Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/premenstrual-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20376780

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) has a wide variety of signs and symptoms, including mood swings, tender breasts, food cravings, fatigue, irritability and depression. […] Symptoms tend to recur in a predictable pattern. But the physical and emotional changes you experience with premenstrual syndrome may vary from just slightly noticeable all the way to intense. […] For some, the physical pain and emotional stress are severe enough to affect their daily lives. Regardless of symptom severity, the signs and symptoms generally disappear within four days after the start of the menstrual period for most women. […] But a small number of women with premenstrual syndrome have disabling symptoms every month. This form of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is called premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). […] Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) signs and symptoms include depression, mood swings, anger, anxiety, feeling overwhelmed, difficulty concentrating, irritability and tension.

• #2 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24288-pms-premenstrual-syndrome

  Premenstrual syndrome, or PMS, is a combination of symptoms that arrive before your period. Your symptoms may be physical (like bloating or sore breasts), emotional (like irritability or sadness) or a combination of both. Either way, PMS symptoms can disrupt your life. Lifestyle modifications and over-the-counter medications can often relieve PMS symptoms. […] Common symptoms of PMS are headaches, breast tenderness, irritability and mood swings. Premenstrual syndrome (or PMS) begins one to two weeks before you get your period. It can cause symptoms like headaches, breast soreness and mood swings. […] Most people who menstruate have at least one or more symptoms of PMS. These symptoms usually tip you off that your period is coming soon. Once you get your period, symptoms of PMS usually go away. These symptoms will often reoccur around the same time each menstrual cycle.

• #3 Premenstrual Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560698/

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) encompasses clinically significant somatic and psychological manifestations during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, leading to substantial distress and impairment in functional capacity. These symptoms disappear within a few days of the onset of menstruation. The pooled prevalence of reproductive age women affected with PMS worldwide amounts to 47.8%. Among these, about 20% of women experience symptoms severe enough to disrupt their daily activities, and the remaining have mild to moderate symptoms. Symptoms of PMS include changes in appetite, weight gain, abdominal pain, back pain, low back pain, headache, swelling and tenderness of the breasts, nausea, constipation, anxiety, irritability, anger, fatigue, restlessness, mood swings and crying. […] The etiology of premenstrual syndrome is uncertain. Since PMS symptoms occur simultaneously with the hormonal fluctuations of the menstrual cycle, hormonal disproportion like estrogen surplus and progesterone deficiency have been proposed. Symptoms are also associated with serotonin to link as a key etiological factor.

• #3 Premenstrual Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560698/

  Epidemiological studies have revealed that about 80% to 90% of women manifest at least one of the PMS signs; however, in about 2.5% to 3% of women, the syndrome severe enough to affect their activities and social communications. This disorder is known as premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). […] Symptoms of premenstrual syndrome can range from mild to moderate to severe. These symptoms may include changes in appetite, weight gain, abdominal pain, back pain, low back pain, headache, swelling and tenderness in the breasts, nausea, constipation, anxiety, irritability, anger, fatigue, restlessness, mood swings and crying. […] The main intention to treat PMS is symptom relief and to reduce its effects on daily routine activities. Pharmacotherapy was always the first line of treatment for premenstrual syndrome, but recent research has suggested the superior benefits with combination therapy. […] Symptoms of PMS can mostly recur after stopping the treatment, except after oophorectomy and menopause. […] Untreated PMS are likely to affect sexual life, thereby leading to a higher level of sexual distress, which can, in turn, lead to relationship problems and more psychological issues.

• #4 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24288-pms-premenstrual-syndrome

  Almost 50% of people who menstruate say they have at least one PMS symptom. About 20% of those people have symptoms that are severe enough to disrupt their life. […] PMS symptoms can be physical, emotional or a mix of both. They can also be mild, severe or somewhere in between. Not everyone experiences PMS. If you do, your symptoms may change throughout your life. […] The most common physical signs of PMS are: Bloating or a gassy feeling, Pelvic pain, Fatigue, Acne flare-ups, Breast soreness, Headaches, Diarrhea or constipation. […] The most common emotional signs of PMS are: Irritability or lashing out toward others, Mood swings, Changes in your sex drive, Feeling anxious, sad or having crying spells, Brain fog or trouble concentrating, Food cravings or increased/decreased appetite, Having trouble sleeping (insomnia).

• #5 PMS (premenstrual syndrome)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pre-menstrual-syndrome/

  PMS (premenstrual syndrome) is the name for the symptoms women can experience in the weeks before their period. It can affect anyone who has periods. You can get help if it affects your daily life. […] Each woman’s symptoms are different and can vary from month to month, but most women have PMS (premenstrual syndrome) at some point. […] The most common symptoms of PMS include: mood swings, feeling depressed or irritable, feeling upset, anxious or emotional, tiredness or trouble sleeping, bloating or cramping, breast tenderness, headaches, spotty skin, greasy hair, changes in appetite or food cravings. […] If you have PMS (premenstrual syndrome), a GP may recommend other treatments as well as making lifestyle changes. […] Symptoms of PMDD are similar to PMS, but are much more intense and can have a much greater negative impact on your everyday life. […] It’s not clear what causes PMDD, but it’s been linked to being very sensitive to changes in hormones, or certain differences in the genes you inherit from your parents.

• #6 Premenstrual Syndrome | PMS | PMS Symptoms | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/premenstrualsyndrome.html

  Premenstrual syndrome, or PMS, is a group of physical and emotional symptoms that start one to two weeks before your period. Most women have at least some symptoms of PMS, and the symptoms go away after their periods start. The symptoms may range from mild to severe. […] Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a severe type of PMS. With PMDD, the symptoms are severe enough to interfere with your life. PMDD much less common than PMS. […] PMS symptoms are different for everyone. You may get physical symptoms, emotional symptoms, or both. Your symptoms may also change throughout your life. […] Physical symptoms may include: Breast swelling and tenderness, Acne, Bloating and weight gain, Headache, Joint pain, Backache, Constipation or diarrhea, Food cravings. […] Emotional symptoms may include: Irritability, Mood swings, Crying spells, Depression, Anxiety, Sleeping too much or too little, Trouble with concentration and memory, Less interest in sex.

• #6 Premenstrual Syndrome | PMS | PMS Symptoms | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/premenstrualsyndrome.html

  There is no single test for PMS. Your provider will talk with you about your symptoms, including when they happen and how much they affect your life. To be diagnosed with PMS, your symptoms must: Happen in the five days before your period for at least three menstrual cycles in a row, End within four days after your period starts, Keep you from enjoying or doing some of your normal activities. […] No single PMS treatment works for everyone. If your symptoms are not severe, you may be able to manage them with: Over-the-counter pain relievers such as ibuprofen, aspirin, or naproxen, to help ease cramps, headaches, backaches, and breast tenderness, Getting regular exercise, Getting enough sleep, Eating healthy foods, Avoiding salt, caffeine, sugar, and alcohol in the two weeks before your period.

• #7 Premenstrual syndrome Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/report/premenstrual-syndrome

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) can produce physical and emotional or behavioral symptoms in the days before menstruation. […] Physical symptoms of PMS may include: Breast swelling and tenderness, Abdominal bloating, Fluid retention, Constipation or diarrhea, Headache and migraine, Changes in appetite, Acne, Muscle and joint pain, Lethargy and fatigue. […] Emotional and behavioral symptoms of PMS may include: Depression, Anxiety and tension, Insomnia or oversleeping, Change in sexual interest and desire, Irritability, Hostility and outbursts of anger, Mood swings, Difficulty concentrating, Crying spells, Social withdrawal. […] Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a set of emotional and physical symptoms that typically occur up to 5 days before a woman starts her monthly menstrual cycle. The symptoms usually stop when menstruation begins, or shortly thereafter.

• #8 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/premenstrual-syndrome-pms

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) refers to the emotional and physical symptoms that some people get before their period. […] Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) refers to the physical and emotional symptoms some people experience one or 2 weeks before their period. PMS symptoms usually ease when your period starts. […] Many people have one or 2 premenstrual symptoms. Most of the time these can be easily managed. […] Everyone experiences PMS differently. And symptoms can change each menstrual cycle. […] Common physical symptoms include: cramping in the pelvic area, breast tenderness or swelling, abdominal bloating, fluid retention, acne. […] You may also experience: aches and pains, headaches, constipation, diarrhoea, or both, poor sleep and tiredness. […] Symptoms can also be emotional, for example: irritability, anxiety, lower ability to cope, mood changes, sadness, trouble with concentration and memory.

• #8 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/premenstrual-syndrome-pms

  PMS symptoms can be worse in teenage years and in the lead-up to menopause, which may be due to changes in hormone levels. […] Its not clear why some people have PMS, but it may be associated with how certain chemicals in the brain interact with the hormone progesterone. […] Other factors can influence PMS. For example: physical and emotional mental health, stress levels, lifestyle. […] There are many things you can do to manage PMS. […] A healthy lifestyle can help reduce PMS symptoms. […] Your doctor may recommend different medicines. […] Natural therapies are part of a broad range of complementary and alternative medicines and therapies (CAM). […] Many people use complementary therapies such as acupuncture, naturopathy and herbs to help manage PMS symptoms. […] Supplements commonly used to manage PMS include: calcium, vitamin B6, chaste tree (also called chaste berry), magnesium, evening primrose oil. […] See your doctor if: PMS symptoms are bothering you, symptoms continue despite lifestyle changes, you have severe emotional and mood related symptoms, medicine or hormonal treatments don’t improve your symptoms, symptoms stop you from doing things you normally do.

• #9 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

  https://womenshealth.gov/menstrual-cycle/premenstrual-syndrome

  PMS symptoms are different for every woman. You may get physical symptoms, such as bloating or gassiness, or emotional symptoms, such as sadness, or both. Your symptoms may also change throughout your life. […] Physical symptoms of PMS can include: Swollen or tender breasts, Constipation or diarrhea, Bloating or a gassy feeling, Cramping, Headache or backache, Clumsiness, Lower tolerance for noise or light. […] Emotional or mental symptoms of PMS include: Irritability or hostile behavior, Feeling tired, Sleep problems (sleeping too much or too little), Appetite changes or food cravings, Trouble with concentration or memory, Tension or anxiety, Depression, feelings of sadness, or crying spells, Mood swings, Less interest in sex. […] Researchers do not know exactly what causes PMS. Changes in hormone levels during the menstrual cycle may play a role. These changing hormone levels may affect some women more than others.

• #9 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

  https://womenshealth.gov/menstrual-cycle/premenstrual-syndrome

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a combination of symptoms that many women get about a week or two before their period. Most women, over 90%, say they get some premenstrual symptoms, such as bloating, headaches, and moodiness. For some women, these symptoms may be so severe that they miss work or school, but other women are not bothered by milder symptoms. On average, women in their 30s are most likely to have PMS. Your doctor can help you find ways to relieve your symptoms. […] PMS is a combination of physical and emotional symptoms that many women get after ovulation and before the start of their menstrual period. Researchers think that PMS happens in the days after ovulation because estrogen and progesterone levels begin falling dramatically if you are not pregnant. PMS symptoms go away within a few days after a woman’s period starts as hormone levels begin rising again.

• #9 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

  https://womenshealth.gov/menstrual-cycle/premenstrual-syndrome

  Some women get their periods without any signs of PMS or only very mild symptoms. For others, PMS symptoms may be so severe that it makes it hard to do everyday activities like go to work or school. Severe PMS symptoms may be a sign of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). PMS goes away when you no longer get a period, such as after menopause. After pregnancy, PMS might come back, but you might have different PMS symptoms. […] Yes. PMS symptoms may get worse as you reach your late 30s or 40s and approach menopause and are in the transition to menopause, called perimenopause. This is especially true for women whose moods are sensitive to changing hormone levels during the menstrual cycle. In the years leading up to menopause, your hormone levels also go up and down in an unpredictable way as your body slowly transitions to menopause. You may get the same mood changes, or they may get worse.

• #9 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

  https://womenshealth.gov/menstrual-cycle/premenstrual-syndrome

  You probably have PMS if you have symptoms that: Happen in the five days before your period for at least three menstrual cycles in a row, End within four days after your period starts, Keep you from enjoying or doing some of your normal activities. […] About half of women who need relief from PMS also have another health problem, which may get worse in the time before their menstrual period. These health problems share many symptoms with PMS and include: Depression and anxiety disorders. These are the most common conditions that overlap with PMS. Depression and anxiety symptoms are similar to PMS and may get worse before or during your period. […] PMS may also worsen some health problems, such as asthma, allergies, and migraines. […] Over-the-counter pain relievers you can buy in most stores may help lessen physical symptoms, such as cramps, headaches, backaches, and breast tenderness.

• #10 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/premenstrual-syndrome

  Many women feel physical or mood changes during the days before menstruation. When these symptoms happen month after month, and they affect a womans normal life, they are known as premenstrual syndrome (PMS. […] Emotional symptoms include depression, angry outbursts, irritability, crying spells, anxiety, confusion, social withdrawal, poor concentration, insomnia, increased nap taking, changes in sexual desire. […] Physical symptoms include thirst and appetite changes (food cravings), breast tenderness, bloating and weight gain, headache, swelling of the hands or feet, aches and pains, fatigue, skin problems, gastrointestinal symptoms, abdominal pain. […] To diagnose PMS, an obstetriciangynecologist (ob-gyn) must confirm a pattern of symptoms. A womans symptoms must be present in the 5 days before a period for at least three menstrual cycles in a row, end within 4 days after a period starts, interfere with some normal activities.

• #10 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/premenstrual-syndrome

  Symptoms of other conditions can mimic PMS or overlap with PMS. Some of these conditions include depression, anxiety, perimenopause, chronic fatigue syndrome, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), thyroid disease. […] If PMS symptoms are severe and cause problems with work or personal relationships, you may have premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). PMDD is a severe type of PMS that affects a small percentage of women. […] If your symptoms are mild to moderate, they often can be relieved by changes in lifestyle or diet. If your PMS symptoms begin to interfere with your life, you may decide to seek medical treatment. […] For many women, regular aerobic exercise lessens PMS symptoms. It may reduce fatigue and depression. […] Finding ways to relax and reduce stress can help women who have PMS.

• #11 Patient education: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/premenstrual-syndrome-pms-and-premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder-pmdd-beyond-the-basics/print

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) refers to a group of physical and behavioral symptoms that occur in a cyclic pattern during the second half of the menstrual cycle. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is the severe form of PMS. Common symptoms include anger, irritability, depression, and internal tension that are severe enough to interfere with daily activities. […] Mild PMS is common, affecting up to 75 percent of women with regular menstrual cycles; PMDD affects only 3 to 8 percent of women. This condition can affect women of any socioeconomic, cultural, or ethnic background. […] PMDD is usually a chronic condition and can have a serious impact on a woman’s quality of life. Fortunately, a variety of treatments and self-care measures can effectively control the symptoms in most women. […] Common symptoms — The most common symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) are fatigue, bloating, irritability, depression, and anxiety. Other symptoms include the following: Sadness, hopelessness, or feelings of worthlessness; Tension, anxiety, or „edginess”; Variable moods with frequent tearfulness; Persistent irritability, anger, and conflict with family, coworkers, or friends; Decreased interest in usual activities; Difficulty concentrating; Fatigue, lethargy, or lack of energy; Changes in appetite, which may include binge eating or craving certain foods; Excessive sleeping or difficulty sleeping; Feelings of being overwhelmed or out of control; Breast tenderness or swelling, headaches, joint or muscle pain, weight gain.

• #11 Patient education: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/premenstrual-syndrome-pms-and-premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder-pmdd-beyond-the-basics/print

  The cause of PMS and PMDD is not known. Some women may be very sensitive to changes in hormone levels. Hormone levels are normal and fluctuate before and during the menstrual period. […] Other problems, such as depression and anxiety disorder, are similar to PMS and PMDD. The main difference is that the symptoms of PMS and PMDD occur only in the days preceding a woman’s period. Depression and anxiety are usually noticeable all the time. The treatments of PMDD and depression are quite different.

• #12 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/premenstrual-syndrome

  PMS is the changes in mood, emotions, physical health, and behavior that can occur between ovulation and the start of your period. It typically lasts until a few days after your period begins and can have a negative impact on your life. […] Nearly 48 percent of women who are of reproductive age experience PMS, and for about 20 percent of them, symptoms are severe enough to affect their regular routine. […] PMS-related changes in your mood, emotions, and behavior might include: anxiety, restlessness, or feeling on edge; unusual anger and irritability; changes in appetite, including increased food cravings, especially for sweets; changes in sleep patterns, including fatigue and trouble sleeping; a sad or low mood, which might involve tearfulness or sudden, uncontrollable crying; rapid shifts in mood and emotional outbursts; decreased sex drive; difficulty concentrating or remembering information.

• #12 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/premenstrual-syndrome

  With PMS, you’ll likely also notice some physical symptoms, such as: abdominal bloating; cramping; sore and swollen breasts; acne; constipation; diarrhea; headaches; back and muscle pain; unusual sensitivity to light or sound; unusual clumsiness. […] PMS symptoms can begin any time after ovulation (though they typically begin in the week before your period) and last until 5 or so days after menstruation begins. […] Many experts believe PMS happens in response to changing levels of the hormones estrogen and progesterone. […] During the luteal phase, which follows ovulation, hormones reach a peak and then decline rapidly, which may lead to anxiety, irritability, and other changes in mood. […] Living with a mental health condition, such as depression or anxiety, could raise your chances of experiencing PMS or premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), a more severe form of PMS.

• #12 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/premenstrual-syndrome

  If PMS symptoms become severe enough to disrupt your regular routine on a monthly basis, a good next step involves reaching out to a doctor or clinician. […] If your symptoms show up consistently during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and disappear shortly after your period begins, a healthcare professional may diagnose PMS. […] While there’s no cure for PMS, you can take steps to ease your symptoms. […] If PMS symptoms affect your routine and quality of life month after month, and home remedies and over-the-counter medications make little difference, it’s always best to connect with a healthcare professional.

• #13 150 Symptoms of PMS | Dr. Lisa Watson

  https://drlisawatson.com/150-symptoms-of-pms

  With 3 out of 4 women experiencing some symptoms of premenstrual syndrome, most of us can come up with a pretty good list of symptoms for ourselves. But did you know that 150 symptoms have been identified? Ranging from mild bloating to severe mood changes and migraines, and everything in between, PMS can seriously impact a woman’s mood, quality of life, and relationships. […] Well, try as I might, I could only find 133 symptoms of PMS. To be considered a PMS symptom, it must have the following characteristics: Restricted to the luteal phase (second half) of the menstrual cycle, Resolve by the fourth day of the next cycle (fourth day of the period), Cause impairment or distress for the woman, Occur in at least two cycles, Not be an exacerbation of another condition.

• #14 Premenstrual syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premenstrual_syndrome

  Common physical symptoms include bloating, bilateral breast tenderness, and headache. […] The exact symptoms and their intensity vary significantly from person to person, and even somewhat from cycle to cycle and over time. Most people with premenstrual syndrome experience only a few of the possible symptoms, in a relatively predictable pattern. Additionally, which symptoms are accepted as evidence of PMS varies by culture. […] While PMS is linked to the luteal phase, the causes of PMS are not clear, but several factors may be involved. Changes in hormones during the menstrual cycle seem to be an important factor, with changing hormone levels affecting some more than others. PMS occurs more often in those who are in their late 20s and early 40s, have at least one child, have a family history of depression, and have a past medical history of either postpartum depression or a mood disorder.

• #14 Premenstrual syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premenstrual_syndrome

  Antidepressants, particularly SSRIs and venlafaxine, are used as the first-line treatment of severe emotional symptoms of PMS, and also in treating PMDD. Those with PMS may be able to take medication only on the days when symptoms are expected to occur, because relief often appears within a few days, rather than the longer timespan expected for depression or other common psychiatric conditions. […] PMS is generally a stable diagnosis, with susceptible individuals experiencing the same symptoms at the same intensity near the end of each cycle for years. Treatment for specific symptoms is usually effective. Unsuccessful medical management of severe symptoms frequently indicates misdiagnosis. […] Globally, about 20% of women of reproductive age have PMS that disrupts their everyday lives. Additionally, about 30% of women have mild or moderate symptoms related to their menstrual cycles that do not disrupt their everyday lives.

• #14 Premenstrual syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premenstrual_syndrome

  No laboratory tests or unique physical findings exist to verify a PMS diagnosis. However, the three key features are noted: The chief complaint is one or more of the emotional symptoms associated with PMS. Irritability, tension, or unhappiness are typical emotional symptoms. Symptoms appear predictably during the luteal (premenstrual) phase, reduce or disappear predictably shortly before or during menstruation, and remain absent during the follicular (pre-ovulatory) phase. The symptoms must be severe enough to cause distress or interfere with everyday life. Mild or occasional symptoms, which are extremely common, do not necessarily qualify as PMS. […] Many treatments have been tried in PMS. Typical recommendations for those with mild symptoms include: reducing salt and caffeine intake, not drinking alcohol, reducing stress, e.g., by scheduling fewer activities during the week before menstruation, learning what to expect with PMS, increasing exercise, and improving sleep.

• #14 Premenstrual syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premenstrual_syndrome

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a disruptive set of emotional and physical symptoms that regularly occur in the one to two weeks before the start of each menstrual period. Symptoms resolve around the time menstrual bleeding begins. Symptoms vary, though commonly include one or more physical, emotional, or behavioral symptoms, that resolve with menses. The range of symptoms is wide, and most commonly are breast tenderness, bloating, headache, mood swings, depression, anxiety, anger, and irritability. To be diagnosed as PMS, rather than a normal discomfort of the menstrual cycle, these symptoms must interfere with daily living, during two menstrual cycles of prospective recording. PMS-related symptoms are often present for about six days. An individual’s pattern of symptoms may change over time. PMS does not produce symptoms during pregnancy or following menopause.

• #15 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24288-pms-premenstrual-syndrome

  Symptoms usually show up around ovulation, when levels of estrogen and progesterone increase. Once your period begins, these hormone levels drop for a few days, and then, will start to rise again. These hormonal changes may be to blame for PMS. Some people are more sensitive to hormonal fluctuations, which may explain why PMS affects everyone differently. […] Most people experience PMS symptoms about one to two weeks before their period. But the timing isn’t always exact. You can have PMS two weeks before your period or two days before your period. […] Healthcare providers most often diagnose PMS in people who are in their late 20s and early 30s. […] Your healthcare provider diagnoses PMS based on your symptoms. They’ll ask you about what symptoms you have, when you have them and how they impact your life.

• #16 Premenstrual syndrome Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/report/premenstrual-syndrome

  PMS is associated with the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, after ovulation. Estrogen and progesterone levels rise in the first part of the luteal phase to help prepare the endometrial lining of the uterus for an embryo. […] Symptoms typically start in the 5 days before menstruation begins and go away within 4 days after bleeding starts. Symptoms do not start again until at least day 13 in the cycle. […] Once established, the symptoms tend to remain fairly constant until menopause, although they can vary from cycle to cycle. […] The American Psychiatric Association has specific criteria that define premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). PMDD is a condition marked by severe depression, irritability, and tension before menstruation. PMDD has features of both anxiety and depression disorders.

• #16 Premenstrual syndrome Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/report/premenstrual-syndrome

  Symptoms must occur during the last week of the premenstrual (luteal) phase in most menstrual cycles. They should improve within a few days after the period starts. Symptoms should be absent by the end of the first menstrual week. They should markedly interfere with work or social functioning. Also, symptoms should be clearly related to the menstrual cycle and not just be those of another underlying disorder. […] Five or more of the following symptoms must occur: Mood swings marked by periods of tearfulness, Irritability, anger, interpersonal conflicts, Increased sensitivity to rejection, Depressed mood or feelings of hopelessness, Feelings of tension or anxiety, Disinterest in daily activities and relationships, Trouble concentrating, Fatigue or low energy, Food cravings or binge eating, Sleep problems (sleeping too much or too little), Feelings of being overwhelmed or out of control, Physical symptoms, such as breast swelling or tenderness, joint or muscle pain, bloating, or weight gain.

• #17 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) — Physical and Emotional Symptoms

  https://www.webmd.com/women/pms/what-is-pms

  PMS symptoms usually show up 1-2 weeks before menstruation begins (also called the luteal phase). More typically, symptoms begin about 5 days before the start of your period and stop about 4 days after. Symptoms usually come back around 2 weeks later. […] PMS symptoms tend to be consistent for each person, although their severity can vary from month to month. […] A majority of women are estimated to have at least some PMS symptoms during their monthly menstrual cycle. PMS can cause physical, mental, or behavioral changes, as well as symptoms such as sore breasts, bloating, moodiness, and irritability. Most can manage PMS symptoms on their own, but if you find that PMS interferes greatly with your life, contact your doctor.

• #18 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS, PMT) | Symptoms and Treatment

  https://patient.info/womens-health/periods-and-period-problems/premenstrual-syndrome

  Within each menstrual cycle, PMS symptoms can vary a great deal in terms of the nature of the symptoms, their severity and how long they last. However, PMS symptoms typically begin in the week before your period, and last until five or so days after the start of your period. […] Symptoms that start sometime after ovulation (when you release an egg from an ovary each month), which occurs about two weeks before the start of a period. Typically, symptoms occur during the five days before a period. However, some women have symptoms for two weeks or so leading up to a period. Typically, symptoms gradually become worse as the period approaches. […] Symptoms that go within three to four days after your period starts. […] Symptoms that occur all the time are not due to PMS. […] Many treatments for PMS have been tried over the years. There are very few that have been proven to work. Treatments for PMS may take a while to work fully. If you start a treatment, try it for several months before deciding if it is helping or not.

• #18 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS, PMT) | Symptoms and Treatment

  https://patient.info/womens-health/periods-and-period-problems/premenstrual-syndrome

  Treatments may not cure symptoms completely. However, the symptoms often become a lot easier or less frequent with treatment. […] Women with PMS tend to be affected throughout their reproductive lives, although symptoms usually settle during pregnancy. How troublesome or otherwise PMS is seems to fluctuate. So there may be times in your life when you are not affected by it, and other times when it is very severe. It may get worse at certain times – for example, in times of stress.

• #19 When Does Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) Start?

  https://www.health.com/condition/menstruation/pms-changes-20s-30s-40s

  Some people may only feel mild effects of PMS. Others may experience severe symptoms that can interfere with daily life and keep them from going to school or work. An estimated 20% of people who menstruate report having severe symptoms. […] PMS can occur between one to two weeks before the first day of your period. Exactly when those symptoms will happen varies individually. In general, when a person’s period arrives, any PMS symptoms may begin to go away gradually. […] Symptoms of PMS can change throughout your lifetime. Factors like pregnancy, stress, sensitivity to hormonal changes, perimenopause, and menopause can all play a role in how you experience premenstrual syndrome. […] You may notice your PMS symptoms worsen as you go through perimenopause. Perimenopause typically begins in your mid to late 40s and typically lasts for four years before your periods stop completelywhats known as menopause. Your normal PMS symptoms may become more intense during this time and can be accompanied by hot flashes and vaginal dryness. […] Premenstrual syndrome can cause a variety of symptoms that range from mild to severe, beginning days or weeks before your period. The symptoms of PMS may change over the lifespan due to factors such as age, pregnancy, menopause, and stress.

• #20 Why Are My PMS Symptoms Getting Worse With Age?: New England Women’s Healthcare: OBGYNs

  https://www.newh-obgyn.com/blog/why-are-my-pms-symptoms-getting-worse-with-age

  Lifestyle factors also influence the severity of your PMS symptoms. If you smoke, drink alcohol, or live a sedentary lifestyle, you’re at a higher risk for severe PMS symptoms. […] The symptoms of PMS vary from person to person and range from mildly uncomfortable to severely debilitating. Depending on how the hormonal fluctuation affects your body, you may have physical, emotional, or behavioral symptoms. […] Physical symptoms related to PMS are typically very uncomfortable and may last into your period. […] However, physical symptoms are only the tip of the iceberg when it comes to PMS. You may experience emotional issues and behavioral changes as well. […] Its extremely common for women to find that their PMS symptoms seem to get worse with age. Why does this happen? […] Your hormones naturally shift as you age, especially as you reach the end of your childbearing years. PMS affects you differently in your 20s than it does in your 40s as you approach perimenopause.

• #20 Why Are My PMS Symptoms Getting Worse With Age?: New England Women’s Healthcare: OBGYNs

  https://www.newh-obgyn.com/blog/why-are-my-pms-symptoms-getting-worse-with-age

  The above circumstances may contribute to worsening symptoms as you age. However, the main culprit is the change in your hormones as you begin approaching the years before menopause. […] During perimenopause, which typically starts in your mid to late 40s, you can expect your PMS symptoms to worsen significantly, primarily due to the significant and unpredictable changes in hormone levels. […] Levels of the hormones estrogen and progesterone fluctuate severely, resulting in irregular periods, worsening emotional symptoms, and symptoms like vaginal dryness.

• #21 Premenstrual syndrome | Endocrine Conditions

  https://www.yourhormones.info/endocrine-conditions/premenstrual-syndrome/

  It is difficult to estimate how many women are affected. Up to 80% of women are thought to experience premenstrual symptoms while premenstrual syndrome itself is believed to affect between 5% and 25% of women in the reproductive age group. An estimated 5% to 8% of women suffer from severe premenstrual syndrome also known as premenstrual dysphoric disorder. […] The frequency and severity of premenstrual syndrome varies from woman to woman and in each individual woman from month to month. […] Premenstrual syndrome should resolve following the menopause as there is a loss of the menstrual cycle and the associated cyclic release of steroid hormones from the ovary. Likewise, during pregnancy there will be no cyclical symptoms. However, women may experience similar symptoms such as abdominal bloating, breast tenderness and mood swings during pregnancy as levels of progesterone are high.

• #22 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) – HealthyWomen

  https://www.healthywomen.org/condition/premenstrual-syndrome-pms

  PMS appears to be caused by a sensitivity to the rising and falling levels of the hormones estrogen and progesterone, which may influence brain chemicals, including serotonin, a substance that has a strong affect on mood. […] The timing and severity of these symptoms are key to a PMS diagnosis. […] To qualify as PMS, symptoms must follow this general pattern: They tend to increase in severity as your cycle progresses. […] More than 150 physical and behavioral symptoms may be associated with PMS. The most common are irritability and anxiety/tension. […] Many premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms improve with treatment. Treatment options range from medication therapy to birth control pills to diet modification, including vitamin and mineral supplementation, herbal medicines and exercise.

• #22 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) – HealthyWomen

  https://www.healthywomen.org/condition/premenstrual-syndrome-pms

  Yes! Many women experience some relief from PMS symptoms if they make diet and lifestyle changes, particularly increasing consumption of calcium, complex carbohydrates (fruits, vegetables, grains and beans) and water, and decreasing caffeine, alcohol, salt and refined sugar intake. […] PMS symptoms can appear any time between puberty and menopause, though the most common age for PMS to start to become a problem is during your late 20s to mid-30s. […] Probably not until you reach menopause. In some women, symptoms of PMS worsen with age and stress. […] It may take two to three months to experience relief from PMS symptoms. […] Cramps are not considered a symptom of PMS, although they may occur in women who have PMS. […] If a healthy diet, regular exercise and calcium supplements fail to improve mood swings or other emotional symptoms of PMS, you may want to talk to your health care professional about a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant medication. […] If you suspect you have PMDD or PMS, consult your health care professional.

• #23 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS), Symptoms, Treatment | Nuffield Health

  https://www.nuffieldhealth.com/conditions/premenstrual-syndrome-pms

  Psychological symptoms of PMS may include: depression, anxiety, irritability, mood swings, loss of self-confidence, trouble sleeping (insomnia), feeling upset or emotional, inability to concentrate, forgetfulness, clumsiness, loss of appetite or food cravings. […] Physical symptoms of PMS include: bloating (discomfort in the abdomen-tummy), breast tenderness/fullness, loss of interest in sex, headaches, backache, muscle or joint pain, nausea (feeling sick), weight gain. […] One or more of these symptoms may lead to an inability to carry on with day-to-day life. […] The exact cause of PMS is not known but it is likely to be associated with hormone changes that occur during a womans menstrual cycle (time between the first day of one period to the first day of the next period). […] PMS may be made worse by stress, poor diet, lack of exercise, smoking and alcohol.

• #24 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS): Everything you need to know

  https://flo.health/menstrual-cycle/health/pms-and-pmdd/premenstrual-syndrome-symptoms

  If you experience at least one symptom that starts within five days of your cycle and goes away within four days of the end of your period, and this occurs for at least three cycles and affects your day-to-day life, then you may be officially diagnosed with PMS. […] For some, its barely noticeable. For others, it can seriously affect their quality of life. […] The most important thing to remember is that experiencing PMS doesn’t have to completely disrupt your daily life. […] If PMS is interfering with your life or causing severe pain, depression, or suicidal thoughts, it’s important to speak to your health care provider as soon as possible. […] PMS may get worse in your late 30s and 40s. […] Having an overall unhealthy lifestyle could make PMS symptoms worse. […] PMS symptoms can start as early as two weeks before your period arrives, so it’s possible to have PMS for 10 days straight.

• #25 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS): What it is, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325314

  In PMS, people may also notice that the symptoms of conditions such as diabetes, depression, and inflammatory bowel syndrome worsen. […] Also, age can affect the severity of PMS. During perimenopause, which is the transitional period leading up to menopause, people may experience worsening PMS symptoms. […] Speak to a doctor if PMS symptoms get in the way of daily life. In some cases, severe symptoms may indicate premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) or another medical condition. […] A smaller number of people experience a severe form of PMS called PMDD. […] Most females experience at least one symptom of PMS. Fluctuations in hormone levels might play a significant role in PMS, but the exact cause remains unknown. […] Taking OTC pain relievers, making appropriate dietary changes, and managing stress may all help reduce PMS symptoms. […] People may wish to see their doctor if symptoms do not improve, if they worsen despite treatment, or if they interfere with their ability to perform daily tasks.

• #25 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS): What it is, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325314

  Severe or debilitating PMS symptoms are not common, and they may indicate the presence of an underlying health condition. Speak to a doctor about any severe PMS symptoms. […] PMS symptoms range from mild to severe. Some people get their periods without experiencing any PMS symptoms at all. […] For other people, however, PMS symptoms can significantly affect their ability to perform regular activities and may even reduce their quality of life. […] Physical symptoms of PMS can include: changes in appetite, such as food cravings, tender or swollen breasts, weight gain, abdominal bloating, pain in the lower abdomen or menstrual cramps, constipation or diarrhea, headaches, fatigue, oily skin, acne, pimple breakouts, and other skin symptoms. […] Psychological symptoms of PMS can include: low mood, feeling tearful or crying, irritability or anger, depression, increased anxiety, mood swings, social withdrawal, problems sleeping, such as insomnia, difficulty concentrating, decreased libido.

• #26 Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9132-premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder-pmdd

  People with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) have PMS symptoms (bloating, headaches and breast tenderness) in the weeks before their period. But PMDD also causes severe anxiety, depression and mood changes. Some people with PMDD become suicidal. Hormonal birth control and antidepressants can relieve symptoms. […] Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a more serious form of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). It causes physical and emotional symptoms every menstrual cycle in the week or two before your period. PMS causes bloating, headaches and breast tenderness. […] With PMDD, you might have PMS symptoms along with extreme irritability, anxiety or depression. These symptoms improve within a few days after your period starts, but they can be severe enough to interfere with your life.

• #27 Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9132-premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder-pmdd

  Symptoms of PMDD start 10 to 14 days before your period and usually go away within the first two days of your period. This means that a person with PMDD could feel the effects of PMDD for over two weeks each menstrual cycle. […] PMDD is a mental health condition listed in the DSM-5 as a „depressive disorder.” […] PMDD is a serious disorder that can negatively affect your life, relationships and career. You may harm themselves or others. If you consistently experience severe depression and anxiety or other PMDD symptoms in the weeks leading up to your period, seek help from your healthcare provider. Medications can get hormone or serotonin levels in check so that you feel more like yourself. PMDD isn’t a problem you have to live with. Don’t put off getting the medical and mental health care you need.

• #27 Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9132-premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder-pmdd

  Symptoms of PMDD vary by individual. They tend to appear a week or two before menstruation and go away within a few days of your period starting. In addition to PMS symptoms like cramping and bloating, you may have: Anger or irritability. Feeling on edge, overwhelmed or tense. Anxiety and panic attacks. Depression and suicidal thoughts. […] For some people, symptoms of PMDD last until menopause. […] Untreated PMDD can lead to depression and, in severe cases, suicide. The disorder can cause severe emotional distress and negatively affect relationships and careers. […] With treatment, most people with PMDD get relief from their symptoms and are able to enjoy life more fully. […] PMDD and PMS are similar in that they both happen in the week or two before your period begins when your hormone levels drop. They both cause physical symptoms like cramps, headaches or bloating. However, PMDD also causes serious symptoms that may disrupt your mood.

• #28 Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology and Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/293257-overview

  Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a diagnosis used to indicate serious premenstrual distress with associated deterioration in functioning. PMDD is characterized by depressed or labile mood, anxiety, irritability, anger, and other symptoms occurring exclusively during the 2 weeks preceding menses. The symptoms must be severe enough to interfere with occupational and social functioning, in contrast with the more common PMS. PMDD is a severely distressing and disabling condition that requires treatment. […] PMDD is characterized by depressed or labile mood, anxiety, irritability, anger, and other symptoms occurring exclusively during the 2 weeks preceding menses. The symptoms must be severe enough to interfere with occupational and social functioning, in contrast with the more common PMS. PMDD is a severely distressing and disabling condition that requires treatment. […] Upon treatment, symptoms tend to improve rapidly. After cessation of treatment, symptoms recur rapidly, and their reemergence is more predictable than that with major depressive disorder or dysthymia. After oophorectomy, however, symptoms usually do not recur.

• #29 A Visual Guide to Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)

  https://www.webmd.com/women/pms/ss/slideshow-premenstrual-syndrome-pms

  The symptoms of PMS can be similar to or overlap with other conditions, including: Perimenopause, Depression or anxiety, Chronic fatigue syndrome, Thyroid disease, Irritable bowel disease. […] To figure out whether you have PMS, record your symptoms on a tracking form like this one. You may have PMS if: Symptoms occur during the five days before your period. Once your period starts, symptoms end within four days. Symptoms return for at least three menstrual cycles. […] If you have any thoughts of harming yourself, call 911 or get emergency medical care. You should also see your doctor right away if your symptoms are causing problems with your job, personal relationships, or other daily activities. This may be a sign of a more severe form of PMS known as PMDD. […] Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) follows the same pattern as PMS, but the symptoms are more disruptive. Women with PMDD may experience panic attacks, crying spells, suicidal thoughts, insomnia, or other problems than interfere with daily life. […] Studies suggest the following vitamin and mineral supplements may reduce PMS symptoms: Folic acid (400 mcg), Magnesium (400 mg), Vitamin E (400 IU), Calcium (1,000 mg to 1,300 mg), Vitamin B6 (50 mg to 100 mg).

• #29 A Visual Guide to Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)

  https://www.webmd.com/women/pms/ss/slideshow-premenstrual-syndrome-pms

  A week or two before your period starts, you may notice bloating, headaches, mood swings, or other physical and emotional changes. These monthly symptoms are known as premenstrual syndrome, or PMS. About 85% of women experience some degree of PMS. A few have more severe symptoms that disrupt work or personal relationships, known as premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). […] PMS can trigger a wide range of aches and pains, including: Back pain, Headaches, Tender breasts, Joint pain. […] For many women, the worst part of PMS is its unpredictable impact on mood. Irritability, anger, crying spells, depression, and anxiety may come and go in the days leading up to your period. Some women even have trouble with memory and concentration during this time. […] The exact cause of PMS is not clear, but we do know that levels of estrogen and progesterone drop during the week before your period. Many doctors believe this decline in hormone levels triggers the symptoms of PMS.

• #30 Beyond bloating and mood swings: your guide to premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and why it’s more than just premenstrual syndrome (PMS) | Queensland Health

  https://www.health.qld.gov.au/newsroom/features/breaking-the-cycle-a-guide-to-understanding-and-managing-premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder-pmdd

  PMDD can sometimes be misdiagnosed as some PMDD symptoms mimic other conditions. It can be confused with bipolar disorder, thyroid conditions, personality disorders or depression. […] A PMDD diagnosis can only be made if someone has at least five symptoms for two or more menstrual cycles. One or more of the symptoms must be emotional or mood related. […] There are a few ways PMDD can be managed. It does however depend on the severity of the symptoms and how they impact a persons everyday life. […] One option that may help ease symptoms are SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors). These antidepressants can improve symptoms by boosting brain chemicals. SSRIs are usually prescribed only for the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle when symptoms are present. […] PMDD can feel different from person to person. Some report feeling very sensitive to everything around them. Everything they feel can be extreme, from lights to sounds, even thoughts and actions.

• #31 PMS and PMDD Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/womens-health/conditions/pms-pmdd

  About 20% of menstruating people experience symptoms of PMS that are severe enough to interfere with their daily lives. […] Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a severe and sometimes disabling condition with a wide range of physical and emotional symptoms. PMDD is an extreme form of PMS and is considered a psychiatric disorder. […] For most people with PMDD, intense symptoms begin about six days before their period and are most severe two days before their period. […] PMDD affects between 3% to 8% of menstruating people. A person with PMDD will have an estimated 6.8 days of severe PMDD-related symptoms per cycle. That amounts to eight years of debilitating symptoms throughout their lifetime. […] PMS is tied to hormone changes that happen during the menstrual cycle. For instance, fluctuations in estrogen levels are often responsible for PMS-related mood changes.

• #31 PMS and PMDD Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/womens-health/conditions/pms-pmdd

  Symptoms of PMDD are similar to those of PMS but more intensely felt. […] Symptoms of PMS may worsen in your late 30s and 40s as you approach menopause and during perimenopause, the process of change that leads up to menopause. During perimenopause, your hormone levels fluctuate, which may cause your PMS or PMDD to intensify. […] PMDD can dramatically impact every aspect of your life, including your work, school, social life, and relationships. If you suspect that you may have PMDD, you should talk to your doctor immediately. […] A diagnosis of PMDD requires extreme experiences with five of 11 specific symptoms, including at least one mood-related symptom. […] Lifestyle changes, such as healthy eating, regular exercise, and cutting back on alcohol and caffeine, can often help with PMS and PMDD.

• #32 What Is Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)? – Child Mind Institute

  https://childmind.org/article/what-is-premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder-pmdd/

  PMDD (premenstrual dysphoric disorder) is a serious condition that affects some women and girls in the week before their period. Symptoms typically start 5-8 days before their period but can begin earlier, and they go away once the period begins. […] Symptoms are similar to PMS but more severe. […] The symptoms of PMDD have a serious impact on daily life. […] PMDD is caused by a heightened sensitivity to the hormones estrogen and progesterone, both of which spike during the week before menstruation. […] An estimated 75 percent of women and girls experience some emotional and physical discomfort around their periods, but the impact of PMS on their lives is usually relatively mild. The symptoms of PMDD are far more severe and often cause problems that persist even after the tampon box is back in the cabinet.

• #33 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) Symptoms, Treatments & Defintion

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/premenstrual_syndrome_pms/article_em.htm

  Like PMS, the symptoms of PMDD start 7-14 days before a woman’s period and go away once the period starts. […] PMS and PMDD are thought to result from an interaction between the changing sex hormone levels during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and neurotransmitters in the brain, particularly the neurotransmitter serotonin, in susceptible women. […] Hormonal cycling affects the level of serotonin, a brain chemical that regulates many functions, including mood and sensitivity to pain. […] Bloating is a common symptom of PMS. […] The only definitive cure for PMS is removal of the ovaries, which may have many other complications and unwanted long- and short-term consequences. […] Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a particularly severe form of the premenstrual syndrome (PMS).

• #34 PMS & PMDD – MGH Center for Women’s Mental Health

  https://womensmentalhealth.org/specialty-clinics/pms-and-pmdd/

  Premenstrual Syndrome, commonly referred to as PMS, is a broad term that typically refers to a general pattern of physical, emotional and behavioral symptoms occurring 1-2 weeks before and remitting with the onset of menses. PMS is common, affecting from 30-80% of women of reproductive age, though clinically significant PMS symptoms have been reported in 3-8% of patients. […] For the majority of women, these symptoms are mild and tolerable. However, for a certain group of women, these symptoms can be disabling and may cause significant disruption in their lives. […] PMDD affects 3-8% of women in their reproductive years, with symptoms usually emerging during a woman’s twenties. These symptoms may worsen over time; for example, it has been observed that some women may experience worsening premenstrual symptoms as they enter into menopause.

• #34 PMS & PMDD – MGH Center for Women’s Mental Health

  https://womensmentalhealth.org/specialty-clinics/pms-and-pmdd/

  Psychological Symptoms include anxiety, feeling overwhelmed or out of control, increased depressed mood, irritability, mood swings, sensitivity to rejection, social withdrawal, and sudden sadness or tearfulness. […] It is important for clinicians to distinguish between PMDD and other medical and psychiatric conditions. […] The best way to confirm the diagnosis of PMDD is by prospective daily charting of symptoms. Women with PMDD will experience a symptom-free interval between menses and ovulation. […] Although the etiology of PMS and PMDD remains uncertain at present, researchers now concur that these disorders represent biological phenomena rather than purely psychological events. […] Recent research indicates that women who are vulnerable to premenstrual mood changes do not have abnormal levels of hormones or some type of hormonal dysregulation, but rather a particular sensitivity to normal cyclical hormonal changes.

• #34 PMS & PMDD – MGH Center for Women’s Mental Health

  https://womensmentalhealth.org/specialty-clinics/pms-and-pmdd/

  Fluctuations in circulating estrogen and progesterone cause marked effects on central neurotransmission, specifically serotonergic, noradrenergic and dopaminergic pathways. […] Accumulating evidence particularly implicates the serotonergic system in the pathogenesis of PMS and PMDD. […] Recent data suggest that women with premenstrual mood disorders have abnormal serotonin neurotransmission, along with a lower density of serotonin transporter receptors, which is thought to be associated with symptoms such as irritability, depressed mood and carbohydrate craving.

• #35 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/premenstrual-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376787

  There are no unique physical findings or lab tests to positively diagnose premenstrual syndrome. Your doctor may attribute a particular symptom to premenstrual syndrome (PMS) if it’s part of your predictable premenstrual pattern. […] For many women, lifestyle changes can help relieve PMS symptoms. But depending on the severity of your symptoms, your doctor may prescribe one or more medications for premenstrual syndrome. […] Commonly prescribed medications for premenstrual syndrome include: […] Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) which include fluoxetine (Prozac), paroxetine (Paxil, Pexeva), sertraline (Zoloft) and others have been successful in reducing mood symptoms. […] Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) or naproxen sodium (Aleve) can ease cramping and breast discomfort.

• #36 Premenstrual Syndrome | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2003/0415/p1743.html

  The American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ACOG) recommends the PMS diagnostic criteria developed by the University of California at San Diego and the National Institute of Mental Health. […] PMS and PMDD can only be diagnosed after a variety of physical and psychiatric disorders have been excluded. […] The three key elements of the diagnosis are symptoms consistent with PMS, consistent occurrence of symptoms only during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, and negative impact of symptoms on function and lifestyle. […] Nonpharmacologic interventions for PMS include patient education, supportive therapy, and behavioral changes. […] Dietary restrictions and exercise may also be useful in patients with PMS. […] Dietary supplements that have been evaluated in women with PMS include vitamins (A, E, and B6), calcium, magnesium, multivitamin/mineral supplements, and evening primrose oil.

• #36 Premenstrual Syndrome | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2003/0415/p1743.html

  Premenstrual syndrome, a common cyclic disorder of young and middle-aged women, is characterized by emotional and physical symptoms that consistently occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. […] The disorders can manifest with a wide variety of symptoms, including depression, mood lability, abdominal pain, breast tenderness, headache, and fatigue. […] Up to 85 percent of menstruating women report having one or more premenstrual symptoms, and 2 to 10 percent report disabling, incapacitating symptoms. […] More than 200 symptoms have been associated with PMS, but irritability, tension, and dysphoria are the most prominent and consistently described. […] The etiology of PMS remains unknown and may be complex and multifactorial. […] Some evidence suggests that the disorder is related to enhanced sensitivity to progesterone in women with underlying serotonin deficiency.

• #37 Premenstrual syndrome and dysphoric disorder – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/419

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is characterized by repetitive, cyclical, physical, and behavioral symptoms occurring in the luteal phase of the normal menstrual cycle. Symptoms may extend into the first few days of menses. The symptoms cannot be an exacerbation of another disorder, and they must interfere with some aspects of the woman’s life. […] Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a more severe variant of PMS. In addition to physical symptoms, at least one affective symptom such as anger, irritability, and/or internal tension occurs during the second half of the menstrual cycle, and sometimes in the first few days of menses. Symptoms must remit post-menses, and not represent an exacerbation of another psychiatric disorder. […] PMS is characterized by repetitive, cyclical, physical, and behavioral symptoms occurring in the luteal phase of the normal menstrual cycle (the time between ovulation and onset of menstruation). The criteria for PMS were outlined by the International Society for Premenstrual Disorders in 2011. They recognize over 150 different psychological, physical, and behavioral symptoms that may be associated with PMS. Symptoms must not be present at other times through the cycle, must also cause significant impairment, and must not represent an exacerbation of another disorder, and at least one symptom-free week must be present.

• #38 Managing premenstrual syndrome (PMS) | RCOG

  https://www.rcog.org.uk/for-the-public/browse-our-patient-information/managing-premenstrual-syndrome-pms/

  Symptoms can vary from month to month, although they tend to form a pattern over time. […] Between 2 and 4 in 100 women get PMS that is severe enough to prevent them from getting on with their daily lives. […] The exact cause of PMS is not known. It could be linked to changes in the levels of your hormones and body chemicals. […] The levels of your hormones change during your menstrual cycle. Some women are more sensitive to these hormonal changes, which can lead to the symptoms described. […] If you are getting symptoms, you should write them down in a diary for at least two menstrual cycles in a row. Your healthcare professional will then review your diary with you to see whether your symptoms fit the pattern of PMS. […] There is a wide range of options to help you to manage your symptoms and allow you to get on with your daily life.

• #39 PMS Symptoms — What’s Normal, What’s Not | Live Healthy | MU Health Care

  https://livehealthy.muhealth.org/stories/pms-symptoms-5-ways-know-whats-normal-and-whats-not

  If youre having symptoms such as bloating, irritability or pelvic pain throughout the month, you may have an underlying condition related to your: […] When you have an underlying condition, your menstrual cycle can make those symptoms worse, so it may feel like the conditions symptoms line up with your period, Dr. Barrier says. But if those symptoms never truly go away between periods, you should consult your primary care provider. […] Research shows that more than 70% of people may experience at least one GI symptom before or during their period abdominal pain and diarrhea are the most common. […] Higher levels of progesterone which happen midway through your cycle can cause the bowels to slow down. As a result, you can eventually feel bloated or constipated, Dr. Barrier says. […] But when you throw the slow-down effect of progesterone on top of it, severe bloating and other GI issues can trigger pelvic floor tension that worsens with your period.

• #39 PMS Symptoms — What’s Normal, What’s Not | Live Healthy | MU Health Care

  https://livehealthy.muhealth.org/stories/pms-symptoms-5-ways-know-whats-normal-and-whats-not

  If you have ongoing digestive issues or pelvic pain that get worse with your period, your health care provider can evaluate your symptoms and refer you to a GI specialist if needed. Treatment for pelvic floor dysfunction, such as pelvic floor therapy, can help eliminate your pain and digestive distress. […] Some emotional responses to your menstrual cycle are normal. Your physical symptoms can lead to less sleep, food cravings or skipping your workout all of which affect mental health. […] Mild physical and emotional symptoms are generally considered normal, Dr. Barrier says. If you know you get agitated or weepy with your period, ask your loved ones to understand and to give you grace for a few days. […] Emotional symptoms that are unmanageable and affect your life and relationships are concerning, says Dr. Barrier. Even if your mood changes arent severe enough to qualify as PMDD, they can still affect your daily life.

• #39 PMS Symptoms — What’s Normal, What’s Not | Live Healthy | MU Health Care

  https://livehealthy.muhealth.org/stories/pms-symptoms-5-ways-know-whats-normal-and-whats-not

  Period-related mood issues shouldnt be any different. The solution may be as simple as stabilizing your hormones with a contraceptive pill or taking a mild antidepressant. […] Most women live with monthly periods for almost four decades. During that time, youll experience life changes that can affect your periods and period symptoms. PMS can affect someone throughout their reproductive life, Dr. Barrier says. […] Discuss any dramatic change in period symptoms with your doctor especially if you havent experienced any life changes recently. […] No matter what symptoms you experience, you need to seek help from a provider if they interfere with your relationships, your occupation or your mental health, Dr. Barrier says. Period symptoms should never interfere with your healthy relationships or prevent you from participating in important activities.

• #40 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/pms

  Gastrointestinal symptoms include abdominal cramps, bloating, constipation, nausea, vomiting, pelvic heaviness or pressure, and backache. […] Other symptoms include headache, diminished sex drive, and increased appetite and food cravings. […] Premenstrual syndrome seems to be related to fluctuations in estrogen and progesterone in the body during the menstrual cycle. […] Suggested causes of PMS include estrogen-progesterone imbalance, hyperprolactinemia, excessive aldosterone, carbohydrate metabolism changes, retention of sodium and water by the kidneys, low blood sugar, allergy to progesterone, and psychogenic factors. […] Diagnostic procedures for PMS are currently quite limited. A complete medical history is the most helpful in diagnosing PMS. […] Your daughter’s physician may ask her to keep a journal of her symptoms for several months to track the timing, severity, onset, and duration of the symptoms.

• #40 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/pms

  As many as 75 percent of girls and women experience unpleasant symptoms or painful pelvic cramps before or during their monthly menstrual cycle, called premenstrual syndrome (PMS). […] Some girls and women have significant PMS symptoms, but are able to forget about them after a pain reliever. For others, periods bring so much discomfort that they have to miss school or work. […] PMS symptoms may last from a few hours to many days. […] Although PMS symptoms usually cease when menstruation starts, some girls may have PMS that lasts throughout their menstrual cycle. […] There are many possible PMS symptoms. Every adolescent experiences them differently. Common symptoms include: […] Psychological symptoms include irritability, nervousness, difficulty concentrating, depression, fatigue, anxiety, emotional hypersensitivity, crying spells, moodiness, and sleep disturbances.

• #41

  https://step2.medbullets.com/gynecology/121747/premenstrual-syndrome-pms

  A 29-year-old female patient complains of depression, poor sleep quality, and breast tenderness. These symptoms occur on a monthly basis, about 2 weeks before menstruation. Her symptoms greatly improve with menses. […] Recurrent physical and behavioral symptoms manifesting during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle resolve with menstruation. […] Physical and behavioral symptoms include abdominal bloating, breast pain, cramps, anger, irritability, and changes in appetite. […] Diary of symptoms for 2 cycles; temporal relationship of symptoms to cycle is important. […] Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are used for severe PMS and PMDD. […] A 29-year-old female patient complains of depression, poor sleep quality, breast tenderness and abdominal bloating. These symptoms occur on a monthly basis, about 2 weeks before menstruation. Her symptoms greatly improve with menses.

• #42 Premenstrual syndrome: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001505.htm

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) refers to a wide range of symptoms. The symptoms start during the second half of the menstrual cycle (14 or more days after the first day of your last menstrual period). These usually go away 1 to 2 days after the menstrual period starts. […] Most women experience PMS symptoms during their childbearing years. PMS occurs more often in women: […] The symptoms often get worse in late 30s and 40s as menopause approaches. […] The most common symptoms of PMS include: […] Other symptoms include: […] Symptoms such as headache, backache, menstrual cramping, and breast tenderness may be treated with: […] Most women who are treated for PMS symptoms get good relief. […] PMS symptoms may become severe enough to prevent you from functioning normally. […] The suicide rate in women with depression is much higher during the second half of the menstrual cycle. Mood disorders need to be diagnosed and treated.

• #43 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS): Causes, Symptoms and Treatment | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/premenstrual-syndrome

  PMS can start as early as within the first year after establishing menarche. […] To confirm a diagnosis of PMS, a woman has at least one symptom that is physical or behavioral in at least three consecutive menses, and must impair functioning in some way in the days leading up to the menses and disappear once menses begins or shortly after the onset of menses. […] PMS symptoms should not cause a woman to miss school or activities or ruin relationships. […] A woman can reduce their symptoms of PMS first by lifestyle changes such as a healthy diet (decreasing salt and caffeine intake and increasing fruits, vegetables, whole grains and calcium), decreasing stress, incorporating exercise in their routine, and ensuring they are getting enough sleep. […] Commonly prescribed medications to help relieve PMS symptoms are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories, hormonal contraceptives and antidepressants.

• #44 PMS, Cramps, and Irregular Periods (for Teens) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/menstrual-problems.html

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is when a girl has mood and body changes before or during her period. It’s usually at its worst during the 4 days before a period. PMS usually goes away 2 to 3 days after the period begins. […] A girl with PMS might have: sadness, mood swings, crankiness, anxiety, tiredness, food cravings, pimples, bloating, backaches, sore breasts, headaches, constipation, diarrhea. […] If your PMS is severe, your doctor can help with treatments, including medicine. Call the doctor if you: don’t feel better after trying home treatments, feel very sad or hopeless, ever think about hurting or killing yourself, can’t do your usual activities because of your PMS symptoms, have PMS symptoms that don’t go away after the first few days of your period.

• #45 Premenstrual syndrome Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/condition/premenstrual-syndrome

  Symptoms of PMS include: Bloating and weight gain, Breast swelling, tenderness, Mood swings, Depression and anxiety, Skin problems, Changes in appetite, food cravings, Changes in interest in sex, Headaches, backaches, and cramps, Not being able to concentrate, loss of interest in usual activities, and confusion, Fatigue, Irritability […] Severe PMS can disrupt a woman’s life. Women who have PMS may also be at higher risk of developing depression after having a baby. Psychological and emotional support, as well as treatment of the physical symptoms may help.

• #46 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS): 37 Symptoms, Definition, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/premenstrual_syndrome/article.htm

  About 90% of women experience PMS symptoms at one point in their life. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a combination of emotional, physical, and psychological disturbances that occur after ovulation, typically ending with the onset of menstrual flow. The most common mood-related symptoms are irritability, depression, crying, oversensitivity, and mood swings. The most common physical symptoms are fatigue, bloating, breast tenderness (mastalgia), acne flare-ups, and appetite changes with food cravings. […] About 90% of women experience premenstrual symptoms at some point in their lifetime, but clinically significant PMS (which is moderate to severe in intensity and affects a woman’s functioning) occurs in 20% to 30% of women. It is generally most severe in women in their 4th decade of life.

• #46 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS): 37 Symptoms, Definition, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/premenstrual_syndrome/article.htm

  The treatment of PMS can sometimes be as challenging as making the diagnosis of PMS. Various treatment approaches have been used to treat this condition. Some measures lack a solid scientific basis but seem to help some women. Other treatments with a sound scientific basis may not help all patients. […] Evidence suggests that exercise can help relieve some of the symptoms of PMS in adolescents and young women. Physical activity improves general health and helps relieve nervous tension and anxiety. Exercise is believed to release endorphins. […] Although there is no „cure” for PMS at this time, there are many options for managing its signs and symptoms. The priority is an accurate diagnosis. Proper diet, exercise, and lifestyle changes can improve overall health and thereby lead to the reduction of symptoms.

• #46 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS): 37 Symptoms, Definition, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/premenstrual_syndrome/article.htm

  The cause of PMS is complicated and not fully understood. More research is needed, but it is believed PMS results from the alterations in or interactions between the levels of sex hormones including progesterone and brain chemicals known as neurotransmitters such as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), serotonin, and catecholamine. […] Some examples of medical conditions that can mimic PMS include: Depression, Cyclic water retention (idiopathic edema), Chronic fatigue, Hypothyroidism, Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). […] The most helpful diagnostic tool is the menstrual diary, which documents physical and emotional symptoms over months. If the changes occur consistently around ovulation (mid-menstrual cycle) and persist until the menstrual flow begins, then PMS is probably the accurate diagnosis.

• #47 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/premenstrual-syndrome-pms-a-to-z

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a collection of symptoms that many women experience during the several days and sometimes longer before a menstrual period. These symptoms may be physical, psychological and emotional. They disappear soon after the start of menstrual bleeding. […] The specific symptoms of PMS vary from woman to woman. But the top three complaints are irritability, fatigue, and bloating. […] In most women, PMS symptoms begin to subside after age 35. They end at menopause. Women who have PMS or PMDD are at greater risk of developing depression.

• #48

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=hw139439

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a set of physical or mood-related symptoms that occur before your menstrual period each month. Symptoms begin about 1 to 2 weeks before your period starts and go away in the first few days of your period. […] Common physical signs of PMS include bloating, swollen and tender breasts, lack of energy, headaches, cramps, and low back pain. It’s also common to feel sad, angry, irritable, or anxious. Symptoms can occur about 1 to 2 weeks before your period starts. These symptoms go away in the first few days of your period. […] Most people first get PMS in their mid-20s. But it can start with your first period and can continue until menopause. After menopause, PMS goes away because hormones are low and don’t rise and fall each month. […] Call your doctor if: PMS symptoms regularly disrupt your life.

• #49 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.premenstrual-syndrome-pms.hw139439

  Most people first get PMS in their mid-20s. But it can start with your first period and can continue until menopause. After menopause, PMS goes away because hormones are low and don’t rise and fall each month. […] Call your doctor if: PMS symptoms regularly disrupt your life. […] If you still have moderate to severe symptoms after you try home treatment for two or three cycles, talk to your doctor. You can try other treatment options. These may include taking selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants or hormonal birth control. […] If you have moderate to severe premenstrual symptoms even after you’ve tried home treatment and lifestyle changes, talk to your doctor about using medicine. […] Commonly used medicines include: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). NSAIDs such as ibuprofen and naproxen relieve premenstrual pain and cramps. They also reduce menstrual bleeding. They work best when taken before and during the premenstrual pain period. […] Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). SSRIs such as citalopram, fluoxetine, and paroxetine may help relieve physical and emotional symptoms of PMS. You can take them during the premenstrual weeks only. Or you can take them continuously.

• #50 Overview: Premenstrual syndrome – InformedHealth.org – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279265/

  Women who have PMS often feel exhausted, insecure, down, listless, irritable or angry in the days leading up to their period. Some have problems concentrating and experience mood swings. […] Severe PMS can really affect your everyday life and your relationships with friends, family, partners and colleagues. […] PMS that is so bad that it significantly affects mental health leading to things like depression or anxiety is known as premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). […] About 20 to 40% of all girls and women have several more severe PMS-related problems that clearly affect them. […] In 3 to 8% of them, these problems particularly the psychological problems are so bad that they are unable to go about their everyday lives. The medical term for this is premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD).

• #51 Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/1015/p918.html

  PMS, in which mild to moderate symptoms affect some facet of the woman’s life, occurs in 20 to 32 percent of premenopausal women; the more severe symptoms of PMDD affect 3 to 8 percent of premenopausal women. […] The etiologies of PMS and PMDD are not definitive, but several theories are postulated. Women with PMS or PMDD appear to be more physiologically sensitive to and express more symptoms with normal cycling levels of estrogen and progesterone. […] Clinical history is key to the diagnosis of PMS or PMDD. […] Because the etiology of PMS and PMDD is not clear, symptom relief is the goal of treatment. […] Medications affecting serotonin are first-line pharmacologic treatments for severe PMS or PMDD. […] SSRIs and SNRIs may need to be administered for three to four weeks to affect symptoms of depression; PMS symptoms, however, appear to improve more rapidly. […] Spironolactone, the potassium-sparing diuretic with antiandrogenic effects, significantly improved symptoms of breast tenderness, bloating, weight gain, and depressed mood compared with placebo, and physicians may consider it a pharmacologic option for treating PMS symptoms.

• #52 Patient education: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/premenstrual-syndrome-pms-and-premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder-pmdd-beyond-the-basics

  Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is the severe form of PMS. PMDD can cause a woman to feel very sad or nervous, to have trouble with friends or family (eg, disagreements with husband or children), and can cause difficulty paying attention to work or school. […] The cause of PMS and PMDD is not known. Some women may be very sensitive to changes in hormone levels. Hormone levels are normal and fluctuate before and during the menstrual period. […] There is no test for PMS or PMDD. To be diagnosed with PMS or PMDD, a woman must have physical symptoms (eg, breast tenderness, bloating) and mood changes (eg, sadness, crying). These symptoms must occur before her menstrual period (and disappear after the onset of the period). […] A medication is usually the best treatment for women with PMDD. […] The best medications for PMS or PMDD are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).

• #53 Menstrually Related Mood Disorders – Center for Women’s Mood Disorders

  https://www.med.unc.edu/psych/wmd/resources/mood-disorders/menstrually-related/

  Many women experience symptoms of Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS). […] In contrast to PMS, PMDD is characterized by more significant premenstrual mood disturbance that can seriously impact relationships and impair functioning. […] Common symptoms include: irritability, depressed mood, anxiety, or mood swings. Mood symptoms are only present for a specific period of time, during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms emerge one to two weeks before menses and resolve completely with the onset of menses. […] An estimated 40% of women who seek treatment for PMDD actually have a premenstrual exacerbation of an underlying mood disorder rather than PMDD.

• #54 5 Steps For Relieving Your PMS Symptoms | Henry Ford Health – Detroit, MI

  https://www.henryford.com/blog/2021/03/relieving-pms-symptoms

  In the days before menstruation begins, many women navigate body aches, cramps, mood swings, even constipation and diarrhea. A subset of women have premenstrual symptoms so severe that they interfere with daily life. „True premenstrual syndrome, or PMS, describes emotional and physical changes in the days leading up to a woman’s period that interfere with her ability to perform daily activities,” says Page Animadu, M.D., an obstetrician/gynecologist at Henry Ford Health. „So while many women have premenstrual symptoms, only about 3 to 8% experience symptoms that are so severe that they can’t perform daily activities.” […] PMS is a syndrome caused by changing hormone levels during the luteal phase. After ovulation, women may feel tired, cranky and off-kilter. Those symptoms progress as you get closer to menstruation.

• #55 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) | Gynecology Obstetrics Women’s Health | Mercy Health

  https://www.mercy.com/health-care-services/gynecology-obstetrics-womens-health/conditions/premenstrual-syndrome

  Premenstrual syndrome, also known as PMS, is a combination of symptoms that women experience a week or more before their menstrual cycle. Most women experience at least one or more symptoms each month. Some women experience debilitating PMS where they are unable to go to work or school. […] Symptoms of PMS may include: Tender breasts, Diarrhea, Abdominal cramping, Headache, Backache, Intolerance for noise or light, Clumsiness, Fatigue, Problems with sleep, Food cravings, Mood swings, Depression or feeling sad. Symptoms of PMS can change month to month and as you get older. No two women experience PMS exactly the same symptoms. […] Some women do not need to treat their PMS symptoms, while others need treatment to be able to continue their daily routine. Lifestyle changes such as reducing your sugar and sodium intake and eliminating smoking and alcohol consumption can help relieve your symptoms of PMS.

• #56 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) | Healthify

  https://healthify.nz/health-a-z/p/premenstrual-syndrome-pms

  If your symptoms are very severe you may have premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). […] If these physical and emotional symptoms start to affect your daily life, or if they dont go away with lifestyle changes, see your doctor or nurse. […] Depending on your symptoms your doctor might recommend: antidepressants, painkillers nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen, oral contraceptives, diuretics, hormone therapy. […] Complementary health measures such as vitamins and herbal remedies could be beneficial to women with mild PMS, along with acupuncture, massage, reflexology or yoga. […] Just remember, if PMS is a problem for you, there are ways to manage it.

• #57 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) – Your Period

  https://www.yourperiod.ca/abnormal-pain-and-menstrual-bleeding/premenstrual-syndrome-pms/

  Leading a healthy lifestyle can make a big difference in how your body reacts to menstruation. […] If a healthy lifestyle and over-the-counter pain relief medications are not enough to prevent PMS from disrupting your daily life, it’s a good idea to talk to your doctor. […] Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a rare, very severe form of PMS where women experience severe disruptions in mood (depression, irritability, anxiety) prior to menstruation.

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