Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Gangrene – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560552/

  Gangrene is tissue damage secondary to infection, ischemia, or both. […] Gangrene is associated with a high incidence of mortality, and in patients that survive, it can have a massive impact on the quality of life. […] Gangrene is a clinical condition of ischemic and necrotic tissue, often circumferential around a digit or extremity. […] The three main types of gangrene are wet gangrene, dry gangrene, and gas gangrene. […] Dry/ischemic gangrene is most commonly secondary to atherosclerosis and progressive occlusion of the peripheral arterial blood supply to distal tissue. […] The risk factors of peripheral atherosclerosis overlap with the risk factors for coronary artery disease: diabetes, smoking, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. […] Conditions that increase blood demand, such as localized infection and trauma, may worsen limb ischemia.

• #1 Gangrene – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gangrene/symptoms-causes/syc-20352567

  Gangrene is death of body tissue due to a lack of blood flow or a serious bacterial infection. […] A condition that can damage the blood vessels and affect blood flow, such as diabetes or hardened arteries (atherosclerosis), increases the risk of gangrene. […] Causes of gangrene include: Lack of blood supply. The blood provides oxygen and nutrients to the body. It also provides the immune system with antibodies to fight infections. Without a proper blood supply, cells can’t survive, and tissue dies. […] Infection. An untreated bacterial infection can cause gangrene. […] Traumatic injury. Gunshot wounds or crushing injuries from car crashes can cause open wounds that let bacteria into the body. If the bacteria infect tissues and remain untreated, gangrene can occur. […] Gangrene occurs when blood flow to a certain area of the body is interrupted. The lack of blood flow causes tissue to die. Gangrene often affects the fingers or toes. […] Gangrene can lead to serious complications if it’s not immediately treated. Bacteria can spread quickly to other tissues and organs. You may need to have a body part removed (amputated) to save your life.

• #1 Gangrene causes – wikidoc

  https://wikidoc.org/index.php/Gangrene_causes

  According to Hippocratic physicians, gangrene is brought about by three reasons. These include wound constriction that is followed by hemorrhage, compression, and necrosis due to bandages. […] According to Hippocratic physicians, gangrene is brought about by three reasons. […] Table 1 below shows the possible causes of each type of gangrene. […] Type of Gangrene Etiology Dry Gangrene Atherosclerosis Thromboembolic diseases Adventitial cystic diseases and Vasculitis Buerger disease Popliteal entrapment Wet gangrene Infection of the venous or arterial blood Gas gangrene Infection with Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli, Bacteroides, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and streptococcal infections.

• #1 Gangrene | Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/gangrene

  Gangrene, localized death of animal soft tissue, caused by prolonged interruption of the blood supply that may result from injury or infection. […] Diseases in which gangrene is prone to occur include arteriosclerosis, diabetes, Raynauds disease, thromboangiitis obliterans (Buergers disease), and typhus. […] Dry gangrene results from a gradual decrease in the blood supply (as from diabetes or arteriosclerosis) in the affected area, often an extremity. […] Moist gangrene develops when the blood supply is suddenly cut off, as by a severe burn or an arterial blood clot. […] A different and more virulent form, gas gangrene, is caused by infection with bacteria of the genus Clostridium, which grow only in the absence of oxygen.

• #1 Gangrene – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560552/

  Less common causes of ischemic gangrene are vascular occlusions from other pathology. […] Trauma to the limb or vascular system may result in ischemia and gangrene. […] Wet gangrene occurs when tissue compromised by poor venous or arterial blood flow becomes infected. […] Gas gangrene is historically caused by infection with Clostridium perfringens and other Clostridium species, resulting in clostridial myonecrosis. […] Gas gangrene typically occurs after trauma, with anaerobic bacteria’s introduction into a previously protected tissue space. […] Gas gangrene has a significant fatality rate; up to 25% of trauma patients with gas gangrene die, with an increase to 100% if treatment is delayed or inadequate.

• #1 Infectious gangrene. Wet gangrene. Gas gangrene

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/wet-gangrene

  Gangrene is the localised death of body tissue. Wet gangrene is gangrene due to necrotising bacterial infections, including necrotising fasciitis. […] Necrotising bacterial infections can occur via any break in the skin or internal organ. They are caused by 3 main bacterial subgroups: […] Gas gangrene is particularly severe and is most often due to Clostridium perfringens, which can rapidly proliferate in injured muscles. […] Group A -hemolytic streptococci (GAS), either alone or associated with staphylococcal species, tend to be locally aggressive and can lead to serious blood infections such as toxic shock syndrome. […] Marine organisms such as Vibrio vulnificus are rare causes of gangrene and have mostly been reported in warm coastal regions. […] Risk factors for necrotising infections include: Diabetes mellitus, Atherosclerosis and peripheral vascular disease, Trauma, Surgery, especially operations on colon or gallbladder, Intravenous drug and insulin injection, Skin infections, erosions and ulcers, Animal and insect bites, Visceral-cutaneous fistulas, Percutaneous catheter insertion, Abscesses, Urinary tract infection, Streptococcal sore throat (tonsillitis), Alcohol abuse, Immune deficiency, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, Immune suppression by medications, Anticoagulants, especially the combination of warfarin (coumadin) and heparin. […] Prognosis in wet gangrene depends on the extent of disease, the underlying cause and the timing of appropriate treatment.

• #1 Gas gangrene Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/gas-gangrene

  Gas gangrene is most often caused by bacteria called Clostridium perfringens. Also, it can occasionally be caused by group A streptococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Vibrio vulnificus. […] Clostridium is found nearly everywhere. As the bacteria grow inside the body, they emit gas and harmful substances (toxins) that can damage body tissues, cells, and blood vessels. […] People most at risk for gas gangrene usually have blood vessel disease (atherosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries), diabetes, or colon cancer.

• #1 Fournier’s Gangrene: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22025-fourniers-gangrene

  Fourniers gangrene (FOR-nee-ayz GANG-green) is a rare, life-threatening bacterial infection of your genitals or surrounding genital areas. Its a type of necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease) that worsens quickly and requires emergency care. […] When bacteria enter your genitals or genital area, they infect your hypodermis (subcutaneous tissue, the deepest layer of your skin) and muscle fascia. […] When bacteria enter the subcutaneous tissue and muscle fascia, they kill the branches of your pudendal artery. […] Anaerobic bacteria or aerobic bacteria can cause Forniers gangrene. […] The most common aerobic bacteria that can cause Fourniers gangrene include: Escherichia coli (E. coli), Klebsiella, Proteus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus. […] The most common anaerobic bacteria that can cause Fourniers gangrene include: Bacteroides, Clostridium, Peptostreptococcus.

• #1 Fournier’s Gangrene: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.thewoundpros.com/post/fourniers-gangrene-causes-symptoms-and-treatment

  Fournier’s gangrene is primarily caused by a polymicrobial infection involving both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Common bacterial species implicated include Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and various anaerobes such as Bacteroides and Clostridium. These bacteria typically enter the body through a breach in the skin, such as a cut, surgical wound, or skin ulcer. The infection rapidly progresses due to the synergy between these bacteria, which produce toxins and enzymes that destroy tissue and impede blood flow, leading to necrosis. […] Diabetes is one of the most significant risk factors for Fournier’s gangrene. High blood sugar levels can impair the immune system, reducing the body’s ability to fight infections. Additionally, diabetes often leads to poor blood circulation and nerve damage, particularly in the lower extremities, which can delay the detection and treatment of wounds and infections. Diabetic patients are more prone to developing skin ulcers and infections that can escalate to Fournier’s gangrene if not managed promptly.

• #1 Gas Gangrene: Causes, Symptoms & Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/gas-gangrene

  Gangrene is the death of body tissue. Clostridial myonecrosis, a type of gas gangrene, is a fast-spreading and potentially life-threatening form of gangrene caused by a bacterial infection from Clostridium bacteria. The infection causes toxins to form in the tissues, cells, and blood vessels of the body. These bacteria will release toxins that cause tissue death and release a gas. […] Gas gangrene is most commonly caused by the Clostridium perfringens bacterium. In some cases, it may be caused by group A Streptococcus bacteria. The infection occurs suddenly and spreads quickly. […] Gas gangrene generally develops at a recent surgical or injury site. In rare cases, it may happen spontaneously, without an apparent cause. […] Certain injuries have a higher risk of causing gas gangrene, including muscle injuries, severely damaged tissues, wounds that are very deep, and wounds that are contaminated with stool or dirt, especially those that might occur on a farm. […] You are also at an increased risk for developing this condition if you have diabetes, arterial disease, colon cancer, frostbite, open fractures, or used a contaminated needle to inject substances into your muscles.

• #1 Gangrene – Types, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.medicoverhospitals.in/diseases/gangrene/

  Gangrene is a fatal condition that develops when blood flow to a large tissue area is interrupted, causing the tissue to deteriorate and die. […] A decreased blood flow causes all types of gangrene to a specific area. This deprives the tissue of oxygen and nutrients, causing it to die. […] Dry forms can also result from: Severe burns, scalds, and cold: Dry gangrene can be caused by heat, chemical agents, and extreme cold, including frostbite. Wet gangrene may form later. […] Vascular problems: Vascular issues are most typically caused by the poor health of the arteries and veins in the legs and toes. The common causes are diabetes, peripheral arterial disease, and hypertension. […] Diabetes: Blood sugar imbalance can damage blood vessels and neurons, limiting oxygen delivery to the extremities.

• #1 Gangrene: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/gangrene-causes-symptoms-treatments

  Gangrene happens when tissues in your body die after a loss of blood flow caused by illness, injury, or infection. […] There are two main causes of gangrene: Lack of blood supply. This is the most common cause. Blood delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues and without it, cells can’t survive. Conditions that can affect blood flow include diabetes, peripheral artery disease, atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries), and blood clots. […] Infection. An untreated bacterial infection can cause gangrene. When bacteria invade your tissues and multiply, they can damage blood vessels and cut off blood flow to the area. […] If you have any condition that decreases your blood flow, you have a higher risk of getting gangrene. […] Other factors that can cause gangrene are: A weakened immune system due to cancer treatment or certain infections such as HIV/AIDS, Smoking, as it affects blood flow throughout the body, Trauma or serious injury, which can increase your risk of infection, Serious frostbite, which can cut off blood flow.

• #1

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/gangrene/causes/

  High blood sugar can also damage your blood vessels, restricting the blood supply to your feet. […] You’re also at an increased risk of developing gangrene if you experience a traumatic injury or serious damage to your skin and tissues. […] These injuries can cause a sudden loss of blood to an area of your body, and any open wounds can become infected with bacteria. […] Gangrene can also occur as a result of an infection that develops during surgery. […] If your immune system is seriously weakened, minor infections can become more serious and can lead to gangrene. […] A weak immune system can be caused by: chemotherapy or radiotherapy, HIV, diabetes, long-term alcohol misuse, injecting drugs, such as heroin, malnutrition, being over 60 years of age, obesity, kidney failure. […] However, for reasons that are unclear, gangrene can sometimes occur in young and otherwise healthy people.

• #1 Fournier’s gangrene: What it is, causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320692

  Fourniers gangrene is a form of necrotizing fasciitis, a condition that leads to tissue death. […] A history of alcohol misuse, diabetes, or obesity may increase the risk of Fourniers gangrene. […] Fourniers gangrene can occur when a person has a skin wound that allows bacteria, viruses, or fungi to get deeper into the body. […] In some individuals, the cause of Fourniers gangrene is unknown. However, doctors have identified some risk factors that may make a person more likely to have Fourniers gangrene. […] According to an article in the journal ISRN Surgery, an estimated 20 to 70 percent of those with Fourniers gangrene have diabetes. An estimated 25 to 50 percent have an alcohol use disorder.

• #1 Gangrene – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangrene

  Gangrene is a type of tissue death caused by a lack of blood supply. […] Gangrene is caused by a critically insufficient blood supply (e.g., peripheral vascular disease) or infection. […] It is associated with diabetes and long-term tobacco smoking. […] Dry gangrene is a form of coagulative necrosis that develops in ischemic tissue, where the blood supply is inadequate to keep tissue viable. […] Dry gangrene is often due to peripheral artery disease, but can be due to acute limb ischemia. […] Wet, or infected, gangrene is characterized by thriving bacteria and has a poor prognosis (compared to dry gangrene) due to sepsis resulting from the free communication between infected fluid and circulatory fluid. […] In wet gangrene, the tissue is infected by saprogenic microorganisms (Clostridium perfringens or Bacillus fusiformis, for example), which cause tissue to swell and emit a foul odor. […] Gas gangrene is a bacterial infection that produces gas within tissues. […] Gas gangrene is caused by bacterial exotoxin-producing clostridial species, which are mostly found in soil, and other anaerobes such as Bacteroides and anaerobic streptococci.

• #1 Fournier’s Gangrene: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.thewoundpros.com/post/fourniers-gangrene-causes-symptoms-and-treatment

  Individuals with compromised immune systems are at a higher risk of developing Fournier’s gangrene. This includes patients with conditions such as HIV/AIDS, those undergoing chemotherapy, and those on immunosuppressive medications for autoimmune diseases or after organ transplants. A weakened immune response can allow bacteria to proliferate unchecked, increasing the likelihood of severe infections like Fournier’s gangrene. […] Surgical procedures and traumatic injuries in the genital or perineal region can create an entry point for bacteria, setting the stage for infection. Surgical wounds, especially those not kept clean or that heal poorly are susceptible to bacterial colonization. Additionally, injuries such as cuts, abrasions, or puncture wounds in these areas can similarly predispose individuals to Fournier’s gangrene if bacteria are introduced and allowed to thrive.

• #1 Clostridial Gas Gangrene Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/214992-clinical

  The disease process must include tissue inoculation and a low oxygen tension environment. More than 50% of cases are preceded by trauma. […] Other cases occur spontaneously or in patients after operative procedures. […] Approximately 80% of patients without trauma have an overt or occult malignancy. Of these, approximately 40% are hematologic malignancies and an additional 34% are colorectal.

• #1

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/gangrene/causes/

  Gangrene can develop when the supply of blood to an area of your body is interrupted. […] This can occur as the result of an injury, an infection, or an underlying condition that affects your circulation. […] There are several different types of gangrene, each with a different cause. […] The main types are: dry gangrene where the blood flow to an area of the body becomes blocked, wet gangrene caused by a combination of an injury and bacterial infection, gas gangrene where an infection develops deep inside the body and the bacteria responsible begin releasing gas, necrotising fasciitis caused by a serious bacterial infection that spreads quickly through the deeper layers of skin and tissue, internal gangrene where the blood flow to an internal organ, usually the intestines, gallbladder or appendix, becomes blocked.

• #1

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/gangrene/causes/

  Conditions that can affect the blood vessels and increase your risk of developing gangrene include: diabetes a condition that causes a person’s blood sugar level to become too high, which can damage nerves and blood vessels, atherosclerosis where arteries narrow and become clogged with a fatty substance known as plaque, peripheral arterial disease where a build-up of fatty deposits in the arteries restricts blood supply to leg muscles, Raynaud’s where blood vessels in certain parts of the body, usually the fingers or toes, react abnormally to cold temperatures. […] People with diabetes have an increased risk of developing gangrene. […] This is because the high blood sugar levels associated with the condition can damage your nerves, particularly those in your feet, which can make it easy to injure yourself without realising.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-gangrene.aspx

  Gangrene is caused due to tissue death that results from stoppage of blood supply to the affected organ. […] Obstruction in blood flow thus results in deprivation of all these components necessary for normal functioning. […] This blockage of blood supply may occur in three different ways […] Damage to the blood vessels due to an underlying condition like diabetes, arteriosclerosis or peripheral artery disease. […] Diabetes further raises the risk of gangrene since gangrene develops as a complication of an open wound or sore. […] Wet gangrene often develops as a result of a traumatic injury like an automobile accident, gunshot wound, burns or wound due to a sharp instrument. […] People with a weak immune system are also prone to infections that may lead to gangrene. […] The primary organism causing gas gangrene is Clostridium perfringens. […] Traumatic gas gangrene is caused after a deep, penetrating injury like a knife or a gunshot wound or a car crash. […] Fourniers gangrene is caused in the genitalia.

• #1 Clostridial Gas Gangrene: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/214992-overview

  Clostridial gas gangrene is a highly lethal necrotizing soft tissue infection of skeletal muscle caused by toxin- and gas-producing Clostridium species. […] Clostridial myonecrosis may occur following surgery, most often of the gastrointestinal or biliary tract, and following septic abortions. […] Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium septicum, and Clostridium histolyticum are the principal causes of trauma-associated gas gangrene, and their incidence increases dramatically in times of war, hurricanes, earthquakes, and other mass-casualty conditions. […] There has been an increased incidence of spontaneous gas gangrene caused by C septicum in association with gastrointestinal abnormalities and neutropenia. […] Infection requires 2 conditions to coexist. First, organisms must be inoculated into the tissues. Second, oxygen tension must be low enough for the organisms to proliferate.

• #1 What is Fournier Gangrene? – Best Urologist NYC

  https://www.besturologistnyc.com/what-is-fournier-gangrene/

  Gangrene occurs when body tissue begins to die and decompose, a process known as necrosis. Necrosis can occur because of either a restriction in blood flow, or a bacterial infection. […] Fournier gangrene is usually the result of another infection in or near the genitals. Urinary tract infections are the most common root cause of Fournier gangrene; bladder infections are the next most likely cause. […] In women, most cases of Fournier gangrene follow a hysterectomy and are more likely to occur where conditions are unsanitary. In children, the gangrene is usually caused by an insect bite which becomes infected, from accidental burns, or as the result of circumcision, particularly where the procedure isnt carried out properly.

• #1 Fournier’s Gangrene: Causes, Symptoms, Treatments | DocHospitals

  https://dochospitals.com/en/fourniers-gangrene-atc1326/

  Fournier’s gangrene is usually caused by infection. It is generally known that the cause of gangrene is infection. […] Fournier’s gangrene can be seen after urinary tract infections, sexually transmitted diseases, perianal or perinatal surgeries. It may also occur due to conditions such as fistula and abscess in the anal area. […] In addition, conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, malignancy and excessive alcohol consumption are also risk factors. […] Unlike these, it occurs due to the following reasons: Traumas caused by blows to the skin, after male sterilization surgeries, rectal cancer or injuries to the rectum, birth-related anomalies, long-term use of a urinary catheter, diabetes and obesity, severe renal failure, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, intestinal perforation, HIV, collapse of the immune system, vascular diseases, alcohol and drug addiction, after biopsy or polyp removal during colonoscopy, after taking a biopsy during cystoscopy, incorrect procedure during circumcision, conditions such as incorrect piercing use can cause Fournier’s Gangrene.

• #1 gangrene | Taber’s Medical Dictionary

  https://www.tabers.com/tabersonline/view/Tabers-Dictionary/740705/all/gangrene

  Gangrene is usually caused by obstruction of the blood supply to an organ or tissue, as from inflammation, injury, or degenerative changes such as arteriosclerosis. […] It is commonly a sequela of infections, frostbite, crushing injuries, or diseases such as diabetes mellitus and Raynaud disease. […] Emboli in large arteries in almost any part of the body can cause gangrene of the area distal to that point.

• #1 Diabetes, Infections and the Different Types of Gangrene: What You Need To Know: Midwest Institute for Non-Surgical Therapy: Vascular and Interventional Radiologists

  https://www.mintstl.com/blog/diabetes-infections-and-the-different-types-of-gangrene-what-you-need-to-know

  Dry gangrene can occur due to a lack of blood flow to a given part of the body. […] It is common in the extremities because, by the time the blood has circulated this far, it has lost much of its oxygen. […] Gas gangrene is due to internal infection usually caused by Clostridium perfringens bacteria. […] This rare and potentially deadly form of gangrene can develop after injuries or surgeries and spreads quickly. […] Internal gangrene can develop when blood flow is blocked to one or more internal organs such as the appendix, gallbladder and intestines. […] Fournier’s gangrene or genital gangrene is a rare condition that affects the genitals and the area around them. […] The cause is typically an infection in or near the genitals. […] Some cases of Fournier’s have been tied to diabetes medications. In 2018, the FDA warned that people taking some kinds of type 2 diabetes drugs (SGLT2 inhibitors) are at an increased risk of developing this type of gangrene.

• #1 Everything You Need To Know About Gangrene | Coastal Vascular Center

  https://coastalvascular.net/everything-you-need-to-know-about-gangrene/

  Gangrene is a dangerous medical condition caused due to a lack of blood supply to an area of the body or a severe bacterial infection. […] These causes may include lack of blood flow, infection, and trauma. […] This type of gangrene starts slowly and is caused by a lack of blood supply to an area. […] Wet gangrene occurs when a bacterial infection is present. […] Gas gangrene is a rare yet highly lethal form of gangrene. This occurs when an infection develops deep within the body. […] Internal gangrene can affect multiple organs, including the intestines, gallbladder, and appendix. This form can occur due to a blockage of blood flow to an organ. […] Gangrene can have grave complications, including sepsis. […] A doctor will use a combination of diagnostic methods to determine if you have gangrene. […] Depending on the severity of your gangrene, there are several treatment options available. […] People who have underlying health conditions or are at increased risk of developing gangrene should take preventative measures.

• #1 Gangrene – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK560552/

  Less common causes of ischemic gangrene are vascular occlusions from other pathology. […] Trauma to the limb or vascular system may result in ischemia and gangrene. […] Wet gangrene occurs when tissue compromised by poor venous or arterial blood flow becomes infected. […] Gas gangrene is historically caused by infection with Clostridium perfringens and other Clostridium species, resulting in clostridial myonecrosis. […] Ischemic limb gangrene may also occur in limbs with intact peripheral pulses due to thromboses in the microcirculation. […] Symmetric peripheral gangrene is another condition where multiple limbs may develop symmetric gangrene despite adequate perfusion. […] Diabetic patients are more susceptible to these infections due to poor wound healing and hyperglycemia. […] The associated tissue loss in gangrene can significantly decrease life quality due to associated pain, limited mobility, and increased risk of hospitalization. […] These conditions can also progress to substantial morbidity and mortality, with the risk of multiple surgeries and death with the disease progression.

• #1 Gangrene: Causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/158770

  Gangrene happens when a lack of oxygen-rich blood causes tissue to die in some part of the body, often the hands or feet. […] All forms of gangrene happen because of a loss of blood supply to a certain area. This deprives tissue of oxygen and nutrients, causing the tissue to die. […] Dry forms can also result from: Vascular problems: Most commonly due to the poor health of arteries and veins in the legs and toes. This usually develops over time due to conditions such as diabetes, peripheral arterial disease, and high blood pressure. […] Diabetes: Imbalanced blood sugar levels can damage blood vessels and nerves, reducing the oxygen supply to extremities. […] Wet forms can develop from: Injury: Deep, crushing, or penetrating wounds that are sustained in conditions that allow bacterial infection can lead to gangrene. […] Rarely, gangrene is linked to use of the anticoagulant drug, warfarin.

• #1 Gas gangrene – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_gangrene

  Gas gangrene (also known as clostridial myonecrosis) is a bacterial infection that produces tissue gas in gangrene. This deadly form of gangrene usually is caused by Clostridium perfringens bacteria. About 1,000 cases of gas gangrene are reported yearly in the United States. […] Myonecrosis is a condition of necrotic damage, specific to muscle tissue. It is often seen in infections with C. perfringens or any of myriad soil-borne anaerobic bacteria. Bacteria cause myonecrosis by specific exotoxins. These microorganisms are opportunistic and, in general, enter the body through significant skin breakage. […] Other causes of myonecrosis include envenomation by snakes of the genus Bothrops (family Viperidae), ischemic necrosis, caused by vascular blockage (e.g., diabetes type II), tumours that block or hoard blood supply, and disseminated intravascular coagulation or other thromboses.

• #1 PAD: Gangrene Infection | What Causes Gangrene | USA Vascular Centers

  https://www.usavascularcenters.com/pad-symptoms/gangrene-infection/

  Gangrene occurs when an injury, infection, or other condition causes tissue to die, usually because of inhibited blood circulation leading to the affected area. […] Gangrene is often caused by conditions like peripheral artery disease (PAD), which impedes blood flow in the body. When there is not enough oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood flowing to the extremities, the tissues can die. Untreated bacterial infections and wounds that allow bacteria into the body can also cause gangrene. […] People with diabetes are at a higher risk of developing gangrene. Those who have recently sustained injuries or undergone surgeries are also at an increased risk, especially if they also have PAD. Other gangrene infection risk factors include smoking, obesity, immunosuppression, and potentially COVID-19 complications.

• #1 Tooth gangrene – what is it? Causes, symptoms and treatment. How to care for your oral cavity to avoid it? – Smilesonic

  https://smilesonic.com/tooth-gangrene-what-is-it-causes-symptoms-and-treatment-how-to-care-for-your-oral-cavity-to-avoid-it/?srsltid=AfmBOoqH01I2Ut9qO7sDt0TmdpM03cvYz_3sZ5-_4ZG2tRdAdXF88LtL

  Tooth gangrene is a condition that, in its later stages, can be associated with persistent pain. […] The main cause of tooth gangrene is the action of anaerobic bacteria, which contribute to the gradual death of the pulp and the formation of harmful protein by-products such as ammonia or hydrogen sulfide. […] Therefore, it can be concluded that improper oral hygiene leads to pulp inflammation. […] Total tooth gangrene occurs when both the coronal and root chambers filled with pulp are affected. […] Partial tooth gangrene refers to a condition where only specific root canals are affected. […] If tooth decay is not treated promptly, the bacteria causing gangrene can enter the bloodstream. This may lead to complications such as myocarditis, nephritis, or sepsis. […] To prevent tooth gangrene, it is essential to maintain good oral hygiene, follow a healthy diet, and visit the dentist regularly.

• #1 Gangrene – Deadly Bacteria Plush | GIANTmicrobes

  https://www.giantmicrobes.com/us/products/gangrene.html?srsltid=AfmBOoqTY06qwe1p70mVn1zHkqOEksy8lU_K9oVSrLUfnZaQ3oIs1yzQ

  FACTS: Although gangrene may sound like a hazard of jungle exploits and military campaigns, the gruesome decay and death of soft body tissue that characterizes the condition can happen to anyone anywhere. […] There are two common types of gangrene: dry and wet. Dry gangrene occurs when blood flow is interrupted to part of the body. Affected areas dry out and eventually blacken as tissue is slowly mummified. Dry gangrene typically occurs in the fingers and toes, often in the elderly or in those living with diabetes. […] Wet gangrene occurs when infection accompanies the interrupted blood flow. Bacteria such as clostridium perfringens, which produce toxic gases that can bubble up under the skin, are often implicated. […] Although wet gangrene typically occurs after physical trauma or surgery, the bacteria responsible are widespread and infections can occur more or less spontaneously. It is extremely fast-spreading and can be fatal if left untreated.

• #1 Gangrene: Types, Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/gangrene/article.htm

  Gangrene is a term that describes dead or dying body tissue(s) that occurs because the local blood supply to the tissue is either lost or is inadequate to keep the tissue alive. […] The common cause of either wet or dry gangrene is loss of an effective local blood supply to any tissue. Loss of the blood supply means tissues are deprived of oxygen, thus causing the cells in the tissue to die. The most common causes of tissue blood supply loss and major risk factors for gangrene are: […] Dry gangrene can result from any of a number of diseases or mechanisms that can reduce or block arterial blood flow. […] Wet gangrene can result from all the causes listed above for dry gangrene but always includes infection. […] Although many types of organisms (mainly bacteria) are known to participate in wet gangrene infections, the classic bacterial organism or bacterial infection associated with wet gangrene is Clostridium perfringens, an anaerobic bacterium that grows best when oxygen is not present.

• #1 Gangrene: Types, Symptoms, Risk Factors, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/gangrene

  Gangrene is when part of your body dies and is considered a medical emergency. […] It can occur when your tissue is not receiving enough blood or from a serious bacterial infection. […] Gangrene usually affects your extremities the areas farthest from your heart, such as your toes and fingers. However, it can affect other parts of your body as well. Gangrene can even affect your internal organs. […] Dry gangrene occurs when one of your body parts is not getting enough oxygen. Eventually, the body part will start to deteriorate and die. With dry gangrene, the skin is closed and there is no evidence of infection. […] Dry gangrene most commonly develops due to arteriosclerosis, a buildup of fatty substances on your artery walls. […] Wet gangrene happens when your body tissues become infected with some type of bacteria. The tissues react to the presence of the bacteria by growing moist and breaking down. This process causes the death of your tissues.

• #1 Gas gangrene – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_gangrene

  Clostridium species produce more toxins and exhibit higher degrees of virulence than any other bacterial taxon. Clostridium infections are usually opportunistic, and occur in individuals with serious preexisting medical conditions. However, Clostridium infections are also known to occur in healthy individuals. Four species of Clostridium (Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani, and Clostridium sordelli) are responsible for most human infections. Since Clostridium is an obligate anaerobe taxon, the bacterium infects hypoxic tissues, which have become anaerobic due to restricted blood flow, degradation of blood vessels, or atherosclerosis. Immunocompromised individuals exhibit higher susceptibility for infection and higher mortality rates. […] Gas gangrene is caused by exotoxin-producing Clostridium species (most often C. perfringens, and C. novyi, but less commonly C. septicum or C. ramnosum), which are mostly found in soil, but also found as normal gut flora, and other anaerobes (e.g., Bacteroides and anaerobic streptococci). […] Bacterium of the Clostridial species produce two toxins: alpha and theta toxins, which cause necrotizing damage to tissues. […] Other organisms may occasionally cause gas gangrene (for example, Klebsiella pneumoniae in the context of diabetes).

• #1 Clostridial Gas Gangrene: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/214992-overview

  Inoculation of organisms into low oxygen tension tissues is followed by an incubation period that usually ranges from 12 to 24 hours. […] The organisms then multiply and produce exotoxins that result in myonecrosis. […] Although not very well understood, exotoxins appear to be tissue-destructive soluble antigens produced by clostridia. […] C perfringens produces at least 17 identifiable exotoxins that are used for species typing (eg, type A, type B, type C). […] The process of myonecrosis can spread as fast as 2 cm/h. This results in systemic toxicity and shock that can be fatal within 12 hours. […] Overwhelming shock with accompanying renal failure usually leads to death.

• #1 Fournier Gangrene – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/health/fournier-gangrene/

  The most crucial factor affecting mortality is the timing of surgical intervention; early surgery can halve the death rate. […] Fournier gangrene can be caused by an infection from diverse types of bacteria, including Group A Streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus, E. Coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. […] In some cases, the cause of Fournier gangrene is unknown. […] The first step is to administer a broad range of antibiotics to combat the infection. […] Urgent surgery is then carried out to remove the infected tissue, and this should be done as quickly as possible to improve patient outcomes. […] The prognosis for Fournier Gangrene can vary depending on several factors. However, the mortality rate for this condition is around 40%. Delay in diagnosis and treatment can significantly increase the mortality rate to 88%.

• #2 Gangrene – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK560552/

  Gangrene is tissue damage secondary to infection, ischemia, or both. […] Gangrene is associated with a high incidence of mortality, and in patients that survive, it can have a massive impact on the quality of life. […] Gangrene is a clinical condition of ischemic and necrotic tissue, often circumferential around a digit or extremity. […] The three main types of gangrene are wet gangrene, dry gangrene, and gas gangrene. […] Dry/ischemic gangrene is most commonly secondary to atherosclerosis and progressive occlusion of the peripheral arterial blood supply to distal tissue. […] The risk factors of peripheral atherosclerosis overlap with the risk factors for coronary artery disease: diabetes, smoking, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. […] Conditions that increase blood demand, such as localized infection and trauma, may worsen limb ischemia.

• #2 Gangrene: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21070-gangrene

  Gangrene is when lack of blood flow causes tissues in your body to die. […] Gangrene is a medical emergency in which blood stops flowing to a specific part of your body, and tissues in that area die. […] Lack of blood flow to a specific part of your body causes gangrene. Blood delivers oxygen, nutrients and antibodies to your tissues. When your tissues dont receive blood, they start to die. […] Causes of blocked blood flow include: Medical conditions, like peripheral artery disease, that affect your circulation. […] Gangrene always involves tissue death, but it doesnt always involve an infection. […] Gangrene is serious and can be life-threatening. It may lead to: Loss of a body part, like a finger, toe, hand or foot. […] Without treatment, gangrene can quickly become fatal. How long it takes for gangrene to cause death depends on the type of gangrene you have. Gas gangrene progresses very fast. […] For any type of gangrene, the sooner you get treatment, the better your chances of survival.

• #2

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/gangrene/causes/

  Conditions that can affect the blood vessels and increase your risk of developing gangrene include: diabetes a condition that causes a person’s blood sugar level to become too high, which can damage nerves and blood vessels, atherosclerosis where arteries narrow and become clogged with a fatty substance known as plaque, peripheral arterial disease where a build-up of fatty deposits in the arteries restricts blood supply to leg muscles, Raynaud’s where blood vessels in certain parts of the body, usually the fingers or toes, react abnormally to cold temperatures. […] People with diabetes have an increased risk of developing gangrene. […] This is because the high blood sugar levels associated with the condition can damage your nerves, particularly those in your feet, which can make it easy to injure yourself without realising.

• #2 Gangrene causes – wikidoc

  https://wikidoc.org/index.php/Gangrene_causes

  According to Hippocratic physicians, gangrene is brought about by three reasons. These include wound constriction that is followed by hemorrhage, compression, and necrosis due to bandages. […] According to Hippocratic physicians, gangrene is brought about by three reasons. […] Table 1 below shows the possible causes of each type of gangrene. […] Type of Gangrene Etiology Dry Gangrene Atherosclerosis Thromboembolic diseases Adventitial cystic diseases and Vasculitis Buerger disease Popliteal entrapment Wet gangrene Infection of the venous or arterial blood Gas gangrene Infection with Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli, Bacteroides, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and streptococcal infections.

• #2 Gangrene: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/gangrene-causes-symptoms-treatments

  Gangrene happens when tissues in your body die after a loss of blood flow caused by illness, injury, or infection. […] There are two main causes of gangrene: Lack of blood supply. This is the most common cause. Blood delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues and without it, cells can’t survive. Conditions that can affect blood flow include diabetes, peripheral artery disease, atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries), and blood clots. […] Infection. An untreated bacterial infection can cause gangrene. When bacteria invade your tissues and multiply, they can damage blood vessels and cut off blood flow to the area. […] If you have any condition that decreases your blood flow, you have a higher risk of getting gangrene. […] Other factors that can cause gangrene are: A weakened immune system due to cancer treatment or certain infections such as HIV/AIDS, Smoking, as it affects blood flow throughout the body, Trauma or serious injury, which can increase your risk of infection, Serious frostbite, which can cut off blood flow.

• #2 Gangrene: Types, Symptoms, Risk Factors, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/gangrene

  Gas gangrene is caused by bacteria called clostridia. These bacteria create an infection that causes gas bubbles and toxins to develop inside the affected area. The resulting gases cause tissue death. […] Gangrene can sometimes be treated without serious complications, especially if it is caught early. However, it can lead to amputation in some serious cases, particularly if it’s not treated quickly. […] Gangrene can even be fatal for some people. This is rare, but it can occur if you have other serious medical issues that complicate your treatment.

• #2 Gangrene: Types, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/gangrene

  Group A beta-haemolytic streptococci (alone or associated with staphylococcal species). […] Gram-negative marine organisms, such as Vibrio vulnificus. […] There are underlying diseases which can be associated with gangrene, and which should be looked for, especially if the cause of gangrene is unclear. […] Atherosclerosis. […] Diabetes mellitus. […] Raynaud’s disease. […] Peripheral arterial disease. […] This initially involves resuscitation with attention to airways, breathing and circulation. Once patients are stable they need to receive therapy for the gangrene, which can involve the use of antibiotics and surgical debridement. […] It is important to note that antibiotics may not penetrate the tissue involved but will help prevent spread of infection. […] Requires restoration of blood supply to the gangrenous area. […] Prognosis depends on the presence of other morbidity, the area of the body affected and the extent of gangrene.

• #2 Fournier Gangrene: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/what-is-fourniers-gangrene

  Fourniers gangrene can be caused by many types of bacteria, including E. coli. Other causes could include group A streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus, or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. […] Fourniers gangrene usually involves an infection with bacteria. The bacteria can get into tissues under your skin in several ways. These include: […] If you have female anatomy, Fourniers gangrene most often happens due to an abscess near your anus or on your vulva. Other causes can include injuries from surgery or radiation treatments. […] You might get infected with several kinds of bacteria. The most common found in people with Fourniers gangrene include: Group A streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

• #2 Fournier Gangrene – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/health/fournier-gangrene/

  The most crucial factor affecting mortality is the timing of surgical intervention; early surgery can halve the death rate. […] Fournier gangrene can be caused by an infection from diverse types of bacteria, including Group A Streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus, E. Coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. […] In some cases, the cause of Fournier gangrene is unknown. […] The first step is to administer a broad range of antibiotics to combat the infection. […] Urgent surgery is then carried out to remove the infected tissue, and this should be done as quickly as possible to improve patient outcomes. […] The prognosis for Fournier Gangrene can vary depending on several factors. However, the mortality rate for this condition is around 40%. Delay in diagnosis and treatment can significantly increase the mortality rate to 88%.

• #2 Related conditions – Gangrene – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis – MedBroadcast.com

  https://medbroadcast.com/channel/infection/related-conditions/gangrene

  Gangrene is the death of tissue in your body. It develops when the blood supply to an affected body part is cut off because of various factors such as infection, vascular disease, or trauma. […] Gangrene is tissue death due to interrupted blood supply, often from infections or trauma. It can affect extremities and requires prompt treatment to prevent severe complications. […] Gas (wet) gangrene is the most life-threatening form of gangrene. It occurs in wounds that are infected by a family of bacteria called Clostridium. At least 20 kinds of Clostridium can cause gas gangrene. […] Injuries that leave a portion of muscle tissue deprived of oxygen make an ideal home for clostridia. […] Surgery can also produce areas of vulnerable tissue. […] There are other causes of wet gangrene that aren’t associated specifically with clostridia. Other bacteria such as E.coli, Klebsiella, and Proteus may cause infected wet gangrene in damaged tissue, resulting in a serious, often life-threatening infection.

• #2 Infectious gangrene. Wet gangrene. Gas gangrene

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/wet-gangrene

  Gangrene is the localised death of body tissue. Wet gangrene is gangrene due to necrotising bacterial infections, including necrotising fasciitis. […] Necrotising bacterial infections can occur via any break in the skin or internal organ. They are caused by 3 main bacterial subgroups: […] Gas gangrene is particularly severe and is most often due to Clostridium perfringens, which can rapidly proliferate in injured muscles. […] Group A -hemolytic streptococci (GAS), either alone or associated with staphylococcal species, tend to be locally aggressive and can lead to serious blood infections such as toxic shock syndrome. […] Marine organisms such as Vibrio vulnificus are rare causes of gangrene and have mostly been reported in warm coastal regions. […] Risk factors for necrotising infections include: Diabetes mellitus, Atherosclerosis and peripheral vascular disease, Trauma, Surgery, especially operations on colon or gallbladder, Intravenous drug and insulin injection, Skin infections, erosions and ulcers, Animal and insect bites, Visceral-cutaneous fistulas, Percutaneous catheter insertion, Abscesses, Urinary tract infection, Streptococcal sore throat (tonsillitis), Alcohol abuse, Immune deficiency, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, Immune suppression by medications, Anticoagulants, especially the combination of warfarin (coumadin) and heparin. […] Prognosis in wet gangrene depends on the extent of disease, the underlying cause and the timing of appropriate treatment.

• #2 Gangrene – Types, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.medicoverhospitals.in/diseases/gangrene/

  Raynauds disease: Circulation to the tips of the fingers and toes is obstructed, particularly in cold temperatures. Raynaud’s phenomenon has been linked to some occurrences of gangrene. […] Wet forms can develop from: Injury: Deep, crushing, or penetrating wounds that allow bacterial infection can lead to gangrene. […] Immune deficiency: When a person’s immune system is compromised due to HIV, diabetes, long-term alcohol or drug addiction, recent chemotherapy or radiotherapy, or mild infections that progress quickly, all these factors can make a person prone to gangrene. […] Embolism: A sudden blockage of an artery can cause dry gangrene, but it also increases the risk of infection and, therefore, leads to wet gangrene.

• #2 Fournier’s Gangrene | Fournier’s Gangrene Causes

  https://www.glynns.co.uk/necrotising-fasciitis/fourniers-gangrene-necrotising-fasciitis.php

  Fournier’s gangrene is necrotising fasciitis bacteria in the external genitalia and perineum (such as the penis, testes and perineum). The bacteria reproduce and in doing so release a poisonous toxin as they do so. […] If there is a delay in treatment, the infection will spread at a rapid rate, causing increased pain and suffering. The amount of skin that subsequently needs to be removed will also be much more extensive, potentially leaving long-term health complications. Medical negligence can arise if: […] Delay or failure to recognise the signs of skin necrosis; […] Failure to regularly observe the affected area for signs of skin necrosis; […] Failure to perform the tests necessary to diagnose skin necrosis; […] Failure to arrange urgent treatment of skin necrosis.

• #2 Gangrene: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/gangrene-overview-4582685

  Constriction: Tight constrictive pressure wrapped around an arm, leg, finger, or toe can suddenly diminish blood supply. […] Frostbite: Exposure to extreme cold can reduce blood flow to your digits (fingers and toes), as well as your ears and nose. […] Drug use: Intravenous (IV) drug use increases exposure to certain infectious bacteria, which can cause gangrene.

• #2 Clostridial Gas Gangrene Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/214992-clinical

  The disease process must include tissue inoculation and a low oxygen tension environment. More than 50% of cases are preceded by trauma. […] Other cases occur spontaneously or in patients after operative procedures. […] Approximately 80% of patients without trauma have an overt or occult malignancy. Of these, approximately 40% are hematologic malignancies and an additional 34% are colorectal.

• #2 Fournier Gangrene – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/health/fournier-gangrene/

  While some healthy individuals can develop Fournier gangrene, it is often associated with people who have weak or compromised immune systems. […] Fournier gangrene has a number of known risk factors: Hardening of the arteries (Atherosclerosis), Chemotherapy, Chronic alcohol abuse (seen in 25% to 50% of cases), Chronic use of steroids, Colorectal cancer, Diabetes (seen in 20% to 70% of cases), Drug abuse (especially injecting drugs into groins or penis), HIV infection, Having a compromised immune system, Inflammatory bowel disease, Leukaemia, Liver failure or cirrhosis, Being male (seen in 90% of cases), Malnutrition, Having a neurogenic bladder, Obesity, Perianal abscess, Peripheral vascular disease, Prostate cancer. […] Despite improvements in treating sepsis, the mortality rate for Fournier gangrene remains around 40%.

• #2 Fournier’s Gangrene: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22025-fourniers-gangrene

  Youre at a higher risk of developing Fourniers gangrene if you have any of the following conditions: Diabetes, Cardiovascular diseases, Cirrhosis of the liver, HIV, High blood pressure (hypertension), Kidney failure, Liver failure, Substance use disorders, including alcohol use disorder, Unmanaged diabetes, Urethral stricture. […] Yes, its possible that your hygiene habits can increase your risk of Fourniers gangrene. Not regularly and thoroughly cleaning your genitals and the surrounding area with soap and clean water can increase your chances of developing Fourniers gangrene. […] Fourniers gangrene is fatal in just under 30% of people who have it.

• #2 Gas gangrene – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_gangrene

  Clostridium species produce more toxins and exhibit higher degrees of virulence than any other bacterial taxon. Clostridium infections are usually opportunistic, and occur in individuals with serious preexisting medical conditions. However, Clostridium infections are also known to occur in healthy individuals. Four species of Clostridium (Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani, and Clostridium sordelli) are responsible for most human infections. Since Clostridium is an obligate anaerobe taxon, the bacterium infects hypoxic tissues, which have become anaerobic due to restricted blood flow, degradation of blood vessels, or atherosclerosis. Immunocompromised individuals exhibit higher susceptibility for infection and higher mortality rates. […] Gas gangrene is caused by exotoxin-producing Clostridium species (most often C. perfringens, and C. novyi, but less commonly C. septicum or C. ramnosum), which are mostly found in soil, but also found as normal gut flora, and other anaerobes (e.g., Bacteroides and anaerobic streptococci). […] Bacterium of the Clostridial species produce two toxins: alpha and theta toxins, which cause necrotizing damage to tissues. […] Other organisms may occasionally cause gas gangrene (for example, Klebsiella pneumoniae in the context of diabetes).

• #2

  https://www.epocrates.com/online/diseases/101523/Gangrene/Epidemiology

  Gangrene is a complication of necrosis characterized by the decay of body tissues. Results from ischemia, infection, or trauma (or a combination of these processes). […] Two main categories: infectious gangrene (which includes necrotizing fasciitis and gas gangrene) and ischemic gangrene (which can arise from arterial or venous obstruction). […] Risk factors include diabetes, smoking, atherosclerosis, renal disease, drug and alcohol abuse, malignancy, trauma or abdominal surgery, contaminated wounds, malnutrition, hypercoagulable states, prolonged use of tourniquets, and community-acquired MRSA. […] Ischemic gangrene requires revascularization for obstruction and thromboembolism, along with optimal treatment of any underlying disease. Measures to prevent superimposed infection must also be performed.

• #2 Gangrene – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560552/

  Gangrene is tissue damage secondary to infection, ischemia, or both. […] Gangrene is associated with a high incidence of mortality, and in patients that survive, it can have a massive impact on the quality of life. […] Gangrene is a clinical condition of ischemic and necrotic tissue, often circumferential around a digit or extremity. […] The three main types of gangrene are wet gangrene, dry gangrene, and gas gangrene. […] Dry/ischemic gangrene is most commonly secondary to atherosclerosis and progressive occlusion of the peripheral arterial blood supply to distal tissue. […] The risk factors of peripheral atherosclerosis overlap with the risk factors for coronary artery disease: diabetes, smoking, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. […] Conditions that increase blood demand, such as localized infection and trauma, may worsen limb ischemia.

• #2 Gangrene Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment – Cura4U

  https://cura4u.com/conditions/gangrene

  Gangrene refers to the death of tissues of your body due to a lack of adequate blood supply or a serious bacterial infection. […] Lack of sufficient blood supply and bacterial infections are the most common causes of gangrene. […] Gangrene can also result as a consequence of a severe bacterial infection. […] Blood supply can be compromised due to cardiovascular diseases, thromboembolic diseases, and the buildup of cholesterol in arteries (atherosclerosis). […] Diseases such as diabetes and hypertension can increase the risk of gangrene. […] Poor blood circulation can further accelerate the spread of gangrene. […] The most common cause of dry gangrene is atherosclerosis. […] Wet gangrene occurs in the case of a bacterial infection. […] Many bacteria can cause gas gangrene, but the most common pathogen is Clostridium perfringens.

• #2 Gangrene – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangrene

  Gangrene is a type of tissue death caused by a lack of blood supply. […] Gangrene is caused by a critically insufficient blood supply (e.g., peripheral vascular disease) or infection. […] It is associated with diabetes and long-term tobacco smoking. […] Dry gangrene is a form of coagulative necrosis that develops in ischemic tissue, where the blood supply is inadequate to keep tissue viable. […] Dry gangrene is often due to peripheral artery disease, but can be due to acute limb ischemia. […] Wet, or infected, gangrene is characterized by thriving bacteria and has a poor prognosis (compared to dry gangrene) due to sepsis resulting from the free communication between infected fluid and circulatory fluid. […] In wet gangrene, the tissue is infected by saprogenic microorganisms (Clostridium perfringens or Bacillus fusiformis, for example), which cause tissue to swell and emit a foul odor. […] Gas gangrene is a bacterial infection that produces gas within tissues. […] Gas gangrene is caused by bacterial exotoxin-producing clostridial species, which are mostly found in soil, and other anaerobes such as Bacteroides and anaerobic streptococci.

• #2 Gas Gangrene: Causes, Symptoms & Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/gas-gangrene

  Gangrene is the death of body tissue. Clostridial myonecrosis, a type of gas gangrene, is a fast-spreading and potentially life-threatening form of gangrene caused by a bacterial infection from Clostridium bacteria. The infection causes toxins to form in the tissues, cells, and blood vessels of the body. These bacteria will release toxins that cause tissue death and release a gas. […] Gas gangrene is most commonly caused by the Clostridium perfringens bacterium. In some cases, it may be caused by group A Streptococcus bacteria. The infection occurs suddenly and spreads quickly. […] Gas gangrene generally develops at a recent surgical or injury site. In rare cases, it may happen spontaneously, without an apparent cause. […] Certain injuries have a higher risk of causing gas gangrene, including muscle injuries, severely damaged tissues, wounds that are very deep, and wounds that are contaminated with stool or dirt, especially those that might occur on a farm. […] You are also at an increased risk for developing this condition if you have diabetes, arterial disease, colon cancer, frostbite, open fractures, or used a contaminated needle to inject substances into your muscles.

• #2 Gas Gangrene: Causes, Symptoms, Prevention and Treatment

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/gas-gangrene-symptoms-treatment-and-prevention/

  Gas gangrene is usually caused by bacterium Clostridium perfringens, which grows only in the absence of oxygen, or is caused by group-A streptococcus. It usually develops suddenly and occurs at the site of trauma or recent wound. Patients with underlying blood vessel disease atherosclerosis, diabetes or colon cancer are at risk of developing gas gangrene. […] Post-traumatic gas gangrene can occur due to trauma arising from crush injuries, compound fractures and gunshot wounds. […] Post-operative clostridial infection after a ruptured appendix, bowel perforation, colon resection etc. can also lead to gas gangrene. […] Clostridium perfringens usually cause gas gangrene.

• #2 Fournier Gangrene – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/health/fournier-gangrene/

  Fournier gangrene is a rare and fast-moving disease that affects the skin and deep tissues in the private areas, including the area around the genitals, anus, and perineum. […] This condition happens due to an infection caused by diverse types of bacteria affecting the fascia (a band of tissue beneath the skin) and the soft tissues just beneath the skin. Common bacteria like Group A Streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus (both gram-positive bacteria), E. Coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (both gram-negative bacteria) are often found in the infections of patients with Fournier gangrene. […] These bacteria can start an infection which can grow and develop into Fournier gangrene. […] Its important to know that about 25% of cases occur without a clear cause. […] Fournier gangrene is a rare infection that makes up less than 0.02% of all hospital admissions.

• #2 Fournier’s Gangrene: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.thewoundpros.com/post/fourniers-gangrene-causes-symptoms-and-treatment

  Fournier’s gangrene is primarily caused by a polymicrobial infection involving both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Common bacterial species implicated include Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and various anaerobes such as Bacteroides and Clostridium. These bacteria typically enter the body through a breach in the skin, such as a cut, surgical wound, or skin ulcer. The infection rapidly progresses due to the synergy between these bacteria, which produce toxins and enzymes that destroy tissue and impede blood flow, leading to necrosis. […] Diabetes is one of the most significant risk factors for Fournier’s gangrene. High blood sugar levels can impair the immune system, reducing the body’s ability to fight infections. Additionally, diabetes often leads to poor blood circulation and nerve damage, particularly in the lower extremities, which can delay the detection and treatment of wounds and infections. Diabetic patients are more prone to developing skin ulcers and infections that can escalate to Fournier’s gangrene if not managed promptly.

• #2 Diabetes, Infections and the Different Types of Gangrene: What You Need To Know: Midwest Institute for Non-Surgical Therapy: Vascular and Interventional Radiologists

  https://www.mintstl.com/blog/diabetes-infections-and-the-different-types-of-gangrene-what-you-need-to-know

  Dry gangrene can occur due to a lack of blood flow to a given part of the body. […] It is common in the extremities because, by the time the blood has circulated this far, it has lost much of its oxygen. […] Gas gangrene is due to internal infection usually caused by Clostridium perfringens bacteria. […] This rare and potentially deadly form of gangrene can develop after injuries or surgeries and spreads quickly. […] Internal gangrene can develop when blood flow is blocked to one or more internal organs such as the appendix, gallbladder and intestines. […] Fournier’s gangrene or genital gangrene is a rare condition that affects the genitals and the area around them. […] The cause is typically an infection in or near the genitals. […] Some cases of Fournier’s have been tied to diabetes medications. In 2018, the FDA warned that people taking some kinds of type 2 diabetes drugs (SGLT2 inhibitors) are at an increased risk of developing this type of gangrene.

• #2 Gas gangrene Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/gas-gangrene

  Gas gangrene is most often caused by bacteria called Clostridium perfringens. Also, it can occasionally be caused by group A streptococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Vibrio vulnificus. […] Clostridium is found nearly everywhere. As the bacteria grow inside the body, they emit gas and harmful substances (toxins) that can damage body tissues, cells, and blood vessels. […] People most at risk for gas gangrene usually have blood vessel disease (atherosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries), diabetes, or colon cancer.

• #2 Gangrene: Symptoms, Treatment, Causes & Types

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/gangrene/article_em.htm

  Dry gangrene: Because the cause of dry gangrene is a lack of blood flow, restoring the blood supply is vital. […] Wet gangrene: Surgical debridement (removal of dead tissue) of the wound is performed, and intravenous antibiotics are administered to control the infection. […] Gas gangrene: This condition needs to be treated aggressively because of the threat of the infection rapidly spreading via the bloodstream and damaging vital organs. […] If the infection cannot be controlled with debridement and administration of antibiotics, amputation of the affected part becomes necessary to prevent further deterioration. […] The best weapon against gangrene is prevention. […] The prognosis is generally favorable except in people in whom the infection has spread through the bloodstream. Gangrene is usually curable in the early stages with intravenous antibiotic treatment and debridement. Without treatment, gangrene may lead to a fatal infection. […] Gas gangrene can progress quickly; the spread of infection to the bloodstream is associated with a significant death rate.

• #3 Gangrene: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/gangrene-causes-symptoms-treatments

  Gangrene happens when tissues in your body die after a loss of blood flow caused by illness, injury, or infection. […] There are two main causes of gangrene: Lack of blood supply. This is the most common cause. Blood delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues and without it, cells can’t survive. Conditions that can affect blood flow include diabetes, peripheral artery disease, atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries), and blood clots. […] Infection. An untreated bacterial infection can cause gangrene. When bacteria invade your tissues and multiply, they can damage blood vessels and cut off blood flow to the area. […] If you have any condition that decreases your blood flow, you have a higher risk of getting gangrene. […] Other factors that can cause gangrene are: A weakened immune system due to cancer treatment or certain infections such as HIV/AIDS, Smoking, as it affects blood flow throughout the body, Trauma or serious injury, which can increase your risk of infection, Serious frostbite, which can cut off blood flow.

• #3 PAD: Gangrene Infection | What Causes Gangrene | USA Vascular Centers

  https://www.usavascularcenters.com/pad-symptoms/gangrene-infection/

  Anyone with peripheral artery disease, caused by atherosclerosis, is at risk of developing gangrene infection, particularly if the PAD is left untreated. PAD means that plaque builds up in the arteries, causing increasingly narrower passageways for blood to flow through. The plaque can build up significantly, causing a critical blockage in the arteries leading to the lower extremities. Wounds will begin to heal slowly or not due to a lack of oxygenated blood in the limbs. PAD will progress through its four stages without treatment until it develops into gangrene, the main symptom of Stage 4 peripheral artery disease.

• #3 Fournier’s Gangrene: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.thewoundpros.com/post/fourniers-gangrene-causes-symptoms-and-treatment

  Fournier’s gangrene is primarily caused by a polymicrobial infection involving both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Common bacterial species implicated include Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and various anaerobes such as Bacteroides and Clostridium. These bacteria typically enter the body through a breach in the skin, such as a cut, surgical wound, or skin ulcer. The infection rapidly progresses due to the synergy between these bacteria, which produce toxins and enzymes that destroy tissue and impede blood flow, leading to necrosis. […] Diabetes is one of the most significant risk factors for Fournier’s gangrene. High blood sugar levels can impair the immune system, reducing the body’s ability to fight infections. Additionally, diabetes often leads to poor blood circulation and nerve damage, particularly in the lower extremities, which can delay the detection and treatment of wounds and infections. Diabetic patients are more prone to developing skin ulcers and infections that can escalate to Fournier’s gangrene if not managed promptly.

• #3 Gangrene – Types, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.medicoverhospitals.in/diseases/gangrene/

  Raynauds disease: Circulation to the tips of the fingers and toes is obstructed, particularly in cold temperatures. Raynaud’s phenomenon has been linked to some occurrences of gangrene. […] Wet forms can develop from: Injury: Deep, crushing, or penetrating wounds that allow bacterial infection can lead to gangrene. […] Immune deficiency: When a person’s immune system is compromised due to HIV, diabetes, long-term alcohol or drug addiction, recent chemotherapy or radiotherapy, or mild infections that progress quickly, all these factors can make a person prone to gangrene. […] Embolism: A sudden blockage of an artery can cause dry gangrene, but it also increases the risk of infection and, therefore, leads to wet gangrene.

• #3 Gas Gangrene: Causes, Symptoms & Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/gas-gangrene

  Gangrene is the death of body tissue. Clostridial myonecrosis, a type of gas gangrene, is a fast-spreading and potentially life-threatening form of gangrene caused by a bacterial infection from Clostridium bacteria. The infection causes toxins to form in the tissues, cells, and blood vessels of the body. These bacteria will release toxins that cause tissue death and release a gas. […] Gas gangrene is most commonly caused by the Clostridium perfringens bacterium. In some cases, it may be caused by group A Streptococcus bacteria. The infection occurs suddenly and spreads quickly. […] Gas gangrene generally develops at a recent surgical or injury site. In rare cases, it may happen spontaneously, without an apparent cause. […] Certain injuries have a higher risk of causing gas gangrene, including muscle injuries, severely damaged tissues, wounds that are very deep, and wounds that are contaminated with stool or dirt, especially those that might occur on a farm. […] You are also at an increased risk for developing this condition if you have diabetes, arterial disease, colon cancer, frostbite, open fractures, or used a contaminated needle to inject substances into your muscles.

• #3 Does Drug Abuse Cause Limb Loss? Recognize the Signs

  https://www.elev8centers.com/blog/drug-abuse-limb-loss

  Drug abuse has been identified as a significant risk factor for the development of gangrene. […] Opioids, such as heroin and prescription painkillers, have been found to increase the risk of gangrene due to their impact on blood circulation. […] Stimulant drugs like methamphetamine and cocaine can also contribute to the development of gangrene. […] Intravenous drug use, regardless of the specific drug, poses a particularly high risk for gangrene. […] One of the primary ways drug abuse can lead to gangrene is through the restriction of blood flow. […] Drug abuse, especially long-term and heavy substance use, can weaken the immune system. […] Individuals engaged in drug abuse often neglect proper hygiene practices, which can further contribute to the development of gangrene.

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