Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Patient education: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/premenstrual-syndrome-pms-and-premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder-pmdd-beyond-the-basics

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) refers to a group of physical and behavioral symptoms that occur in a cyclic pattern during the second half of the menstrual cycle. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is the severe form of PMS. Common symptoms include anger, irritability, depression, and internal tension that are severe enough to interfere with daily activities. […] Mild PMS is common, affecting up to 75 percent of women with regular menstrual cycles; PMDD affects only 3 to 8 percent of women. This condition can affect women of any socioeconomic, cultural, or ethnic background. […] PMDD is usually a chronic condition and can have a serious impact on a woman’s quality of life. Fortunately, a variety of treatments and self-care measures can effectively control the symptoms in most women. […] The most common symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) are fatigue, bloating, irritability, depression, and anxiety.

• #2 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24288-pms-premenstrual-syndrome

  Premenstrual syndrome, or PMS, is a combination of symptoms that arrive before your period. Your symptoms may be physical (like bloating or sore breasts), emotional (like irritability or sadness) or a combination of both. Either way, PMS symptoms can disrupt your life. Lifestyle modifications and over-the-counter medications can often relieve PMS symptoms. […] Common symptoms of PMS are headaches, breast tenderness, irritability and mood swings. Premenstrual syndrome (or PMS) begins one to two weeks before you get your period. It can cause symptoms like headaches, breast soreness and mood swings. […] Almost 50% of people who menstruate say they have at least one PMS symptom. About 20% of those people have symptoms that are severe enough to disrupt their life. […] PMS symptoms can be physical, emotional or a mix of both. They can also be mild, severe or somewhere in between. Not everyone experiences PMS. If you do, your symptoms may change throughout your life.

• #3 Patient education: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/premenstrual-syndrome-pms-and-premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder-pmdd-beyond-the-basics

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) refers to a group of physical and behavioral symptoms that occur in a cyclic pattern during the second half of the menstrual cycle. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is the severe form of PMS. Common symptoms include anger, irritability, depression, and internal tension that are severe enough to interfere with daily activities. […] Mild PMS is common, affecting up to 75 percent of women with regular menstrual cycles; PMDD affects only 3 to 8 percent of women. This condition can affect women of any socioeconomic, cultural, or ethnic background. […] PMDD is usually a chronic condition and can have a serious impact on a woman’s quality of life. Fortunately, a variety of treatments and self-care measures can effectively control the symptoms in most women. […] The most common symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) are fatigue, bloating, irritability, depression, and anxiety.

• #4 Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0801/p236.html

  Premenstrual disorders affect up to 12% of women. The subspecialties of psychiatry and gynecology have developed overlapping but distinct diagnoses that qualify as a premenstrual disorder; these include premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. These conditions encompass psychological and physical symptoms that cause significant impairment during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, but resolve shortly after menstruation. […] Physicians should tailor therapy to achieve the greatest functional improvement possible for their patients. Select serotonergic antidepressants are first-line treatments. They can be used continuously or only during the luteal phase. Oral contraceptives and calcium supplements may also be used. […] Premenstrual syndrome can be diagnosed if the patient reports at least one of the following affective and somatic symptoms during the five days before menses in each of the three previous menstrual cycles.

• #5 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/premenstrual-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20376780

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) has a wide variety of signs and symptoms, including mood swings, tender breasts, food cravings, fatigue, irritability and depression. It’s estimated that as many as 3 of every 4 menstruating women have experienced some form of premenstrual syndrome. […] Symptoms tend to recur in a predictable pattern. But the physical and emotional changes you experience with premenstrual syndrome may vary from just slightly noticeable all the way to intense. […] Still, you don’t have to let these problems control your life. Treatments and lifestyle adjustments can help you reduce or manage the signs and symptoms of premenstrual syndrome. […] For some, the physical pain and emotional stress are severe enough to affect their daily lives. Regardless of symptom severity, the signs and symptoms generally disappear within four days after the start of the menstrual period for most women.

• #6 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS): Causes, Symptoms and Treatment | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/premenstrual-syndrome

  Most women of reproductive age experience mild behavioral or physical symptoms a few days before their menses; however, these do not cause severe distress and functional impairment and are not considered premenstrual syndrome (PMS). […] PMS causes a plethora of different behavioral and physical signs and symptoms and typically occurs in a predictable pattern. […] Regardless of symptom severity, PMS symptoms generally disappear with the onset of menses or several days after the start of menses. […] Common behavioral changes may include: Mood swings, Depressed mood, Irritability, Anxiety, Sadness, crying spells, Food cravings, Social withdrawal, Poor concentration. […] Common physical changes may include: Abdominal bloating, Extreme sense of fatigue, Breast tenderness, Headaches, Dizziness.

• #7 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/premenstrual-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20376780

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) has a wide variety of signs and symptoms, including mood swings, tender breasts, food cravings, fatigue, irritability and depression. It’s estimated that as many as 3 of every 4 menstruating women have experienced some form of premenstrual syndrome. […] Symptoms tend to recur in a predictable pattern. But the physical and emotional changes you experience with premenstrual syndrome may vary from just slightly noticeable all the way to intense. […] Still, you don’t have to let these problems control your life. Treatments and lifestyle adjustments can help you reduce or manage the signs and symptoms of premenstrual syndrome. […] For some, the physical pain and emotional stress are severe enough to affect their daily lives. Regardless of symptom severity, the signs and symptoms generally disappear within four days after the start of the menstrual period for most women.

• #8 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS): Causes, Symptoms and Treatment | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/premenstrual-syndrome

  Most women of reproductive age experience mild behavioral or physical symptoms a few days before their menses; however, these do not cause severe distress and functional impairment and are not considered premenstrual syndrome (PMS). […] PMS causes a plethora of different behavioral and physical signs and symptoms and typically occurs in a predictable pattern. […] Regardless of symptom severity, PMS symptoms generally disappear with the onset of menses or several days after the start of menses. […] Common behavioral changes may include: Mood swings, Depressed mood, Irritability, Anxiety, Sadness, crying spells, Food cravings, Social withdrawal, Poor concentration. […] Common physical changes may include: Abdominal bloating, Extreme sense of fatigue, Breast tenderness, Headaches, Dizziness.

• #9 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS): Causes, Symptoms and Treatment | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/premenstrual-syndrome

  Most women of reproductive age experience mild behavioral or physical symptoms a few days before their menses; however, these do not cause severe distress and functional impairment and are not considered premenstrual syndrome (PMS). […] PMS causes a plethora of different behavioral and physical signs and symptoms and typically occurs in a predictable pattern. […] Regardless of symptom severity, PMS symptoms generally disappear with the onset of menses or several days after the start of menses. […] Common behavioral changes may include: Mood swings, Depressed mood, Irritability, Anxiety, Sadness, crying spells, Food cravings, Social withdrawal, Poor concentration. […] Common physical changes may include: Abdominal bloating, Extreme sense of fatigue, Breast tenderness, Headaches, Dizziness.

• #10 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) | Gynecology Obstetrics Women’s Health | Mercy Health

  https://www.mercy.com/health-care-services/gynecology-obstetrics-womens-health/conditions/premenstrual-syndrome

  Premenstrual syndrome, also known as PMS, is a combination of symptoms that women experience a week or more before their menstrual cycle. […] Some women experience debilitating PMS where they are unable to go to work or school. […] Symptoms of PMS may include: Tender breasts, Diarrhea, Abdominal cramping, Headache, Backache, Intolerance for noise or light, Clumsiness, Fatigue, Problems with sleep, Food cravings, Mood swings, Depression or feeling sad. […] Symptoms of PMS can change month to month and as you get older. No two women experience PMS exactly the same symptoms. […] Some women do not need to treat their PMS symptoms, while others need treatment to be able to continue their daily routine. […] Lifestyle changes such as reducing your sugar and sodium intake and eliminating smoking and alcohol consumption can help relieve your symptoms of PMS.

• #11 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/premenstrual-syndrome

  PMS is the changes in mood, emotions, physical health, and behavior that can occur between ovulation and the start of your period. It typically lasts until a few days after your period begins and can have a negative impact on your life. […] Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a very common concern. Nearly 48 percent of women who are of reproductive age experience PMS, and for about 20 percent of them, symptoms are severe enough to affect their regular routine. […] Contrary to what some people may suggest, PMS is a real condition, one that can disrupt daily life and cause significant physical discomfort and emotional distress. […] While PMS often involves mild or moderate symptoms that dont majorly affect daily life, symptoms can be severe enough to impact your everyday activities and overall well-being.

• #12 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) | Cigna

  https://www.cigna.com/knowledge-center/hw/medical-topics/premenstrual-syndrome-hw139439

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a set of physical or mood-related symptoms that occur before your menstrual period each month. Symptoms begin about 1 to 2 weeks before your period starts and go away in the first few days of your period. It is common to have tender breasts, bloating, and muscle aches a few days before your period. These are normal premenstrual symptoms. But when symptoms interfere with your daily life, they are called PMS. […] Common physical signs of PMS include bloating, swollen and tender breasts, lack of energy, headaches, cramps, and low back pain. It’s also common to feel sad, angry, irritable, or anxious. Symptoms can occur about 1 to 2 weeks before your period starts. These symptoms go away in the first few days of your period. […] No single treatment works for everyone. Lifestyle changes may help. These changes could include healthy eating, regular exercise, and cutting back on alcohol and caffeine. If these changes don’t help to relieve your symptoms after a few menstrual cycles, your doctor can prescribe medicine for problems like bloating or for more severe PMS symptoms.

• #13 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) – HealthyWomen

  https://www.healthywomen.org/condition/premenstrual-syndrome-pms

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) describes a wide range of recurrent symptoms that occur from several days to two weeks before your period. PMS affects up to 75 percent of women in their childbearing years, although only 20 percent to 40 percent have difficulties as a result. […] Symptoms of PMS may get worse with age and stress, although the underlying causes are not well understood. […] The most common symptoms include irritability, bloating, mood swings, anxiety, depressed mood, fatigue, appetite changes, water retention and breast tenderness, among others. […] PMS appears to be caused by a sensitivity to the rising and falling levels of the hormones estrogen and progesterone, which may influence brain chemicals, including serotonin, a substance that has a strong affect on mood. […] Dietary changes and exercise may also help relieve the discomfort of PMS symptoms.

• #14 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) – HealthyWomen

  https://www.healthywomen.org/condition/premenstrual-syndrome-pms

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) describes a wide range of recurrent symptoms that occur from several days to two weeks before your period. PMS affects up to 75 percent of women in their childbearing years, although only 20 percent to 40 percent have difficulties as a result. […] Symptoms of PMS may get worse with age and stress, although the underlying causes are not well understood. […] The most common symptoms include irritability, bloating, mood swings, anxiety, depressed mood, fatigue, appetite changes, water retention and breast tenderness, among others. […] PMS appears to be caused by a sensitivity to the rising and falling levels of the hormones estrogen and progesterone, which may influence brain chemicals, including serotonin, a substance that has a strong affect on mood. […] Dietary changes and exercise may also help relieve the discomfort of PMS symptoms.

• #15 Beyond bloating and mood swings: your guide to premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and why it’s more than just premenstrual syndrome (PMS) | Queensland Health

  https://www.health.qld.gov.au/newsroom/features/breaking-the-cycle-a-guide-to-understanding-and-managing-premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder-pmdd

  PMDD is a severe form of PMS that causes emotional and psychological distress. It can be so serious that it can impact a persons daily life. Those with PMDD find normal activities such as work or school, exercising, or self-care difficult. It sometimes triggers thoughts of suicide and self-harm. […] PMDD can sometimes be misdiagnosed as some PMDD symptoms mimic other conditions. It can be confused with bipolar disorder, thyroid conditions, personality disorders or depression. With PMDD, symptoms overlapping with these disorders occur only on the days between ovulation and the end of a period. […] PMDD may cause the following symptoms: extreme or sudden mood changes and emotional sensitivity, irritability or anger, depressed mood — feeling hopeless, worthless, or guilty, anxiety, tension, or feeling on edge, little or no interest in usual activities (work, school, friends or hobbies), difficulty concentrating or focusing (brain fog), tiredness, low energy or excessive sleepiness, appetite changes, food cravings, overeating, or binge eating, insomnia (trouble falling or staying asleep), feeling overwhelmed or out of control, physical symptoms — breast tenderness or swelling, joint or muscle pain, bloating or weight gain, acne, headaches.

• #16 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS): Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.premenstrual-syndrome-pms-care-instructions.tw12141

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a set of physical or mood-related symptoms that occur before your menstrual period each month. Symptoms begin about 1 to 2 weeks before your period starts. These symptoms go away in the first few days of your period. […] With PMS, these symptoms interfere with your daily life. They may affect your relationships, or your work or school. Home treatments and medicines can help you feel better. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] Ask your doctor if you can take anti-inflammatory medicines for body aches and breast tenderness. These include ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) and naproxen (Aleve). Read and follow all instructions on the label. […] Call your doctor now or seek immediate medical care if: You have severe vaginal bleeding. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor if: You have unusual vaginal bleeding. You do not get better as expected.

• #17 Beyond bloating and mood swings: your guide to premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and why it’s more than just premenstrual syndrome (PMS) | Queensland Health

  https://www.health.qld.gov.au/newsroom/features/breaking-the-cycle-a-guide-to-understanding-and-managing-premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder-pmdd

  PMDD is a severe form of PMS that causes emotional and psychological distress. It can be so serious that it can impact a persons daily life. Those with PMDD find normal activities such as work or school, exercising, or self-care difficult. It sometimes triggers thoughts of suicide and self-harm. […] PMDD can sometimes be misdiagnosed as some PMDD symptoms mimic other conditions. It can be confused with bipolar disorder, thyroid conditions, personality disorders or depression. With PMDD, symptoms overlapping with these disorders occur only on the days between ovulation and the end of a period. […] PMDD may cause the following symptoms: extreme or sudden mood changes and emotional sensitivity, irritability or anger, depressed mood — feeling hopeless, worthless, or guilty, anxiety, tension, or feeling on edge, little or no interest in usual activities (work, school, friends or hobbies), difficulty concentrating or focusing (brain fog), tiredness, low energy or excessive sleepiness, appetite changes, food cravings, overeating, or binge eating, insomnia (trouble falling or staying asleep), feeling overwhelmed or out of control, physical symptoms — breast tenderness or swelling, joint or muscle pain, bloating or weight gain, acne, headaches.

• #18 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS): Causes, Symptoms and Treatment | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/premenstrual-syndrome

  Most women of reproductive age experience mild behavioral or physical symptoms a few days before their menses; however, these do not cause severe distress and functional impairment and are not considered premenstrual syndrome (PMS). […] PMS causes a plethora of different behavioral and physical signs and symptoms and typically occurs in a predictable pattern. […] Regardless of symptom severity, PMS symptoms generally disappear with the onset of menses or several days after the start of menses. […] Common behavioral changes may include: Mood swings, Depressed mood, Irritability, Anxiety, Sadness, crying spells, Food cravings, Social withdrawal, Poor concentration. […] Common physical changes may include: Abdominal bloating, Extreme sense of fatigue, Breast tenderness, Headaches, Dizziness.

• #19 Beyond bloating and mood swings: your guide to premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and why it’s more than just premenstrual syndrome (PMS) | Queensland Health

  https://www.health.qld.gov.au/newsroom/features/breaking-the-cycle-a-guide-to-understanding-and-managing-premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder-pmdd

  PMDD is a severe form of PMS that causes emotional and psychological distress. It can be so serious that it can impact a persons daily life. Those with PMDD find normal activities such as work or school, exercising, or self-care difficult. It sometimes triggers thoughts of suicide and self-harm. […] PMDD can sometimes be misdiagnosed as some PMDD symptoms mimic other conditions. It can be confused with bipolar disorder, thyroid conditions, personality disorders or depression. With PMDD, symptoms overlapping with these disorders occur only on the days between ovulation and the end of a period. […] PMDD may cause the following symptoms: extreme or sudden mood changes and emotional sensitivity, irritability or anger, depressed mood — feeling hopeless, worthless, or guilty, anxiety, tension, or feeling on edge, little or no interest in usual activities (work, school, friends or hobbies), difficulty concentrating or focusing (brain fog), tiredness, low energy or excessive sleepiness, appetite changes, food cravings, overeating, or binge eating, insomnia (trouble falling or staying asleep), feeling overwhelmed or out of control, physical symptoms — breast tenderness or swelling, joint or muscle pain, bloating or weight gain, acne, headaches.

• #20 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS): Causes, Symptoms and Treatment | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/premenstrual-syndrome

  Most women of reproductive age experience mild behavioral or physical symptoms a few days before their menses; however, these do not cause severe distress and functional impairment and are not considered premenstrual syndrome (PMS). […] PMS causes a plethora of different behavioral and physical signs and symptoms and typically occurs in a predictable pattern. […] Regardless of symptom severity, PMS symptoms generally disappear with the onset of menses or several days after the start of menses. […] Common behavioral changes may include: Mood swings, Depressed mood, Irritability, Anxiety, Sadness, crying spells, Food cravings, Social withdrawal, Poor concentration. […] Common physical changes may include: Abdominal bloating, Extreme sense of fatigue, Breast tenderness, Headaches, Dizziness.

• #21 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS): Causes, Symptoms and Treatment | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/premenstrual-syndrome

  Most women of reproductive age experience mild behavioral or physical symptoms a few days before their menses; however, these do not cause severe distress and functional impairment and are not considered premenstrual syndrome (PMS). […] PMS causes a plethora of different behavioral and physical signs and symptoms and typically occurs in a predictable pattern. […] Regardless of symptom severity, PMS symptoms generally disappear with the onset of menses or several days after the start of menses. […] Common behavioral changes may include: Mood swings, Depressed mood, Irritability, Anxiety, Sadness, crying spells, Food cravings, Social withdrawal, Poor concentration. […] Common physical changes may include: Abdominal bloating, Extreme sense of fatigue, Breast tenderness, Headaches, Dizziness.

• #22 Beyond bloating and mood swings: your guide to premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and why it’s more than just premenstrual syndrome (PMS) | Queensland Health

  https://www.health.qld.gov.au/newsroom/features/breaking-the-cycle-a-guide-to-understanding-and-managing-premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder-pmdd

  PMDD is a severe form of PMS that causes emotional and psychological distress. It can be so serious that it can impact a persons daily life. Those with PMDD find normal activities such as work or school, exercising, or self-care difficult. It sometimes triggers thoughts of suicide and self-harm. […] PMDD can sometimes be misdiagnosed as some PMDD symptoms mimic other conditions. It can be confused with bipolar disorder, thyroid conditions, personality disorders or depression. With PMDD, symptoms overlapping with these disorders occur only on the days between ovulation and the end of a period. […] PMDD may cause the following symptoms: extreme or sudden mood changes and emotional sensitivity, irritability or anger, depressed mood — feeling hopeless, worthless, or guilty, anxiety, tension, or feeling on edge, little or no interest in usual activities (work, school, friends or hobbies), difficulty concentrating or focusing (brain fog), tiredness, low energy or excessive sleepiness, appetite changes, food cravings, overeating, or binge eating, insomnia (trouble falling or staying asleep), feeling overwhelmed or out of control, physical symptoms — breast tenderness or swelling, joint or muscle pain, bloating or weight gain, acne, headaches.

• #23 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS): Causes, Symptoms and Treatment | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/premenstrual-syndrome

  Most women of reproductive age experience mild behavioral or physical symptoms a few days before their menses; however, these do not cause severe distress and functional impairment and are not considered premenstrual syndrome (PMS). […] PMS causes a plethora of different behavioral and physical signs and symptoms and typically occurs in a predictable pattern. […] Regardless of symptom severity, PMS symptoms generally disappear with the onset of menses or several days after the start of menses. […] Common behavioral changes may include: Mood swings, Depressed mood, Irritability, Anxiety, Sadness, crying spells, Food cravings, Social withdrawal, Poor concentration. […] Common physical changes may include: Abdominal bloating, Extreme sense of fatigue, Breast tenderness, Headaches, Dizziness.

• #24 Beyond bloating and mood swings: your guide to premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and why it’s more than just premenstrual syndrome (PMS) | Queensland Health

  https://www.health.qld.gov.au/newsroom/features/breaking-the-cycle-a-guide-to-understanding-and-managing-premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder-pmdd

  PMDD is a severe form of PMS that causes emotional and psychological distress. It can be so serious that it can impact a persons daily life. Those with PMDD find normal activities such as work or school, exercising, or self-care difficult. It sometimes triggers thoughts of suicide and self-harm. […] PMDD can sometimes be misdiagnosed as some PMDD symptoms mimic other conditions. It can be confused with bipolar disorder, thyroid conditions, personality disorders or depression. With PMDD, symptoms overlapping with these disorders occur only on the days between ovulation and the end of a period. […] PMDD may cause the following symptoms: extreme or sudden mood changes and emotional sensitivity, irritability or anger, depressed mood — feeling hopeless, worthless, or guilty, anxiety, tension, or feeling on edge, little or no interest in usual activities (work, school, friends or hobbies), difficulty concentrating or focusing (brain fog), tiredness, low energy or excessive sleepiness, appetite changes, food cravings, overeating, or binge eating, insomnia (trouble falling or staying asleep), feeling overwhelmed or out of control, physical symptoms — breast tenderness or swelling, joint or muscle pain, bloating or weight gain, acne, headaches.

• #25 Beyond bloating and mood swings: your guide to premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and why it’s more than just premenstrual syndrome (PMS) | Queensland Health

  https://www.health.qld.gov.au/newsroom/features/breaking-the-cycle-a-guide-to-understanding-and-managing-premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder-pmdd

  PMDD is a severe form of PMS that causes emotional and psychological distress. It can be so serious that it can impact a persons daily life. Those with PMDD find normal activities such as work or school, exercising, or self-care difficult. It sometimes triggers thoughts of suicide and self-harm. […] PMDD can sometimes be misdiagnosed as some PMDD symptoms mimic other conditions. It can be confused with bipolar disorder, thyroid conditions, personality disorders or depression. With PMDD, symptoms overlapping with these disorders occur only on the days between ovulation and the end of a period. […] PMDD may cause the following symptoms: extreme or sudden mood changes and emotional sensitivity, irritability or anger, depressed mood — feeling hopeless, worthless, or guilty, anxiety, tension, or feeling on edge, little or no interest in usual activities (work, school, friends or hobbies), difficulty concentrating or focusing (brain fog), tiredness, low energy or excessive sleepiness, appetite changes, food cravings, overeating, or binge eating, insomnia (trouble falling or staying asleep), feeling overwhelmed or out of control, physical symptoms — breast tenderness or swelling, joint or muscle pain, bloating or weight gain, acne, headaches.

• #26 Beyond bloating and mood swings: your guide to premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and why it’s more than just premenstrual syndrome (PMS) | Queensland Health

  https://www.health.qld.gov.au/newsroom/features/breaking-the-cycle-a-guide-to-understanding-and-managing-premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder-pmdd

  PMDD is a severe form of PMS that causes emotional and psychological distress. It can be so serious that it can impact a persons daily life. Those with PMDD find normal activities such as work or school, exercising, or self-care difficult. It sometimes triggers thoughts of suicide and self-harm. […] PMDD can sometimes be misdiagnosed as some PMDD symptoms mimic other conditions. It can be confused with bipolar disorder, thyroid conditions, personality disorders or depression. With PMDD, symptoms overlapping with these disorders occur only on the days between ovulation and the end of a period. […] PMDD may cause the following symptoms: extreme or sudden mood changes and emotional sensitivity, irritability or anger, depressed mood — feeling hopeless, worthless, or guilty, anxiety, tension, or feeling on edge, little or no interest in usual activities (work, school, friends or hobbies), difficulty concentrating or focusing (brain fog), tiredness, low energy or excessive sleepiness, appetite changes, food cravings, overeating, or binge eating, insomnia (trouble falling or staying asleep), feeling overwhelmed or out of control, physical symptoms — breast tenderness or swelling, joint or muscle pain, bloating or weight gain, acne, headaches.

• #27 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/premenstrual-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20376780

  If you haven’t been able to manage your premenstrual syndrome with lifestyle changes and the symptoms of PMS are affecting your health and daily activities, see your doctor. […] Exactly what causes premenstrual syndrome is unknown, but several factors may contribute to the condition: […] Cyclic changes in hormones. Signs and symptoms of premenstrual syndrome change with hormonal fluctuations and disappear with pregnancy and menopause. […] Chemical changes in the brain. Fluctuations of serotonin, a brain chemical (neurotransmitter) that’s thought to play a crucial role in mood states, could trigger PMS symptoms. Insufficient amounts of serotonin may contribute to premenstrual depression, as well as to fatigue, food cravings and sleep problems. […] Depression. Some women with severe premenstrual syndrome have undiagnosed depression, though depression alone does not cause all of the symptoms.

• #28 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/premenstrual-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20376780

  If you haven’t been able to manage your premenstrual syndrome with lifestyle changes and the symptoms of PMS are affecting your health and daily activities, see your doctor. […] Exactly what causes premenstrual syndrome is unknown, but several factors may contribute to the condition: […] Cyclic changes in hormones. Signs and symptoms of premenstrual syndrome change with hormonal fluctuations and disappear with pregnancy and menopause. […] Chemical changes in the brain. Fluctuations of serotonin, a brain chemical (neurotransmitter) that’s thought to play a crucial role in mood states, could trigger PMS symptoms. Insufficient amounts of serotonin may contribute to premenstrual depression, as well as to fatigue, food cravings and sleep problems. […] Depression. Some women with severe premenstrual syndrome have undiagnosed depression, though depression alone does not cause all of the symptoms.

• #29 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/pms

  As many as 75 percent of girls and women experience unpleasant symptoms or painful pelvic cramps before or during their monthly menstrual cycle, called premenstrual syndrome (PMS). […] Some girls and women have significant PMS symptoms, but are able to forget about them after a pain reliever. For others, periods bring so much discomfort that they have to miss school or work. […] Less than an estimated 10 percent of females have symptoms so extreme they are considered disabled by the condition. […] PMS symptoms may last from a few hours to many days. […] Although PMS symptoms usually cease when menstruation starts, some girls may have PMS that lasts throughout their menstrual cycle. […] Premenstrual syndrome seems to be related to fluctuations in estrogen and progesterone in the body during the menstrual cycle.

• #30 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/premenstrual-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20376780

  If you haven’t been able to manage your premenstrual syndrome with lifestyle changes and the symptoms of PMS are affecting your health and daily activities, see your doctor. […] Exactly what causes premenstrual syndrome is unknown, but several factors may contribute to the condition: […] Cyclic changes in hormones. Signs and symptoms of premenstrual syndrome change with hormonal fluctuations and disappear with pregnancy and menopause. […] Chemical changes in the brain. Fluctuations of serotonin, a brain chemical (neurotransmitter) that’s thought to play a crucial role in mood states, could trigger PMS symptoms. Insufficient amounts of serotonin may contribute to premenstrual depression, as well as to fatigue, food cravings and sleep problems. […] Depression. Some women with severe premenstrual syndrome have undiagnosed depression, though depression alone does not cause all of the symptoms.

• #31

  http://www.bcwomens.ca/health-info/sexual-reproductive-health/gynecology-and-pelvic-health/pmspmdd

  Women with PMDD should be careful about using alcohol. It is a depressant meaning it may worsen depressed mood. It is not a good option for controlling stress. […] Some women with severe PMDD find that self-care measures are not enough and the physician may recommend medication. […] The latest research indicates that serotonin dysregulation is involved in PMDD. Women with severe PMDD symptoms can be treated with serotonin-reuptake inhibitors or SSRIs, such as Prozac, Zoloft, Luvox, Paxil and Anafranil. […] Research shows that progesterone had absolutely no effect on PMDD symptoms. For some women who are anxious, irritable, and restless, progesterone may bring some relief.

• #32 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/premenstrual-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20376780

  If you haven’t been able to manage your premenstrual syndrome with lifestyle changes and the symptoms of PMS are affecting your health and daily activities, see your doctor. […] Exactly what causes premenstrual syndrome is unknown, but several factors may contribute to the condition: […] Cyclic changes in hormones. Signs and symptoms of premenstrual syndrome change with hormonal fluctuations and disappear with pregnancy and menopause. […] Chemical changes in the brain. Fluctuations of serotonin, a brain chemical (neurotransmitter) that’s thought to play a crucial role in mood states, could trigger PMS symptoms. Insufficient amounts of serotonin may contribute to premenstrual depression, as well as to fatigue, food cravings and sleep problems. […] Depression. Some women with severe premenstrual syndrome have undiagnosed depression, though depression alone does not cause all of the symptoms.

• #33 Patient education: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/premenstrual-syndrome-pms-and-premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder-pmdd-beyond-the-basics

  PMS and PMDD can be worsened by stress, anxiety, depression, and other psychological conditions. […] Conservative treatments for premenstrual syndrome (PMS) may be recommended first, including regular exercise, relaxation techniques, and vitamin and mineral supplementation. […] Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a highly effective treatment for the symptoms of PMS and PMDD. […] Some women with PMS or PMDD get relief from their symptoms when they take a birth control pill. […] Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists (eg, leuprolide acetate or goserelin acetate) are a type of medication that causes the ovaries to temporarily stop making estrogen and progesterone. […] A medication is usually the best treatment for women with PMDD. […] The best medications for PMS or PMDD are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).

• #34 Premenstrual Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560698/

  The diagnosis of PMS is challenging due to the lack of explicit signs on physical examination and lack of diagnostic testing. Hence it requires the involvement of the patient, nurses, and physician to make a diagnosis. The role of the patients can include maintaining a diary which elaborates their symptoms and yield in early diagnosis whereas the nurses can be extremely helpful if they help in collecting a filled-in questionnaire from the patients during the monthly visit.

• #35 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/premenstrual-syndrome

  Many women feel physical or mood changes during the days before menstruation. When these symptoms happen month after month, and they affect a womans normal life, they are known as premenstrual syndrome (PMS). […] To diagnose PMS, an obstetriciangynecologist (ob-gyn) must confirm a pattern of symptoms. A womans symptoms must […] interfere with some normal activities. […] If your symptoms are mild to moderate, they often can be relieved by changes in lifestyle or diet. If your PMS symptoms begin to interfere with your life, you may decide to seek medical treatment. Treatment will depend on how severe your symptoms are. In more severe cases, your ob-gyn may recommend medication. […] For many women, regular aerobic exercise lessens PMS symptoms. It may reduce fatigue and depression. […] Finding ways to relax and reduce stress can help women who have PMS. Your ob-gyn might suggest relaxation therapy to help lessen PMS symptoms.

• #36 Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0801/p236.html

  Premenstrual disorders affect up to 12% of women. The subspecialties of psychiatry and gynecology have developed overlapping but distinct diagnoses that qualify as a premenstrual disorder; these include premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. These conditions encompass psychological and physical symptoms that cause significant impairment during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, but resolve shortly after menstruation. […] Physicians should tailor therapy to achieve the greatest functional improvement possible for their patients. Select serotonergic antidepressants are first-line treatments. They can be used continuously or only during the luteal phase. Oral contraceptives and calcium supplements may also be used. […] Premenstrual syndrome can be diagnosed if the patient reports at least one of the following affective and somatic symptoms during the five days before menses in each of the three previous menstrual cycles.

• #37 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/premenstrual-syndrome

  Many women feel physical or mood changes during the days before menstruation. When these symptoms happen month after month, and they affect a womans normal life, they are known as premenstrual syndrome (PMS). […] To diagnose PMS, an obstetriciangynecologist (ob-gyn) must confirm a pattern of symptoms. A womans symptoms must […] interfere with some normal activities. […] If your symptoms are mild to moderate, they often can be relieved by changes in lifestyle or diet. If your PMS symptoms begin to interfere with your life, you may decide to seek medical treatment. Treatment will depend on how severe your symptoms are. In more severe cases, your ob-gyn may recommend medication. […] For many women, regular aerobic exercise lessens PMS symptoms. It may reduce fatigue and depression. […] Finding ways to relax and reduce stress can help women who have PMS. Your ob-gyn might suggest relaxation therapy to help lessen PMS symptoms.

• #38 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS): Causes, Symptoms and Treatment | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/premenstrual-syndrome

  Most women of reproductive age experience mild behavioral or physical symptoms a few days before their menses; however, these do not cause severe distress and functional impairment and are not considered premenstrual syndrome (PMS). […] PMS causes a plethora of different behavioral and physical signs and symptoms and typically occurs in a predictable pattern. […] Regardless of symptom severity, PMS symptoms generally disappear with the onset of menses or several days after the start of menses. […] Common behavioral changes may include: Mood swings, Depressed mood, Irritability, Anxiety, Sadness, crying spells, Food cravings, Social withdrawal, Poor concentration. […] Common physical changes may include: Abdominal bloating, Extreme sense of fatigue, Breast tenderness, Headaches, Dizziness.

• #39 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/pms

  Diagnostic procedures for PMS are currently quite limited. A complete medical history is the most helpful in diagnosing PMS. […] Your daughter’s physician may ask her to keep a journal of her symptoms for several months to track the timing, severity, onset, and duration of the symptoms. […] Besides counseling with her physician and engaging in healthy habits and stress management, possible treatments of PMS include: Prostaglandin inhibitors (i.e., nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications, or NSAIDs, such as aspirin, ibuprofen), to reduce pain. […] Hormonal treatments such as birth control pills. […] Simple, healthy lifestyle changes may help your daughter manage the pain and annoyance of PMS. […] At the Division of Gynecology and Reproductive Endocrinology and PCOS Program at Boston Children’s Hospital, we understand the issues that a teenage girl or young woman deals with during PMS. Our staff provides high quality treatment and counseling, especially if her symptoms are extreme and disrupt her daily activities.

• #40 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/pms

  Diagnostic procedures for PMS are currently quite limited. A complete medical history is the most helpful in diagnosing PMS. […] Your daughter’s physician may ask her to keep a journal of her symptoms for several months to track the timing, severity, onset, and duration of the symptoms. […] Besides counseling with her physician and engaging in healthy habits and stress management, possible treatments of PMS include: Prostaglandin inhibitors (i.e., nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications, or NSAIDs, such as aspirin, ibuprofen), to reduce pain. […] Hormonal treatments such as birth control pills. […] Simple, healthy lifestyle changes may help your daughter manage the pain and annoyance of PMS. […] At the Division of Gynecology and Reproductive Endocrinology and PCOS Program at Boston Children’s Hospital, we understand the issues that a teenage girl or young woman deals with during PMS. Our staff provides high quality treatment and counseling, especially if her symptoms are extreme and disrupt her daily activities.

• #41 Diagnosis of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) – Primary Care Notebook

  https://primarycarenotebook.com/pages/gynaecology/premenstrual-syndrome/diagnosis-of-premenstrual-syndrome-pms

  When clinically reviewing women for PMS, symptoms should be recorded prospectively, over at least two cycles using a symptom diary, as retrospective recall of symptoms is unreliable. […] Several patient-rated questionnaires are available which can be used to record the symptoms. […] Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues may be used for 3 months for a definitive diagnosis if the completed symptom diary alone is inconclusive (specially in those patients with variant pre menstrual disorders). […] Once patient records menstrual symptoms and effect on daily life for two consecutive menstrual cycles, they may have: physiological (mild) premenstrual disorder, core premenstrual disorder (premenstrual syndrome or premenstrual dysphoric disorder), premenstrual exacerbation, premenstrual disorder with absent menstruation, progestogen induced premenstrual disorder, underlying psychological disorder, not premenstrual disorder.

• #42 Beyond bloating and mood swings: your guide to premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and why it’s more than just premenstrual syndrome (PMS) | Queensland Health

  https://www.health.qld.gov.au/newsroom/features/breaking-the-cycle-a-guide-to-understanding-and-managing-premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder-pmdd

  PMDD is a severe form of PMS that causes emotional and psychological distress. It can be so serious that it can impact a persons daily life. Those with PMDD find normal activities such as work or school, exercising, or self-care difficult. It sometimes triggers thoughts of suicide and self-harm. […] PMDD can sometimes be misdiagnosed as some PMDD symptoms mimic other conditions. It can be confused with bipolar disorder, thyroid conditions, personality disorders or depression. With PMDD, symptoms overlapping with these disorders occur only on the days between ovulation and the end of a period. […] PMDD may cause the following symptoms: extreme or sudden mood changes and emotional sensitivity, irritability or anger, depressed mood — feeling hopeless, worthless, or guilty, anxiety, tension, or feeling on edge, little or no interest in usual activities (work, school, friends or hobbies), difficulty concentrating or focusing (brain fog), tiredness, low energy or excessive sleepiness, appetite changes, food cravings, overeating, or binge eating, insomnia (trouble falling or staying asleep), feeling overwhelmed or out of control, physical symptoms — breast tenderness or swelling, joint or muscle pain, bloating or weight gain, acne, headaches.

• #43 Diagnosis of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) – Primary Care Notebook

  https://primarycarenotebook.com/pages/gynaecology/premenstrual-syndrome/diagnosis-of-premenstrual-syndrome-pms

  When clinically reviewing women for PMS, symptoms should be recorded prospectively, over at least two cycles using a symptom diary, as retrospective recall of symptoms is unreliable. […] Several patient-rated questionnaires are available which can be used to record the symptoms. […] Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues may be used for 3 months for a definitive diagnosis if the completed symptom diary alone is inconclusive (specially in those patients with variant pre menstrual disorders). […] Once patient records menstrual symptoms and effect on daily life for two consecutive menstrual cycles, they may have: physiological (mild) premenstrual disorder, core premenstrual disorder (premenstrual syndrome or premenstrual dysphoric disorder), premenstrual exacerbation, premenstrual disorder with absent menstruation, progestogen induced premenstrual disorder, underlying psychological disorder, not premenstrual disorder.

• #44 Premenstrual Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560698/

  The diagnosis of PMS is challenging due to the lack of explicit signs on physical examination and lack of diagnostic testing. Hence it requires the involvement of the patient, nurses, and physician to make a diagnosis. The role of the patients can include maintaining a diary which elaborates their symptoms and yield in early diagnosis whereas the nurses can be extremely helpful if they help in collecting a filled-in questionnaire from the patients during the monthly visit.

• #45 Premenstrual Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560698/

  The diagnosis of PMS is challenging due to the lack of explicit signs on physical examination and lack of diagnostic testing. Hence it requires the involvement of the patient, nurses, and physician to make a diagnosis. The role of the patients can include maintaining a diary which elaborates their symptoms and yield in early diagnosis whereas the nurses can be extremely helpful if they help in collecting a filled-in questionnaire from the patients during the monthly visit.

• #46 Premenstrual syndrome – self-care Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/selfcare-instructions/premenstrual-syndrome-self-care

  PMS – self-care; Premenstrual dysphoric disorder – self-care […] Keeping a calendar or diary of your symptoms can help you identify the symptoms that are causing you the most trouble. […] A healthy lifestyle is the first step to managing PMS. For many women, lifestyle changes alone are enough to control their symptoms. […] Your provider may recommend that you take vitamins or supplements. […] For some women, PMS affects their mood and sleep patterns. […] Contact your provider if: Your PMS does not go away with self-treatment.

• #47 Assessment and Management of PMS and PMDD in the Adolescent – Women’s Healthcare

  https://www.npwomenshealthcare.com/assessment-and-management-of-pms-and-pmdd-in-the-adolescent/

  What is most important is a willingness to ask questions. Ask adolescent patients if they have symptoms of PMS and PMDD. Offer a method for symptom tracking to them, encourage prospective recording of symptoms for 2 months, and plan to follow up. […] In the case of severe symptoms, it is acceptable to make an initial diagnosis based on the patients (and/or her primary caregivers) retrospective report and implement treatment if it is in the patients best interest to begin treatment immediately. […] Consider the first-line treatments: nonpharmacologic methods such as healthy lifestyle changes and cognitive behavioral therapy, oral contraceptive pills in a cyclic or continuous regimen, or low-dose SSRIs continuously or during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle.

• #48 Premenstrual Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560698/

  The main intention to treat PMS is symptom relief and to reduce its effects on daily routine activities. Pharmacotherapy was always the first line of treatment for premenstrual syndrome, but recent research has suggested the superior benefits with combination therapy. […] Lifestyle modifications include regular exercise, avoiding stressful events, and maintaining healthy sleeping habits, especially during the premenstrual period. Increased intake of complex carbohydrates increases the level of tryptophan, a serotonin precursor. […] Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is an approach that emphasizes the correction of unsettled disruptive thoughts, behaviors, and emotions. CBT helps in the recognition of these behaviors and helps develop coping strategies to improve daily functioning. […] Premenstrual syndrome is a common problem among females of childbearing age. Patient education involves discussing the problem with the patient with empathic hearing, providing insight on the reasons for her problems. The involvement of the partner in understanding the problem also assists the patient in seeking help at home or seek treatment with the health care provider.

• #49 Establishing best practice for premenstrual syndrome | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/womens-health/establishing-best-practice-for-premenstrual-syndrome-15-05-2008/

  Nurses can support women emotionally by demonstrating that their worries about PMS are taken seriously. A person-centred approach allows the nurse to deal with individuals symptoms. […] The guidance gives nurses the opportunity to take a fresh look at their practice and update their knowledge of PMS. […] Well-women clinics have the scope to address PMS more specifically than at present and to offer health promotion and lifestyle advice in every consultation. […] The RCOG states that its recommendations should be further developed with research into key areas such as the use of new SSRIs/SNRIs; the collection of data on the new contraceptive pills and the long-term effects of estradiol and larger studies on the use of progesterone and progestogen in the treatment of PMS. There is a need for multidisciplinary services and evidence-based treatment so that the considerable morbidity and health burden caused by PMS can be treated effectively.

• #50 5 Steps For Relieving Your PMS Symptoms | Henry Ford Health – Detroit, MI

  https://www.henryford.com/blog/2021/03/relieving-pms-symptoms

  „True premenstrual syndrome, or PMS, describes emotional and physical changes in the days leading up to a woman’s period that interfere with her ability to perform daily activities,” says Page Animadu, M.D., an obstetrician/gynecologist at Henry Ford Health. „So while many women have premenstrual symptoms, only about 3 to 8% experience symptoms that are so severe that they can’t perform daily activities.” […] PMS is a syndrome caused by changing hormone levels during the luteal phase. After ovulation, women may feel tired, cranky and off-kilter. Those symptoms progress as you get closer to menstruation. […] „Women need to be assured that nothing is wrong with them; they’re just experiencing a physiological response to the drop in hormones that cause joy and happiness,” Dr. Animadu says.

• #51 Establishing best practice for premenstrual syndrome | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/womens-health/establishing-best-practice-for-premenstrual-syndrome-15-05-2008/

  Nurses can support women emotionally by demonstrating that their worries about PMS are taken seriously. A person-centred approach allows the nurse to deal with individuals symptoms. […] The guidance gives nurses the opportunity to take a fresh look at their practice and update their knowledge of PMS. […] Well-women clinics have the scope to address PMS more specifically than at present and to offer health promotion and lifestyle advice in every consultation. […] The RCOG states that its recommendations should be further developed with research into key areas such as the use of new SSRIs/SNRIs; the collection of data on the new contraceptive pills and the long-term effects of estradiol and larger studies on the use of progesterone and progestogen in the treatment of PMS. There is a need for multidisciplinary services and evidence-based treatment so that the considerable morbidity and health burden caused by PMS can be treated effectively.

• #52 Assessment and Management of PMS and PMDD in the Adolescent – Women’s Healthcare

  https://www.npwomenshealthcare.com/assessment-and-management-of-pms-and-pmdd-in-the-adolescent/

  What is most important is a willingness to ask questions. Ask adolescent patients if they have symptoms of PMS and PMDD. Offer a method for symptom tracking to them, encourage prospective recording of symptoms for 2 months, and plan to follow up. […] In the case of severe symptoms, it is acceptable to make an initial diagnosis based on the patients (and/or her primary caregivers) retrospective report and implement treatment if it is in the patients best interest to begin treatment immediately. […] Consider the first-line treatments: nonpharmacologic methods such as healthy lifestyle changes and cognitive behavioral therapy, oral contraceptive pills in a cyclic or continuous regimen, or low-dose SSRIs continuously or during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle.

• #53 Assessment and Management of PMS and PMDD in the Adolescent – Women’s Healthcare

  https://www.npwomenshealthcare.com/assessment-and-management-of-pms-and-pmdd-in-the-adolescent/

  PMS and PMDD are often collectively addressed in the literature as premenstrual disorders (PMDs). […] Historically, PMDs have been underdiagnosed in adolescents because many of the symptoms overlap with dysmenorrhea and also because diagnosing mood disorders associated with menses can be complicated when symptoms are reported retrospectively and may overlap with other mental health conditions. […] Healthcare providers caring for adolescents should guide the visit using an age-appropriate assessment tool such as HEADSSS [Home, Education/Employment, Activities, Drugs, Sexuality, Suicide/depression, Safety], which includes talking about mental and sexual health. […] Given the stressors already associated with adolescence (such as concern for body image and peer relationships) and the ever-increasing risk of depression among this age group, screening for PMS and PMDD among menstruating adolescent patients is an important part of providing comprehensive, holistic care for this population.

• #54 Assessment and Management of PMS and PMDD in the Adolescent – Women’s Healthcare

  https://www.npwomenshealthcare.com/assessment-and-management-of-pms-and-pmdd-in-the-adolescent/

  PMS and PMDD are often collectively addressed in the literature as premenstrual disorders (PMDs). […] Historically, PMDs have been underdiagnosed in adolescents because many of the symptoms overlap with dysmenorrhea and also because diagnosing mood disorders associated with menses can be complicated when symptoms are reported retrospectively and may overlap with other mental health conditions. […] Healthcare providers caring for adolescents should guide the visit using an age-appropriate assessment tool such as HEADSSS [Home, Education/Employment, Activities, Drugs, Sexuality, Suicide/depression, Safety], which includes talking about mental and sexual health. […] Given the stressors already associated with adolescence (such as concern for body image and peer relationships) and the ever-increasing risk of depression among this age group, screening for PMS and PMDD among menstruating adolescent patients is an important part of providing comprehensive, holistic care for this population.

• #55 Premenstrual Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560698/

  The diagnosis of PMS is challenging due to the lack of explicit signs on physical examination and lack of diagnostic testing. Hence it requires the involvement of the patient, nurses, and physician to make a diagnosis. The role of the patients can include maintaining a diary which elaborates their symptoms and yield in early diagnosis whereas the nurses can be extremely helpful if they help in collecting a filled-in questionnaire from the patients during the monthly visit.

• #56 Establishing best practice for premenstrual syndrome | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/womens-health/establishing-best-practice-for-premenstrual-syndrome-15-05-2008/

  The majority of PMS cases are dealt with in general practice but severe cases should be managed by a multidisciplinary team including a gynaecologist, psychiatrist or psychologist, dietitian and counsellor. Unfortunately this approach is rarely available. […] Lifestyle adviceExercise, diet, glycaemic control and stress reduction can help to manage symptoms before resorting to any treatment. Where a woman has an underlying pathology as well as PMS, the guidance recommends referral to a psychiatrist. […] Cognitive behavioural therapy has been shown to be effective for women with severe PMS, also known as premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), and should be used as a routine treatment option. […] The guidelines recommend the use of the antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and selective serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). These drug treatments form the first line in pharmacological management of severe PMS.

• #57 Establishing best practice for premenstrual syndrome | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/womens-health/establishing-best-practice-for-premenstrual-syndrome-15-05-2008/

  The majority of PMS cases are dealt with in general practice but severe cases should be managed by a multidisciplinary team including a gynaecologist, psychiatrist or psychologist, dietitian and counsellor. Unfortunately this approach is rarely available. […] Lifestyle adviceExercise, diet, glycaemic control and stress reduction can help to manage symptoms before resorting to any treatment. Where a woman has an underlying pathology as well as PMS, the guidance recommends referral to a psychiatrist. […] Cognitive behavioural therapy has been shown to be effective for women with severe PMS, also known as premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), and should be used as a routine treatment option. […] The guidelines recommend the use of the antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and selective serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). These drug treatments form the first line in pharmacological management of severe PMS.

• #58 Establishing best practice for premenstrual syndrome | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/womens-health/establishing-best-practice-for-premenstrual-syndrome-15-05-2008/

  The majority of PMS cases are dealt with in general practice but severe cases should be managed by a multidisciplinary team including a gynaecologist, psychiatrist or psychologist, dietitian and counsellor. Unfortunately this approach is rarely available. […] Lifestyle adviceExercise, diet, glycaemic control and stress reduction can help to manage symptoms before resorting to any treatment. Where a woman has an underlying pathology as well as PMS, the guidance recommends referral to a psychiatrist. […] Cognitive behavioural therapy has been shown to be effective for women with severe PMS, also known as premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), and should be used as a routine treatment option. […] The guidelines recommend the use of the antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and selective serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). These drug treatments form the first line in pharmacological management of severe PMS.

• #59 Establishing best practice for premenstrual syndrome | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/womens-health/establishing-best-practice-for-premenstrual-syndrome-15-05-2008/

  The majority of PMS cases are dealt with in general practice but severe cases should be managed by a multidisciplinary team including a gynaecologist, psychiatrist or psychologist, dietitian and counsellor. Unfortunately this approach is rarely available. […] Lifestyle adviceExercise, diet, glycaemic control and stress reduction can help to manage symptoms before resorting to any treatment. Where a woman has an underlying pathology as well as PMS, the guidance recommends referral to a psychiatrist. […] Cognitive behavioural therapy has been shown to be effective for women with severe PMS, also known as premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), and should be used as a routine treatment option. […] The guidelines recommend the use of the antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and selective serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). These drug treatments form the first line in pharmacological management of severe PMS.

• #60 Premenstrual Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/doctor/premenstrual-syndrome-pro

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) comprises a range of distressing physical, psychological and behavioural symptoms experienced by many premenopausal women during the luteal phase of their menstrual cycle, in the absence of organic or underlying psychiatric disease, and which disappears or significantly regresses by the end of menstruation. […] PMS is distinguished from normal psychological and physical symptoms experienced by the majority of women premenstrually, by the severity of the distress they cause and the negative effect they have on daily life. […] Management should be tailored to the severity and type of symptoms, the woman’s treatment preferences, and any desire to become pregnant. Explanation, reassurance and support may be all that are required. […] Offer lifestyle advice that includes regular, frequent (2-3 hourly), small, balanced meals rich in complex carbohydrates, regular exercise, regular sleep, stress reduction, smoking cessation, and alcohol restriction.

• #61 Premenstrual Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560698/

  This activity is a review of the existing literature on premenstrual syndrome (PMS). It summarizes the management of PMS by outlining the importance of taking a comprehensive history and performing a detailed physical examination and makes a note of necessary diagnostic tests to be done to rule out other conditions that may present with similar symptoms. Moreover, it describes the role of the interprofessional team in the diagnosis and providing the best possible care for the patient. […] Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) encompasses clinically significant somatic and psychological manifestations during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, leading to substantial distress and impairment in functional capacity. These symptoms disappear within a few days of the onset of menstruation. […] Many nonpharmacological and pharmacological treatment methods are used to alleviate these symptoms. Nonpharmacological therapies are the first line of management for mild symptoms, and those with severe symptoms are treated with pharmacological therapy, mainly the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).

• #62 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/premenstrual-syndrome

  Many women feel physical or mood changes during the days before menstruation. When these symptoms happen month after month, and they affect a womans normal life, they are known as premenstrual syndrome (PMS). […] To diagnose PMS, an obstetriciangynecologist (ob-gyn) must confirm a pattern of symptoms. A womans symptoms must […] interfere with some normal activities. […] If your symptoms are mild to moderate, they often can be relieved by changes in lifestyle or diet. If your PMS symptoms begin to interfere with your life, you may decide to seek medical treatment. Treatment will depend on how severe your symptoms are. In more severe cases, your ob-gyn may recommend medication. […] For many women, regular aerobic exercise lessens PMS symptoms. It may reduce fatigue and depression. […] Finding ways to relax and reduce stress can help women who have PMS. Your ob-gyn might suggest relaxation therapy to help lessen PMS symptoms.

• #63 Premenstrual syndrome Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/report/premenstrual-syndrome

  Women with more severe PMS whose symptoms have not been helped by lifestyle changes should discuss drug treatment options with their doctors. Medications for PMS include: […] A healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise and a healthy diet, is the first step towards managing PMS. […] Some evidence indicates that calcium, and other minerals and vitamins, may help with PMS symptoms. […] Exercise, especially aerobic exercise, increases natural opioids in the brain (endorphins) and improves mood. […] Many women with PMS suffer from sleep problems, either sleeping too much or too little. Achieving better sleep habits may help relieve symptoms. […] A number of herbal remedies are used for PMS symptoms. Studies have not found any herbal or dietary supplement remedy to be any more effective than placebo for relieving PMS symptoms.

• #64 Premenstrual Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/doctor/premenstrual-syndrome-pro

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) comprises a range of distressing physical, psychological and behavioural symptoms experienced by many premenopausal women during the luteal phase of their menstrual cycle, in the absence of organic or underlying psychiatric disease, and which disappears or significantly regresses by the end of menstruation. […] PMS is distinguished from normal psychological and physical symptoms experienced by the majority of women premenstrually, by the severity of the distress they cause and the negative effect they have on daily life. […] Management should be tailored to the severity and type of symptoms, the woman’s treatment preferences, and any desire to become pregnant. Explanation, reassurance and support may be all that are required. […] Offer lifestyle advice that includes regular, frequent (2-3 hourly), small, balanced meals rich in complex carbohydrates, regular exercise, regular sleep, stress reduction, smoking cessation, and alcohol restriction.

• #65 A Visual Guide to Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)

  https://www.webmd.com/women/pms/ss/slideshow-premenstrual-syndrome-pms

  Exercise can help boost your mood and fight fatigue. To get the benefits, you need to exercise regularly — not just when PMS symptoms appear. Aim for 30 minutes of moderate physical activity on most days of the week. […] Foods rich in B vitamins may help fight PMS. In one study, researchers followed more than 2,000 women for 10 years. They found that women who ate foods high in thiamine (pork, Brazil nuts) and riboflavin (eggs, dairy products) were far less likely to develop PMS. […] You may be able to ease PMS symptoms by cutting back on these foods: Salt, which can increase bloating, Caffeine, which can cause irritability, Sugar, which can make cravings worse, Alcohol, which can affect mood. […] Because PMS can cause tension, anxiety, and irritability, it’s important to find healthy ways to cope with stress. Different strategies work for different women.

• #66 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS): Causes, Symptoms and Treatment | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/premenstrual-syndrome

  PMS can start as early as within the first year after establishing menarche. Hormonal changes during a menstrual cycle and chemical changes in the brain can contribute to PMS. […] To confirm a diagnosis of PMS, a woman has at least one symptom that is physical or behavioral in at least three consecutive menses, and must impair functioning in some way in the days leading up to the menses and disappear once menses begins or shortly after the onset of menses. […] PMS symptoms should not cause a woman to miss school or activities or ruin relationships. […] A woman can reduce their symptoms of PMS first by lifestyle changes such as a healthy diet (decreasing salt and caffeine intake and increasing fruits, vegetables, whole grains and calcium), decreasing stress, incorporating exercise in their routine, and ensuring they are getting enough sleep. […] If symptoms are challenging to manage a woman should schedule an appointment with a provider. Commonly prescribed medications to help relieve PMS symptoms are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories, hormonal contraceptives and antidepressants.

• #67 Premenstrual syndrome Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/report/premenstrual-syndrome

  Women with more severe PMS whose symptoms have not been helped by lifestyle changes should discuss drug treatment options with their doctors. Medications for PMS include: […] A healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise and a healthy diet, is the first step towards managing PMS. […] Some evidence indicates that calcium, and other minerals and vitamins, may help with PMS symptoms. […] Exercise, especially aerobic exercise, increases natural opioids in the brain (endorphins) and improves mood. […] Many women with PMS suffer from sleep problems, either sleeping too much or too little. Achieving better sleep habits may help relieve symptoms. […] A number of herbal remedies are used for PMS symptoms. Studies have not found any herbal or dietary supplement remedy to be any more effective than placebo for relieving PMS symptoms.

• #68 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS): What it is, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325314

  Managing stress and using relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing or meditation, can help regulate emotional imbalances due to PMS. […] Exercising gently can increase estrogen and progesterone levels, which may help reduce PMS symptoms. […] Making some dietary changes may reduce mild to moderate PMS symptoms. […] Most females experience at least one symptom of PMS. Fluctuations in hormone levels might play a significant role in PMS, but the exact cause remains unknown. […] People may wish to see their doctor if symptoms do not improve, if they worsen despite treatment, or if they interfere with their ability to perform daily tasks.

• #69 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) | University of Iowa Health Care

  https://uihc.org/health-topics/premenstrual-syndrome-pms

  Magnesium. Can help with pain, water retention, and negative mood. o 400 mg/day Vitamin D. Helps regulate and absorb calcium and phosphorus in the body. Adults need the right levels of vitamin D for bone health and to prevent osteoporosis (thinning of bones). […] Exercise often. Eat healthy foods. o Foods high in salt and fat can worsen bloating. Do not eat sugary foods, caffeine, or alcohol. These can make PMS symptoms worse. […] Smoking can make PMS worse. It is best to stop smoking. […] Antidepressants called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) change serotonin levels in the brain. They have also been shown to help some people with PMS and PMDD. The FDA has approved 3 medicines for the treatment of PMDD: o Sertraline (Zoloft) o Fluoxetine (Serafem) o Paroxetine HCI (Paxil CR).

• #70 Managing premenstrual syndrome (PMS) | RCOG

  https://www.rcog.org.uk/for-the-public/browse-our-patient-information/managing-premenstrual-syndrome-pms/

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is the name given to a collection of physical and emotional symptoms that can occur in the two weeks before you have your period. These symptoms usually get better once your period starts and often disappear by the end of your period. […] Your healthcare team is there to support you in making decisions that are right for you. They can help by discussing your situation with you and answering your questions. […] There is a wide range of options to help manage your symptoms and allow you to get on with your daily life. […] Whatever option you choose, continue to keep a diary of your symptoms for at least another 23 months, as this can help to see whether a particular treatment is working. […] Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is known to help PMS symptoms and should be offered to you as a treatment option. This involves discussing your symptoms with a therapist. It can help you learn new ways of managing some of your symptoms to reduce their impact on your daily life.

• #71 Premenstrual Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560698/

  The main intention to treat PMS is symptom relief and to reduce its effects on daily routine activities. Pharmacotherapy was always the first line of treatment for premenstrual syndrome, but recent research has suggested the superior benefits with combination therapy. […] Lifestyle modifications include regular exercise, avoiding stressful events, and maintaining healthy sleeping habits, especially during the premenstrual period. Increased intake of complex carbohydrates increases the level of tryptophan, a serotonin precursor. […] Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is an approach that emphasizes the correction of unsettled disruptive thoughts, behaviors, and emotions. CBT helps in the recognition of these behaviors and helps develop coping strategies to improve daily functioning. […] Premenstrual syndrome is a common problem among females of childbearing age. Patient education involves discussing the problem with the patient with empathic hearing, providing insight on the reasons for her problems. The involvement of the partner in understanding the problem also assists the patient in seeking help at home or seek treatment with the health care provider.

• #72 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) | University of Iowa Health Care

  https://uihc.org/health-topics/premenstrual-syndrome-pms

  This may help PMS. Data about effectiveness is limited though. Your care team recommends eating and drinking less fat, salt, sugar, caffeine, and alcohol. It can help to eat smaller, more frequent meals and snacks. Eating more complex carbohydrates, such as whole grains, may also help PMS. […] Vitamins that have been thought to help PMS are: Vitamin B6. Can take the edge off irritability and lessen fatigue and depression. o 100 mg/day maximum. Larger doses sometimes cause serious side effects. You can also take B-complex which has all the B vitamins. Vitamin E. Can help with breast tenderness. o 400 IU/day maximum. Calcium. Can help with depression, bloating, and body aches. o 1000 to1200 mg/day of elemental calcium. All forms of calcium should be labeled with amount of elemental calcium.

• #73 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) | University of Iowa Health Care

  https://uihc.org/health-topics/premenstrual-syndrome-pms

  This may help PMS. Data about effectiveness is limited though. Your care team recommends eating and drinking less fat, salt, sugar, caffeine, and alcohol. It can help to eat smaller, more frequent meals and snacks. Eating more complex carbohydrates, such as whole grains, may also help PMS. […] Vitamins that have been thought to help PMS are: Vitamin B6. Can take the edge off irritability and lessen fatigue and depression. o 100 mg/day maximum. Larger doses sometimes cause serious side effects. You can also take B-complex which has all the B vitamins. Vitamin E. Can help with breast tenderness. o 400 IU/day maximum. Calcium. Can help with depression, bloating, and body aches. o 1000 to1200 mg/day of elemental calcium. All forms of calcium should be labeled with amount of elemental calcium.

• #74 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) | University of Iowa Health Care

  https://uihc.org/health-topics/premenstrual-syndrome-pms

  This may help PMS. Data about effectiveness is limited though. Your care team recommends eating and drinking less fat, salt, sugar, caffeine, and alcohol. It can help to eat smaller, more frequent meals and snacks. Eating more complex carbohydrates, such as whole grains, may also help PMS. […] Vitamins that have been thought to help PMS are: Vitamin B6. Can take the edge off irritability and lessen fatigue and depression. o 100 mg/day maximum. Larger doses sometimes cause serious side effects. You can also take B-complex which has all the B vitamins. Vitamin E. Can help with breast tenderness. o 400 IU/day maximum. Calcium. Can help with depression, bloating, and body aches. o 1000 to1200 mg/day of elemental calcium. All forms of calcium should be labeled with amount of elemental calcium.

• #75 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) | University of Iowa Health Care

  https://uihc.org/health-topics/premenstrual-syndrome-pms

  This may help PMS. Data about effectiveness is limited though. Your care team recommends eating and drinking less fat, salt, sugar, caffeine, and alcohol. It can help to eat smaller, more frequent meals and snacks. Eating more complex carbohydrates, such as whole grains, may also help PMS. […] Vitamins that have been thought to help PMS are: Vitamin B6. Can take the edge off irritability and lessen fatigue and depression. o 100 mg/day maximum. Larger doses sometimes cause serious side effects. You can also take B-complex which has all the B vitamins. Vitamin E. Can help with breast tenderness. o 400 IU/day maximum. Calcium. Can help with depression, bloating, and body aches. o 1000 to1200 mg/day of elemental calcium. All forms of calcium should be labeled with amount of elemental calcium.

• #76 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) | University of Iowa Health Care

  https://uihc.org/health-topics/premenstrual-syndrome-pms

  This may help PMS. Data about effectiveness is limited though. Your care team recommends eating and drinking less fat, salt, sugar, caffeine, and alcohol. It can help to eat smaller, more frequent meals and snacks. Eating more complex carbohydrates, such as whole grains, may also help PMS. […] Vitamins that have been thought to help PMS are: Vitamin B6. Can take the edge off irritability and lessen fatigue and depression. o 100 mg/day maximum. Larger doses sometimes cause serious side effects. You can also take B-complex which has all the B vitamins. Vitamin E. Can help with breast tenderness. o 400 IU/day maximum. Calcium. Can help with depression, bloating, and body aches. o 1000 to1200 mg/day of elemental calcium. All forms of calcium should be labeled with amount of elemental calcium.

• #77 Premenstrual Syndrome Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Diet

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/953696-treatment

  Medical care for premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is primarily pharmacologic and behavioral, with an emphasis on relief of symptoms. No single pharmacologic treatment is universally effective, and studies of all therapies have produced inconsistent results. […] At present, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly considered the most appropriate first-line therapy for premenstrual disorders, especially where psychological or behavioral symptoms are prominent. […] Although the literature supporting combined oral contraceptives (COCs) for PMS is mixed, it remains a reasonable option according to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) and the International Society for Premenstrual Disorders (ISPMD). […] Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists can be employed for adults with severe, refractory PMS with or without add-back therapy to address hypoestrogenic adverse effects and concerns about bone health.

• #78 Patient education: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/premenstrual-syndrome-pms-and-premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder-pmdd-beyond-the-basics/print

  Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a highly effective treatment for the symptoms of PMS and PMDD. The SSRIs include fluoxetine (Prozac and Sarafem), sertraline (Zoloft), citalopram (Celexa), and paroxetine (Paxil). Studies showed that SSRIs reduced the symptoms of PMDD significantly compared with placebo; between 60 and 75 percent of women with PMDD improve with an SSRI. […] A medication is usually the best treatment for women with PMDD. […] The best medications for PMS or PMDD are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).

• #79 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) | Family Medical Care, LTD.

  https://www.myfamilymedicalcare.com/premenstrual-syndrome-pms.php

  Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a category of antidepressants that includes Prozac, Paxil, and Zoloft. SSRIs have proven successful in reducing the emotional symptoms of PMS. They are also the primary treatment for PMDD. […] Patients with PMS can often keep their symptoms of breast pain and uterine cramping mild by taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for a few days before the onset of their periods. […] For some women, exercise and limiting salt intake are not sufficient to reduce the bloating, and resulting weight gain, of PMS. In such cases, diuretics (water pills) can be helpful since they flush excess fluid from the body. […] Because hormonal contraceptives stop ovulation and change hormone levels, they are often prescribed for women with severe PMS or PMDD. They have been found to be quite effective in treating the physical symptoms of PMS, such as pain, bloating and acne, but less successful in treating emotional symptoms of the condition.

• #80 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) | University of Iowa Health Care

  https://uihc.org/health-topics/premenstrual-syndrome-pms

  Magnesium. Can help with pain, water retention, and negative mood. o 400 mg/day Vitamin D. Helps regulate and absorb calcium and phosphorus in the body. Adults need the right levels of vitamin D for bone health and to prevent osteoporosis (thinning of bones). […] Exercise often. Eat healthy foods. o Foods high in salt and fat can worsen bloating. Do not eat sugary foods, caffeine, or alcohol. These can make PMS symptoms worse. […] Smoking can make PMS worse. It is best to stop smoking. […] Antidepressants called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) change serotonin levels in the brain. They have also been shown to help some people with PMS and PMDD. The FDA has approved 3 medicines for the treatment of PMDD: o Sertraline (Zoloft) o Fluoxetine (Serafem) o Paroxetine HCI (Paxil CR).

• #81 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) | Family Medical Care, LTD.

  https://www.myfamilymedicalcare.com/premenstrual-syndrome-pms.php

  Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a category of antidepressants that includes Prozac, Paxil, and Zoloft. SSRIs have proven successful in reducing the emotional symptoms of PMS. They are also the primary treatment for PMDD. […] Patients with PMS can often keep their symptoms of breast pain and uterine cramping mild by taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for a few days before the onset of their periods. […] For some women, exercise and limiting salt intake are not sufficient to reduce the bloating, and resulting weight gain, of PMS. In such cases, diuretics (water pills) can be helpful since they flush excess fluid from the body. […] Because hormonal contraceptives stop ovulation and change hormone levels, they are often prescribed for women with severe PMS or PMDD. They have been found to be quite effective in treating the physical symptoms of PMS, such as pain, bloating and acne, but less successful in treating emotional symptoms of the condition.

• #82 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) | Cigna

  https://www.cigna.com/knowledge-center/hw/medical-topics/premenstrual-syndrome-hw139439

  Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). SSRIs such as citalopram, fluoxetine, and paroxetine may help relieve physical and emotional symptoms of PMS. You can take them during the premenstrual weeks only. Or you can take them continuously. […] Hormonal birth control. It may help relieve physical and emotional symptoms of PMS or premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD).

• #83 Assessment and Management of PMS and PMDD in the Adolescent – Women’s Healthcare

  https://www.npwomenshealthcare.com/assessment-and-management-of-pms-and-pmdd-in-the-adolescent/

  What is most important is a willingness to ask questions. Ask adolescent patients if they have symptoms of PMS and PMDD. Offer a method for symptom tracking to them, encourage prospective recording of symptoms for 2 months, and plan to follow up. […] In the case of severe symptoms, it is acceptable to make an initial diagnosis based on the patients (and/or her primary caregivers) retrospective report and implement treatment if it is in the patients best interest to begin treatment immediately. […] Consider the first-line treatments: nonpharmacologic methods such as healthy lifestyle changes and cognitive behavioral therapy, oral contraceptive pills in a cyclic or continuous regimen, or low-dose SSRIs continuously or during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle.

• #84 Premenstrual Syndrome Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Diet

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/953696-treatment

  Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may have a role for the management of premenstrual pain and inflammation in the late luteal phase. […] Because of the difficulty of treating PMS and the variations in response to treatments experienced by patients, complementary and alternative strategies have been explored for patients with PMS. […] Exercise may benefit patients with PMS with both direct symptom improvement as well as overall stress reduction. Regular aerobic exercise has been found to decrease symptoms in some adolescents and young women. […] PMS symptoms are often difficult to control. Some symptoms may respond well to treatment, whereas others remain refractory. It is important for patients to monitor their PMS symptoms over time, as this may help patients refine their pharmacologic treatments, incorporate additional holistic strategies, and fine-tune the interventions that have been most effective for their disease process.

• #85 FloridaHealthFinder | Premenstrual syndrome – self-care | Health Encyclopedia | FloridaHealthFinder

  https://quality.healthfinder.fl.gov/health-encyclopedia/HIE/60/000556

  Premenstrual syndrome, or PMS, refers to a set of symptoms that most often: […] A healthy lifestyle is the first step to managing PMS. For many women, lifestyle changes alone are enough to control their symptoms. […] Your provider may recommend that you take vitamins or supplements. […] Pain relievers, such as aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, and others), naproxen (Naprosyn, Aleve), and other medicines may help symptoms of headache, backache, menstrual cramping, and breast tenderness. […] For some women, PMS affects their mood and sleep patterns. […] Call your provider if: […] Your PMS does not go away with self-treatment. […] You have symptoms of depression, such as feeling very sad, being easily frustrated, losing or gaining weight, sleep problems, and fatigue.

• #86 FloridaHealthFinder | Premenstrual syndrome – self-care | Health Encyclopedia | FloridaHealthFinder

  https://quality.healthfinder.fl.gov/health-encyclopedia/HIE/60/000556

  Premenstrual syndrome, or PMS, refers to a set of symptoms that most often: […] A healthy lifestyle is the first step to managing PMS. For many women, lifestyle changes alone are enough to control their symptoms. […] Your provider may recommend that you take vitamins or supplements. […] Pain relievers, such as aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, and others), naproxen (Naprosyn, Aleve), and other medicines may help symptoms of headache, backache, menstrual cramping, and breast tenderness. […] For some women, PMS affects their mood and sleep patterns. […] Call your provider if: […] Your PMS does not go away with self-treatment. […] You have symptoms of depression, such as feeling very sad, being easily frustrated, losing or gaining weight, sleep problems, and fatigue.

• #87 FloridaHealthFinder | Premenstrual syndrome – self-care | Health Encyclopedia | FloridaHealthFinder

  https://quality.healthfinder.fl.gov/health-encyclopedia/HIE/60/000556

  Premenstrual syndrome, or PMS, refers to a set of symptoms that most often: […] A healthy lifestyle is the first step to managing PMS. For many women, lifestyle changes alone are enough to control their symptoms. […] Your provider may recommend that you take vitamins or supplements. […] Pain relievers, such as aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, and others), naproxen (Naprosyn, Aleve), and other medicines may help symptoms of headache, backache, menstrual cramping, and breast tenderness. […] For some women, PMS affects their mood and sleep patterns. […] Call your provider if: […] Your PMS does not go away with self-treatment. […] You have symptoms of depression, such as feeling very sad, being easily frustrated, losing or gaining weight, sleep problems, and fatigue.

• #88 FloridaHealthFinder | Premenstrual syndrome – self-care | Health Encyclopedia | FloridaHealthFinder

  https://quality.healthfinder.fl.gov/health-encyclopedia/HIE/60/000556

  Premenstrual syndrome, or PMS, refers to a set of symptoms that most often: […] A healthy lifestyle is the first step to managing PMS. For many women, lifestyle changes alone are enough to control their symptoms. […] Your provider may recommend that you take vitamins or supplements. […] Pain relievers, such as aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, and others), naproxen (Naprosyn, Aleve), and other medicines may help symptoms of headache, backache, menstrual cramping, and breast tenderness. […] For some women, PMS affects their mood and sleep patterns. […] Call your provider if: […] Your PMS does not go away with self-treatment. […] You have symptoms of depression, such as feeling very sad, being easily frustrated, losing or gaining weight, sleep problems, and fatigue.

• #89 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) | University of Iowa Health Care

  https://uihc.org/health-topics/premenstrual-syndrome-pms

  Birth control pills (BCP), the patch, and the ring help suppress ovulation and lessen PMS. Many people find more benefit with continuous use of combined oral contraceptives (pills) so they do not have periods, instead of taking the usual way. […] Individual, group, and stress management counseling may also help.

• #90 Managing premenstrual syndrome (PMS) | RCOG

  https://www.rcog.org.uk/for-the-public/browse-our-patient-information/managing-premenstrual-syndrome-pms/

  Two types of antidepressant medications have been shown to help PMS symptoms, namely selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). […] Some women find using the combined oral contraceptive pill helps with PMS symptoms. Newer types of contraceptive pills containing a progestogen called drospirenone have been shown to improve PMS symptoms. […] Your healthcare professional will only suggest surgical treatment if you have severe symptoms and all other treatments have not helped. […] If you are considering surgical treatment, your healthcare professional will advise you to use GnRH analogues and HRT for 36 months before surgery. […] PMS is common and many women are affected by its symptoms. Treatment, information and support are available to enable you to manage your symptoms.

• #91 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/premenstrual-syndrome

  Simple changes in your diet may help relieve the symptoms of PMS: […] Taking 1,200 milligrams (mg) of calcium a day can help reduce the physical and mood symptoms that are part of PMS. […] Drugs that prevent ovulation, such as hormonal birth control methods, may lessen physical symptoms. But not all may relieve the mood symptoms of PMS. […] Antidepressants can be helpful in treating PMS in some women. These drugs can help lessen mood symptoms. […] Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen, can help reduce pain. […] Diuretics („water pills”) are drugs that help reduce fluid buildup.

• #92 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) | Family Medical Care, LTD.

  https://www.myfamilymedicalcare.com/premenstrual-syndrome-pms.php

  Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a category of antidepressants that includes Prozac, Paxil, and Zoloft. SSRIs have proven successful in reducing the emotional symptoms of PMS. They are also the primary treatment for PMDD. […] Patients with PMS can often keep their symptoms of breast pain and uterine cramping mild by taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for a few days before the onset of their periods. […] For some women, exercise and limiting salt intake are not sufficient to reduce the bloating, and resulting weight gain, of PMS. In such cases, diuretics (water pills) can be helpful since they flush excess fluid from the body. […] Because hormonal contraceptives stop ovulation and change hormone levels, they are often prescribed for women with severe PMS or PMDD. They have been found to be quite effective in treating the physical symptoms of PMS, such as pain, bloating and acne, but less successful in treating emotional symptoms of the condition.

• #93 Premenstrual Syndrome Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Diet

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/953696-treatment

  Medical care for premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is primarily pharmacologic and behavioral, with an emphasis on relief of symptoms. No single pharmacologic treatment is universally effective, and studies of all therapies have produced inconsistent results. […] At present, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly considered the most appropriate first-line therapy for premenstrual disorders, especially where psychological or behavioral symptoms are prominent. […] Although the literature supporting combined oral contraceptives (COCs) for PMS is mixed, it remains a reasonable option according to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) and the International Society for Premenstrual Disorders (ISPMD). […] Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists can be employed for adults with severe, refractory PMS with or without add-back therapy to address hypoestrogenic adverse effects and concerns about bone health.

• #94 Patient education: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/premenstrual-syndrome-pms-and-premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder-pmdd-beyond-the-basics

  PMS and PMDD can be worsened by stress, anxiety, depression, and other psychological conditions. […] Conservative treatments for premenstrual syndrome (PMS) may be recommended first, including regular exercise, relaxation techniques, and vitamin and mineral supplementation. […] Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a highly effective treatment for the symptoms of PMS and PMDD. […] Some women with PMS or PMDD get relief from their symptoms when they take a birth control pill. […] Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists (eg, leuprolide acetate or goserelin acetate) are a type of medication that causes the ovaries to temporarily stop making estrogen and progesterone. […] A medication is usually the best treatment for women with PMDD. […] The best medications for PMS or PMDD are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).

• #95 Premenstrual Syndrome Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Diet

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/953696-treatment

  Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may have a role for the management of premenstrual pain and inflammation in the late luteal phase. […] Because of the difficulty of treating PMS and the variations in response to treatments experienced by patients, complementary and alternative strategies have been explored for patients with PMS. […] Exercise may benefit patients with PMS with both direct symptom improvement as well as overall stress reduction. Regular aerobic exercise has been found to decrease symptoms in some adolescents and young women. […] PMS symptoms are often difficult to control. Some symptoms may respond well to treatment, whereas others remain refractory. It is important for patients to monitor their PMS symptoms over time, as this may help patients refine their pharmacologic treatments, incorporate additional holistic strategies, and fine-tune the interventions that have been most effective for their disease process.

• #96 Premenstrual Syndrome Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Diet

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/953696-treatment

  Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may have a role for the management of premenstrual pain and inflammation in the late luteal phase. […] Because of the difficulty of treating PMS and the variations in response to treatments experienced by patients, complementary and alternative strategies have been explored for patients with PMS. […] Exercise may benefit patients with PMS with both direct symptom improvement as well as overall stress reduction. Regular aerobic exercise has been found to decrease symptoms in some adolescents and young women. […] PMS symptoms are often difficult to control. Some symptoms may respond well to treatment, whereas others remain refractory. It is important for patients to monitor their PMS symptoms over time, as this may help patients refine their pharmacologic treatments, incorporate additional holistic strategies, and fine-tune the interventions that have been most effective for their disease process.

• #97 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS): Causes, Symptoms and Treatment | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/premenstrual-syndrome

  PMS can start as early as within the first year after establishing menarche. Hormonal changes during a menstrual cycle and chemical changes in the brain can contribute to PMS. […] To confirm a diagnosis of PMS, a woman has at least one symptom that is physical or behavioral in at least three consecutive menses, and must impair functioning in some way in the days leading up to the menses and disappear once menses begins or shortly after the onset of menses. […] PMS symptoms should not cause a woman to miss school or activities or ruin relationships. […] A woman can reduce their symptoms of PMS first by lifestyle changes such as a healthy diet (decreasing salt and caffeine intake and increasing fruits, vegetables, whole grains and calcium), decreasing stress, incorporating exercise in their routine, and ensuring they are getting enough sleep. […] If symptoms are challenging to manage a woman should schedule an appointment with a provider. Commonly prescribed medications to help relieve PMS symptoms are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories, hormonal contraceptives and antidepressants.

• #98 Assessment and Management of PMS and PMDD in the Adolescent – Women’s Healthcare

  https://www.npwomenshealthcare.com/assessment-and-management-of-pms-and-pmdd-in-the-adolescent/

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) commonly occur in the adolescent population, with over 20% of girls being affected. […] The purpose of this article is to update nurse practitioners who provide care to adolescents on the assessment and timely diagnosis and treatment of PMS and PMDD so that girls may have greater control and confidence in managing their reproductive health and more positive health outcomes overall. […] It is estimated that more than 20% of adolescent girls experience a moderate-to-severe variant of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). […] When symptoms of PMS are severe and have a significantly negative impact on relationships or normal activities such as work or school, a diagnosis of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) may be considered.

• #99 Assessment and Management of PMS and PMDD in the Adolescent – Women’s Healthcare

  https://www.npwomenshealthcare.com/assessment-and-management-of-pms-and-pmdd-in-the-adolescent/

  PMS and PMDD are often collectively addressed in the literature as premenstrual disorders (PMDs). […] Historically, PMDs have been underdiagnosed in adolescents because many of the symptoms overlap with dysmenorrhea and also because diagnosing mood disorders associated with menses can be complicated when symptoms are reported retrospectively and may overlap with other mental health conditions. […] Healthcare providers caring for adolescents should guide the visit using an age-appropriate assessment tool such as HEADSSS [Home, Education/Employment, Activities, Drugs, Sexuality, Suicide/depression, Safety], which includes talking about mental and sexual health. […] Given the stressors already associated with adolescence (such as concern for body image and peer relationships) and the ever-increasing risk of depression among this age group, screening for PMS and PMDD among menstruating adolescent patients is an important part of providing comprehensive, holistic care for this population.

• #100 Assessment and Management of PMS and PMDD in the Adolescent – Women’s Healthcare

  https://www.npwomenshealthcare.com/assessment-and-management-of-pms-and-pmdd-in-the-adolescent/

  PMS and PMDD are often collectively addressed in the literature as premenstrual disorders (PMDs). […] Historically, PMDs have been underdiagnosed in adolescents because many of the symptoms overlap with dysmenorrhea and also because diagnosing mood disorders associated with menses can be complicated when symptoms are reported retrospectively and may overlap with other mental health conditions. […] Healthcare providers caring for adolescents should guide the visit using an age-appropriate assessment tool such as HEADSSS [Home, Education/Employment, Activities, Drugs, Sexuality, Suicide/depression, Safety], which includes talking about mental and sexual health. […] Given the stressors already associated with adolescence (such as concern for body image and peer relationships) and the ever-increasing risk of depression among this age group, screening for PMS and PMDD among menstruating adolescent patients is an important part of providing comprehensive, holistic care for this population.

• #101 Assessment and Management of PMS and PMDD in the Adolescent – Women’s Healthcare

  https://www.npwomenshealthcare.com/assessment-and-management-of-pms-and-pmdd-in-the-adolescent/

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) commonly occur in the adolescent population, with over 20% of girls being affected. […] The purpose of this article is to update nurse practitioners who provide care to adolescents on the assessment and timely diagnosis and treatment of PMS and PMDD so that girls may have greater control and confidence in managing their reproductive health and more positive health outcomes overall. […] It is estimated that more than 20% of adolescent girls experience a moderate-to-severe variant of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). […] When symptoms of PMS are severe and have a significantly negative impact on relationships or normal activities such as work or school, a diagnosis of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) may be considered.

• #102 Assessment and Management of PMS and PMDD in the Adolescent – Women’s Healthcare

  https://www.npwomenshealthcare.com/assessment-and-management-of-pms-and-pmdd-in-the-adolescent/

  What is most important is a willingness to ask questions. Ask adolescent patients if they have symptoms of PMS and PMDD. Offer a method for symptom tracking to them, encourage prospective recording of symptoms for 2 months, and plan to follow up. […] In the case of severe symptoms, it is acceptable to make an initial diagnosis based on the patients (and/or her primary caregivers) retrospective report and implement treatment if it is in the patients best interest to begin treatment immediately. […] Consider the first-line treatments: nonpharmacologic methods such as healthy lifestyle changes and cognitive behavioral therapy, oral contraceptive pills in a cyclic or continuous regimen, or low-dose SSRIs continuously or during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle.

• #103 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

  https://womenshealth.gov/menstrual-cycle/premenstrual-syndrome

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a combination of symptoms that many women get about a week or two before their period. […] Your doctor can help you find ways to relieve your symptoms. […] PMS symptoms may get worse as you reach your late 30s or 40s and approach menopause and are in the transition to menopause, called perimenopause. […] PMS stops after menopause when you no longer get a period. […] Talk to your doctor or nurse if your symptoms bother you or affect your daily life. […] Over-the-counter and prescription medicines can help treat some PMS symptoms. […] Talk to your doctor before taking any supplement. […] Some women report relief from their PMS symptoms with yoga or meditation. […] Researchers continue to search for new ways to treat PMS.

• #104 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/premenstrual-syndrome-pms

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) refers to the emotional and physical symptoms that some people get before their period. […] Most of the time PMS can be easily managed. […] Many people have one or 2 premenstrual symptoms. Most of the time these can be easily managed. […] PMS symptoms can be worse in teenage years and in the lead-up to menopause, which may be due to changes in hormone levels. […] There are many things you can do to manage PMS. […] A healthy lifestyle can help reduce PMS symptoms. […] Your doctor may recommend different medicines. […] Natural therapies are part of a broad range of complementary and alternative medicines and therapies (CAM). […] Make sure you get advice from a qualified and experienced health practitioner before using complementary therapies. […] See your doctor if: PMS symptoms are bothering you […] symptoms continue despite lifestyle changes […] you have severe emotional and mood related symptoms […] medicine or hormonal treatments don’t improve your symptoms […] symptoms stop you from doing things you normally do.

• #105 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

  https://womenshealth.gov/menstrual-cycle/premenstrual-syndrome

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a combination of symptoms that many women get about a week or two before their period. […] Your doctor can help you find ways to relieve your symptoms. […] PMS symptoms may get worse as you reach your late 30s or 40s and approach menopause and are in the transition to menopause, called perimenopause. […] PMS stops after menopause when you no longer get a period. […] Talk to your doctor or nurse if your symptoms bother you or affect your daily life. […] Over-the-counter and prescription medicines can help treat some PMS symptoms. […] Talk to your doctor before taking any supplement. […] Some women report relief from their PMS symptoms with yoga or meditation. […] Researchers continue to search for new ways to treat PMS.

• #106 Patient education: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/premenstrual-syndrome-pms-and-premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder-pmdd-beyond-the-basics

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) refers to a group of physical and behavioral symptoms that occur in a cyclic pattern during the second half of the menstrual cycle. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is the severe form of PMS. Common symptoms include anger, irritability, depression, and internal tension that are severe enough to interfere with daily activities. […] Mild PMS is common, affecting up to 75 percent of women with regular menstrual cycles; PMDD affects only 3 to 8 percent of women. This condition can affect women of any socioeconomic, cultural, or ethnic background. […] PMDD is usually a chronic condition and can have a serious impact on a woman’s quality of life. Fortunately, a variety of treatments and self-care measures can effectively control the symptoms in most women. […] The most common symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) are fatigue, bloating, irritability, depression, and anxiety.

• #107 Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9132-premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder-pmdd

  Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a more serious form of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). It causes physical and emotional symptoms every menstrual cycle in the week or two before your period. PMS causes bloating, headaches and breast tenderness. […] With PMDD, you might have PMS symptoms along with extreme irritability, anxiety or depression. These symptoms improve within a few days after your period starts, but they can be severe enough to interfere with your life. […] Symptoms of PMDD vary by individual. They tend to appear a week or two before menstruation and go away within a few days of your period starting. In addition to PMS symptoms like cramping and bloating, you may have: Anger or irritability. Feeling on edge, overwhelmed or tense. Anxiety and panic attacks. Depression and suicidal thoughts.

• #108 Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9132-premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder-pmdd

  Untreated PMDD can lead to depression and, in severe cases, suicide. The disorder can cause severe emotional distress and negatively affect relationships and careers. […] Your healthcare provider may recommend one or more of these treatments to help manage PMDD: Antidepressants called SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) to help manage your brains serotonin levels. […] Treating existing depression or anxiety may make it less likely that PMS could become PMDD. But PMDD could be related to the way your hormones work, and you might not be able to prevent it. In that case, treatment can bring relief. […] With treatment, most people with PMDD get relief from their symptoms and are able to enjoy life more fully. […] PMDD is a serious disorder that can negatively affect your life, relationships and career. You may harm themselves or others. If you consistently experience severe depression and anxiety or other PMDD symptoms in the weeks leading up to your period, seek help from your healthcare provider. Medications can get hormone or serotonin levels in check so that you feel more like yourself. PMDD isnt a problem you have to live with. Don’t put off getting the medical and mental health care you need.

• #109 Premenstrual Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560698/

  The main intention to treat PMS is symptom relief and to reduce its effects on daily routine activities. Pharmacotherapy was always the first line of treatment for premenstrual syndrome, but recent research has suggested the superior benefits with combination therapy. […] Lifestyle modifications include regular exercise, avoiding stressful events, and maintaining healthy sleeping habits, especially during the premenstrual period. Increased intake of complex carbohydrates increases the level of tryptophan, a serotonin precursor. […] Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is an approach that emphasizes the correction of unsettled disruptive thoughts, behaviors, and emotions. CBT helps in the recognition of these behaviors and helps develop coping strategies to improve daily functioning. […] Premenstrual syndrome is a common problem among females of childbearing age. Patient education involves discussing the problem with the patient with empathic hearing, providing insight on the reasons for her problems. The involvement of the partner in understanding the problem also assists the patient in seeking help at home or seek treatment with the health care provider.

• #110 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/premenstrual-syndrome-pms

  For many women, lifestyle changes can help relieve PMS symptoms. But depending on the severity of your symptoms, your doctor may prescribe one or more medications for premenstrual syndrome. […] You can sometimes manage or reduce the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome by making changes in the way you eat, exercise and approach daily life. […] Keep a record to identify the triggers and timing of your symptoms. This will allow you to intervene with strategies that may help to lessen them.

• #111 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

  https://www.nj.gov/health/womenshealth/reproductive-health/periods-menstruation/pms/

  When seeking medical advice, providing basic information on your period is helpful for the evaluation. Track period dates and symptoms using a calendar, diary, or an app. Basic information should include: […] PMS can be overwhelming, but manageable and no single PMS treatment works for everyone. Less severe symptoms can be managed with: […] If your PMS symptoms are unmanageable with over-the-counter medications, your health care provider may suggest prescription medicines, such as: […] PMDD is a severe form of PMS. It’s a chronic medical condition that needs attention and treatment. PMDD can cause severe emotional and physical symptoms, or a combination of both. PMDD symptoms are severe enough to affect your quality of life. Occurring monthly during the week or two before your period begins, PMDD is much less common than PMS.

• #112 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) – HealthyWomen

  https://www.healthywomen.org/condition/premenstrual-syndrome-pms

  One of the most important strategies for coping with premenstrual discomfort is to be aware of any pattern your symptoms follow. […] Many premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms improve with treatment. Treatment options range from medication therapy to birth control pills to diet modification, including vitamin and mineral supplementation, herbal medicines and exercise. […] Antidepressant drugs called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are typically recommended to women with severe mood-related symptoms such as anxiety, depression or mood swings. […] Common treatment options include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), contraceptive hormones, GnRH agonists, antidepressant medications, anti-anxiety medications, calcium supplements, exercise, and chasteberry. […] There is no single treatment that works well for every woman who experiences PMS.

• #113 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24288-pms-premenstrual-syndrome

  The exact cause is unknown. But most healthcare providers believe PMS happens due to hormonal changes related to your menstrual cycle. […] Most people experience PMS symptoms about one to two weeks before their period. But the timing isn’t always exact. You can have PMS two weeks before your period or two days before your period. […] Healthcare providers most often diagnose PMS in people who are in their late 20s and early 30s. […] There are many treatment options for PMS. Some people may need to try several different treatments until they find one that relieves their symptoms. […] You can usually manage mild symptoms with over-the-counter (OTC) medications. More severe symptoms may require a prescription from a provider. […] You can modify your lifestyle to help relieve pain and combat the mood-related symptoms of PMS.

• #114 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

  https://womenshealth.gov/menstrual-cycle/premenstrual-syndrome

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a combination of symptoms that many women get about a week or two before their period. […] Your doctor can help you find ways to relieve your symptoms. […] PMS symptoms may get worse as you reach your late 30s or 40s and approach menopause and are in the transition to menopause, called perimenopause. […] PMS stops after menopause when you no longer get a period. […] Talk to your doctor or nurse if your symptoms bother you or affect your daily life. […] Over-the-counter and prescription medicines can help treat some PMS symptoms. […] Talk to your doctor before taking any supplement. […] Some women report relief from their PMS symptoms with yoga or meditation. […] Researchers continue to search for new ways to treat PMS.

• #115 Premenstrual Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/doctor/premenstrual-syndrome-pro

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) comprises a range of distressing physical, psychological and behavioural symptoms experienced by many premenopausal women during the luteal phase of their menstrual cycle, in the absence of organic or underlying psychiatric disease, and which disappears or significantly regresses by the end of menstruation. […] PMS is distinguished from normal psychological and physical symptoms experienced by the majority of women premenstrually, by the severity of the distress they cause and the negative effect they have on daily life. […] Management should be tailored to the severity and type of symptoms, the woman’s treatment preferences, and any desire to become pregnant. Explanation, reassurance and support may be all that are required. […] Offer lifestyle advice that includes regular, frequent (2-3 hourly), small, balanced meals rich in complex carbohydrates, regular exercise, regular sleep, stress reduction, smoking cessation, and alcohol restriction.

• #116 A Visual Guide to Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)

  https://www.webmd.com/women/pms/ss/slideshow-premenstrual-syndrome-pms

  Exercise can help boost your mood and fight fatigue. To get the benefits, you need to exercise regularly — not just when PMS symptoms appear. Aim for 30 minutes of moderate physical activity on most days of the week. […] Foods rich in B vitamins may help fight PMS. In one study, researchers followed more than 2,000 women for 10 years. They found that women who ate foods high in thiamine (pork, Brazil nuts) and riboflavin (eggs, dairy products) were far less likely to develop PMS. […] You may be able to ease PMS symptoms by cutting back on these foods: Salt, which can increase bloating, Caffeine, which can cause irritability, Sugar, which can make cravings worse, Alcohol, which can affect mood. […] Because PMS can cause tension, anxiety, and irritability, it’s important to find healthy ways to cope with stress. Different strategies work for different women.

• #117 Premenstrual Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560698/

  The main intention to treat PMS is symptom relief and to reduce its effects on daily routine activities. Pharmacotherapy was always the first line of treatment for premenstrual syndrome, but recent research has suggested the superior benefits with combination therapy. […] Lifestyle modifications include regular exercise, avoiding stressful events, and maintaining healthy sleeping habits, especially during the premenstrual period. Increased intake of complex carbohydrates increases the level of tryptophan, a serotonin precursor. […] Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is an approach that emphasizes the correction of unsettled disruptive thoughts, behaviors, and emotions. CBT helps in the recognition of these behaviors and helps develop coping strategies to improve daily functioning. […] Premenstrual syndrome is a common problem among females of childbearing age. Patient education involves discussing the problem with the patient with empathic hearing, providing insight on the reasons for her problems. The involvement of the partner in understanding the problem also assists the patient in seeking help at home or seek treatment with the health care provider.

• #118 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.premenstrual-syndrome-pms.hw139439

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a set of physical or mood-related symptoms that occur before your menstrual period each month. Symptoms begin about 1 to 2 weeks before your period starts and go away in the first few days of your period. It is common to have tender breasts, bloating, and muscle aches a few days before your period. These are normal premenstrual symptoms. But when symptoms interfere with your daily life, they are called PMS. […] No single treatment works for everyone. Lifestyle changes may help. These changes could include healthy eating, regular exercise, and cutting back on alcohol and caffeine. If these changes don’t help to relieve your symptoms after a few menstrual cycles, your doctor can prescribe medicine for problems like bloating or for more severe PMS symptoms. […] Call your doctor if: PMS symptoms regularly disrupt your life.

• #119 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.premenstrual-syndrome-pms.hw139439

  There are ways to reduce your PMS symptoms and their impact on your life. But no single treatment works for everyone. You may have to try several to find the right choices for you. […] If you still have moderate to severe symptoms after you try home treatment for two or three cycles, talk to your doctor. You can try other treatment options. These may include taking selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants or hormonal birth control. […] Self-care for PMS means practicing healthy habits, managing pain, and reducing stress. […] If you have moderate to severe premenstrual symptoms even after you’ve tried home treatment and lifestyle changes, talk to your doctor about using medicine. […] Commonly used medicines include: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). NSAIDs such as ibuprofen and naproxen relieve premenstrual pain and cramps.

• #120 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/premenstrual-syndrome-pms

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) refers to the emotional and physical symptoms that some people get before their period. […] Most of the time PMS can be easily managed. […] Many people have one or 2 premenstrual symptoms. Most of the time these can be easily managed. […] PMS symptoms can be worse in teenage years and in the lead-up to menopause, which may be due to changes in hormone levels. […] There are many things you can do to manage PMS. […] A healthy lifestyle can help reduce PMS symptoms. […] Your doctor may recommend different medicines. […] Natural therapies are part of a broad range of complementary and alternative medicines and therapies (CAM). […] Make sure you get advice from a qualified and experienced health practitioner before using complementary therapies. […] See your doctor if: PMS symptoms are bothering you […] symptoms continue despite lifestyle changes […] you have severe emotional and mood related symptoms […] medicine or hormonal treatments don’t improve your symptoms […] symptoms stop you from doing things you normally do.

• #121 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/premenstrual-syndrome-pms

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) refers to the emotional and physical symptoms that some people get before their period. […] Most of the time PMS can be easily managed. […] Many people have one or 2 premenstrual symptoms. Most of the time these can be easily managed. […] PMS symptoms can be worse in teenage years and in the lead-up to menopause, which may be due to changes in hormone levels. […] There are many things you can do to manage PMS. […] A healthy lifestyle can help reduce PMS symptoms. […] Your doctor may recommend different medicines. […] Natural therapies are part of a broad range of complementary and alternative medicines and therapies (CAM). […] Make sure you get advice from a qualified and experienced health practitioner before using complementary therapies. […] See your doctor if: PMS symptoms are bothering you […] symptoms continue despite lifestyle changes […] you have severe emotional and mood related symptoms […] medicine or hormonal treatments don’t improve your symptoms […] symptoms stop you from doing things you normally do.

• #122 A Visual Guide to Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)

  https://www.webmd.com/women/pms/ss/slideshow-premenstrual-syndrome-pms

  A week or two before your period starts, you may notice bloating, headaches, mood swings, or other physical and emotional changes. These monthly symptoms are known as premenstrual syndrome, or PMS. About 85% of women experience some degree of PMS. A few have more severe symptoms that disrupt work or personal relationships, known as premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). […] PMS can trigger a wide range of aches and pains, including: Back pain, Headaches, Tender breasts, Joint pain. […] For many women, the worst part of PMS is its unpredictable impact on mood. Irritability, anger, crying spells, depression, and anxiety may come and go in the days leading up to your period. Some women even have trouble with memory and concentration during this time. […] If you have any thoughts of harming yourself, call 911 or get emergency medical care. You should also see your doctor right away if your symptoms are causing problems with your job, personal relationships, or other daily activities. This may be a sign of a more severe form of PMS known as PMDD.

• #123 ACOG Releases New Guidelines on Management of Premenstrual Disorders | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/news/news-articles/2023/11/acog-releases-new-guidelines-on-management-of-premenstrual-disorders

  Appropriate diagnosis and treatment of premenstrual disorders is key to ensuring that people who suffer from related symptoms can get meaningful help with minimal interruption to their daily lives. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) has released a new Clinical Practice Guideline, Management of Premenstrual Disorders, which includes recommendations for treating adult and adolescent patients with symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). […] Premenstrual syndrome is marked by a variety of symptoms that occur cyclically, beginning in the luteal phase and resolving during or shortly after menstruation. Patients with premenstrual disorders may experience a wide range of physical and mood symptoms, including breast tenderness, abdominal pain, bloating and weight gain, fatigue, headache, irritability, poor concentration, sleep disturbances, anxiety, and depression.

• #124 ACOG Releases New Guidelines on Management of Premenstrual Disorders | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/news/news-articles/2023/11/acog-releases-new-guidelines-on-management-of-premenstrual-disorders

  ACOGs new guidelines recommend evidence-based treatment options for premenstrual disorders, including pharmacological agents like SSRIs and combined hormonal oral contraceptives; psychological counseling such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT); complementary and alternative treatments like acupuncture; exercise and nutritional therapies; and patient education and self-help strategies. […] The new clinical practice guidelines make recommendations on a variety of treatment options in recognition that there is not a singular symptom management algorithm or approach that will work for all patients. Instead, the guidelines offer a range of treatment options that will allow for shared decision making between clinicians and their patients, focused on best addressing that specific patients symptoms and finding the best course of treatment for them.

• #125 ACOG Releases New Guidelines on Management of Premenstrual Disorders | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/news/news-articles/2023/11/acog-releases-new-guidelines-on-management-of-premenstrual-disorders

  ACOGs new guidelines recommend evidence-based treatment options for premenstrual disorders, including pharmacological agents like SSRIs and combined hormonal oral contraceptives; psychological counseling such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT); complementary and alternative treatments like acupuncture; exercise and nutritional therapies; and patient education and self-help strategies. […] The new clinical practice guidelines make recommendations on a variety of treatment options in recognition that there is not a singular symptom management algorithm or approach that will work for all patients. Instead, the guidelines offer a range of treatment options that will allow for shared decision making between clinicians and their patients, focused on best addressing that specific patients symptoms and finding the best course of treatment for them.

• #126 ACOG Releases New Guidelines on Management of Premenstrual Disorders | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/news/news-articles/2023/11/acog-releases-new-guidelines-on-management-of-premenstrual-disorders

  ACOGs new guidelines recommend evidence-based treatment options for premenstrual disorders, including pharmacological agents like SSRIs and combined hormonal oral contraceptives; psychological counseling such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT); complementary and alternative treatments like acupuncture; exercise and nutritional therapies; and patient education and self-help strategies. […] The new clinical practice guidelines make recommendations on a variety of treatment options in recognition that there is not a singular symptom management algorithm or approach that will work for all patients. Instead, the guidelines offer a range of treatment options that will allow for shared decision making between clinicians and their patients, focused on best addressing that specific patients symptoms and finding the best course of treatment for them.

• #127 ACOG Releases New Guidelines on Management of Premenstrual Disorders | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/news/news-articles/2023/11/acog-releases-new-guidelines-on-management-of-premenstrual-disorders

  ACOGs new guidelines recommend evidence-based treatment options for premenstrual disorders, including pharmacological agents like SSRIs and combined hormonal oral contraceptives; psychological counseling such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT); complementary and alternative treatments like acupuncture; exercise and nutritional therapies; and patient education and self-help strategies. […] The new clinical practice guidelines make recommendations on a variety of treatment options in recognition that there is not a singular symptom management algorithm or approach that will work for all patients. Instead, the guidelines offer a range of treatment options that will allow for shared decision making between clinicians and their patients, focused on best addressing that specific patients symptoms and finding the best course of treatment for them.

• #128 ACOG Releases New Guidelines on Management of Premenstrual Disorders | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/news/news-articles/2023/11/acog-releases-new-guidelines-on-management-of-premenstrual-disorders

  ACOGs new guidelines recommend evidence-based treatment options for premenstrual disorders, including pharmacological agents like SSRIs and combined hormonal oral contraceptives; psychological counseling such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT); complementary and alternative treatments like acupuncture; exercise and nutritional therapies; and patient education and self-help strategies. […] The new clinical practice guidelines make recommendations on a variety of treatment options in recognition that there is not a singular symptom management algorithm or approach that will work for all patients. Instead, the guidelines offer a range of treatment options that will allow for shared decision making between clinicians and their patients, focused on best addressing that specific patients symptoms and finding the best course of treatment for them.

• #129 ACOG Releases New Guidelines on Management of Premenstrual Disorders | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/news/news-articles/2023/11/acog-releases-new-guidelines-on-management-of-premenstrual-disorders

  ACOGs new guidelines recommend evidence-based treatment options for premenstrual disorders, including pharmacological agents like SSRIs and combined hormonal oral contraceptives; psychological counseling such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT); complementary and alternative treatments like acupuncture; exercise and nutritional therapies; and patient education and self-help strategies. […] The new clinical practice guidelines make recommendations on a variety of treatment options in recognition that there is not a singular symptom management algorithm or approach that will work for all patients. Instead, the guidelines offer a range of treatment options that will allow for shared decision making between clinicians and their patients, focused on best addressing that specific patients symptoms and finding the best course of treatment for them.

• #130 ACOG Releases New Guidelines on Management of Premenstrual Disorders | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/news/news-articles/2023/11/acog-releases-new-guidelines-on-management-of-premenstrual-disorders

  ACOGs new guidelines recommend evidence-based treatment options for premenstrual disorders, including pharmacological agents like SSRIs and combined hormonal oral contraceptives; psychological counseling such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT); complementary and alternative treatments like acupuncture; exercise and nutritional therapies; and patient education and self-help strategies. […] The new clinical practice guidelines make recommendations on a variety of treatment options in recognition that there is not a singular symptom management algorithm or approach that will work for all patients. Instead, the guidelines offer a range of treatment options that will allow for shared decision making between clinicians and their patients, focused on best addressing that specific patients symptoms and finding the best course of treatment for them.

• #131 ACOG Releases New Guidelines on Management of Premenstrual Disorders | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/news/news-articles/2023/11/acog-releases-new-guidelines-on-management-of-premenstrual-disorders

  ACOGs new guidelines recommend evidence-based treatment options for premenstrual disorders, including pharmacological agents like SSRIs and combined hormonal oral contraceptives; psychological counseling such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT); complementary and alternative treatments like acupuncture; exercise and nutritional therapies; and patient education and self-help strategies. […] The new clinical practice guidelines make recommendations on a variety of treatment options in recognition that there is not a singular symptom management algorithm or approach that will work for all patients. Instead, the guidelines offer a range of treatment options that will allow for shared decision making between clinicians and their patients, focused on best addressing that specific patients symptoms and finding the best course of treatment for them.

• #132 ACOG Releases New Guidelines on Management of Premenstrual Disorders | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/news/news-articles/2023/11/acog-releases-new-guidelines-on-management-of-premenstrual-disorders

  Because premenstrual disorders can include physical, emotional, and mood-related symptoms, patients may seek care from many different types of clinicians including ob-gyns, primary care providers, or mental health professionals. […] The new guidelines serve as a comprehensive and commanding review of the literature on PMS and PMDD. The wide range of symptoms people with premenstrual disorders experience means that they may seek care from a variety of specialists depending on their individual needs and experience.

• #133 ACOG Releases New Guidelines on Management of Premenstrual Disorders | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/news/news-articles/2023/11/acog-releases-new-guidelines-on-management-of-premenstrual-disorders

  Because premenstrual disorders can include physical, emotional, and mood-related symptoms, patients may seek care from many different types of clinicians including ob-gyns, primary care providers, or mental health professionals. […] The new guidelines serve as a comprehensive and commanding review of the literature on PMS and PMDD. The wide range of symptoms people with premenstrual disorders experience means that they may seek care from a variety of specialists depending on their individual needs and experience.

• #134 Premenstrual Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560698/

  The diagnosis of PMS is challenging due to the lack of explicit signs on physical examination and lack of diagnostic testing. Hence it requires the involvement of the patient, nurses, and physician to make a diagnosis. The role of the patients can include maintaining a diary which elaborates their symptoms and yield in early diagnosis whereas the nurses can be extremely helpful if they help in collecting a filled-in questionnaire from the patients during the monthly visit.

• #135 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)

  https://livinghealthy.hawaiipacifichealth.org/Search/85,P00581

  Premenstrual syndrome or PMS is a group of physical and emotional symptoms many people may have in the days before their period starts. Symptoms usually stop when the period starts or shortly after. Its thought to be related to the changing hormone levels of the menstrual cycle. […] Lifestyle changes and sometimes medicines are used to treat PMS. […] Your healthcare provider will consider your age, overall health, symptoms and other factors when finding the best treatment for you. […] Lifestyle changes and sometimes medicines or an herbal remedy can help manage PMS symptoms. […] For some people, making lifestyle changes helps to reduce the occurrence of PMS symptoms. […] Call your healthcare provider if you have symptoms of PMS that interfere with your ability to carry out your normal daily activities.

• #136 Premenstrual Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560698/

  The main intention to treat PMS is symptom relief and to reduce its effects on daily routine activities. Pharmacotherapy was always the first line of treatment for premenstrual syndrome, but recent research has suggested the superior benefits with combination therapy. […] Lifestyle modifications include regular exercise, avoiding stressful events, and maintaining healthy sleeping habits, especially during the premenstrual period. Increased intake of complex carbohydrates increases the level of tryptophan, a serotonin precursor. […] Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is an approach that emphasizes the correction of unsettled disruptive thoughts, behaviors, and emotions. CBT helps in the recognition of these behaviors and helps develop coping strategies to improve daily functioning. […] Premenstrual syndrome is a common problem among females of childbearing age. Patient education involves discussing the problem with the patient with empathic hearing, providing insight on the reasons for her problems. The involvement of the partner in understanding the problem also assists the patient in seeking help at home or seek treatment with the health care provider.

• #137 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24288-pms-premenstrual-syndrome

  You cant prevent premenstrual syndrome, but you can manage symptoms with lifestyle changes, medications or a combination of both. […] PMS is common enough that many people accept it as an annoyance during that time of the month. Just because PMS is normal, it doesn’t mean you have to let it disrupt your life. Often, you can manage your symptoms with medications and lifestyle changes. […] Contact a healthcare provider if you’re unable to get relief from your PMS symptoms. […] If you have PMS, you may want to ask your provider: What lifestyle changes would you recommend to help PMS? Do I need medication to help my symptoms? Would you recommend herbal supplements to ease PMS symptoms? […] Just because premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is common, it doesn’t mean that you have to tolerate the unpleasant symptoms it can cause. Pay attention to any aches and pains or mood changes that happen just before your period that may be signs of PMS. If they’re interfering with your well-being, try switching up your habits and taking over-the-counter medications that can ease your symptoms. If that doesn’t work, see a healthcare provider to get the treatment you need.

• #138 FloridaHealthFinder | Premenstrual syndrome – self-care | Health Encyclopedia | FloridaHealthFinder

  https://quality.healthfinder.fl.gov/health-encyclopedia/HIE/60/000556

  Premenstrual syndrome, or PMS, refers to a set of symptoms that most often: […] A healthy lifestyle is the first step to managing PMS. For many women, lifestyle changes alone are enough to control their symptoms. […] Your provider may recommend that you take vitamins or supplements. […] Pain relievers, such as aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, and others), naproxen (Naprosyn, Aleve), and other medicines may help symptoms of headache, backache, menstrual cramping, and breast tenderness. […] For some women, PMS affects their mood and sleep patterns. […] Call your provider if: […] Your PMS does not go away with self-treatment. […] You have symptoms of depression, such as feeling very sad, being easily frustrated, losing or gaining weight, sleep problems, and fatigue.

Zobacz więcej