Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Gangrene – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK560552/

  Gangrene is tissue damage secondary to infection, ischemia, or both. […] Gangrene is associated with a high incidence of mortality, and in patients that survive, it can have a massive impact on the quality of life. […] The three main types of gangrene are wet gangrene, dry gangrene, and gas gangrene. […] Dry gangrene is dehydrated ischemic tissue caused by progressive ischemia distal to arterial occlusion, often a progression of peripheral artery disease. […] Wet gangrene occurs when tissue compromised by poor venous or arterial blood flow becomes infected. […] Gas gangrene is historically caused by infection with Clostridium perfringens and other Clostridium species, resulting in clostridial myonecrosis. […] In ischemic gangrene, reduced arterial perfusion leads to arteriole dilation as compensation, resulting in distal edema and endothelial damage.

• #2 Gangrene: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21070-gangrene

  Gangrene is a medical emergency in which blood stops flowing to a specific part of your body, and tissues in that area die. […] Gangrene always involves tissue death, but it doesn’t always involve an infection. A gangrene infection is when bacteria grow in the affected area. Without prompt treatment, gangrene (with or without an infection) can lead to serious complications or death. […] Lack of blood flow to a specific part of your body causes gangrene. Blood delivers oxygen, nutrients and antibodies to your tissues. When your tissues don’t receive blood, they start to die. […] Gangrene treatments aim to stop gangrene from spreading, remove dead tissue and help blood flow better. […] Without treatment, gangrene can quickly become fatal. How long it takes for gangrene to cause death depends on the type of gangrene you have. Gas gangrene progresses very fast. The area of dead tissue can expand several inches with every hour that passes. Gas gangrene is always fatal without treatment, and sometimes fatal even with treatment. […] For any type of gangrene, the sooner you get treatment, the better your chances of survival.

• #3 Gangrene – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gangrene/symptoms-causes/syc-20352567

  Gangrene is death of body tissue due to a lack of blood flow or a serious bacterial infection. […] A condition that can damage the blood vessels and affect blood flow, such as diabetes or hardened arteries (atherosclerosis), increases the risk of gangrene. […] Causes of gangrene include: Lack of blood supply. The blood provides oxygen and nutrients to the body. It also provides the immune system with antibodies to fight infections. Without a proper blood supply, cells can’t survive, and tissue dies. […] Infection. An untreated bacterial infection can cause gangrene. […] Gangrene occurs when blood flow to a certain area of the body is interrupted. The lack of blood flow causes tissue to die. Gangrene often affects the fingers or toes. […] Gas gangrene is most commonly caused by bacteria called Clostridium perfringens. Bacteria gather in an injury or surgical wound that has no blood supply. The bacterial infection produces toxins that release gas and cause tissue death. Like wet gangrene, gas gangrene is a life-threatening condition.

• #4 Gangrene: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/gangrene-causes-symptoms-treatments

  Gangrene happens when tissues in your body die after a loss of blood flow caused by illness, injury, or infection. […] There are two main causes of gangrene: Lack of blood supply. This is the most common cause. Blood delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues and without it, cells can’t survive. Conditions that can affect blood flow include diabetes, peripheral artery disease, atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries), and blood clots. […] Infection. An untreated bacterial infection can cause gangrene. When bacteria invade your tissues and multiply, they can damage blood vessels and cut off blood flow to the area. […] If you have any condition that decreases your blood flow, you have a higher risk of getting gangrene. […] Treatment for all forms of gangrene involves removing dead tissue, treating and stopping the spread of infection, and treating the condition that caused the gangrene. The sooner you get treatment, the more likely you are to recover. […] Gangrene can quickly spread to other areas of the body if left untreated. You may need to have a limb amputated or removed and have reconstructive surgery. It can also cause a lot of scarring. If the condition gets very severe, it can cause your organs to fail and lead to death.

• #5 Gangrene | Definition, Causes & Treatment | Study.com

  https://study.com/academy/lesson/gangrenous-necrosis-definition-causes-treatment.html

  Gangrene necrosis occurs when tissues begin to die due to a lack of oxygen. […] The pathophysiology of gangrene depends on the type of gangrene. In gangrene that occurs due to infection, bacteria initially infect a tissue. The bacteria then release a number of toxins that damage nearby tissues, resulting in the beginning of a gangrenous wound. In other forms of gangrene, the pressure within the arteries is decreased which eventually results in compressed circulatory pathways. This results in poor oxygen delivery to tissue, which begins the formation of necrotic and gangrenous tissue. […] Gangrene results when restricted blood flow prevents oxygen from reaching tissues, which results in tissue death.

• #6 Gangrene | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/24944

  Gangrene is a clinical condition of ischemic and necrotic tissue, often circumferential around a digit or extremity. It is identified by discolored or black tissue and associated sloughing of natural tissue planes. The three main types of gangrene are wet gangrene, dry gangrene, and gas gangrene. […] Dry/ischemic gangrene is most commonly secondary to atherosclerosis and progressive occlusion of the peripheral arterial blood supply to distal tissue. The risk factors of peripheral atherosclerosis overlap with the risk factors for coronary artery disease: diabetes, smoking, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Conditions that increase blood demand, such as localized infection and trauma, may worsen limb ischemia. […] In ischemic gangrene, reduced arterial perfusion leads to arteriole dilation as compensation, resulting in distal edema and endothelial damage. This can trigger a cycle of micro thrombosis resulting in worsening tissue damage. Due to the ischemic environment, localized cellular dysregulation limits the ability to have adequate wound healing and set the tissue up for continued damage and infection. […] In gas gangrene, bacteria such as C.perfringens and group A streptococcus can produce multiple exotoxins, resulting in local tissue destruction and subsequent systemic infection. Alpha-toxin, a C-lecithinase, can result in extensive tissue necrosis and promote systemic hemolysis.

• #7 Pathology of Gangrene | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/73252

  Pathological features of gangrene are described. Gangrene is commonly caused by infection of anaerobic bacteria. The hypoxic/ischemic condition accelerates the growth of anaerobic bacteria and extensive necrosis of the involved tissue. Clostridial and non-clostridial gangrene provokes gas formation in the necrotic tissue. Acute gangrenous inflammation happens in a variety of tissues and organs, including the vermiform appendix, gallbladder, bile duct, lung, and eyeball. Rapidly progressive gangrene of the extremities (so-called flesh-eating bacteria infection) is seen in fulminant streptococcal, Vibrio vulnificus, and Aeromonas hydrophila infections. Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus may play an important role for vulnerability of the infectious diseases. Pseudomonas-induced malignant otitis externa and craniofacial mucormycosis are special forms of the lethal gangrenous disorder.

• #8 Gangrene – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK560552/

  In gas gangrene, bacteria such as C.perfringens and group A streptococcus can produce multiple exotoxins, resulting in local tissue destruction and subsequent systemic infection. […] Gas gangrene presents with pain, edema, the development of hemorrhagic bullae, and color changes ranging from a pale coloration to a bronze-purplish red coloration. […] Gas gangrene, with associated exotoxins, can be very aggressive with a high mortality rate when treatment is delayed.

• #9 Gas Gangrene (Clostridial Myonecrosis): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/217943-overview

  Gas gangrene is caused by an anaerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming bacillus of the genus Clostridium. C perfringens is the most common etiologic agent that causes gas gangrene. Other common clostridial species that cause gas gangrene include Clostridium bifermentans, Clostridium septicum, Clostridium sporogenes, Clostridium novyi, Clostridium fallax, Clostridium histolyticum, and Clostridium tertium. […] C perfringens produces at least 20 exotoxins. The most important exotoxins and their biologic effects are as follows: Alpha toxin – Lethal,* lecithinase, necrotizing, hemolytic, cardiotoxic; Beta toxin – Lethal,* necrotizing; Epsilon toxin – Lethal,* permease; Iota toxin – Lethal,* necrotizing; Delta toxin – Lethal,* hemolysin; Phi toxin – Hemolysin, cytolysin; Kappa toxin – Lethal,* collagenase, gelatinase, necrotizing; Lambda toxin – Protease; Mu toxin – Hyaluronidase; Nu toxin – Lethal,* deoxyribonuclease, hemolytic, necrotizing.

• #10 Clostridial Myonecrosis: A Comprehensive Review of Toxin Pathophysiology and Management Strategies

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/12/7/1464

  Clostridial myonecrosis, commonly known as gas gangrene (GG), is a rapidly progressing and potentially fatal bacterial infection that primarily affects muscle and soft tissue. This condition is most often caused by Clostridium perfringens, a Gram-positive, spore-forming anaerobic bacterium widely distributed in the environment, although other Clostridium species have also been reported to cause GG. There are two main subtypes of GG: traumatic GG, resulting from injuries that introduce Clostridium spores into deep tissue, where anaerobic conditions allow for bacterial growth and toxin production, and spontaneous GG, which is rarer and often occurs in immunocompromised patients. Clostridium species produce various toxins (e.g., alpha, theta, beta) that induce specific downstream signaling changes in cellular pathways, causing apoptosis or severe, fatal immunological conditions. For example, the Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin (CPA) targets the host cell’s plasma membrane, hydrolyzing sphingomyelin and phosphatidylcholine, which triggers necrosis and apoptosis. The combination of toxin production, enzymatic activity, and other virulence factors leads to extensive tissue necrosis. Various CP toxins, along with their mechanisms of action, are discussed below.

• #11 Gas gangrene – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_gangrene

  Gas gangrene (also known as clostridial myonecrosis) is a bacterial infection that produces tissue gas in gangrene. This deadly form of gangrene usually is caused by Clostridium perfringens bacteria. Myonecrosis is a condition of necrotic damage, specific to muscle tissue. Bacteria cause myonecrosis by specific exotoxins. […] Gas gangrene can cause myonecrosis (muscle tissue death), gas production, and sepsis. […] Members of the Clostridium genus exhibit a plethora of virulence factors. Common virulence factors associated with gas gangrene include alpha toxin and theta toxin. […] The key Clostridium septicum virulence factor is a pore-forming toxin called alpha-toxin, though it is unrelated to the Clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin. […] Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin is widely associated with gas gangrene as it is its main virulence factor whilst invading its host. Alpha-toxin causes excessive platelet aggregation which blocks blood vessels and deprives the vital organs of oxygen supply.

• #12 Combating the Insidious Enemy: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Treatment of Clostridial Gas Gangrene | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/10.1007%2F978-94-007-5869-8_36

  Clostridial gas gangrene is a life-threatening condition having dreaded features like myonecrosis, gas production, and sepsis and is usually caused by Clostridium perfringens which exists in the soil and as part of the gastrointestinal flora of humans. […] Common characteristics of inciting events include contamination of the site with Clostridium sp. and devitalization of tissue. […] Areas with low oxygen concentration are ideal for these infections; anaerobic conditions impel Clostridium sp. to convert itself from spore to the vegetative form which produces toxins, say -toxin and -toxin which in a row are responsible for tissue damage and systemic manifestations. […] On successful infection, it destroys RBCs, platelets, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), causing widespread cell membrane and capillary damage which establish the typical pathophysiology. […] The role of clostridial toxins in the pathogenesis of gas gangrene. […] Immunization with the C-Domain of alpha -Toxin prevents lethal infection, localizes tissue injury, and promotes host response to challenge with Clostridium perfringens.

• #13 Gangrene – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangrene

  Healthy cells maintain a balance called homeostasis, constantly adjusting to various stressors and stimuli from their environment. […] When a large area of tissue is affected by necrosis, it can lead to gangrene. Gangrene itself happens when the tissue loses blood flow and becomes deprived of oxygen and nutrients. […] There are different types of gangrene, including dry, wet, and gas gangrene, depending on the underlying cause and the conditions of the tissue. […] Gangrene is caused by a critically insufficient blood supply (e.g., peripheral vascular disease) or infection. […] Dry gangrene is a form of coagulative necrosis that develops in ischemic tissue, where the blood supply is inadequate to keep tissue viable. […] Wet, or infected, gangrene is characterized by thriving bacteria and has a poor prognosis (compared to dry gangrene) due to sepsis resulting from the free communication between infected fluid and circulatory fluid. […] Gas gangrene is a bacterial infection that produces gas within tissues. […] Infection spreads rapidly as the gases produced by the bacteria expand and infiltrate healthy tissue in the vicinity.

• #14 Gangrene | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/gangrene-238632840/238632840

  A form of necrosis of tissue with superadded putrefaction. The necrosis is usually coagulative due to ischaemia. In all type of gangrene, necrosis undergoes liquefaction by the action of putrefactive bacteria. […] Putrefaction involves the decomposition of proteins, breakdown of the tissues, and liquefaction of the organs by the action of microorganisms resulting in the production of a foul smell. e.g. Staphylococcus(aerobic), Clostridium(Anaerobic). […] This form of gangrene begins in the distal part of a limb due to ischaemia. The typical example is the dry gangrene in the toes and feet of an old patient due to arteriosclerosis. […] The affected part is dry, shrunken and dark black, resembling the foot of a mummy. It is black due to liberation of haemoglobin from haemolysed red blood cells which is acted upon by hydrogen disulfide (H2S) produced by bacteria resulting in formation of black iron sulfide.

• #14 Gangrene | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/gangrene-238632840/238632840

  Develops rapidly due to blockage of venous, and less commonly, arterial blood flow from thrombosis or embolism. The affected part is stuffed with blood which favours the rapid growth of putrefactive bacteria. The toxic products formed by bacteria are absorbed causing profound systemic manifestations of septicaemia, and finally death. […] Special form of wet gangrene caused by gas- forming clostridia (gram-positive anaerobic bacteria). Gain entry into the tissues through open contaminated wounds. Such as in the muscles, or as a complication of operation on colon which normally contains clostridia. It produce various toxins which produce necrosis and oedema locally. Also absorbed producing profound systemic manifestations. […] The affected area is swollen, oedematous, painful and crepitant due to accumulation of gas bubbles within the tissues. Subsequently, the affected tissue becomes dark black and foul smelling.

• #15 PATHOLOGY OF GANGRENE – Pathology Made Simple

  https://ilovepathology.com/pathology-of-gangrene/

  Necrosis of tissue with superadded putrefaction […] Black color of the affected tissue (resulting from formation of iron sulfide from decomposed hemoglobin) Hydrogen sulphide released from bacteria reacts with iron (from hemoglobin) and form iron sulphide. […] The affected segment of bowel is Moist, soft, swollen and dark Marked putrefaction No line of demarcation Poor prognosis. […] The tissue is black, rotten, pulpy and foul smelling As the bacteria decomposes. […] Affected area is swollen, edematous, painful and crepitant Later the area becomes dark black and foul smelling. This type of gangrene has a very high mortality rate.

• #16 Gangrene pathophysiology – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Gangrene_pathophysiology

  There are three types of gangrene and they have different pathophysiology. A reduced arterial perfusion is observed in dry gangrene which results in the compensatory arteriolar dilation, which eventually results in distal edema, and damage of the endothelial tissue. […] Saprogenic microorganisms such as Clostridium perfringens and Bacillus fusiformis are the most common organisms observed in wet gangrene which are responsible for infecting the tissues, thereby producing a putrid smell and edema. […] Group A Steptococcus and exotoxins from Clostridium perfringens are responsible for the local and systemic infection found in gas gangrene. […] It is a type of coagulative necrosis which occurs in ischemic tissue. […] The pooling and accumulation of blood in the affected tissue promotes proliferation of bacteria. […] An edematous, putrid, soft, and dark tissue is observed. […] Clostridium perfringens produces a Clostridium-lecithinase called Alpha-toxin that contributes to tissue necrosis and systemic hemolysis. […] Rapid progression to shock is usually observed.

• #17 Gas Gangrene: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24739-gas-gangrene

  Gas gangrene, also called clostridial myonecrosis, is a bacterial infection that destroys your tissues. Its usually caused by Clostridium bacteria (most commonly, C. perfringens). […] Clostridium bacteria release toxins that destroy blood cells, blood vessels and muscle tissue. This causes severe blisters, swelling and skin discoloration. The bacteria create gas that makes wounds smell bad when they open. The toxins also cause widespread inflammation. […] The bacterium Clostridium perfringens causes most cases of gas gangrene. Other species (types) of Clostridium and group A Streptococcus bacteria can also cause it. […] These bacteria live in dirt and in the intestines (GI tract) of people and animals. They release toxins that destroy your cells, including your blood cells, blood vessels and muscle tissue.

• #17 Gas Gangrene: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24739-gas-gangrene

  They reproduce best in areas with little oxygen. Destroying your blood cells means that less oxygen gets to your tissues. That makes it easier for them to keep reproducing and creating toxins, spreading the damage very quickly. Breaking down nutrients without oxygen (fermentation) is also what causes the pockets of gas. […] Gas gangrene must be treated immediately. Your provider will give you high doses of antibiotics and surgically remove as much of the infected tissue as possible. […] Hyperbaric oxygen therapy can help gas gangrene heal. A provider puts you in a special chamber that delivers 100% oxygen (about five times more than room air). This increases the amount of oxygen getting to your tissues, helping them to heal. It can also slow down the infection, since oxygen kills Clostridium bacteria.

• #18 03. Clostridial Myositis And Myonecrosis (Gas Gangrene) – Undersea & Hyperbaric Medical Society

  https://www.uhms.org/3-clostridial-myositis-and-myonecrosis-gas-gangrene.html

  Clostridial myositis and myonecrosis or gas gangrene is an acute, rapidly progressive, non-pyogenic, invasive clostridial infection of the muscles, characterized by profound toxemia, extensive edema, massive death of tissue, and a variable degree of gas production. […] The essential role of alpha-toxin in the pathogenesis of gas gangrene was recently confirmed by Williamson and Titball, who developed a genetically engineered vaccine against alpha-toxin. […] For the induction of gas gangrene, two conditions have to be fulfilled: The presence of clostridial spores and An area of lowered oxidation-reduction potential caused by circulatory failure in a local area or by extensive soft tissue damage and necrotic muscle tissue. […] More than 20 different clostridial exotoxins have been identified, nine of which are implicated in the local and systemic changes seen in gas gangrene; alpha-toxin, theta-toxin, kappa toxin, mutoxin, nutoxin, fibrinolysin, neuraminidase, „circulating factor,” and „bursting factor.”

• #18 03. Clostridial Myositis And Myonecrosis (Gas Gangrene) – Undersea & Hyperbaric Medical Society

  https://www.uhms.org/3-clostridial-myositis-and-myonecrosis-gas-gangrene.html

  The most prevalent is the O2 stable lecithinase C, alpha toxin, which is hemolytic and tissue-necrotizing. […] The other exotoxins are synergistic and enhance the rapid spread of infection by destroying, liquefying, and dissecting healthy tissue. […] The rapid tissue necrosis associated with C. perfringens infection is related to progressive vascular compromise orchestrated by dysregulated host cell responses induced by theta-toxin. […] An extensive and updated review about the role of clostridial toxins in the pathogenesis of gas gangrene was given by Stevens and Bryant. […] Awad et al. showed genetic evidence for the essential role of alpha-toxin in gas gangrene. […] Stevens et al. also showed evidence that alpha- and theta-toxins differentially modulate the immune response and induce acute tissue necrosis in clostridial gas gangrene.

• #19 Fournier gangrene pathophysiology – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Fournier_gangrene_pathophysiology

  The pathogenesis of Fournier gangrene is the result of an imbalance between host and bacterial factors. […] A decrease in host immunity provides a favorable environment to initiate the infection, while virulence and synergism between multiple bacteria promotes rapid spread of infection. […] The aerobic and anaerobic bacteria produce exotoxins and enzymes, such as collagenase, heparinase, and hyaluronidase, which promote the spread of infection. […] The development of cutaneous and subcutaneous vascular necrosis leads to local ischemia and further bacterial proliferation. […] Sepsis and multiorgan failure is the most common cause of death in Fournier gangrene.

• #20 Gangrene – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gangrene/symptoms-causes/syc-20352567

  Internal gangrene affects one or more of the organs, such as the intestines, gallbladder or appendix. It occurs when blood flow to an internal organ is blocked. […] Gangrene can lead to serious complications if it’s not immediately treated. Bacteria can spread quickly to other tissues and organs. You may need to have a body part removed (amputated) to save your life.

• #21 Pathology of Gangrene | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/73252

  Gangrenous inflammation may occur in a wide variety of internal organs, such as the vermiform appendix, gallbladder, bile duct, pancreas, lung, kidney, eyeball, etc. The lesion may be localized within the organ, but it often extends to the surrounding tissues, so as to be fatal. When the anaerobic pathogens produce gas, we call the serious condition as emphysematous inflammation (as a form of localized gas gangrene).

• #22 Symmetrical peripheral gangrene – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology

  https://ijdvl.com/symmetrical-peripheral-gangrene/

  Symmetrical peripheral gangrene (SPG) is a well-documented but rare clinical syndrome characterized by symmetrical distal ischemic damage leading to gangrene of two or more sites in the absence of large vessel obstruction or vasculitis. […] A wide array of infective and noninfective etiological factors has been linked with the development of SPG. The exact pathomechanism of the vascular occlusion in SPG is uncertain. A low-flow state alongwith disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is usually present. […] The pathogenesis of SPG is not well understood. A low-flow state is commonly present in association with a hypercoagulable vasospastic situation leading to microcirculatory occlusion. The ischemic changes begin distally and may advance proximally to involve a whole extremity. The pathogenesis of SPG may involve the Schwartzman reaction, bacterial endotoxin release, and platelet plugging in peripheral arterioles due to vascular collapse and DIC.

• #22 Symmetrical peripheral gangrene – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology

  https://ijdvl.com/symmetrical-peripheral-gangrene/

  A more or less prototypical clinical presentation of SPG in spite of a large number of etiological associations is suggestive of DIC as the final common pathway of its pathogenesis. […] Existing data showed that DIC might be associated with 85 to 100% of cases of SPG. […] DIC most commonly occurs due to sepsis and pneumococcus is the most common organism responsible. […] Cold-induced vasospasm may be an additive factor in the causation of gangrene. […] The clinical manifestations of DIC may often accompany the gangrene. […] DIC is an almost universal finding and is probably the final common event in the microvascular insult that gives rise to the prototypical clinical features of this syndrome.

• #23

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/gangrene/causes/

  As blood vessels are naturally narrow, any damage or extra narrowing has the potential to block blood flow to a part of the body and cause gangrene. […] People with diabetes have an increased risk of developing gangrene. This is because the high blood sugar levels associated with the condition can damage your nerves, particularly those in your feet, which can make it easy to injure yourself without realising. […] High blood sugar can also damage your blood vessels, restricting the blood supply to your feet. […] Gangrene can also occur as a result of an infection that develops during surgery. […] If your immune system is seriously weakened, minor infections can become more serious and can lead to gangrene.

• #24 Gas Gangrene (Clostridial Myonecrosis): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/217943-overview

  Significant variance exists among clostridial species as to the mechanism of action of the alpha toxin. In C septicum, the alpha toxin forms spores and induces necrosis by causing the rapid loss of intracellular potassium and depletion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). […] Local wound conditions are more important than the degree of clostridial contamination in the development of gas gangrene. Disrupted or necrotic tissue provides the necessary enzymes and a low oxidation/reduction potential, allowing for spore germination. […] The typical incubation period for gas gangrene is short (ie, 24 h), but incubation periods of 1 hour to 6 weeks have been reported. Self-perpetuating destruction of tissue occurs via a rapidly multiplying microbial population and the production of locally and systemically acting exotoxins.

• #25 What is the mechanism of Gas-gangrene Antitoxin?

  https://synapse.patsnap.com/article/what-is-the-mechanism-of-gas-gangrene-antitoxin

  Gas gangrene, also known as clostridial myonecrosis, is a severe form of tissue infection caused primarily by the Clostridium perfringens bacterium. This condition is characterized by rapid tissue destruction, gas production, and systemic toxicity. Clostridium perfringens produces a range of potent exotoxins, the most notable of which are alpha-toxin, theta-toxin, and several other enzymes that contribute to the pathogenesis of gas gangrene. Alpha-toxin, or phospholipase C, is the primary virulence factor responsible for the rapid destruction of host tissues. It hydrolyzes phospholipids in cell membranes, resulting in cell lysis and death. Additionally, alpha-toxin disrupts blood flow by causing thrombosis in small blood vessels, leading to ischemia and further tissue necrosis. […] The primary mechanism of action of gas gangrene antitoxin is the direct neutralization of exotoxins produced by Clostridium perfringens. The antibodies in the antitoxin bind specifically to the exotoxins, such as alpha-toxin, rendering them inactive. This binding prevents the exotoxins from interacting with cellular targets, thereby inhibiting their cytotoxic effects.

• #26 Gas Gangrene (Clostridial Myonecrosis): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/217943-overview

  Systemically, exotoxins may cause severe hemolysis. Hemoglobin levels may drop to very low levels and, when occurring with hypotension, may cause acute tubular necrosis and renal failure. […] C perfringens alpha toxin (CPA) and perfringolysin O (PFO) play an important role in the pathogenesis of extensive tissue destruction and hemolysis of gas gangrene.

• #27 Gangrene: Types, Symptoms, Risk Factors, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/gangrene

  Gangrene is when part of your body dies and is considered a medical emergency. […] It can occur when your tissue is not receiving enough blood or from a serious bacterial infection. […] Gangrene can spread through your body and cause you to go into septic shock if left untreated and bacteria reach your bloodstream. […] Gangrene is a medical emergency that could lead to amputations or death. […] Dry gangrene occurs when one of your body parts is not getting enough oxygen. […] Wet gangrene happens when your body tissues become infected with some type of bacteria. […] Bacteria called clostridia cause gas gangrene. […] The resulting gases cause tissue death. […] In serious gangrene cases, the dead tissue or body part may need to be removed. […] The goal of this type of surgery is to remove the affected areas to prevent the spread of infection and rid the body of the dead tissue.

• #28 Gangrene: Types, Symptoms, Risk Factors, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/gangrene

  Your doctor may prescribe antibiotics if bacteria are present. […] For people with inadequate circulation that results in gangrene, vascular surgery may be recommended in order to improve the flow of blood through the veins to body tissues. […] Placing a person with gas gangrene in a special oxygen-rich environment can slow the growth of bacteria. […] For severe cases, amputation of a limb, finger, or toe could be necessary to save your life. […] Gangrene can sometimes be treated without serious complications, especially if it is caught early. […] Gangrene can even be fatal for some people. […] To keep more tissue from dying, gangrene must be treated early to minimize the damage.

Zobacz więcej