consider include surgical exploration and skin biopsy, CT angiography, magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), CT chest and abdomen, antinuclear antibodies (ANA), lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin, and anti beta2 glycoprotein-1 antibodies, serum cold agglutinins, serum cryofibrinogens, and plasma cryoglobulin.

• #48 Gangrene: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/gangrene-causes-symptoms-treatments

  Gangrene Diagnosis […] Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. You may have: […] Blood tests. These look for bacteria or check for signs of infection, such as more white blood cells than usual. […] Imaging tests. CT and MRI tests tell your doctor whether your gangrene has spread and if gas has built up in your tissues. In an arteriogram, your doctor injects dye into your blood and then takes an X-ray to check blood flow and look for blocked arteries. […] Cultures. Your doctor might take a sample of blood, fluid, or tissue, and look at it under a microscope for signs of bacteria or tissue death. […] Surgery. This can confirm internal gangrene or tell your doctor whether gangrene has spread.

• #49 Gangrene – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1015

  Key diagnostic factors include presence of risk factors, pain, oedema or swelling, skin discoloration, and crepitus (gas gangrene). […] Other diagnostic factors include diminished pedal pulses and ankle-brachial index (ischaemic gangrene) and low-grade fever and chills (infectious gangrene). […] 1st investigations to order include FBC, comprehensive metabolic panel, serum LDH, coagulation panel, blood cultures, serum CRP, plain x-rays, CT of affected site, MRI of affected site, and Doppler ultrasonography. […] Investigations to consider include surgical exploration and skin biopsy, CT angiography, magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), CT chest and abdomen, antinuclear antibodies (ANA), lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin, and anti beta2 glycoprotein-1 antibodies, serum cold agglutinins, serum cryofibrinogens, and plasma cryoglobulin.

• #50 Gangrene – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1015

  Key diagnostic factors include presence of risk factors, pain, oedema or swelling, skin discoloration, and crepitus (gas gangrene). […] Other diagnostic factors include diminished pedal pulses and ankle-brachial index (ischaemic gangrene) and low-grade fever and chills (infectious gangrene). […] 1st investigations to order include FBC, comprehensive metabolic panel, serum LDH, coagulation panel, blood cultures, serum CRP, plain x-rays, CT of affected site, MRI of affected site, and Doppler ultrasonography. […] Investigations to consider include surgical exploration and skin biopsy, CT angiography, magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), CT chest and abdomen, antinuclear antibodies (ANA), lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin, and anti beta2 glycoprotein-1 antibodies, serum cold agglutinins, serum cryofibrinogens, and plasma cryoglobulin.

• #51 Gangrene: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21070-gangrene

  Gangrene is a medical emergency in which blood stops flowing to a specific part of your body, and tissues in that area die. Gangrene can develop anywhere in your body, but it often starts in your foot or hand. […] Gangrene always involves tissue death, but it doesn’t always involve an infection. A gangrene infection is when bacteria grow in the affected area. Without prompt treatment, gangrene (with or without an infection) can lead to serious complications or death. […] See a healthcare provider right away if you think you have gangrene. Your provider will: Ask you about your medical history and current conditions, Ask you about any recent injuries, Carefully evaluate the affected area of your body, Run tests to learn more. […] Tests you may need include: Blood tests, Bacterial culture tests, Imaging tests, like X-rays, CT scans and MRIs, Tests that check blood flow, like an ankle-brachial index.

• #52 Gangrene – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gangrene/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352573

  Tests used to help diagnose gangrene include: […] A high white blood cell count is often a sign of infection. Other blood tests can be done to check for the presence of specific bacteria and other germs. […] Tests can be done to look for bacteria in fluid sample from a skin blister. A sample of tissue can be examined under a microscope for signs of cell death. […] X-rays, computerized tomography (CT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans can show the organs, blood vessels and bones. These tests can help show how far gangrene has spread through the body. […] Surgery may be done to get a better look inside the body and learn how much tissue is infected.

• #53

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/gangrene/diagnosis/

  A diagnosis of gangrene is based on a combination of physical examination, medical history and tests. […] A number of tests and investigations can be carried out to confirm the diagnosis of gangrene. […] Fluid or tissue culture where a small tissue or fluid sample from the affected area is tested to find out which bacteria are responsible for the condition and determine the most effective antibiotic to treat it with. […] Blood cultures where a sample of blood is taken and put into special culture bottles and placed in a warm environment (incubated) to encourage the growth of bacteria so they can be examined further. […] Imaging tests, a range of imaging tests, such as X-rays, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans or computerised tomography (CT) scans can be used to confirm the presence and spread of gangrene; these tests can also be used to study blood vessels so any blockages can be identified. […] Surgery, a surgical examination under anaesthetic may be necessary to confirm a diagnosis of gangrene deeper inside the body.

• #54 Fournier Gangrene Workup: Approach Considerations, Chemistry Panel and Blood Gases, Blood Tests

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2028899-workup

  An incisional biopsy at the time of surgical debridement allows pathological distinction of Fournier gangrene (ie, necrotizing infection) from severe cellulitis. […] The biopsy sample should be taken from the point of maximal tenderness, and it should include skin and superficial and deep fascia. […] Pathologic evaluation of the involved tissue may reveal the following pathognomonic findings of Fournier gangrene: Necrosis of the superficial and deep fascial planes, Fibrinoid thrombosis of the nutrient arterioles, Polymorphonuclear cell infiltration, Microorganisms identified within the involved tissues.

• #55 Fournier Gangrene Workup: Approach Considerations, Chemistry Panel and Blood Gases, Blood Tests

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2028899-workup

  An incisional biopsy at the time of surgical debridement allows pathological distinction of Fournier gangrene (ie, necrotizing infection) from severe cellulitis. […] The biopsy sample should be taken from the point of maximal tenderness, and it should include skin and superficial and deep fascia. […] Pathologic evaluation of the involved tissue may reveal the following pathognomonic findings of Fournier gangrene: Necrosis of the superficial and deep fascial planes, Fibrinoid thrombosis of the nutrient arterioles, Polymorphonuclear cell infiltration, Microorganisms identified within the involved tissues.

• #56

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/gangrene/diagnosis/

  A diagnosis of gangrene is based on a combination of physical examination, medical history and tests. […] A number of tests and investigations can be carried out to confirm the diagnosis of gangrene. […] Fluid or tissue culture where a small tissue or fluid sample from the affected area is tested to find out which bacteria are responsible for the condition and determine the most effective antibiotic to treat it with. […] Blood cultures where a sample of blood is taken and put into special culture bottles and placed in a warm environment (incubated) to encourage the growth of bacteria so they can be examined further. […] Imaging tests, a range of imaging tests, such as X-rays, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans or computerised tomography (CT) scans can be used to confirm the presence and spread of gangrene; these tests can also be used to study blood vessels so any blockages can be identified. […] Surgery, a surgical examination under anaesthetic may be necessary to confirm a diagnosis of gangrene deeper inside the body.

• #57 Gangrene – Diagnosis | Health Information from MSN Lunts Pharmacy group

  https://msnlunts.co.uk/nhs_conditions_gangrene_diagnosis

  imaging tests a range of imaging tests, such as X-rays, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans or computerised tomography (CT) scans can be used to confirm the presence and spread of gangrene; these tests can also be used to study blood vessels so any blockages can be identified […] surgery a surgical examination under anaesthetic may be necessary to confirm a diagnosis of gangrene deeper inside the body. […] As gangrene is a potentially serious condition, treatment is usually started before the results of any tests become available.

• #58 Fournier Gangrene: A Complete Overview – DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/fournier-gangrene

  Fournier gangrene is a surgical emergency associated with septic shock, which requires prompt surgical excision and broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics. […] Fournier gangrene should be suspected if fluctuance, soft tissue crepitation, localised tenderness of wound are detected on examination of the genitalia and perineum. It is confirmed if gangrenous tissue or pus is found. Examination under anaesthesia may be needed. […] Computed tomography (CT scan) defines the extent of disease and reveals fascial thickening, fat stranding, and soft tissue gas collections. […] Fournier gangrene is life-threatening and fatal without appropriate treatment. […] Diagnosis is often delayed due to the insidious onset of symptoms. The mortality rate is 20-40%. The most common cause of death is septic shock.

• #59 Fournier’s Gangrene – Clinical Features – Emergency Management – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/urology/other/fourniers-gangrene/

  Fourniers gangrene is a form of necrotising fasciitis that affects the perineum. Whilst rare, it is a urological emergency with a mortality rate of 20-40%. […] Diagnosis is largely clinical, often patients being monitored for evidence of disease progressed being the mainstay of diagnosis. Any suspected cases should be taken for immediate surgical exploration. […] A diagnostic scoring system called the Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotising Fasciitis (LRINEC) can be used to aid in the diagnosis of necrotising fasciitis, including Fourniers Gangrene. […] The definitive management is urgent surgical debridement and this should not be delayed. Debridement can often be extensive, however ensuring adequate removal of all necrotic tissue is key; debrided tissue should be sent for both tissue histology and culture separately (MCS) and any pus sent for fluid culture (MCS) too. […] Definitive management is urgent surgical debridement with broad-spectrum antibiotic cover.

• #60 Gangrene – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560552/

  Dry/ischemic gangrene is most commonly secondary to atherosclerosis and progressive occlusion of the peripheral arterial blood supply to distal tissue. […] Wet gangrene occurs when tissue compromised by poor venous or arterial blood flow becomes infected. This is most commonly seen in areas prone to edema (lower extremities/feet), though it also can be seen in genitourinary and oral tissues. […] Gas gangrene is historically caused by infection with Clostridium perfringens and other Clostridium species, resulting in clostridial myonecrosis. This organism can cause rapid development of localized tissue necrosis and systemic signs of illness in part due to its production of exotoxins and is characterized by the presence of gas in subcutaneous tissue. […] The laboratory evaluation of ischemic gangrene is focused on identifying clinical risk factors such as renal failure, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes, which would impact the treatment plan.

• #61 Gangrene – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560552/

  Dry/ischemic gangrene is most commonly secondary to atherosclerosis and progressive occlusion of the peripheral arterial blood supply to distal tissue. […] Wet gangrene occurs when tissue compromised by poor venous or arterial blood flow becomes infected. This is most commonly seen in areas prone to edema (lower extremities/feet), though it also can be seen in genitourinary and oral tissues. […] Gas gangrene is historically caused by infection with Clostridium perfringens and other Clostridium species, resulting in clostridial myonecrosis. This organism can cause rapid development of localized tissue necrosis and systemic signs of illness in part due to its production of exotoxins and is characterized by the presence of gas in subcutaneous tissue. […] The laboratory evaluation of ischemic gangrene is focused on identifying clinical risk factors such as renal failure, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes, which would impact the treatment plan.

• #62 Gangrene and Critical Limb Ischemia | Johns Hopkins Diabetes Guide

  https://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_Diabetes_Guide/547056/all/Gangrene_and_Critical_Limb_Ischemia

  Gangrene is necrosis of tissue associated with ischemia (dry gangrene) or infection (wet gangrene). […] Gas gangrene is a type of wet gangrene caused by infection with anaerobic bacteria (Clostridium) especially C. perfringens. […] Critical Limb Ischemia (CLI) of a limb is defined as persistent and severe pain in the foot, at rest, preventing sleep, and requiring repeated analgesia. Symptom duration 4 weeks, superficial skin necrosis of the foot or digital gangrene are required to make the diagnosis. Ankle systolic blood pressure 40mmHg in the presence of rest pain, 60mmHg in the presence of tissue necrosis. […] Acute Limb Ischemia (ALI) is defined as a sudden decrease in limb perfusion that threatens the viability of a limb, is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality, and requires immediate vascular surgical evaluation and intervention.

• #63 Gangrene – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560552/

  Dry/ischemic gangrene is most commonly secondary to atherosclerosis and progressive occlusion of the peripheral arterial blood supply to distal tissue. […] Wet gangrene occurs when tissue compromised by poor venous or arterial blood flow becomes infected. This is most commonly seen in areas prone to edema (lower extremities/feet), though it also can be seen in genitourinary and oral tissues. […] Gas gangrene is historically caused by infection with Clostridium perfringens and other Clostridium species, resulting in clostridial myonecrosis. This organism can cause rapid development of localized tissue necrosis and systemic signs of illness in part due to its production of exotoxins and is characterized by the presence of gas in subcutaneous tissue. […] The laboratory evaluation of ischemic gangrene is focused on identifying clinical risk factors such as renal failure, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes, which would impact the treatment plan.

• #64 Wet gangrene – WikEM

  https://wikem.org/wiki/Wet_gangrene

  A form of tissue necrosis characterized by critically insufficient blood supply leading to tissue death. […] Primarily divided into wet gangrene vs dry gangrene. […] As tissue is infected, wet gangrene presents a higher risk of systemic infection than dry gangrene. […] History and physical examination are usually sufficient to make the diagnosis. […] Given higher risk for systemic infection, patients should be evaluated for signs/symptoms of sepsis. […] Wet gangrene requires broad spectrum antibiotic coverage, as these are often polymycrobial infections. […] Requires surgical consultation as rapid debridement or amputation of necrotic tissue is required to prevent further spread of infection.

• #65 Gas Gangrene – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-anaerobic-bacteria/gas-gangrene

  Gas gangrene is a life-threatening infection of muscle tissue caused mainly by the anaerobic bacteria Clostridium perfringens and several other species of clostridia. […] Symptoms suggest the diagnosis, and imaging tests or culture of a sample taken from infected tissue is usually done. […] Gas gangrene is suspected based on symptoms and results of a physical examination. […] X-rays are taken to check for gas bubbles in muscle tissue, or computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is done to check for areas of dead muscle tissue. These findings support the diagnosis. […] Fluids from the wound are examined under a microscope to check for clostridia and are sent to a laboratory where bacteria, if present, can be grown (cultured) and tested. Cultures can confirm the presence of clostridia. […] Confirmation of the diagnosis often requires exploratory surgery or removal of a tissue sample for examination under a microscope (biopsy) to check for characteristic changes in muscle.

• #66 Gas gangrene – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_gangrene

  Gas gangrene (also known as clostridial myonecrosis) is a bacterial infection that produces tissue gas in gangrene. This deadly form of gangrene usually is caused by Clostridium perfringens bacteria. About 1,000 cases of gas gangrene are reported yearly in the United States. […] Various diagnostic methods can be employed in the diagnosis of Gas gangrene. Due to low incidence of myonecrosis it is an easy-to-overlook diagnosis. As bacterial infections mostly exhibit the same symptoms, early diagnosis of gas gangrene rarely occurs. The ambiguous symptoms only contribute to a poorer prognosis. Diagnostic methods include: Biopsy of affected tissue, Cultures of fluids from inflicted area, Magnetic resonance imaging to visualize necrotized subcutaneous tissues, X-rays for air pockets in affected tissues, Microscopy identification of strain of bacteria sampled from fluids of inflicted area, Gram stain.

• #67 Gas Gangrene (Clostridial Myonecrosis): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/782709-workup

  The typical incubation period for gas gangrene is short (ie, 24 h), but incubation periods of 1 hour to 6 weeks have been reported. […] Failure to provide an early diagnosis and inadequate surgical intervention are the 2 most common mistakes in the management of gas gangrene. […] The prognosis of gas gangrene is better if the incubation period is shorter than 30 hours, if the patient has limb involvement, and if he or she does not have concomitant serious medical conditions or complications (eg, shock, DIC, ARDS, renal failure). […] Educate patients with spontaneous gas gangrene about the strong association with occult malignancies, especially malignancies of the GI tract.

• #68 Gas gangrene – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_gangrene

  Gas gangrene (also known as clostridial myonecrosis) is a bacterial infection that produces tissue gas in gangrene. This deadly form of gangrene usually is caused by Clostridium perfringens bacteria. About 1,000 cases of gas gangrene are reported yearly in the United States. […] Various diagnostic methods can be employed in the diagnosis of Gas gangrene. Due to low incidence of myonecrosis it is an easy-to-overlook diagnosis. As bacterial infections mostly exhibit the same symptoms, early diagnosis of gas gangrene rarely occurs. The ambiguous symptoms only contribute to a poorer prognosis. Diagnostic methods include: Biopsy of affected tissue, Cultures of fluids from inflicted area, Magnetic resonance imaging to visualize necrotized subcutaneous tissues, X-rays for air pockets in affected tissues, Microscopy identification of strain of bacteria sampled from fluids of inflicted area, Gram stain.

• #69 Fournier’s Gangrene: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22025-fourniers-gangrene

  Fourniers gangrene is a type of flesh-eating disease that affects your genitals or perineum. […] If you have symptoms, get to the emergency room as soon as possible for treatment. […] Early symptoms of Fourniers gangrene include discolored skin and genital swelling. Go to the ER if you have these symptoms. […] Fourniers gangrene is a rare, life-threatening bacterial infection of your genitals or surrounding genital areas. […] Its a type of necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease) that worsens quickly and requires emergency care. […] Its important to pay attention to the early symptoms of Fourniers gangrene. […] Fourniers gangrene gets worse (progresses) quickly. […] Fourniers gangrene is rare. […] In the U.S., experts estimate that fewer than 2 out of 100,000 males will get Fourniers gangrene.

• #70 Fournier`S Gangrene: The Importance of an Early Diagnosis

  https://journalonsurgery.org/articles/js-v4-1164.html

  Fournier`S Gangrene: The Importance of an Early Diagnosis […] Fourniers Gangrene (FG) is a necrotizing fasciitis that affects the external genitalia, perineum and perianal region, with occasional extension to the abdomen, lower limbs and even to the chest. […] The diagnosis is mainly clinical. It begins with perianal or perineal pain, inflammation, erythema, edema, that progresses to necrosis, crackling, foul odor, and exudate. […] Early diagnosis is crucial for survival. It is eminently clinical and it relies on image tests such as the CT scan, which is the most sensitive and specific one. […] The diagnosis is fundamentally clinical, based on complementary analytical, microbiological and radiological tests, with Computed Tomography (CT) being the most sensitive and specific imaging test for the diagnosis of this disease. […]

• #71 Fournier Gangrene: A Complete Overview – DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/fournier-gangrene

  Fournier gangrene is a surgical emergency associated with septic shock, which requires prompt surgical excision and broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics. […] Fournier gangrene should be suspected if fluctuance, soft tissue crepitation, localised tenderness of wound are detected on examination of the genitalia and perineum. It is confirmed if gangrenous tissue or pus is found. Examination under anaesthesia may be needed. […] Computed tomography (CT scan) defines the extent of disease and reveals fascial thickening, fat stranding, and soft tissue gas collections. […] Fournier gangrene is life-threatening and fatal without appropriate treatment. […] Diagnosis is often delayed due to the insidious onset of symptoms. The mortality rate is 20-40%. The most common cause of death is septic shock.

• #72 Fournier gangrene diagnostic criteria – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Fournier_gangrene_diagnostic_criteria

  The diagnosis of Fournier gangrene is primarily based on clinical findings. The diagnosis is based on following criteria: Soft tissue infections with involvement of the scrotum, perineum and perianal areas, presence of air infiltrating the subcutaneous tissue (demonstrated by physical examination or radiological findings), surgical findings of gangrenous and necrotic tissue, histologically proven necrotizing fasciitis. […] The diagnosis of Fournier gangrene is primarily based on clinical findings. The diagnosis is based on following criteria: Soft tissue infections with involvement of the scrotum, perineum and perianal areas, presence of air infiltrating the subcutaneous tissue (demonstrated by physical examination or radiological findings), surgical findings of gangrenous and necrotic tissue, histologically proven necrotizing fasciitis. […] Score 10.5 indicates 96% probability of death. […] Score 10.5 indicates 96% probability of survival. […] Score 9 indicates 46% probability of death. […] Score 9 indicates 96% probability of survival.

• #73 Gangrene differential diagnosis – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Gangrene_differential_diagnosis

  Gangrene can have several mimicking conditions despite the unique presence of necrotic tissue. […] Table 1 outlines the various differential diagnosis for gangrene. […] Differential Diagnosis Similar to: Frostbite Ischemia Ergotism Ischemia Compartment syndrome Ischemia Calciphylaxis Ischemia Group A streptococcus infections Gas gangrene Septic shock Gas gangrene Toxic shock syndrome Gas gangrene.

• #74 Diagnosis Of Fournier’s Gangrene

  https://www.necrotisingfasciitis.co.uk/fourniers-gangrene/diagnosis/

  These steps must be completed with a sense of urgency as Fourniers Gangrene is a medical emergency. This means it must be treated shortly after the onset of symptoms if serious complications are to be avoided. […] Therefore if there is any suspicion whatsoever that Fourniers Gangrene is present, a patient should undergo immediate tests. Otherwise the infection will rapidly spread and a large area of necrotic tissue will develop. The infection may even get into the blood. This is called sepsis and can lead to multi-system organ failure, which can be fatal. […] But unfortunately Fourniers Gangrene is often mistaken for a more minor condition, including a urinary tract infection and a sexually transmitted disease. […] Either way, a misdiagnosis of Fourniers Gangrene will be very dangerous for the patient whose condition will quickly decline.

• #75 Gangrene – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gangrene/symptoms-causes/syc-20352567

  Gangrene is death of body tissue due to a lack of blood flow or a serious bacterial infection. […] Treatments for gangrene may include antibiotics, oxygen therapy, and surgery to restore blood flow and remove dead tissue. The earlier gangrene is identified and treated, the better the chances for recovery. […] Gangrene is a serious condition and needs emergency treatment. […] Causes of gangrene include: Lack of blood supply. The blood provides oxygen and nutrients to the body. It also provides the immune system with antibodies to fight infections. Without a proper blood supply, cells can’t survive, and tissue dies. […] Gangrene occurs when blood flow to a certain area of the body is interrupted. The lack of blood flow causes tissue to die. […] Gangrene can lead to serious complications if it’s not immediately treated. Bacteria can spread quickly to other tissues and organs. You may need to have a body part removed (amputated) to save your life. […] Here are a few ways to help reduce the risk of developing gangrene: Manage diabetes. If you have diabetes, it’s important to control your blood sugar levels. Also make sure you examine your hands and feet daily for cuts, sores and signs of infection, such as redness, swelling or drainage.

• #76 Gangrene: Types, Symptoms, Risk Factors, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/gangrene

  An unusually high white blood cell count can indicate a gangrenous infection. […] Some kinds of imaging are helpful in diagnosing the spread of gangrene in your internal tissues. […] In serious gangrene cases, the dead tissue or body part may need to be removed. […] Your doctor may prescribe antibiotics if bacteria are present. […] For people with inadequate circulation that results in gangrene, vascular surgery may be recommended in order to improve the flow of blood through the veins to body tissues. […] For severe cases, amputation of a limb, finger, or toe could be necessary to save your life. […] Gangrene can sometimes be treated without serious complications, especially if it is caught early. […] Gangrene must be treated early to minimize the damage.

• #77 Gangrene – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560552/

  Treatment of ischemic gangrene is focused on restoring blood flow to help reduce rest pain and heal ischemic wounds. […] Surgical treatment of limb ischemia is focused on revascularization to improve pain and prevent limb loss. […] If gas or wet gangrene is suspected, Gram stain and wound cultures can help identify the bacterial cause to guide antibiotic therapy, but the diagnosis is typically made clinically. […] Gas gangrene presents with pain, edema, the development of hemorrhagic bullae, and color changes ranging from a pale coloration to a bronze-purplish red coloration. […] Within one year of the diagnosis of critical limb ischemia/chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLI/CLTI), up to 40 to 50% of patients with diabetes will have an amputation, and 20 to 25% will die. […] Gas gangrene has a significant fatality rate; up to 25% of trauma patients with gas gangrene die, with an increase to 100% if treatment is delayed or inadequate.

• #78 Gangrene – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560552/

  Treatment of ischemic gangrene is focused on restoring blood flow to help reduce rest pain and heal ischemic wounds. […] Surgical treatment of limb ischemia is focused on revascularization to improve pain and prevent limb loss. […] If gas or wet gangrene is suspected, Gram stain and wound cultures can help identify the bacterial cause to guide antibiotic therapy, but the diagnosis is typically made clinically. […] Gas gangrene presents with pain, edema, the development of hemorrhagic bullae, and color changes ranging from a pale coloration to a bronze-purplish red coloration. […] Within one year of the diagnosis of critical limb ischemia/chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLI/CLTI), up to 40 to 50% of patients with diabetes will have an amputation, and 20 to 25% will die. […] Gas gangrene has a significant fatality rate; up to 25% of trauma patients with gas gangrene die, with an increase to 100% if treatment is delayed or inadequate.

• #79 Fournier Gangrene: A Complete Overview – DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/fournier-gangrene

  Fournier gangrene is a surgical emergency associated with septic shock, which requires prompt surgical excision and broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics. […] Fournier gangrene should be suspected if fluctuance, soft tissue crepitation, localised tenderness of wound are detected on examination of the genitalia and perineum. It is confirmed if gangrenous tissue or pus is found. Examination under anaesthesia may be needed. […] Computed tomography (CT scan) defines the extent of disease and reveals fascial thickening, fat stranding, and soft tissue gas collections. […] Fournier gangrene is life-threatening and fatal without appropriate treatment. […] Diagnosis is often delayed due to the insidious onset of symptoms. The mortality rate is 20-40%. The most common cause of death is septic shock.

• #80 Gangrene – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1015

  Gangrene is a complication of necrosis characterized by the decay of body tissues. Results from ischemia, infection, or trauma (or a combination of these processes). […] Two main categories: infectious gangrene (which includes necrotizing fasciitis and gas gangrene) and ischemic gangrene (which can arise from arterial or venous obstruction). […] Successful treatment of infectious gangrene requires early recognition and a combination of aggressive surgical debridement, appropriate intravenous antibiotics, and intensive supportive care. […] Ischemic gangrene requires revascularization for obstruction and thromboembolism, along with optimal treatment of any underlying disease. […] Measures to prevent superimposed infection must also be performed. […] Prognosis is highly variable, but can involve significant morbidity and mortality.

• #81 Does A Delayed Gangrene Diagnosis Increase The Likelihood Of Amputation?

  https://www.rossfellercasey.com/news/does-a-delayed-gangrene-diagnosis-increase-the-likelihood-of-amputation/

  When we think of gangrene, many of us immediately think of amputation. However, gangrene is often treatable when caught early, and amputation is not always necessary. However, when healthcare workers dont notice or misdiagnose the early signs of gangrene, amputation may be required to save the patients life. […] Wet and dry gangrene tend to be much easier to identify than gas and internal gangrene. Still, the symptoms can be radically different depending on the type of gangrene and the underlying cause. […] Delayed diagnoses contribute to higher mortality rates for all types of gangrene, particularly internal, gas, and Fourniers gangrene. Amputations also become necessary if a diagnosis is delayed. While amputation may be needed even if gangrene is identified early, its even more devastating to a patient and their family if it could have been prevented with a timely diagnosis and the appropriate treatment.

• #82 CNN sight: Precision detection in gangrene diagnostics | 81 | Advances

  https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9781032644752-81/cnn-sight-precision-detection-gangrene-diagnostics-priyanshu-aggarwal-sahil-aggarwal-harshita-ritu-pahwa

  Gangrene, a serious medical disorder in which bodily tissue dies, provides serious health concerns and need an early diagnosis for successful treatment. […] The vital value of early identification in properly controlling gangrene is emphasised. The necessity of detecting gangrene in its early stages is highlighted by the development of tissue destruction and possible consequences, including systemic infections and the requirement for amputations. […] This study’s main objective is to investigate how Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) could improve gangrene diagnostic skills.

• #83 Critical Point-of-care Ultrasound Diagnosis of Fournier’s Gangrene: A Case Report

  https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1ts405ng

  Fourniers gangrene is a severe, necrotizing, and potentially fatal, soft tissue infection of the perineum that can be difficult to diagnose clinically. […] Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) has established a critical role in emergency medicine as a quick diagnostic tool due to its safety, accuracy, and cost effectiveness. […] We present a case in which POCUS was used to rapidly confirm diagnosis in an unstable, severely septic patient presenting to the emergency department with Fourniers gangrene. […] Point-of-care ultrasound can be used to make the diagnosis of Fourniers gangrene in critical patients when other diagnostic modalities are not feasible due to a patients clinical state.

• #84 Critical Point-of-care Ultrasound Diagnosis of Fournier’s Gangrene: A Case Report – The Western Journal of Emergency Medicine

  https://westjem.com/articles/critical-point-of-care-ultrasound-diagnosis-of-fourniers-gangrene-a-case-report-2.html

  Fourniers gangrene is a severe, necrotizing, and potentially fatal, soft tissue infection of the perineum that can be difficult to diagnose clinically. […] Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) has established a critical role in emergency medicine as a quick diagnostic tool due to its safety, accuracy, and cost effectiveness. […] We present a case in which POCUS was used to rapidly confirm diagnosis in an unstable, severely septic patient presenting to the emergency department with Fourniers gangrene. […] Point-of-care ultrasound can be used to make the diagnosis of Fourniers gangrene in critical patients when other diagnostic modalities are not feasible due to a patients clinical state. […] Diagnosis requires a high degree of clinical suspicion as it is often difficult to diagnose accurately based solely on examination.

• #85 Anaerobic Culture Media’s Crucial Role in Diagnosing Unique Gas Gangrene Case

  https://hardydiagnostics.com/blog/anaerobic-culture-medias-crucial-role-in-diagnosing-unique-gas-gangrene-case

  Anaerobic bacterial culture and frozen-section tissue biopsy are considered the gold standard of GG diagnosis. Cultures can then be identified using mass spectrometry. According to the authors of the 2022 report, anaerobic culture of tissue or discharge is of, “great diagnostic value, especially when necrotizing fasciitis or GG is suspected.” […] The GG diagnosis for this patient was difficult due to a number of reasons, including very acute onset, rapid progression of symptoms, limited time, and underlying health issues. Examination of discharge from the patient’s incision revealed infiltrated leukocytes and Gram-positive bacilli. The microbiologist concluded that the Gram-positive bacilli were most likely anaerobes, and the specimen was promptly cultivated on an anaerobic medium. The health care team also sent peripheral blood samples to identify the bacilli via next-generation sequencing (NGS). Subsequently, the peripheral blood sample confirmed the diagnosis of GG.

• #86 CNN sight: Precision detection in gangrene diagnostics | 81 | Advances

  https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9781032644752-81/cnn-sight-precision-detection-gangrene-diagnostics-priyanshu-aggarwal-sahil-aggarwal-harshita-ritu-pahwa

  Gangrene, a serious medical disorder in which bodily tissue dies, provides serious health concerns and need an early diagnosis for successful treatment. […] The vital value of early identification in properly controlling gangrene is emphasised. The necessity of detecting gangrene in its early stages is highlighted by the development of tissue destruction and possible consequences, including systemic infections and the requirement for amputations. […] This study’s main objective is to investigate how Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) could improve gangrene diagnostic skills.

• #87 Gangrene – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangrene

  Gangrene is a type of tissue death caused by a lack of blood supply. The diagnosis of gangrene is based on history and physical examination and supported by tests such as medical imaging. […] Treatment may involve surgery to remove the dead tissue, antibiotics to treat any infection, and efforts to address the underlying cause. […] Surgical removal of all dead tissue, however, is the mainstay of treatment for gangrene.

• #88 Gangrene – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gangrene/symptoms-causes/syc-20352567

  Gangrene is death of body tissue due to a lack of blood flow or a serious bacterial infection. […] Treatments for gangrene may include antibiotics, oxygen therapy, and surgery to restore blood flow and remove dead tissue. The earlier gangrene is identified and treated, the better the chances for recovery. […] Gangrene is a serious condition and needs emergency treatment. […] Causes of gangrene include: Lack of blood supply. The blood provides oxygen and nutrients to the body. It also provides the immune system with antibodies to fight infections. Without a proper blood supply, cells can’t survive, and tissue dies. […] Gangrene occurs when blood flow to a certain area of the body is interrupted. The lack of blood flow causes tissue to die. […] Gangrene can lead to serious complications if it’s not immediately treated. Bacteria can spread quickly to other tissues and organs. You may need to have a body part removed (amputated) to save your life. […] Here are a few ways to help reduce the risk of developing gangrene: Manage diabetes. If you have diabetes, it’s important to control your blood sugar levels. Also make sure you examine your hands and feet daily for cuts, sores and signs of infection, such as redness, swelling or drainage.

• #89 Gangrene: Types, Symptoms, Risk Factors, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/gangrene

  Gangrene is when part of your body dies and is considered a medical emergency. […] Gangrene usually affects your extremities the areas farthest from your heart, such as your toes and fingers. […] Gangrene can spread through your body and cause you to go into septic shock if left untreated and bacteria reach your bloodstream. […] Recognizing and treating gangrene as fast as possible will improve your outlook. […] Gangrene is a medical emergency that could lead to amputations or death. […] A doctor may suspect that you have gangrene based on your medical history and symptoms. They may also use a combination of additional diagnostic methods to determine your condition. […] A scraping of tissue or a fluid sample from your affected body part may be examined with a microscope to determine which type of bacteria is present.

• #90 A Review of Clinical Manifestations of Gangrene in Western Uganda | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/43947

  The definitive treatment for gangrene is surgical excision of the affected tissues. Where distal extremities like toes, fingers or distal parts of the lower limbs are affected, the treatment is amputation. However, when deep tissues like intestines are gangrenous, bowel resection and anastomosis is done. […] The prognosis of gangrene is highly dependent on early detection of its clinical manifestations, diagnosis and institution of appropriate treatment. Early detection of clinical manifestations of gangrene remains a challenge to healthcare providers due to limited resources. […] This study has shown that the prevalence of gangrene remains unknown in our community. The report is definitely a tip of the ice-berg regarding the disease burden of gangrene in Western Uganda. Though the numbers are few, the burden is much for anyone that suffers from gangrene. Since the clinical manifestations of deep tissue gangrene may be vague, clinicians are encouraged to have a high index of suspicion in all patients that have risk factors for developing gangrene at any clinician-patient consultation to promote early detection and institution of appropriate preventive and curative measures.

Zobacz więcej