Materiały źródłowe

• #1 About ADHD – Symptoms, Causes and Treatment – CHADD

  https://chadd.org/about-adhd/overview/

  Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting 11 percent of school-age children. Symptoms continue into adulthood in more than three-quarters of cases. ADHD is characterized by developmentally inappropriate levels of inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity. […] Despite multiple studies, researchers have yet to determine the exact causes of ADHD. However, scientists have discovered a strong genetic link since ADHD can run in families. More than 20 genetic studies have shown evidence that ADHD is strongly inherited. Yet ADHD is a complex disorder, which is the result of multiple interacting genes. Other factors in the environment may increase the likelihood of having ADHD: exposure to lead or pesticides in early childhood, premature birth or low birth weight, brain injury. Scientists continue to study the exact relationship of ADHD to environmental factors, but point out that there is no single cause that explains all cases of ADHD and that many factors may play a part. […] Problems in parenting or parenting styles may make ADHD better or worse, but these do not cause the disorder. ADHD is clearly a brain-based disorder. Currently research is underway to better define the areas and pathways that are involved.

• #2 What causes attention deficit hyperactivity disorder? | Archives of Disease in Childhood

  https://adc.bmj.com/content/97/3/260

  Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects around 13% of children. ADHD is highly heritable, although there is no single causal risk factor and non-inherited factors also contribute to its aetiology. The genetic and environmental risk factors that have been implicated appear to be associated with a range of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric outcomes, not just ADHD. ADHD, like other common medical and psychiatric disorders, is influenced by multiple genes, non-inherited factors and their interplay. There is no single cause of ADHD and exposure to a risk factor does not necessarily result in disorder. This means that any given risk factor will only be observed in a proportion of cases and will also be found in those who are unaffected. Also, risk factors that contribute to the origins of ADHD might not necessarily be the same as those that influence its course and outcomes. A further complexity is that genetic factors can exert indirect risk effects through interplay with environmental factors. Genes can alter sensitivity to environmental risks (gene-environment interaction), for example, environmental toxins or psychosocial adversity. Inherited factors can also influence the probability of exposure to certain environmental risks (gene-environment correlation). There is robust evidence from a wide range of study designs of a strong inherited contribution to ADHD. Family studies have consistently found higher rates of ADHD in parents and siblings of affected probands compared with relatives of unaffected controls. Twin studies have shown that monozygotic twin pairs have much higher concordance rates for ADHD than dizygotic twin pairs. ADHD also appears to share an inherited liability with other neurodevelopmental and psychiatric problems. There are a number of environmental risk factors that are associated with ADHD, although identifying which of these are causal is challenging. Most studies find evidence of an association with ADHD and low birth weight and/or prematurity. Specific environmental exposures that seem to have relevance to the ADHD phenotype include organic pollutants and lead. Adverse social and family environments such as low parental education, social class, poverty, bullying/peer victimisation, negative parenting, maltreatment and family discord are associated with ADHD. In summary, there is strong evidence of an inherited contribution to ADHD, although non-inherited factors that likely include environmental risks and chance events are also important. There is no single cause of ADHD and the risk factors that have been identified so far appear to be non-specific.

• #3 ADHD in Kids & Teens (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/adhd.html

  ADHD stands for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. It is a medical condition. A person with ADHD has differences in brain development and brain activity that affect attention, the ability to sit still, and self-control. ADHD can affect kids and teens at school, at home, and in friendships. […] It’s not clear what causes the brain differences of ADHD. Theres strong evidence that ADHD is mostly inherited. Many kids and teens who have ADHD have a parent or relative with it. Kids also can be more at risk for it if they were born early, are exposed to environmental toxins, or their mothers used drugs during pregnancy. […] ADHD is not caused by too much screen time, poor parenting, or eating too much sugar.

• #4 ADHD in children and youth: Part 1—Etiology, diagnosis, and comorbidity | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/documents/position/adhd-etiology-diagnosis-and-comorbidity

  Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic neurodevelopmental disorder. ADHD is a disorder with multiple etiologies. Combinations of genetic, neurological, and environmental factors contribute to pathogenesis and its heterogeneous phenotype. Evidence from family, twin, and adoption studies has suggested strongly that ADHD is a highly hereditary, polygenic disorder. Gene variants predicting risk for ADHD are important for brain development, cell migration, and encoding for catecholamine receptor and transporter genes. The identification of gene sets affecting neurotransmitter pathways in the brain has suggested that rare copy number variants or the accumulation of larger deletions and duplications influencing gene transcription are more commonly found in individuals with ADHD. Noninherited neurological factors affecting brain development or resulting in brain injury have been implicated in ADHD pathogenesis. The contribution of pregnancy and birth complications is mixed, but strong evidence supports greater ADHD risk following in utero exposure to alcohol or tobacco and low birth weight (2,500 g). Exposure to environmental toxins (specifically lead, organophosphate pesticides, and polychlorinated biphenyls) has been linked to ADHD symptoms. Neuroimaging studies point to ADHD as a disorder of early brain development. Based on volumetric and functional MRI studies, differences are found in the structural development and functional activation in the prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, anterior cingulate cortex, and cerebellum. A delay in cortical maturation has been documented, with peak cortical thickness attained in the cerebrum at 7 years in typically developing children and at 10 years in those with ADHD.

• #5 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder

  ADHD arises from maldevelopment in brain regions such as the prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia and anterior cingulate cortex, which regulate the executive functions necessary for human self-regulation. […] The precise causes of ADHD are unknown in most individual cases. […] Meta-analyses have shown that the disorder is primarily genetic with a heritability rate of 70-80%, where risk factors are highly accumulative. […] The environmental risks are not related to social or familial factors; they exert their effects very early in life, in the prenatal or early postnatal period. […] However, in rare cases, ADHD can be caused by a single event including traumatic brain injury, exposure to biohazards during pregnancy, or a major genetic mutation. […] ADHD arises from brain maldevelopment especially in the prefrontal executive networks that can arise either from genetic factors (different gene variants and mutations for building and regulating such networks) or from acquired disruptions to the development of these networks and regions involved in executive functioning and self-regulation.

• #6 What are the causes of ADHD? Biology vs. environment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/causes-of-adhd

  Researchers do not know the exact cause of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, they believe it may develop from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. […] Many studies suggest a strong link between genetic factors and ADHD, but this is not the only thing that appears to contribute to it. […] ADHD tends to run in families. Identical twins are more likely to develop ADHD than nonidentical twins. This suggests a genetic component to the condition, as identical twins have the same genes while nonidentical twins do not. […] Genes may account for 74% of the cause of ADHD. […] ADHD also appears to cause or originate from changes in the brain. […] A 2017 imaging study found that overall brain volume and specific brain regions were slightly smaller in participants with ADHD than in those without ADHD.

• #7 What causes attention deficit hyperactivity disorder? | Archives of Disease in Childhood

  https://adc.bmj.com/content/97/3/260

  Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects around 13% of children. ADHD is highly heritable, although there is no single causal risk factor and non-inherited factors also contribute to its aetiology. The genetic and environmental risk factors that have been implicated appear to be associated with a range of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric outcomes, not just ADHD. ADHD, like other common medical and psychiatric disorders, is influenced by multiple genes, non-inherited factors and their interplay. There is no single cause of ADHD and exposure to a risk factor does not necessarily result in disorder. This means that any given risk factor will only be observed in a proportion of cases and will also be found in those who are unaffected. Also, risk factors that contribute to the origins of ADHD might not necessarily be the same as those that influence its course and outcomes. A further complexity is that genetic factors can exert indirect risk effects through interplay with environmental factors. Genes can alter sensitivity to environmental risks (gene-environment interaction), for example, environmental toxins or psychosocial adversity. Inherited factors can also influence the probability of exposure to certain environmental risks (gene-environment correlation). There is robust evidence from a wide range of study designs of a strong inherited contribution to ADHD. Family studies have consistently found higher rates of ADHD in parents and siblings of affected probands compared with relatives of unaffected controls. Twin studies have shown that monozygotic twin pairs have much higher concordance rates for ADHD than dizygotic twin pairs. ADHD also appears to share an inherited liability with other neurodevelopmental and psychiatric problems. There are a number of environmental risk factors that are associated with ADHD, although identifying which of these are causal is challenging. Most studies find evidence of an association with ADHD and low birth weight and/or prematurity. Specific environmental exposures that seem to have relevance to the ADHD phenotype include organic pollutants and lead. Adverse social and family environments such as low parental education, social class, poverty, bullying/peer victimisation, negative parenting, maltreatment and family discord are associated with ADHD. In summary, there is strong evidence of an inherited contribution to ADHD, although non-inherited factors that likely include environmental risks and chance events are also important. There is no single cause of ADHD and the risk factors that have been identified so far appear to be non-specific.

• #8 What causes attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3927422/

  Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects around 13% of children. ADHD is highly heritable, although there is no single causal risk factor and non-inherited factors also contribute to its aetiology. The genetic and environmental risk factors that have been implicated appear to be associated with a range of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric outcomes, not just ADHD. ADHD, like other common medical and psychiatric disorders, is influenced by multiple genes, non-inherited factors and their interplay. There is no single cause of ADHD and exposure to a risk factor does not necessarily result in disorder. This means that any given risk factor will only be observed in a proportion of cases and will also be found in those who are unaffected. Also, risk factors that contribute to the origins of ADHD might not necessarily be the same as those that influence its course and outcomes. A further complexity is that genetic factors can exert indirect risk effects through interplay with environmental factors. Genes can alter sensitivity to environmental risks (gene-environment interaction), for example, environmental toxins or psychosocial adversity. Inherited factors can also influence the probability of exposure to certain environmental risks (gene-environment correlation). There is robust evidence from a wide range of study designs of a strong inherited contribution to ADHD. Family studies have consistently found higher rates of ADHD in parents and siblings of affected probands compared with relatives of unaffected controls. Twin studies have shown that monozygotic twin pairs have much higher concordance rates for ADHD than dizygotic twin pairs. ADHD also appears to share an inherited liability with other neurodevelopmental and psychiatric problems, notably ASDs, developmental coordination problems, reading ability, IQ, conduct and mood problems. In summary, there is strong evidence of an inherited contribution to ADHD, although non-inherited factors that likely include environmental risks and chance events are also important. There is no single cause of ADHD and the risk factors that have been identified so far appear to be non-specific.

• #9 What causes attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3927422/

  Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects around 13% of children. ADHD is highly heritable, although there is no single causal risk factor and non-inherited factors also contribute to its aetiology. The genetic and environmental risk factors that have been implicated appear to be associated with a range of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric outcomes, not just ADHD. ADHD, like other common medical and psychiatric disorders, is influenced by multiple genes, non-inherited factors and their interplay. There is no single cause of ADHD and exposure to a risk factor does not necessarily result in disorder. This means that any given risk factor will only be observed in a proportion of cases and will also be found in those who are unaffected. Also, risk factors that contribute to the origins of ADHD might not necessarily be the same as those that influence its course and outcomes. A further complexity is that genetic factors can exert indirect risk effects through interplay with environmental factors. Genes can alter sensitivity to environmental risks (gene-environment interaction), for example, environmental toxins or psychosocial adversity. Inherited factors can also influence the probability of exposure to certain environmental risks (gene-environment correlation). There is robust evidence from a wide range of study designs of a strong inherited contribution to ADHD. Family studies have consistently found higher rates of ADHD in parents and siblings of affected probands compared with relatives of unaffected controls. Twin studies have shown that monozygotic twin pairs have much higher concordance rates for ADHD than dizygotic twin pairs. ADHD also appears to share an inherited liability with other neurodevelopmental and psychiatric problems, notably ASDs, developmental coordination problems, reading ability, IQ, conduct and mood problems. In summary, there is strong evidence of an inherited contribution to ADHD, although non-inherited factors that likely include environmental risks and chance events are also important. There is no single cause of ADHD and the risk factors that have been identified so far appear to be non-specific.

• #10

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/adhd/Pages/Causes-of-ADHD.aspx

  Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobiologic condition whose symptoms are also dependent on the child’s environment. […] ADHD may be caused by a number of things: A lower level of activity in the parts of the brain that control attention and activity level may be associated with ADHD. […] ADHD frequently runs in families. A child with ADHD has a 1 in 4 chance of having a parent with ADHD. […] Significant head injuries may cause ADHD in some cases. […] Prematurity increases the risk of developing ADHD. […] Prenatal exposures, such as alcohol or nicotine from smoking, increase the risk of developing ADHD. […] In very rare cases, toxins in the environment may lead to ADHD.

• #11 ADHD in children and youth: Part 1—Etiology, diagnosis, and comorbidity

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6199644/

  ADHD is a disorder with multiple etiologies. Combinations of genetic, neurological, and environmental factors contribute to pathogenesis and its heterogeneous phenotype. […] Evidence from family, twin, and adoption studies has suggested strongly that ADHD is a highly hereditary, polygenic disorder. Gene variants predicting risk for ADHD are important for brain development, cell migration, and encoding for catecholamine receptor and transporter genes. The identification of gene sets affecting neurotransmitter pathways in the brain has suggested that rare copy number variants or the accumulation of larger deletions and duplications influencing gene transcription are more commonly found in individuals with ADHD. […] Noninherited neurological factors affecting brain development or resulting in brain injury have been implicated in ADHD pathogenesis. The contribution of pregnancy and birth complications is mixed, but strong evidence supports greater ADHD risk following in utero exposure to alcohol or tobacco and low birth weight.

• #12 ADHD in children and youth: Part 1—Etiology, diagnosis, and comorbidity

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6199644/

  ADHD is a disorder with multiple etiologies. Combinations of genetic, neurological, and environmental factors contribute to pathogenesis and its heterogeneous phenotype. […] Evidence from family, twin, and adoption studies has suggested strongly that ADHD is a highly hereditary, polygenic disorder. Gene variants predicting risk for ADHD are important for brain development, cell migration, and encoding for catecholamine receptor and transporter genes. The identification of gene sets affecting neurotransmitter pathways in the brain has suggested that rare copy number variants or the accumulation of larger deletions and duplications influencing gene transcription are more commonly found in individuals with ADHD. […] Noninherited neurological factors affecting brain development or resulting in brain injury have been implicated in ADHD pathogenesis. The contribution of pregnancy and birth complications is mixed, but strong evidence supports greater ADHD risk following in utero exposure to alcohol or tobacco and low birth weight.

• #13 What causes attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3927422/

  Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects around 13% of children. ADHD is highly heritable, although there is no single causal risk factor and non-inherited factors also contribute to its aetiology. The genetic and environmental risk factors that have been implicated appear to be associated with a range of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric outcomes, not just ADHD. ADHD, like other common medical and psychiatric disorders, is influenced by multiple genes, non-inherited factors and their interplay. There is no single cause of ADHD and exposure to a risk factor does not necessarily result in disorder. This means that any given risk factor will only be observed in a proportion of cases and will also be found in those who are unaffected. Also, risk factors that contribute to the origins of ADHD might not necessarily be the same as those that influence its course and outcomes. A further complexity is that genetic factors can exert indirect risk effects through interplay with environmental factors. Genes can alter sensitivity to environmental risks (gene-environment interaction), for example, environmental toxins or psychosocial adversity. Inherited factors can also influence the probability of exposure to certain environmental risks (gene-environment correlation). There is robust evidence from a wide range of study designs of a strong inherited contribution to ADHD. Family studies have consistently found higher rates of ADHD in parents and siblings of affected probands compared with relatives of unaffected controls. Twin studies have shown that monozygotic twin pairs have much higher concordance rates for ADHD than dizygotic twin pairs. ADHD also appears to share an inherited liability with other neurodevelopmental and psychiatric problems, notably ASDs, developmental coordination problems, reading ability, IQ, conduct and mood problems. In summary, there is strong evidence of an inherited contribution to ADHD, although non-inherited factors that likely include environmental risks and chance events are also important. There is no single cause of ADHD and the risk factors that have been identified so far appear to be non-specific.

• #14 ADHD in children and youth: Part 1—Etiology, diagnosis, and comorbidity

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6199644/

  Exposure to environmental toxins (specifically lead, organophosphate pesticides, and polychlorinated biphenyls) has been linked to ADHD symptoms. […] Neuroimaging studies point to ADHD as a disorder of early brain development. Based on volumetric and functional MRI studies, differences are found in the structural development and functional activation in the prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, anterior cingulate cortex, and cerebellum. Activity among these areas depends on catecholaminergic brain circuitry.

• #15 ADHD in children and youth: Part 1—Etiology, diagnosis, and comorbidity

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6199644/

  Exposure to environmental toxins (specifically lead, organophosphate pesticides, and polychlorinated biphenyls) has been linked to ADHD symptoms. […] Neuroimaging studies point to ADHD as a disorder of early brain development. Based on volumetric and functional MRI studies, differences are found in the structural development and functional activation in the prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, anterior cingulate cortex, and cerebellum. Activity among these areas depends on catecholaminergic brain circuitry.

• #16 Psychiatry.org – What is ADHD?

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/adhd/what-is-adhd

  Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common mental disorders affecting children. […] Scientists have not yet identified the specific causes of ADHD. While there is growing evidence that genetics contribute to ADHD and several genes have been linked to the disorder, no specific gene or gene combination has been identified as the cause of the disorder. However, it is important to note that relatives of individuals with ADHD are often also affected. There is evidence of anatomical differences in the brains of children with ADHD in comparison to other children without the condition. For instance, children with ADHD have reduced grey and white brain matter volume and demonstrate different brain region activation during certain tasks. […] Several non-genetic factors have also been linked to the disorder such as low birth weight, premature birth, exposure to toxins (alcohol, smoking, lead, etc.) during pregnancy, and extreme stress during pregnancy.

• #17 ADHD in children and youth: Part 1—Etiology, diagnosis, and comorbidity | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/documents/position/adhd-etiology-diagnosis-and-comorbidity

  Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic neurodevelopmental disorder. ADHD is a disorder with multiple etiologies. Combinations of genetic, neurological, and environmental factors contribute to pathogenesis and its heterogeneous phenotype. Evidence from family, twin, and adoption studies has suggested strongly that ADHD is a highly hereditary, polygenic disorder. Gene variants predicting risk for ADHD are important for brain development, cell migration, and encoding for catecholamine receptor and transporter genes. The identification of gene sets affecting neurotransmitter pathways in the brain has suggested that rare copy number variants or the accumulation of larger deletions and duplications influencing gene transcription are more commonly found in individuals with ADHD. Noninherited neurological factors affecting brain development or resulting in brain injury have been implicated in ADHD pathogenesis. The contribution of pregnancy and birth complications is mixed, but strong evidence supports greater ADHD risk following in utero exposure to alcohol or tobacco and low birth weight (2,500 g). Exposure to environmental toxins (specifically lead, organophosphate pesticides, and polychlorinated biphenyls) has been linked to ADHD symptoms. Neuroimaging studies point to ADHD as a disorder of early brain development. Based on volumetric and functional MRI studies, differences are found in the structural development and functional activation in the prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, anterior cingulate cortex, and cerebellum. A delay in cortical maturation has been documented, with peak cortical thickness attained in the cerebrum at 7 years in typically developing children and at 10 years in those with ADHD.

• #18 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Children – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=attention-deficithyperactivity-disorder-adhd-in-children-90-P02552

  Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a behavior disorder. The exact cause of ADHD is unknown. But research suggests that it is genetic. It is a brain-based problem. Children with ADHD have low levels of a brain chemical (dopamine). Studies show that brain metabolism in children with ADHD is lower in the parts of the brain that control attention, social judgment, and movement. […] ADHD tends to run in families. Many parents of children with ADHD had symptoms of ADHD when they were younger. The condition is often found in brothers and sisters within the same family. Boys are more likely to have ADHD of the hyperactive or combined type than girls. […] The cause of ADHD may be genetic. It tends to run in families.

• #19

  https://www.mercy.net/service/child-adhd/

  Nearly all kids struggle to control themselves at times. […] But for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adolescents and teens, its more than an occasional issue. […] More than 9% of U.S. children ages 2-17 have ADHD a neurological (or brain) disorder that makes it hard for kids to control their behavior. […] ADHD affects the part of the brain that helps children pay attention, make decisions, plan and organize. […] In children with ADHD, the prefrontal cortex (forehead region) of the brain the last part of the brain to develop in all people can be even slower to mature. […] This results in decreased levels of the brain chemicals dopamine and norepinephrine, which play a crucial role in regulating attention, behavior and emotion. […] Other factors that can contribute to ADHD in children include: Genetics ADHD can run in families. Differences in certain brain genes can be inherited.

• #20 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/ADHD-Causes-and-Risk-factors.aspx

  A parent of a recently diagnosed child may blame themselves or their parenting, but more often than not the cause of the condition is not related to parenting at all. […] There are no definite causes that have been found to trigger ADHD in a child. However, the following factors may contribute to a raised risk of the condition: Altered anatomy or function of the brain Brain scans have shown that some areas of the brain especially those related to activity and attention spans are different among children and adults with ADHD. Some studies reveal that the frontal lobe of the brain is different among people with ADHD. This area is related to decision making. There may also be derangement of neurotransmitters like dopamine and noradrenaline in the brain. […] Genetics ADHD sometimes may be inherited. There are studies that have found several genes that are related to ADHD causation.

• #21

  https://www.mercy.net/service/child-adhd/

  Nearly all kids struggle to control themselves at times. […] But for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adolescents and teens, its more than an occasional issue. […] More than 9% of U.S. children ages 2-17 have ADHD a neurological (or brain) disorder that makes it hard for kids to control their behavior. […] ADHD affects the part of the brain that helps children pay attention, make decisions, plan and organize. […] In children with ADHD, the prefrontal cortex (forehead region) of the brain the last part of the brain to develop in all people can be even slower to mature. […] This results in decreased levels of the brain chemicals dopamine and norepinephrine, which play a crucial role in regulating attention, behavior and emotion. […] Other factors that can contribute to ADHD in children include: Genetics ADHD can run in families. Differences in certain brain genes can be inherited.

• #22 ADHD in children and youth: Part 1—Etiology, diagnosis, and comorbidity

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6199644/

  ADHD is a disorder with multiple etiologies. Combinations of genetic, neurological, and environmental factors contribute to pathogenesis and its heterogeneous phenotype. […] Evidence from family, twin, and adoption studies has suggested strongly that ADHD is a highly hereditary, polygenic disorder. Gene variants predicting risk for ADHD are important for brain development, cell migration, and encoding for catecholamine receptor and transporter genes. The identification of gene sets affecting neurotransmitter pathways in the brain has suggested that rare copy number variants or the accumulation of larger deletions and duplications influencing gene transcription are more commonly found in individuals with ADHD. […] Noninherited neurological factors affecting brain development or resulting in brain injury have been implicated in ADHD pathogenesis. The contribution of pregnancy and birth complications is mixed, but strong evidence supports greater ADHD risk following in utero exposure to alcohol or tobacco and low birth weight.

• #23 What are the causes of ADHD? Biology vs. environment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/causes-of-adhd

  The differences in brain volume were more noticeable in children with ADHD than in adults. This supports the researchers theory that ADHD causes a delay in the development and maturation of several brain regions. […] According to a 2018 review, functional MRI (fMRI) studies indicate that people with ADHD may have impairments in several brain networks that manage attention, cognitive control, timing, and working memory. […] Some research connects ADHD to complications that affect fetal development during pregnancy, such as prenatal alcohol exposure and prenatal smoking. […] A 2015 study found that children who experienced prenatal alcohol exposure were 1.55 times more likely to have ADHD. […] Psychological trauma may play a role in ADHD, but it is unclear how, or to what extent. […] Children with ACEs are more likely to have ADHD. […] ADHD appears to be something a person has from birth, or that develops in early childhood. […] Researchers are still learning about the causes of ADHD. However, they suspect a combination of genetic and environmental factors increases a persons chances of developing the condition.

• #24 What Caused My Kid’s ADHD? | Psych Central

  https://psychcentral.com/childhood-adhd/causes-risk-factors-of-childhood-adhd

  Research suggests that exposure to certain toxins, either in utero or at a young age, might lead to ADHD. […] One of those toxins could be lead, which is found in a variety of places, including in the paint of homes built before 1978 and in gasoline. The heavy metal seems to be associated with inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity all symptoms of ADHD. […] Several studies have found that if a fetus is exposed to tobacco and or alcohol, it can increase the risk that the baby will develop ADHD. […] Poor nutrition and infections during pregnancy can raise the risk of the child having ADHD too. […] Known risk factors for ADHD include maternal diet during pregnancy, Myszak says. […] Some ADHD diagnoses seem to be the result of brain damage, such as from: a brain injury early in life, trauma, abnormal brain development. […] Some studies have also found that meningitis or encephalitis might also result in ADHD in kids.

• #25 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4784-attention-deficithyperactivity-disorder-adhd

  ADHD is genetic. This means your child is born with certain gene changes that cause differences in their brain development (neurodivergence). Often, the gene changes that cause ADHD are passed down within biological families. Kids with ADHD commonly have biological parents or siblings with the condition. […] Experts believe that some people have genes that predispose them to ADHD. In other words, the genes make ADHD a possibility for that person. But then, certain environmental factors tip the scales and cause ADHD to develop. […] Environmental risk factors include: Exposure to certain toxins during fetal development, including tobacco, alcohol or lead. Low birth weight (the lower the weight, the higher the risk). Preterm birth.

• #26

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/adhd/Pages/Causes-of-ADHD.aspx

  Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobiologic condition whose symptoms are also dependent on the child’s environment. […] ADHD may be caused by a number of things: A lower level of activity in the parts of the brain that control attention and activity level may be associated with ADHD. […] ADHD frequently runs in families. A child with ADHD has a 1 in 4 chance of having a parent with ADHD. […] Significant head injuries may cause ADHD in some cases. […] Prematurity increases the risk of developing ADHD. […] Prenatal exposures, such as alcohol or nicotine from smoking, increase the risk of developing ADHD. […] In very rare cases, toxins in the environment may lead to ADHD.

• #27 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder – ADHD symptoms, causes and diagnosis | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/attention-deficit-disorder-add-or-adhd

  Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a developmental disorder that begins in early childhood. […] The exact causes of ADHD aren’t known. Genetic studies show that ADHD is an inherited disorder. […] Research has shown that ADHD symptoms are related to the biology of your brain. […] The following environmental factors may contribute towards the development of ADHD: maternal smoking during pregnancy, maternal drinking during pregnancy, premature birth, low birth weight. […] Other environmental factors that can cause changes in your brain’s development and function include toxins, home environment, and early childhood trauma.

• #28 ADHD in children and youth: Part 1—Etiology, diagnosis, and comorbidity | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/documents/position/adhd-etiology-diagnosis-and-comorbidity

  Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic neurodevelopmental disorder. ADHD is a disorder with multiple etiologies. Combinations of genetic, neurological, and environmental factors contribute to pathogenesis and its heterogeneous phenotype. Evidence from family, twin, and adoption studies has suggested strongly that ADHD is a highly hereditary, polygenic disorder. Gene variants predicting risk for ADHD are important for brain development, cell migration, and encoding for catecholamine receptor and transporter genes. The identification of gene sets affecting neurotransmitter pathways in the brain has suggested that rare copy number variants or the accumulation of larger deletions and duplications influencing gene transcription are more commonly found in individuals with ADHD. Noninherited neurological factors affecting brain development or resulting in brain injury have been implicated in ADHD pathogenesis. The contribution of pregnancy and birth complications is mixed, but strong evidence supports greater ADHD risk following in utero exposure to alcohol or tobacco and low birth weight (2,500 g). Exposure to environmental toxins (specifically lead, organophosphate pesticides, and polychlorinated biphenyls) has been linked to ADHD symptoms. Neuroimaging studies point to ADHD as a disorder of early brain development. Based on volumetric and functional MRI studies, differences are found in the structural development and functional activation in the prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, anterior cingulate cortex, and cerebellum. A delay in cortical maturation has been documented, with peak cortical thickness attained in the cerebrum at 7 years in typically developing children and at 10 years in those with ADHD.

• #29 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4784-attention-deficithyperactivity-disorder-adhd

  ADHD is genetic. This means your child is born with certain gene changes that cause differences in their brain development (neurodivergence). Often, the gene changes that cause ADHD are passed down within biological families. Kids with ADHD commonly have biological parents or siblings with the condition. […] Experts believe that some people have genes that predispose them to ADHD. In other words, the genes make ADHD a possibility for that person. But then, certain environmental factors tip the scales and cause ADHD to develop. […] Environmental risk factors include: Exposure to certain toxins during fetal development, including tobacco, alcohol or lead. Low birth weight (the lower the weight, the higher the risk). Preterm birth.

• #30 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/ADHD-Causes-and-Risk-factors.aspx

  Maternal drug abuse, alcohol intake and smoking Some studies have shown that pregnant women who smoke, take alcohol or use recreational drugs are at a higher risk of giving birth to children who go on to develop ADHD. […] Exposure to toxins Toddlers and preschoolers who are exposed to environmental poisons and toxins are also at higher risk of behavioural problems. Notable among these is lead exposure from paint and pipes in old buildings that has been linked to short attention spans and violent behaviour in some children. […] Traumatic brain injury Brain injury has also been linked to ADHD in some studies. However the number of children who have suffered such brain injuries is too small to explain the rising prevalence of ADHD. […] Additives Some food additives such as preservatives and artificial colouring have been linked to aggravation and increased risk of ADHD.

• #31 Causes of and Risk Factors for ADHD

  https://www.healthline.com/health/adhd/causes

  Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobehavioral disorder. That is, ADHD affects the way a persons brain processes information. It influences behavior as a result. […] The exact cause of this condition is unknown. Researchers believe that genetics, nutrition, central nervous system problems during development, and other factors play a significant role according to the Mayo Clinic. […] There is strong evidence that a persons genes influence ADHD. Researchers have found that ADHD runs in families in twin and family studies. Its been found to affect close relatives of people with ADHD. You and your siblings are more likely to have ADHD if your mother or father has it. […] Many researchers believe there may be a connection between ADHD and certain common neurotoxic chemicals, namely lead and some pesticides. Lead exposure in children may affect the level of education they achieve. Its also potentially associated with inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

• #32 ADHD in children and youth: Part 1—Etiology, diagnosis, and comorbidity

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6199644/

  ADHD is a disorder with multiple etiologies. Combinations of genetic, neurological, and environmental factors contribute to pathogenesis and its heterogeneous phenotype. […] Evidence from family, twin, and adoption studies has suggested strongly that ADHD is a highly hereditary, polygenic disorder. Gene variants predicting risk for ADHD are important for brain development, cell migration, and encoding for catecholamine receptor and transporter genes. The identification of gene sets affecting neurotransmitter pathways in the brain has suggested that rare copy number variants or the accumulation of larger deletions and duplications influencing gene transcription are more commonly found in individuals with ADHD. […] Noninherited neurological factors affecting brain development or resulting in brain injury have been implicated in ADHD pathogenesis. The contribution of pregnancy and birth complications is mixed, but strong evidence supports greater ADHD risk following in utero exposure to alcohol or tobacco and low birth weight.

• #33 ADHD in children and youth: Part 1—Etiology, diagnosis, and comorbidity

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6199644/

  ADHD is a disorder with multiple etiologies. Combinations of genetic, neurological, and environmental factors contribute to pathogenesis and its heterogeneous phenotype. […] Evidence from family, twin, and adoption studies has suggested strongly that ADHD is a highly hereditary, polygenic disorder. Gene variants predicting risk for ADHD are important for brain development, cell migration, and encoding for catecholamine receptor and transporter genes. The identification of gene sets affecting neurotransmitter pathways in the brain has suggested that rare copy number variants or the accumulation of larger deletions and duplications influencing gene transcription are more commonly found in individuals with ADHD. […] Noninherited neurological factors affecting brain development or resulting in brain injury have been implicated in ADHD pathogenesis. The contribution of pregnancy and birth complications is mixed, but strong evidence supports greater ADHD risk following in utero exposure to alcohol or tobacco and low birth weight.

• #34

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/adhd/Pages/Causes-of-ADHD.aspx

  Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobiologic condition whose symptoms are also dependent on the child’s environment. […] ADHD may be caused by a number of things: A lower level of activity in the parts of the brain that control attention and activity level may be associated with ADHD. […] ADHD frequently runs in families. A child with ADHD has a 1 in 4 chance of having a parent with ADHD. […] Significant head injuries may cause ADHD in some cases. […] Prematurity increases the risk of developing ADHD. […] Prenatal exposures, such as alcohol or nicotine from smoking, increase the risk of developing ADHD. […] In very rare cases, toxins in the environment may lead to ADHD.

• #35 What Caused My Kid’s ADHD? | Psych Central

  https://psychcentral.com/childhood-adhd/causes-risk-factors-of-childhood-adhd

  Research suggests that exposure to certain toxins, either in utero or at a young age, might lead to ADHD. […] One of those toxins could be lead, which is found in a variety of places, including in the paint of homes built before 1978 and in gasoline. The heavy metal seems to be associated with inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity all symptoms of ADHD. […] Several studies have found that if a fetus is exposed to tobacco and or alcohol, it can increase the risk that the baby will develop ADHD. […] Poor nutrition and infections during pregnancy can raise the risk of the child having ADHD too. […] Known risk factors for ADHD include maternal diet during pregnancy, Myszak says. […] Some ADHD diagnoses seem to be the result of brain damage, such as from: a brain injury early in life, trauma, abnormal brain development. […] Some studies have also found that meningitis or encephalitis might also result in ADHD in kids.

• #36 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/learning-and-developmental-disorders/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd

  ADHD has no known single specific cause, but genetic (inherited) factors are often present. Research indicates that ADHD likely involves abnormalities in neurotransmitters (substances that transmit nerve impulses within the brain). Some other risk factors include low birth weight (under 3 pounds [1500 grams]), head injury, brain infection, iron deficiency, obstructive sleep apnea, and lead exposure, as well as exposure to alcohol, tobacco, or possibly cocaine before birth. ADHD also is associated with traumatic events during childhood, for example, violence, abuse, or neglect. […] Some people have raised concerns about whether food additives and sugar may cause ADHD. Although some children seem to become overactive or impulsive after eating foods containing sugar, studies have confirmed that the brain differences that lead to ADHD are present at birth and that food and environmental factors do not cause the disorder.

• #37 Causes of ADHD: It Might Not Be What You Think – Center for Anxiety and Behavior Management

  https://anxietyandbehaviornj.com/causes-adhd-might-not-think/

  In fact, two-thirds of ADHD cases are caused by genetics, not the environment; only one-third of cases are acquired from insults to the brain. […] ADHD runs in families and that genes are a significant contributor to ADHD. […] Examples include maternal smoking and drinking, premature birth (especially with brain bleeding), and total number of pregnancy complications. […] In this category, examples include head trauma, reduced oxygen to the brain, tumors in the frontal lobe, infections in the frontal lobe, lead poisoning when children ages between the ages of 0 and 3, and streptococcal bacterial infection. […] ADHD should be treated the same way. Understand that ADHD is a neurobiological issue, not your child wilfully misbehaving at home, in school, and with peers.

• #38 What causes attention deficit hyperactivity disorder? | Archives of Disease in Childhood

  https://adc.bmj.com/content/97/3/260

  Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects around 13% of children. ADHD is highly heritable, although there is no single causal risk factor and non-inherited factors also contribute to its aetiology. The genetic and environmental risk factors that have been implicated appear to be associated with a range of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric outcomes, not just ADHD. ADHD, like other common medical and psychiatric disorders, is influenced by multiple genes, non-inherited factors and their interplay. There is no single cause of ADHD and exposure to a risk factor does not necessarily result in disorder. This means that any given risk factor will only be observed in a proportion of cases and will also be found in those who are unaffected. Also, risk factors that contribute to the origins of ADHD might not necessarily be the same as those that influence its course and outcomes. A further complexity is that genetic factors can exert indirect risk effects through interplay with environmental factors. Genes can alter sensitivity to environmental risks (gene-environment interaction), for example, environmental toxins or psychosocial adversity. Inherited factors can also influence the probability of exposure to certain environmental risks (gene-environment correlation). There is robust evidence from a wide range of study designs of a strong inherited contribution to ADHD. Family studies have consistently found higher rates of ADHD in parents and siblings of affected probands compared with relatives of unaffected controls. Twin studies have shown that monozygotic twin pairs have much higher concordance rates for ADHD than dizygotic twin pairs. ADHD also appears to share an inherited liability with other neurodevelopmental and psychiatric problems. There are a number of environmental risk factors that are associated with ADHD, although identifying which of these are causal is challenging. Most studies find evidence of an association with ADHD and low birth weight and/or prematurity. Specific environmental exposures that seem to have relevance to the ADHD phenotype include organic pollutants and lead. Adverse social and family environments such as low parental education, social class, poverty, bullying/peer victimisation, negative parenting, maltreatment and family discord are associated with ADHD. In summary, there is strong evidence of an inherited contribution to ADHD, although non-inherited factors that likely include environmental risks and chance events are also important. There is no single cause of ADHD and the risk factors that have been identified so far appear to be non-specific.

• #39 What causes attention deficit hyperactivity disorder? | Archives of Disease in Childhood

  https://adc.bmj.com/content/97/3/260

  Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects around 13% of children. ADHD is highly heritable, although there is no single causal risk factor and non-inherited factors also contribute to its aetiology. The genetic and environmental risk factors that have been implicated appear to be associated with a range of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric outcomes, not just ADHD. ADHD, like other common medical and psychiatric disorders, is influenced by multiple genes, non-inherited factors and their interplay. There is no single cause of ADHD and exposure to a risk factor does not necessarily result in disorder. This means that any given risk factor will only be observed in a proportion of cases and will also be found in those who are unaffected. Also, risk factors that contribute to the origins of ADHD might not necessarily be the same as those that influence its course and outcomes. A further complexity is that genetic factors can exert indirect risk effects through interplay with environmental factors. Genes can alter sensitivity to environmental risks (gene-environment interaction), for example, environmental toxins or psychosocial adversity. Inherited factors can also influence the probability of exposure to certain environmental risks (gene-environment correlation). There is robust evidence from a wide range of study designs of a strong inherited contribution to ADHD. Family studies have consistently found higher rates of ADHD in parents and siblings of affected probands compared with relatives of unaffected controls. Twin studies have shown that monozygotic twin pairs have much higher concordance rates for ADHD than dizygotic twin pairs. ADHD also appears to share an inherited liability with other neurodevelopmental and psychiatric problems. There are a number of environmental risk factors that are associated with ADHD, although identifying which of these are causal is challenging. Most studies find evidence of an association with ADHD and low birth weight and/or prematurity. Specific environmental exposures that seem to have relevance to the ADHD phenotype include organic pollutants and lead. Adverse social and family environments such as low parental education, social class, poverty, bullying/peer victimisation, negative parenting, maltreatment and family discord are associated with ADHD. In summary, there is strong evidence of an inherited contribution to ADHD, although non-inherited factors that likely include environmental risks and chance events are also important. There is no single cause of ADHD and the risk factors that have been identified so far appear to be non-specific.

• #40 What causes attention deficit hyperactivity disorder? | Archives of Disease in Childhood

  https://adc.bmj.com/content/97/3/260

  Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects around 13% of children. ADHD is highly heritable, although there is no single causal risk factor and non-inherited factors also contribute to its aetiology. The genetic and environmental risk factors that have been implicated appear to be associated with a range of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric outcomes, not just ADHD. ADHD, like other common medical and psychiatric disorders, is influenced by multiple genes, non-inherited factors and their interplay. There is no single cause of ADHD and exposure to a risk factor does not necessarily result in disorder. This means that any given risk factor will only be observed in a proportion of cases and will also be found in those who are unaffected. Also, risk factors that contribute to the origins of ADHD might not necessarily be the same as those that influence its course and outcomes. A further complexity is that genetic factors can exert indirect risk effects through interplay with environmental factors. Genes can alter sensitivity to environmental risks (gene-environment interaction), for example, environmental toxins or psychosocial adversity. Inherited factors can also influence the probability of exposure to certain environmental risks (gene-environment correlation). There is robust evidence from a wide range of study designs of a strong inherited contribution to ADHD. Family studies have consistently found higher rates of ADHD in parents and siblings of affected probands compared with relatives of unaffected controls. Twin studies have shown that monozygotic twin pairs have much higher concordance rates for ADHD than dizygotic twin pairs. ADHD also appears to share an inherited liability with other neurodevelopmental and psychiatric problems. There are a number of environmental risk factors that are associated with ADHD, although identifying which of these are causal is challenging. Most studies find evidence of an association with ADHD and low birth weight and/or prematurity. Specific environmental exposures that seem to have relevance to the ADHD phenotype include organic pollutants and lead. Adverse social and family environments such as low parental education, social class, poverty, bullying/peer victimisation, negative parenting, maltreatment and family discord are associated with ADHD. In summary, there is strong evidence of an inherited contribution to ADHD, although non-inherited factors that likely include environmental risks and chance events are also important. There is no single cause of ADHD and the risk factors that have been identified so far appear to be non-specific.

• #41 What causes attention deficit hyperactivity disorder? | Archives of Disease in Childhood

  https://adc.bmj.com/content/97/3/260

  Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects around 13% of children. ADHD is highly heritable, although there is no single causal risk factor and non-inherited factors also contribute to its aetiology. The genetic and environmental risk factors that have been implicated appear to be associated with a range of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric outcomes, not just ADHD. ADHD, like other common medical and psychiatric disorders, is influenced by multiple genes, non-inherited factors and their interplay. There is no single cause of ADHD and exposure to a risk factor does not necessarily result in disorder. This means that any given risk factor will only be observed in a proportion of cases and will also be found in those who are unaffected. Also, risk factors that contribute to the origins of ADHD might not necessarily be the same as those that influence its course and outcomes. A further complexity is that genetic factors can exert indirect risk effects through interplay with environmental factors. Genes can alter sensitivity to environmental risks (gene-environment interaction), for example, environmental toxins or psychosocial adversity. Inherited factors can also influence the probability of exposure to certain environmental risks (gene-environment correlation). There is robust evidence from a wide range of study designs of a strong inherited contribution to ADHD. Family studies have consistently found higher rates of ADHD in parents and siblings of affected probands compared with relatives of unaffected controls. Twin studies have shown that monozygotic twin pairs have much higher concordance rates for ADHD than dizygotic twin pairs. ADHD also appears to share an inherited liability with other neurodevelopmental and psychiatric problems. There are a number of environmental risk factors that are associated with ADHD, although identifying which of these are causal is challenging. Most studies find evidence of an association with ADHD and low birth weight and/or prematurity. Specific environmental exposures that seem to have relevance to the ADHD phenotype include organic pollutants and lead. Adverse social and family environments such as low parental education, social class, poverty, bullying/peer victimisation, negative parenting, maltreatment and family discord are associated with ADHD. In summary, there is strong evidence of an inherited contribution to ADHD, although non-inherited factors that likely include environmental risks and chance events are also important. There is no single cause of ADHD and the risk factors that have been identified so far appear to be non-specific.

• #42 What causes attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3927422/

  Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects around 13% of children. ADHD is highly heritable, although there is no single causal risk factor and non-inherited factors also contribute to its aetiology. The genetic and environmental risk factors that have been implicated appear to be associated with a range of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric outcomes, not just ADHD. ADHD, like other common medical and psychiatric disorders, is influenced by multiple genes, non-inherited factors and their interplay. There is no single cause of ADHD and exposure to a risk factor does not necessarily result in disorder. This means that any given risk factor will only be observed in a proportion of cases and will also be found in those who are unaffected. Also, risk factors that contribute to the origins of ADHD might not necessarily be the same as those that influence its course and outcomes. A further complexity is that genetic factors can exert indirect risk effects through interplay with environmental factors. Genes can alter sensitivity to environmental risks (gene-environment interaction), for example, environmental toxins or psychosocial adversity. Inherited factors can also influence the probability of exposure to certain environmental risks (gene-environment correlation). There is robust evidence from a wide range of study designs of a strong inherited contribution to ADHD. Family studies have consistently found higher rates of ADHD in parents and siblings of affected probands compared with relatives of unaffected controls. Twin studies have shown that monozygotic twin pairs have much higher concordance rates for ADHD than dizygotic twin pairs. ADHD also appears to share an inherited liability with other neurodevelopmental and psychiatric problems, notably ASDs, developmental coordination problems, reading ability, IQ, conduct and mood problems. In summary, there is strong evidence of an inherited contribution to ADHD, although non-inherited factors that likely include environmental risks and chance events are also important. There is no single cause of ADHD and the risk factors that have been identified so far appear to be non-specific.

• #43 ADHD—What Causes Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and How Is It Treated? | Mia Bella Pediatrics | Mission Viejo, CA

  https://www.miabellapediatrics.com/behavior/ADHD%E2%80%94What-Causes-Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity-D

  ADHD is one of the most studied conditions of childhood, and it may be caused by a number of things. Research to date has shown that […] ADHD is a neurobiological condition whose symptoms can also depend on the child’s environment. […] A lower level of activity in the parts of the brain that control attention and activity level may be associated with ADHD. […] ADHD often runs in families. […] In very rare cases, toxins in the environment may lead to ADHD-like symptoms. For instance, lead in the body can affect child development. […] Significant head injuries may cause ADHD-like symptoms in some children. […] Preterm birth increases the risk for ADHD. […] Prenatal substance exposures, such as to alcohol or nicotine from smoking, increase the risk for ADHD-like symptoms. […] There is no scientific evidence that ADHD is caused by eating too much sugar, food additives or food colorings, allergies, or immunizations.

• #44 Causes of ADHD: It Might Not Be What You Think – Center for Anxiety and Behavior Management

  https://anxietyandbehaviornj.com/causes-adhd-might-not-think/

  As a child psychologist who specializes in ADHD and behavior disorders, it pains me to watch these parents struggle to understand the disorder and why their most recent attempt to rid their child of this disorder was unsuccessful. […] Here, I first discuss popular myths of ADHD causes and then end with a list of science-supported causes of ADHD. […] To date, the conclusion that can be drawn from research is that food additives are not a cause of ADHD. […] The bulk of research to date shows that ADHD is not caused by sugar consumption. […] It is true that there are more parent-child conflicts when children have ADHD, but parenting strategies do not cause ADHD. […] To date, there is no evidence that children having deficits in processing and integrating sensory information leads to ADHD.

• #45 ADHD in Kids & Teens (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/adhd.html

  ADHD stands for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. It is a medical condition. A person with ADHD has differences in brain development and brain activity that affect attention, the ability to sit still, and self-control. ADHD can affect kids and teens at school, at home, and in friendships. […] It’s not clear what causes the brain differences of ADHD. Theres strong evidence that ADHD is mostly inherited. Many kids and teens who have ADHD have a parent or relative with it. Kids also can be more at risk for it if they were born early, are exposed to environmental toxins, or their mothers used drugs during pregnancy. […] ADHD is not caused by too much screen time, poor parenting, or eating too much sugar.

• #46 What causes ADHD and can it be cured?

  https://theconversation.com/what-causes-adhd-and-can-it-be-cured-170179

  Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is a common, yet often misunderstood, mental health condition. […] Nobody really knows exactly what causes ADHD. Scientists think that genes may play a role, but no one knows exactly how at this point. Based on years of research findings, scientists attribute this condition to a combination of how someones brain works and their personal environment. […] Research has cast more light on what does not cause ADHD. For example, findings do not support the widespread theories that excessive sugar or too much time on electronics are responsible for growth in the number of children diagnosed with the condition since 1990 when it was detected in less than 2% of all U.S. children. […] How parents interact with their child, likewise, does not cause ADHD. […] Many years of research have led me to believe people with ADHD can be successful in the long run when they, their families and their teachers work as hard as is necessary to build skills and change behavior patterns that complicate everyday life.

• #47 What causes ADHD and can it be cured?

  https://theconversation.com/what-causes-adhd-and-can-it-be-cured-170179

  Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is a common, yet often misunderstood, mental health condition. […] Nobody really knows exactly what causes ADHD. Scientists think that genes may play a role, but no one knows exactly how at this point. Based on years of research findings, scientists attribute this condition to a combination of how someones brain works and their personal environment. […] Research has cast more light on what does not cause ADHD. For example, findings do not support the widespread theories that excessive sugar or too much time on electronics are responsible for growth in the number of children diagnosed with the condition since 1990 when it was detected in less than 2% of all U.S. children. […] How parents interact with their child, likewise, does not cause ADHD. […] Many years of research have led me to believe people with ADHD can be successful in the long run when they, their families and their teachers work as hard as is necessary to build skills and change behavior patterns that complicate everyday life.

• #48 What Causes ADHD?

  https://health.clevelandclinic.org/what-causes-adhd-is-it-genetic-or-is-technology-a-factor

  Professional thinking at present is that ADHD is a brain-based, genetic condition. Back in the early 2000s, there were two genes associated with neurotransmitter transmission that were associated with ADHD. Now many more have been associated with the condition. […] Some people today make the case that were living in a world dominated by screens, and that screens are making attention spans shorter. Theres no question that screens are certainly impacting how children react to directed-attention, effortful tasks that is, the kind of attention that we use to self-regulate and accomplish difficult work. But the real issue is not that screens are changing attention, at least as far as we know. […] There are no clear studies that confirm that screens cause ADHD. Thats a myth, at least for now.

• #49 ADHD—What Causes Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and How Is It Treated? | Mia Bella Pediatrics | Mission Viejo, CA

  https://www.miabellapediatrics.com/behavior/ADHD%E2%80%94What-Causes-Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity-D

  ADHD is one of the most studied conditions of childhood, and it may be caused by a number of things. Research to date has shown that […] ADHD is a neurobiological condition whose symptoms can also depend on the child’s environment. […] A lower level of activity in the parts of the brain that control attention and activity level may be associated with ADHD. […] ADHD often runs in families. […] In very rare cases, toxins in the environment may lead to ADHD-like symptoms. For instance, lead in the body can affect child development. […] Significant head injuries may cause ADHD-like symptoms in some children. […] Preterm birth increases the risk for ADHD. […] Prenatal substance exposures, such as to alcohol or nicotine from smoking, increase the risk for ADHD-like symptoms. […] There is no scientific evidence that ADHD is caused by eating too much sugar, food additives or food colorings, allergies, or immunizations.

• #50 ADHD—What Causes Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and How Is It Treated? | Mia Bella Pediatrics | Mission Viejo, CA

  https://www.miabellapediatrics.com/behavior/ADHD%E2%80%94What-Causes-Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity-D

  ADHD is one of the most studied conditions of childhood, and it may be caused by a number of things. Research to date has shown that […] ADHD is a neurobiological condition whose symptoms can also depend on the child’s environment. […] A lower level of activity in the parts of the brain that control attention and activity level may be associated with ADHD. […] ADHD often runs in families. […] In very rare cases, toxins in the environment may lead to ADHD-like symptoms. For instance, lead in the body can affect child development. […] Significant head injuries may cause ADHD-like symptoms in some children. […] Preterm birth increases the risk for ADHD. […] Prenatal substance exposures, such as to alcohol or nicotine from smoking, increase the risk for ADHD-like symptoms. […] There is no scientific evidence that ADHD is caused by eating too much sugar, food additives or food colorings, allergies, or immunizations.

• #51 ADHD in children and youth: Part 1—Etiology, diagnosis, and comorbidity | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/documents/position/adhd-etiology-diagnosis-and-comorbidity

  Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic neurodevelopmental disorder. ADHD is a disorder with multiple etiologies. Combinations of genetic, neurological, and environmental factors contribute to pathogenesis and its heterogeneous phenotype. Evidence from family, twin, and adoption studies has suggested strongly that ADHD is a highly hereditary, polygenic disorder. Gene variants predicting risk for ADHD are important for brain development, cell migration, and encoding for catecholamine receptor and transporter genes. The identification of gene sets affecting neurotransmitter pathways in the brain has suggested that rare copy number variants or the accumulation of larger deletions and duplications influencing gene transcription are more commonly found in individuals with ADHD. Noninherited neurological factors affecting brain development or resulting in brain injury have been implicated in ADHD pathogenesis. The contribution of pregnancy and birth complications is mixed, but strong evidence supports greater ADHD risk following in utero exposure to alcohol or tobacco and low birth weight (2,500 g). Exposure to environmental toxins (specifically lead, organophosphate pesticides, and polychlorinated biphenyls) has been linked to ADHD symptoms. Neuroimaging studies point to ADHD as a disorder of early brain development. Based on volumetric and functional MRI studies, differences are found in the structural development and functional activation in the prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, anterior cingulate cortex, and cerebellum. A delay in cortical maturation has been documented, with peak cortical thickness attained in the cerebrum at 7 years in typically developing children and at 10 years in those with ADHD.

• #52 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder

  ADHD arises from maldevelopment in brain regions such as the prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia and anterior cingulate cortex, which regulate the executive functions necessary for human self-regulation. […] The precise causes of ADHD are unknown in most individual cases. […] Meta-analyses have shown that the disorder is primarily genetic with a heritability rate of 70-80%, where risk factors are highly accumulative. […] The environmental risks are not related to social or familial factors; they exert their effects very early in life, in the prenatal or early postnatal period. […] However, in rare cases, ADHD can be caused by a single event including traumatic brain injury, exposure to biohazards during pregnancy, or a major genetic mutation. […] ADHD arises from brain maldevelopment especially in the prefrontal executive networks that can arise either from genetic factors (different gene variants and mutations for building and regulating such networks) or from acquired disruptions to the development of these networks and regions involved in executive functioning and self-regulation.

• #53 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder

  ADHD arises from maldevelopment in brain regions such as the prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia and anterior cingulate cortex, which regulate the executive functions necessary for human self-regulation. […] The precise causes of ADHD are unknown in most individual cases. […] Meta-analyses have shown that the disorder is primarily genetic with a heritability rate of 70-80%, where risk factors are highly accumulative. […] The environmental risks are not related to social or familial factors; they exert their effects very early in life, in the prenatal or early postnatal period. […] However, in rare cases, ADHD can be caused by a single event including traumatic brain injury, exposure to biohazards during pregnancy, or a major genetic mutation. […] ADHD arises from brain maldevelopment especially in the prefrontal executive networks that can arise either from genetic factors (different gene variants and mutations for building and regulating such networks) or from acquired disruptions to the development of these networks and regions involved in executive functioning and self-regulation.

• #54 What Causes ADHD? — Talkspace

  https://www.talkspace.com/mental-health/conditions/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder/causes/

  Researchers have identified several factors that can increase the likelihood of someone developing Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and in many cases, its a combination of factors thats the cause. […] What are the causes of ADHD exactly? Despite years of research, we still dont know definitively what causes ADHD. However, research and studies have identified potential ADHD causes that are important for us to look at. These might include environmental, biological, and genetic components. […] ADHD is caused by a combination of factors such as genetics, premature birth, and brain function. […] Despite experts not knowing exactly what causes ADHD, there are multiple things that likely play a role. As current research suggests that ADHD can be caused by a combination of factors, weve identified a number of potential causes.

• #55 Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Children, Adolescents and Teens | Phoenix Children’s Hospital

  https://phoenixchildrens.org/specialties-conditions/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd-children-adolescents-and-teens

  ADHD is one of the most researched areas in child and adolescent mental health. However, the precise cause of the disorder is still unknown. Available evidence suggests that ADHD is genetic. It is a brain-based biological disorder. Low levels of dopamine (a brain chemical), which is a neurotransmitter (a type of brain chemical), are found in children with ADHD. Brain imaging studies using PET scanners (positron emission tomography; a form of brain imaging that makes it possible to observe the human brain at work) show that brain metabolism in children with ADHD is lower in the areas of the brain that control attention, social judgment, and movement. […] Preventive measures to reduce the incidence of ADHD in children are not known at this time. However, early detection and intervention can reduce the severity of symptoms, decrease the interference of behavioral symptoms on school functioning, enhance the child’s normal growth and development, and improve the quality of life experienced by children or adolescents with ADHD.

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