Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Premenstrual Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560698/

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) encompasses clinically significant somatic and psychological manifestations during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, leading to substantial distress and impairment in functional capacity. These symptoms disappear within a few days of the onset of menstruation. The pooled prevalence of reproductive age women affected with PMS worldwide amounts to 47.8%. Among these, about 20% of women experience symptoms severe enough to disrupt their daily activities, and the remaining have mild to moderate symptoms. Symptoms of PMS include changes in appetite, weight gain, abdominal pain, back pain, low back pain, headache, swelling and tenderness of the breasts, nausea, constipation, anxiety, irritability, anger, fatigue, restlessness, mood swings and crying. […] Many nonpharmacological and pharmacological treatment methods are used to alleviate these symptoms. Nonpharmacological therapies are the first line of management for mild symptoms, and those with severe symptoms are treated with pharmacological therapy, mainly the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). The various nonpharmacological therapies used to treat mild symptoms include physical activity and exercise, nutrition, herbal preparations, cognitive behavioral therapy and social support, adequate rest, regular hot baths, and vitamin supplements.

• #1 Patient education: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/premenstrual-syndrome-pms-and-premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder-pmdd-beyond-the-basics

  PMS AND PMDD TREATMENT […] Conservative treatments for premenstrual syndrome (PMS) may be recommended first, including regular exercise, relaxation techniques, and vitamin and mineral supplementation. These therapies relieve symptoms in some women and have few or no side effects. If these therapies do not bring sufficient relief, prescription medication can be considered as a second option. […] […] Conservative treatments are also recommended for women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), along with a prescription medication. […] Exercise – Exercise can help to reduce stress, tension, anxiety, and depression. […] […] Relaxation therapy – PMS and PMDD can be worsened by stress, anxiety, depression, and other psychological conditions. Furthermore, living with PMS or PMDD can cause difficulties in interpersonal relationships, at work or school, and with general day-to-day living. Relaxation therapy can help to ease the stress and anxiety of daily life and may include techniques such as meditation, progressive muscle relaxation, self-hypnosis, or biofeedback.

• #1 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/premenstrual-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376787

  For many women, lifestyle changes can help relieve PMS symptoms. […] You can sometimes manage or reduce the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome by making changes in the way you eat, exercise and approach daily life. Try these tips: […] Engage in at least 30 minutes of brisk walking, cycling, swimming or other aerobic activity most days of the week. Regular daily exercise can help improve your overall health and alleviate certain symptoms, such as fatigue and a depressed mood. […] Keep a record to identify the triggers and timing of your symptoms. This will allow you to intervene with strategies that may help to lessen them. […] Here’s what’s known about the effectiveness of complementary remedies used to soothe the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome: […] Some women report relief of PMS symptoms with the use of herbs, such as ginkgo, ginger, chasteberry (Vitex agnus), evening primrose oil and St. John’s wort. However, few scientific studies have found that any herbs are effective for relief of PMS symptoms.

• #1 Premenstrual syndrome: Learn More – Treatment for PMS – InformedHealth.org – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279264/

  Some women who have premenstrual syndrome (PMS) have such bad symptoms on the days before their period that they cant go about their usual activities. But there are various ways to cope with and treat typical symptoms such as pain, breast tenderness and mood swings. […] Most women who get PMS dont have very severe symptoms, and they find ways to cope with them like getting enough rest and avoiding stress around the time leading up to their period. There is a lot of advice out there about how to deal with PMS, including: getting enough exercise and doing sports, using relaxation techniques and meditating, not smoking, drinking less alcohol and caffeine, and eating less salt. […] An analysis of several studies suggests that regularly doing sports can reduce the symptoms of PMS. The effect of most of these kinds of lifestyle changes hasnt been looked into in scientific studies, though. Women can try them out and see whether making these changes can relieve their symptoms. Observing and recording symptoms and attempted „remedies” over the course of several menstrual cycles can help you find out whether the changes have affected the symptoms.

• #1 Beyond bloating and mood swings: your guide to premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and why it’s more than just premenstrual syndrome (PMS) | Queensland Health

  https://www.health.qld.gov.au/newsroom/features/breaking-the-cycle-a-guide-to-understanding-and-managing-premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder-pmdd

  Exercise increases the level of serotonin in the brain. The most effective type of physical activity you can do to help PMDD is aerobic exercise. […] Research has shown that stress may make symptoms of PMDD worse for some people. […] Accessing a mental health clinician can help to deal with past trauma. […] Some with PMDD say their symptoms settle after changing their diet. […] Many of those with PMDD have said that cutting back on or quitting caffeine has been the best choice they ever made. […] Reducing or stopping the consumption of alcohol may also help settle the symptoms of PMDD. […] Many people with PMDD report positive experiences with taking vitamins and herbal supplements for symptoms. […] Its always important to speak to your doctor before taking anything to ensure its right for you.

• #1 Non-Drug Ways to Manage Premenstrual Syndrome | Holland Hospital

  https://www.hollandhospital.org/news-and-stories/blogs/holland-hospital/non-drug-ways-to-manage-premenstrual-syndrome

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a common disorder that up to 40% of women of childbearing age experience. […] However, there are many natural ways to help prevent PMS. Increasing your exercise, focusing on nutrition, trying acupuncture or visiting a cognitive behavioral therapist may do just the trick and eliminate the need for medication. Exercising regularly is important. Making a habit of getting 150 minutes (2.5 hours) of aerobic exercise per week can reduce PMS symptoms. […] Studies have shown that women who increase their calcium intake over time had less bloating, fewer food cravings and less cramping. A high fiber diet also may help reduce symptoms. […] Acupuncture is another non-drug way of treating PMS symptoms. A study showed that women who received about 30 sessions of acupuncture over three menstrual cycles experienced less symptoms. […] For women who struggle with the emotional and behavioral effects of PMS, CBT can be very beneficial. Therapy that focuses on acceptance and mindfulness is most helpful for treating PMS symptoms.

• #1 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/premenstrual-syndrome

  Simple changes in your diet may help relieve the symptoms of PMS: Eat a diet rich in complex carbohydrates. A complex carbohydrate-rich diet may reduce mood symptoms and food cravings. Complex carbohydrates are found in foods made with whole grains, like whole wheat bread, pasta, and cereals. Other examples are barley, brown rice, beans, and lentils. […] Taking 1,200 milligrams (mg) of calcium a day can help reduce the physical and mood symptoms that are part of PMS. Taking magnesium supplements may help reduce water retention („bloating”), breast tenderness, and mood symptoms. One study has shown that vitamin E may help reduce symptoms of PMS. […] Drugs that prevent ovulation, such as hormonal birth control methods, may lessen physical symptoms. But not all may relieve the mood symptoms of PMS. It may be necessary to try more than one of these medications before finding one that works.

• #1 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) Symptoms, Treatments & Defintion

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/premenstrual_syndrome_pms/article_em.htm

  Can I Prevent Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)? […] Lifestyle changes for PMS […] Perform aerobic exercise (if not daily, then 3-4 times a week, even a brisk walk). […] Learn and use stress management techniques such as relaxation, deep breathing, meditation, a warm bath, listening to music, or yoga in your day. […] Limit salt intake (to help reduce fluid retention, bloating, and swelling especially in the feet and hands). […] Limit caffeine intake (caffeine can make breast tenderness worse and increase headaches). […] Avoid alcohol (alcohol can often affect a woman differently before her period). […] Eat small meals and snacks spread throughout the day so you don’t go for long periods of time without eating. […] Vitamin therapy […] An adequate intake of some vitamins may help prevent some of the symptoms of PMS, although this has not been conclusively established.

• #1 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) — Physical and Emotional Symptoms

  https://www.webmd.com/women/pms/what-is-pms

  PMS symptoms tend to be predictable each month and increase in intensity the closer you get to menopause. […] Those with PMS deal with it in lots of ways. You can make changes to improve your diet, sleep, and exercise. You can also learn ways to relax your mind and body. […] There are lots of ways to manage PMS. Try to: Exercise about 30 minutes a day. Eat nutritious foods such as whole grains, fruits, and vegetables. Get enough calcium from foods (think dairy, green leafy vegetables, and canned salmon). Avoid salt, caffeine, and alcohol. Not smoke. Get enough sleep. Lower stress. Track your moods and symptoms in a journal. Use over-the-counter pain relievers such as ibuprofen, acetaminophen, or naproxen. […] If you’ve tried different things but still have bad PMS, it’s probably time to get help. Make an appointment with your doctor or gynecologist.

• #1 Premenstrual syndrome Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/condition/premenstrual-syndrome

  Eat calcium-rich foods, including beans, almonds, and dark green leafy vegetables (such as spinach and kale). […] Exercise moderately at least 30 minutes daily, 5 days a week. Studies suggest that women who exercise regularly are less likely to have symptoms of PMS. […] These supplements may also help: Calcium citrate, 500 to 1,000 mg daily, and vitamin D, 400 IU daily. Several studies suggest that calcium may reduce PMS symptoms. […] Magnesium, 400 mg daily. Studies suggest magnesium may help reduce breast tenderness, bloating, migraine, and fluid retention. […] Vitamin B6, 100 mg per day. The evidence is not overwhelming, but a few studies suggest vitamin B6 may help some women reduce symptoms of PMS. […] Omega-3 fatty acids, such as fish oils, 1 to 2 capsules, or 1 tbsp. of oil daily, to help reduce inflammation.

• #1 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

  https://womenshealth.gov/menstrual-cycle/premenstrual-syndrome

  PMS may happen more often in women who: […] Get regular aerobic physical activity throughout the month. Exercise can help with symptoms such as depression, difficulty concentrating, and fatigue. […] Choose healthy foods most of the time. Avoiding foods and drinks with caffeine, salt, and sugar in the two weeks before your period may lessen many PMS symptoms. […] Get enough sleep. Try to get about eight hours of sleep each night. Lack of sleep is linked to depression and anxiety and can make PMS symptoms such as moodiness worse. […] Find healthy ways to cope with stress. Talk to your friends or write in a journal. Some women also find yoga, massage, or meditation helpful. […] Don’t smoke. In one large study, women who smoked reported more PMS symptoms and worse PMS symptoms than women who did not smoke.

• #1 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/menstrual-abnormalities/premenstrual-syndrome-pms

  PMS can be difficult to treat. No single treatment has proven efficacy for all women, and few woman have complete relief with any single type of treatment. Treatment can thus require trial and error, as well as patience. […] Treatment of PMS is symptomatic, beginning with adequate rest and sleep, regular exercise, and activities that are relaxing. Regular exercise may help alleviate bloating as well as irritability, anxiety, and insomnia. Yoga helps some women. […] Dietary changes increasing protein, decreasing sugar, consuming complex carbohydrates, and eating smaller meals more frequently may help, as may counseling, avoiding stressful activities, relaxation training, light therapy, sleep adjustments, and cognitive-behavioral therapy. […] Some dietary supplements are mildly efficacious for reducing symptoms; they include chasteberry extract from the agnus castus fruit (which appears to lessen physical symptoms), vitamin B6 (no more than 100 mg a day), and vitamin E.

• #1 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS): View Causes, Symptoms and Treatments | 1mg

  https://www.1mg.com/diseases/premenstrual-syndrome-pms-101?srsltid=AfmBOooiAjkscNzd9c07JPe7CI1ptv2URd-B2TZZWb9GoUgcAUJtqyZp

  PMS is not life-threatening but it can impact overall productivity and health. The following Dos and Don’ts are helpful in preventing PMS: […] Drink plenty of water and fluids, like coconut water, fruit juices, soups and herbal teas to ease abdominal bloating. […] Eat a well-balanced healthy diet containing whole grains, fruits, vegetables, good fats, and protein. […] Consume nutrition supplements such as calcium, magnesium, omega 3, 6 fatty acid and Vitamin B complex, if required. Do consult your doctor before taking these supplements. […] Do light, regular exercises, yoga, aerobics, swimming, or jogging for at least 30 minutes a day for physical fitness and overall well-being. […] Get sufficient sleep. A sound sleep of around 8 hours, especially during the premenstrual period, can prevent and reduce the symptoms of PMS.

• #1 5 Steps For Relieving Your PMS Symptoms | Henry Ford Health – Detroit, MI

  https://www.henryford.com/blog/2021/03/relieving-pms-symptoms

  „True premenstrual syndrome, or PMS, describes emotional and physical changes in the days leading up to a woman’s period that interfere with her ability to perform daily activities,” says Page Animadu, M.D., an obstetrician/gynecologist at Henry Ford Health. „So while many women have premenstrual symptoms, only about 3 to 8% experience symptoms that are so severe that they can’t perform daily activities.” […] „Sometimes women are so fatigued they aren’t able to work or even concentrate,” Dr. Animadu says. […] „Women need to be assured that nothing is wrong with them; they’re just experiencing a physiological response to the drop in hormones that cause joy and happiness,” Dr. Animadu says. […] „Processed foods can make you feel bloated,” Dr. Animadu says. […] „If you usually need seven hours of sleep each night, try to get eight,” suggests Dr. Animadu. „When you’re tired, it’s more difficult to concentrate and you can become more easily agitated.”

• #1 PMS & PMDD – MGH Center for Women’s Mental Health

  https://womensmentalhealth.org/specialty-clinics/pms-and-pmdd/

  Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) is a broad term that typically refers to a general pattern of physical, emotional and behavioral symptoms occurring 1-2 weeks before and remitting with the onset of menses. PMS is common, affecting from 30-80% of women of reproductive age, though clinically significant PMS symptoms have been reported in 3-8% of patients. […] Lifestyle changes can help to ameliorate the symptoms of PMS and PMDD. For women with mild symptoms, these interventions should be tried before pharmacological treatment. […] Monthly Mood Charting […] Keeping a monthly mood chart can be informative and even therapeutic for many women. In addition to confirming the diagnosis, many women feel better if they can identify the relationship between their cycles and mood changes and can thus anticipate times at which they may be at risk for mood worsening.

• #1 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS): Symptoms, Causes and Treatment PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Numbe

  https://www.pacehospital.com/premenstrual-syndrome-pms-symptoms-causes-risk-factors-treatment-and-prevention

  Premenstrual Syndrome Prevention focuses on reducing the symptoms and improving the quality of life. Here are some strategies that can help to prevent PMS symptoms: […] Exercising regularly: Daily physical activity can help balance hormone levels and improve mood, potentially reducing some PMS symptoms […] Maintaining a healthy diet: Maintaining a healthy, balanced diet and eating small meals every two to three hours can help manage weight. […] Managing stress: It’s important to get enough sleep and manage stress through activities like yoga to reduce symptoms. […] Taking painkillers: When needed, taking painkillers (prescribed by healthcare professional) can help in managing cramps during PMS. […] Tracking PMS symptoms: Keeping a symptom diary for at least two menstrual cycles can help to track the changes that occur throughout the menstrual cycle and to identify any abnormalities. […] Avoiding excessive consumption of alcohol: Avoiding the consumption of alcohol and caffeine for at least two weeks before periods can help in managing symptoms.

• #1 Premenstrual syndrome: Learn More – Treatment for PMS – InformedHealth.org – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279264/

  Some women try to relieve their PMS using herbal products or dietary supplements such as calcium, pyridoxine (vitamin B6), magnesium, evening primrose oil, chaste tree extracts (Vitex agnus castus), St. Johns wort, saffron or Ginkgo biloba. […] Research has produced weak evidence suggesting that calcium can relieve PMS symptoms when taken at a dose of between 1,000 and 1,200 mg a day. Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) may possibly help when taken at a dose of about 50 to 100 mg per day. Both of these supplements have to be taken continuously throughout the month. […] There is also weak evidence suggesting that chaste tree extracts (Vitex agnus castus) are effective in the treatment of PMS symptoms. No clear conclusions can be drawn about the effectiveness of St. John’s Wort, saffron or Ginkgo biloba in the treatment of PMS. The studies on magnesium and evening primrose oil produced conflicting results.

• #1 PMS Supplements: 7 Options for Mood Swings and Other Symptoms

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pms-supplements

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a monthly pattern of symptoms that start about a week before your period. These symptoms tend to go away within four days after starting your period. […] Oral contraceptives and antidepressants are traditional treatments for PMS and PMDD. There are also several supplements you may want to try for relief, often with fewer side effects that traditional treatments. […] A 2017 clinical trial found that calcium supplements helped to reduce some symptoms of PMS, like bloating and fatigue. More so, they concluded that calcium supplementation was effective for reducing psychological symptoms, including sadness, mood swings, and anxiety. […] Several small studies have found that taking a daily vitamin B-6 supplement may help with many of the psychological symptoms of PMS, including moodiness, irritability, and anxiety.

• #1 Patient education: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/premenstrual-syndrome-pms-and-premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder-pmdd-beyond-the-basics/print

  Vitamin and mineral supplements – Although vitamin B6 (up to 100 mg/day) was initially thought to provide a small benefit for PMS symptoms, the majority of studies now suggest that it is no better than placebo. The most effective medications are described in the next section. […] Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors — Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a highly effective treatment for the symptoms of PMS and PMDD. The SSRIs include fluoxetine (Prozac and Sarafem), sertraline (Zoloft), citalopram (Celexa), and paroxetine (Paxil). Studies showed that SSRIs reduced the symptoms of PMDD significantly compared with placebo; between 60 and 75 percent of women with PMDD improve with an SSRI. It may not be necessary to take the medication every day. Taking the SSRI only during the second half of the menstrual cycle may be sufficient.

• #1 PMS Supplements: 7 Options for Mood Swings and Other Symptoms

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pms-supplements

  A 2010 study found that supplementing with a combination of magnesium and vitamin B-6 helped participants ease their PMS symptoms, including depression, anxiety, insomnia, water retention, and breast tenderness. […] A clinical study in 2009 evaluated its use for treating PMS symptoms. Researchers found that taking 40 mg tablets, 3 times per day reduced the severity of both physical and psychological symptoms in the students studied. […] Although St. Johns wort is better known for treating depression, its one of the most thoroughly studied medicinal herbs, with several studies pointing to its effectiveness in treating PMS symptoms. For example, a 2010 study found that it improved both physical and emotional symptoms, particularly depression and anxiety. […] For many people, PMS is a frustrating monthly ordeal. However, there are several supplements that may help with both your physical and emotional symptoms.

• #1 Premenstrual Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560698/

  The main intention to treat PMS is symptom relief and to reduce its effects on daily routine activities. Pharmacotherapy was always the first line of treatment for premenstrual syndrome, but recent research has suggested the superior benefits with combination therapy. Combination of pharmacotherapies (such as NSAIDs, SSRIs, anxiolytic agents, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists, spironolactone, oral contraceptive pills) with nonpharmacological treatments, mainly cognitive and behavioral therapies, exercises, massage therapy, light therapy along with dietary and nutritional modifications have been proven beneficial for the treatment of premenstrual symptoms. […] Lifestyle modifications include regular exercise, avoiding stressful events, and maintaining healthy sleeping habits, especially during the premenstrual period. Increased intake of complex carbohydrates increases the level of tryptophan, a serotonin precursor. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is an approach that emphasizes the correction of unsettled disruptive thoughts, behaviors, and emotions. CBT helps in the recognition of these behaviors and helps develop coping strategies to improve daily functioning. The fruit extract Vitex agnus-castus is the only herbal medicine that is proven to control PMS-associated mood swings and irritability. Recent studies of combined oral contraceptives comprising 0.02 mg of ethinyl estradiol and 3 mg of drospirenone (compound hormone pills for 24 days followed by hormone-inactive pills for the last four days) have demonstrated an improvement in PMDD symptoms. Selective serotonin receptor inhibitors (SSRIs) can be used as the first-line treatment of PMS with predominantly emotional symptoms.

• #1 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/premenstrual-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376787

  Talk with your doctor before taking any herbal products, as they may have side effects or interact with other medications you’re taking. […] For premenstrual syndrome, some basic questions to ask your doctor include: Is there anything I can do to minimize PMS symptoms? […] Don’t hesitate to ask any other questions that occur to you during your appointment.

• #1 PMS & PMDD – MGH Center for Women’s Mental Health

  https://womensmentalhealth.org/specialty-clinics/pms-and-pmdd/

  Psychotherapy and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) also offer a non-pharmacologic approach to the treatment of PMS and PMDD. A recent study found that cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) was as effective as fluoxetine (20 mg daily), in the treatment of women with PMDD. […] Non-Pharmacologic Treatment for PMS and PMDD […] Certain nutritional supplements have also been shown to improve premenstrual symptomatology. A large, multicenter trial of calcium supplementation found that 1200 mg calcium a day significantly reduced both the physical and emotional symptoms of PMS. […] Women with bipolar disorder who have mood worsening premenstrually should consider antidepressant use carefully, as switching to mania/hypomania is an associated risk with antidepressant use or increased antidepressant dosing.

• #1 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.premenstrual-syndrome-pms.hw139439

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a set of physical or mood-related symptoms that occur before your menstrual period each month. […] Lifestyle changes may help. These changes could include healthy eating, regular exercise, and cutting back on alcohol and caffeine. […] The first step is to make lifestyle changes. These are things like eating healthy, limiting things that make your symptoms worse (such as caffeine or alcohol), or getting regular exercise. […] Self-care for PMS means practicing healthy habits, managing pain, and reducing stress. […] If you still have moderate to severe symptoms after you try home treatment for two or three cycles, talk to your doctor. You can try other treatment options. […] Commonly used medicines include: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). NSAIDs such as ibuprofen and naproxen relieve premenstrual pain and cramps.

• #1 Patient education: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/premenstrual-syndrome-pms-and-premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder-pmdd-beyond-the-basics

  Vitamin and mineral supplements – Although vitamin B6 (up to 100 mg/day) was initially thought to provide a small benefit for PMS symptoms, the majority of studies now suggest that it is no better than placebo. The most effective medications are described in the next section. […] Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a highly effective treatment for the symptoms of PMS and PMDD. The SSRIs include fluoxetine (Prozac and Sarafem), sertraline (Zoloft), citalopram (Celexa), and paroxetine (Paxil). Studies showed that SSRIs reduced the symptoms of PMDD significantly compared with placebo; between 60 and 75 percent of women with PMDD improve with an SSRI. It may not be necessary to take the medication every day. Taking the SSRI only during the second half of the menstrual cycle may be sufficient.

• #1 Patient education: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/premenstrual-syndrome-pms-and-premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder-pmdd-beyond-the-basics

  Some women have sexual side effects with SSRIs. The most common sexual side effect is difficulty having an orgasm. If this occurs, using a lower dose or trying an alternative drug in the same drug class is recommended. […] SSRIs should be taken for at least two menstrual cycles to measure their benefit. Approximately 15 percent of women do not experience relief with these drugs after two cycles, in which case an alternative treatment is recommended. […] Other antidepressants that are effective are venlafaxine (Effexor) and escitalopram (Lexapro). […] Birth control pills – Some women with PMS or PMDD get relief from their symptoms when they take a birth control pill. However, some women find that the birth control pill can aggravate their PMS symptoms and, in that case, they should move to an alternative treatment.

• #1 Patient education: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/premenstrual-syndrome-pms-and-premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder-pmdd-beyond-the-basics/print

  Some women have sexual side effects with SSRIs. The most common sexual side effect is difficulty having an orgasm. If this occurs, using a lower dose or trying an alternative drug in the same drug class is recommended. […] SSRIs should be taken for at least two menstrual cycles to measure their benefit. Approximately 15 percent of women do not experience relief with these drugs after two cycles, in which case an alternative treatment is recommended. […] Other antidepressants that are effective are venlafaxine (Effexor) and escitalopram (Lexapro). […] Birth control pills — Some women with PMS or PMDD get relief from their symptoms when they take a birth control pill. However, some women find that the birth control pill can aggravate their PMS symptoms and, in that case, they should move to an alternative treatment.

• #1 Patient education: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/premenstrual-syndrome-pms-and-premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder-pmdd-beyond-the-basics

  The pill can be taken continuously to avoid having a menstrual period. To do this, the woman takes all of the active pills in a pack and then opens a new pack; the placebo pills are discarded. In theory, taking the pill continuously prevents the usual cyclical hormone changes that could affect mood. […] In the United States, one birth control pill (Yaz) is approved for the treatment of PMDD. Yaz contains 24 tablets of 20 mcg ethinyl estradiol and 3 mg drospirenone. It is thought that mood symptoms are improved with a shorter pill-free interval (number of placebo days). Yaz has only four days, instead of the typical seven days. However, there are some concerns that women who start Yaz might be at higher risk for blood clots in the legs and lungs (but the absolute risk of having a blood clot is very, very low).

• #1 Patient education: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/premenstrual-syndrome-pms-and-premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder-pmdd-beyond-the-basics/print

  The pill can be taken continuously to avoid having a menstrual period. To do this, the woman takes all of the active pills in a pack and then opens a new pack; the placebo pills are discarded. In theory, taking the pill continuously prevents the usual cyclical hormone changes that could affect mood. […] In the United States, one birth control pill (Yaz) is approved for the treatment of PMDD. Yaz contains 24 tablets of 20 mcg ethinyl estradiol and 3 mg drospirenone. It is thought that mood symptoms are improved with a shorter pill-free interval (number of placebo days). Yaz has only four days, instead of the typical seven days. However, there are some concerns that women who start Yaz might be at higher risk for blood clots in the legs and lungs (but the absolute risk of having a blood clot is very, very low).

• #1 Patient education: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/premenstrual-syndrome-pms-and-premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder-pmdd-beyond-the-basics

  Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists – Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists (eg, leuprolide acetate or goserelin acetate) are a type of medication that causes the ovaries to temporarily stop making estrogen and progesterone. This causes a temporary menopause and improves the physical symptoms (eg, bloating) and emotional symptoms caused by PMS and PMDD. However, the medication results in extremely low estrogen levels, which causes severe hot flashes and bone loss over time. Therefore, in addition to the GnRH agonist, women are treated with low doses of estrogen and progesterone to stop hot flashes and to prevent bone loss. This is termed estrogen and progestogen addback. Although GnRH agonist treatment is very effective, it requires an injection once every one to three months. This treatment is only used if other simpler treatments do not work.

• #1 Patient education: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/premenstrual-syndrome-pms-and-premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder-pmdd-beyond-the-basics/print

  Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists — Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists (eg, leuprolide acetate or goserelin acetate) are a type of medication that causes the ovaries to temporarily stop making estrogen and progesterone. This causes a temporary menopause and improves the physical symptoms (eg, bloating) and emotional symptoms caused by PMS and PMDD. However, the medication results in extremely low estrogen levels, which causes severe hot flashes and bone loss over time. Therefore, in addition to the GnRH agonist, women are treated with low doses of estrogen and progesterone to stop hot flashes and to prevent bone loss. This is termed estrogen and progestogen addback. Although GnRH agonist treatment is very effective, it requires an injection once every one to three months. This treatment is only used if other simpler treatments do not work.

• #1 Premenstrual Syndrome Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Diet

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/953696-treatment

  Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may have a role for the management of premenstrual pain and inflammation in the late luteal phase. […] Because of the difficulty of treating PMS and the variations in response to treatments experienced by patients, complementary and alternative strategies have been explored for patients with PMS. […] Exercise may benefit patients with PMS with both direct symptom improvement as well as overall stress reduction. Regular aerobic exercise has been found to decrease symptoms in some adolescents and young women. […] It is important for patients to monitor their PMS symptoms over time, as this may help patients refine their pharmacologic treatments, incorporate additional holistic strategies, and fine-tune the interventions that have been most effective for their disease process.

• #1 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/menstrual-abnormalities/premenstrual-syndrome-pms

  Cognitive-behavioral therapy may help if mood issues are a major concern, including in women with PMDD. […] Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can help relieve aches, pains, and dysmenorrhea. […] Selective serotonin release inhibitors (SSRIs) have been shown in randomized trials to improve mood and lessen physical symptoms such as breast tenderness and changes in appetite. […] For some women, hormonal manipulation is effective. Options include oral contraceptives, progesterone by vaginal suppository, an oral progestogen for 10 to 12 days before menses, and a long-acting progestin. […] In women with severe symptoms, bilateral oophorectomy may alleviate symptoms because it eliminates menstrual cycles; hormone replacement therapy is then indicated until about age 51 (the average for menopause).

• #1 Premenstrual Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560698/

  Premenstrual syndrome is a common problem among females of childbearing age. Patient education involves discussing the problem with the patient with empathic hearing, providing insight on the reasons for her problems. The involvement of the partner in understanding the problem also assists the patient in seeking help at home or seek treatment with the health care provider. Educating patients about reproductive health helps the patient-physician relationship, which makes symptom expression and treatment-seeking easier. Equally important is educating significant others and family members about supportive behaviors, which reduces PMS symptoms. Couple-based CBT interventions have a great impact on behavioral coping with better outcomes. Because it is a common problem, mass education through radio, TV, or digital platforms regarding diagnosis and effective treatment of PMS is very helpful too.

• #1 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) | HealthLink BC

  https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/healthwise/premenstrual-syndrome-pms

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a set of physical or mood-related symptoms that occur before your menstrual period each month. […] No single treatment works for everyone. Lifestyle changes may help. These changes could include healthy eating, regular exercise, and cutting back on alcohol and caffeine. […] The first step is to make lifestyle changes. These are things like eating healthy, limiting things that make your symptoms worse (such as caffeine or alcohol), or getting regular exercise. […] Self-care for PMS means practicing healthy habits, managing pain, and reducing stress. […] If you have moderate to severe premenstrual symptoms even after you’ve tried home treatment and lifestyle changes, talk to your doctor about using medicine. […] Most complementary therapies aren’t considered standard treatment for PMS. But you may find that one or more of them helps relieve some of your symptoms.

• #1 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/premenstrual-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20376780

  Still, you don’t have to let these problems control your life. Treatments and lifestyle adjustments can help you reduce or manage the signs and symptoms of premenstrual syndrome. […] If you haven’t been able to manage your premenstrual syndrome with lifestyle changes and the symptoms of PMS are affecting your health and daily activities, see your doctor.

• #2 Premenstrual Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560698/

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) encompasses clinically significant somatic and psychological manifestations during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, leading to substantial distress and impairment in functional capacity. These symptoms disappear within a few days of the onset of menstruation. The pooled prevalence of reproductive age women affected with PMS worldwide amounts to 47.8%. Among these, about 20% of women experience symptoms severe enough to disrupt their daily activities, and the remaining have mild to moderate symptoms. Symptoms of PMS include changes in appetite, weight gain, abdominal pain, back pain, low back pain, headache, swelling and tenderness of the breasts, nausea, constipation, anxiety, irritability, anger, fatigue, restlessness, mood swings and crying. […] Many nonpharmacological and pharmacological treatment methods are used to alleviate these symptoms. Nonpharmacological therapies are the first line of management for mild symptoms, and those with severe symptoms are treated with pharmacological therapy, mainly the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). The various nonpharmacological therapies used to treat mild symptoms include physical activity and exercise, nutrition, herbal preparations, cognitive behavioral therapy and social support, adequate rest, regular hot baths, and vitamin supplements.

• #2 Patient education: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/premenstrual-syndrome-pms-and-premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder-pmdd-beyond-the-basics/print

  Vitamin and mineral supplements – Although vitamin B6 (up to 100 mg/day) was initially thought to provide a small benefit for PMS symptoms, the majority of studies now suggest that it is no better than placebo. The most effective medications are described in the next section. […] Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors — Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a highly effective treatment for the symptoms of PMS and PMDD. The SSRIs include fluoxetine (Prozac and Sarafem), sertraline (Zoloft), citalopram (Celexa), and paroxetine (Paxil). Studies showed that SSRIs reduced the symptoms of PMDD significantly compared with placebo; between 60 and 75 percent of women with PMDD improve with an SSRI. It may not be necessary to take the medication every day. Taking the SSRI only during the second half of the menstrual cycle may be sufficient.

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