Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Hyperactivity and inattention (ADHD): Epidemiology, comorbidity, assessment | Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development

  https://www.child-encyclopedia.com/hyperactivity-and-inattention-adhd/according-experts/children-attention-deficit-hyperactivity

  Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), characterized by developmentally excessive levels of inattention, over-activity and impulsiveness, are most frequently identified and treated in primary school. Studies worldwide identify a prevalence rate for ADHD equivalent to 5.29% (95% Confidence Interval: 5.01-5.56) of children and adolescents. Rates are higher for boys than for girls, and for children under 12 years of age compared with adolescents. Prevalence estimates vary based on method of ascertainment, diagnostic criteria used, and whether functional impairment criteria are included. Overall, estimates are remarkably similar from country to country with the exception of African and Middle Eastern countries where rates are lower compared with North America and Europe.

• #1 The global prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: An umbrella review of meta-analyses – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37495084/

  Emerging epidemiological data suggest that hundreds of primary studies have examined the prevalence of ADHD in children and adolescents and dozens of systematic view and meta-analyses studies have been conducted on the subject. […] A random effect meta-analysis of these studies showed that the global prevalence of ADHD in children and adolescents was 8.0 % (95%CI 6.0-10 %). […] The prevalence estimate was twice higher in boys (10 %) compared to girls (5 %). […] Findings from our compressive umbrella review suggest that ADHD is highly prevalent in children and adolescents with boys twice more likely to experience the disorder than girls. […] Our results underpin that priority should be given to preventing, early identifying, and treating ADHD in children and adolescents.

• #1 The global prevalence of ADHD in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Italian Journal of Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://ijponline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13052-023-01456-1

  Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder is a developmental neurological disorder that has three basic characteristics: Attention Deficit, Hyperactivity, and impulsivity. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of ADHD in children and adolescents. […] This analysis includes 61 cross-sectional research, with 53 research used to determine the prevalence of ADHD in children, 7.6% of 96,907 children aged 3 to 12 years had ADHD (95% confidence interval: 6.19.4%), and 5.6% of teenagers aged 12 to 18 years have ADHD (95% confidence interval: 4.8-7%). The prevalence of ADHD in children and adolescents according to the DSM-V criterion is also higher than previous diagnostic criteria, according to studies. […] The findings of this study based on meta-analysis show the high prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The findings of this study demonstrate the importance of management and policy in the treatment and control of ADHD in children and adolescents.

• #1 Prevalence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children, adolescents and adults in the Middle East and North Africa region: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/14/1/e078849

  The overall prevalence of ADHD was 10.3% (95% CI 0.081 to 0.129). The prevalence rate ranged from 1.3% (Yemen) to 22.2% (Iran). […] The overall prevalence of ADHD was high in the MENA region. It is crucial to allocate more attention and resources towards the prevention and treatment of ADHD in children, adolescents and adults within the region. […] The prevalence of ADHD differs significantly between childhood/adolescence and adulthood, as evidenced by global estimates and insights from previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses. […] To the best of our knowledge, there is no study that estimated the overall prevalence of ADHD in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. […] Understanding the estimated prevalence of ADHD and its characteristics in the MENA region could be crucial for identifying the scope of this disorder and informing appropriate interventions and healthcare planning.

• #1 Data and Statistics on ADHD | Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/adhd/data/index.html

  CDC uses datasets from parent surveys and healthcare claims to understand diagnosis and treatment patterns for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). […] An estimated 7 million (11.4%) U.S. children aged 3-17 years have ever been diagnosed with ADHD, according to a national survey of parents using data from 2022. […] In 2022, an additional 1 million U.S. children aged 3-17 years had ever received an ADHD diagnosis compared to 2016. […] Boys (15%) were more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD than girls (8%). […] Black children and White children were more often diagnosed with ADHD (both 12%) than Asian children (4%). American Indian/Alaska Native children (10%) were also more often diagnosed with ADHD than Asian children. […] Approximately 6% of Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander children were diagnosed with ADHD.

• #1 ADHD Prevalence Among U.S. Children and Adolescents in 2022: Diagnosis, Severity, Co-Occurring Disorders, and Treatment – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38778436/

  Objective: To provide updated national prevalence estimates of diagnosed attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), ADHD severity, co-occurring disorders, and receipt of ADHD medication and behavioral treatment among U.S. children and adolescents by demographic and clinical subgroups using data from the 2022 National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH). […] Results: Approximately 1 in 9 U.S. children have ever received an ADHD diagnosis (11.4%, 7.1 million children) and 10.5% (6.5 million) had current ADHD. Among children with current ADHD, 58.1% had moderate or severe ADHD, 77.9% had at least one co-occurring disorder, approximately half of children with current ADHD (53.6%) received ADHD medication, and 44.4% had received behavioral treatment for ADHD in the past year; nearly one third (30.1%) did not receive any ADHD-specific treatment.

• #1 U.S. national, regional, and state-specific socioeconomic factors correlate with child and adolescent ADHD diagnoses pre-COVID-19 pandemic | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-01233-2

  Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the most diagnosed emerging neurodevelopmental disorder in children, is a growing health crisis in the United States. […] The nationwide childhood prevalence of ADHD is 8.7%, and 62.1% of diagnosed children are taking medication. […] Louisiana (15.7%) has the highest percentage of children diagnosed with ADHD and California (5.6%) has the lowest, followed by Nevada (5.9%). […] National and state-specific hierarchical analyses demonstrate significant correlations between the various SES factors and ADHD outcomes. […] ADHD diagnosis among children has been correlated to family income, gender, race/ethnicity, primary household language, and insurance status. […] In this study, we quantify more recent associations between ADHD diagnosis and a broad range of SES factors including income, insurance, area of residence, neighborhood characteristics, race/ethnicity, sex, family structure, household language, parent education, parental nativity, and school environment, utilizing data from the NSCH 20182019 dataset.

• #1 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, risk factors and evaluation in youth – Cabral – Translational Pediatrics

  https://tp.amegroups.org/article/view/30808/28327

  Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder in childhood with persistence into adulthood. It has a multifactorial etiology. Its chronicity, if diagnosis is missed or delayed, will result in significant negative impact on the individuals overall functioning and development. […] Estimates of the prevalence of ADHD vary worldwide. The American Psychiatric Association estimated that 5% of children have ADHD with lower prevalence in adults. A 2015 meta-analysis of 179 prevalence estimates determined an overall pooled estimate of 7.2%. From a nationally representative data of children and adolescents in the United States, there is apparent increase of ADHD diagnosis in two decades from 6.1% in 19971998 to 10.2% in 20152016. Recent estimates by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) found 6.1 million American children (9.4%) between the ages of 217 years had ever been diagnosed with ADHD, with approximately half belonging to ages 1217 years. Rates have also been found to vary greatly by geographic region: Midwest (12.2%), South (11.1%), Northeast (10.3%), and West (7%).

• #1 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/289350-overview

  In 2016, an estimated 6.1 million US children aged 2-17 years (9.4%) were diagnosed with ADHD. Of these children, 5.4 million currently had ADHD, which was 89.4% of children ever diagnosed with ADHD and 8.4% of all U.S. children 2-17 years of age. Almost two-thirds of children with current ADHD (62.0%) were taking medication and slightly less than half (46.7%) had received behavioral treatment for ADHD in the past year; nearly one fourth (23.0%) had received neither treatment. […] According to a study by CDC researchers, more than 1 in 10 (11%) US school-aged children (4-17 years) had received an ADHD diagnosis by a health care provider by 2011, as reported by parents. A history of ADHD diagnosis by a health care provider increased by 42% between 2003 and 2011. […] A study by Akinbami and colleagues showed the following key findings: From 1998-2000 through 2007-2009 – Percentage of children ever diagnosed with ADHD increased from 7% to 9%. ADHD prevalence varies by race and ethnicity, with Mexican children having consistently lower prevalence compared with other racial or ethnic groups. From 1998 to 2009 – Prevalence of ADHD increased to 10% for children with family incomes less than 100% of the poverty level and to 11% for those with family income from 100-199% of the poverty level. From 1998 to 2009 – Prevalence of ADHD rose to 10% in the midwestern and southern regions of the United States.

• #1 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/289350-overview

  In Great Britain, incidence is reported to be less than 1%. The differences between the US and British reported frequencies may be cultural („environmental expectations”) and due to the heterogeneity of ADHD (ie, the many etiological paths to get to inattention/distractibility/hyperactivity). Furthermore, the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) criteria for ADHD used in Great Britain may be considered stricter than the DSM-5 criteria. However, other studies suggest that the worldwide prevalence of ADHD is between 8% and 12%. […] No clear correlation with mortality exists in ADHD. However, studies suggest that childhood ADHD is a risk factor for subsequent conduct and substance abuse problems, which can carry significant mortality and morbidity. ADHD may lead to difficulties with academics or employment and social difficulties that can profoundly affect normal development. However, exact morbidity has not been established.

• #1 Significant rise in ADHD diagnoses in the UK | UCL News – UCL – University College London

  https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2023/jul/significant-rise-adhd-diagnoses-uk

  Both ADHD diagnoses and prescriptions for ADHD medication have increased significantly over the past two decades, except in children under five, finds a new study by UCL researchers. […] The findings showed that, in absolute terms, the increase was highest in children: amongst boys aged 10-16 years, 1.4% had an ADHD diagnosis and 0.6% had been prescribed ADHD medication in 2000, rising to 3.5% and 2.4% respectively in 2018. […] However, there was no significant increase in children under five. […] The number of ADHD diagnoses were about two times higher in the most deprived areas amongst both children and adults, when compared to the least deprived areas. […] Many people are accessing private care for ADHD. This may create healthcare inequalities given that ADHD is more common in deprived areas.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12402-012-0090-6

  ADHD prevalence, associated factors, comorbidity and service use are reported for a sample of 1,558 children and adolescents, belonging to four provinces in Chile. […] The prevalence of ADHD is 10 %, and the most prevalent subtype is the hyperactive/impulsive, with no gender differences. […] Both hyperactive/impulsive and combined subtypes are more prevalent in children 411 than in adolescents. […] The most prevalent comorbidities are anxiety disorders and oppositional disorder. […] Over 50 % of children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD have used services in the last year. […] This is the first comprehensive community study of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents in a South American country.

• #1 General Prevalence of ADHD in Children – CHADD

  https://chadd.org/about-adhd/general-prevalence-children/

  Using data from the 2022 National Survey of Childrens Health, Danielson, Claussen, Bitsko et al (2024) determined recent ADHD prevalence and treatment among U.S. children and adolescents aged 3-17: 7.1 million children (11.4 percent), or approximately 1 in 9 children, have ever been diagnosed with ADHD, including: 274,000 (2.4 percent) young children ages 3-5, 2.8 million (11.5 percent) school-age children ages 6-11, 4.0 million (15.5 percent) adolescents ages 12-17. […] 6.5 million children (10.5 percent) have a current diagnosis of ADHD. This includes: 2.3 percent young children ages 3-5, 11.1 percent school-age children ages 6-11, 13.6 percent adolescents ages 12-17. […] Prevalence by sex among children who have a current diagnosis: 13.3 percent boys, 7.5 percent girls. […] Prevalence by race or ethnicity among children who have a current diagnosis: 10.9 percent White, 10.9 percent Black, 8.4 percent American Indian/Alaska Native, 3.5 percent Asian, 5.0 percent* Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, 11.8 percent Two or more races, 8.1 percent Hispanic/Latino, 11.3 percent Non-Hispanic/Latino.

• #1 Epidemiology of Treated Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) across the Lifespan in Taiwan: A Nationwide Population-Based Longitudinal Study | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0095014

  Epidemiology of Treated Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) across the Lifespan in Taiwan: A Nationwide Population-Based Longitudinal Study […] We used insurance claims of a nationally representative population-based cohort to assess the longitudinal treated prevalence and incidence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children, adolescents and adults. […] There was a significant increase in the treated prevalence rate of ADHD during the study period, from 64.65 per 100,000 in 2000 to 145.40 per 100,000 in 2005 (p=.001). An increase in the treated incidence rate of ADHD, from 44.67 per 100,000 in 2000 to 81.20 per 100,000 in 2005, was also observed (p=.013). […] The peak treated prevalence of ADHD was at age 7-12 years for both males and females, and the peak treated incidence of ADHD was at age 0-6 for females and age 7-12 for males. Overall, the treated incidence and prevalence rates dropped abruptly after age 13-18 (both p<.001) for males and females (p<.001 for both).

• #1 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, risk factors and evaluation in youth – Cabral – Translational Pediatrics

  https://tp.amegroups.org/article/view/30808/28327

  There are some gender differences to consider when diagnosing ADHD with more males being diagnosed than females (ratio 2:1). Males are more likely to manifest with hyperactive/impulsive symptoms, while females are more likely to have inattentive symptoms. […] Racial/ethnic disparities exist in children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD. The prevalence observed in the 20-year period identified 12.8% of non-Hispanic black, 12% of non-Hispanic white, and 6.1% of Hispanic youth diagnosed with ADHD. […] Most epidemiological studies to date focus on younger children with ADHD, with a lack of emphasis on studies in adolescents and adults. Further studies in these populations can help determine how often ADHD persists into adolescence and adulthood.

• #1 Pulsenotes | ADHD

  https://app.pulsenotes.com/specialities/psychiatry/notes/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder

  Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is usually diagnosed in children and young people but may also be diagnosed in adults, where the diagnosis has previously been missed. […] The prevalence of ADHD varies considerably throughout the world. […] The global prevalence of ADHD in children is estimated to be 5%, whereas in the US the prevalence is estimated at 10%. […] In the UK, the prevalence of ADHD in adults is estimated at 3-4%. […] ADHD is more commonly diagnosed in boys than girls (3:1). This difference is thought to be due to ADHD being under-recognised in girls. […] ADHD is likely to be the consequence of a complex interaction between multiple environmental and genetic factors. […] Assessment considerations in children and young people: NICE Guidelines do not advise universal screening for ADHD.

• #1 Data and Statistics on ADHD | Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/adhd/data/index.html

  Overall, non-Hispanic children (12%) were diagnosed with ADHD more often than Hispanic children (10%). […] About 6 in 10 children had moderate or severe ADHD. […] National estimates among U.S. children aged 3-17 years who have ever been diagnosed with ADHD vary from 6% to 16% across states. […] Estimates for receiving any ADHD treatment among children with current ADHD vary from 58% to 92% across states. […] According to a national 2022 parent survey, nearly 78% of children with ADHD had at least one other co-occurring condition. […] Treatment for ADHD can include behavior therapy and medication. […] Nearly 2 million U.S. children with ADHD did not receive ADHD-specific treatment in 2022. […] About 30% of children with ADHD did not receive medication treatment or behavior treatment, compared with 23% of children 2-17 years of age with ADHD in 2016. […] Many children received ADHD care from a primary care clinician, such as a pediatrician or family doctor.

• #1 The epidemiology of injuries in epilepsy and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and young people using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) and linked data – Nottingham ePrints

  https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/33216/

  The epidemiology of injuries in epilepsy and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and young people using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) and linked data. […] Injuries are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children and young people (CYP) throughout the world and in the UK. […] To define and describe the cumulative administrative prevalence of ADHD in CYP in English primary care overall and by age, sex, SHA region, deprivation and calendar time. […] The administrative prevalence of ADHD in CYP aged 3 to 17 years old in English GP medical records is 0.88% (95% confidence interval (95%CI) 0.87 to 0.89). The prevalence of ADHD recorded by GPs is around five times greater in males than in females. […] The administrative prevalence of ADHD is twice as high in CYP from the most deprived areas compared to CYP from the least deprived areas (1.14% (95%CI 1.12 to 1.16) in the most deprived areas to 0.64% (95%CI 0.63 to 0.65) in the least deprived areas)). […] CYP with ADHD are at greater risk of fractures, thermal injuries and poisonings compared CYP without ADHD. In CYP with ADHD the incidence of fractures is 28% higher, thermal injuries is 104% higher and poisonings is 300% higher than in CYP without ADHD. […] The administrative prevalence of ADHD is lower than estimates of community prevalence ascertained from studies not using primary care data. […] Future research exploring potential under-diagnosis or under-recording of diagnosis of ADHD in CYP in primary care is needed.

• #1 General Prevalence of ADHD in Children – CHADD

  https://chadd.org/about-adhd/general-prevalence-children/

  Prevalence by geographical area among children who have a current diagnosis: 11.9 percent rural, 10.9 percent suburban, 9.2 percent urban. […] Treatment used by children ages 3-17 with a current diagnosis: About half (53.6 percent, 3.4 million) currently take ADHD medication. […] Two out of five (44.4 percent, 2.8 million) received behavioral treatment for ADHD in the past year. […] About one out of three (30.1 percent, 1.9 million) had not received medication or behavioral treatment. […] Severity of ADHD among children ages 3-17 with a current diagnosis: 41.9 percent had mild ADHD, 45.3 percent had moderate ADHD, 12.8 percent had severe ADHD. […] Co-occurring conditions among children ages 3-17 with a current diagnosis: Three out of four children (77.9 percent) had at least one co-occurring condition.

• #1 Pediatric Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/912633-overview

  The prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children appears to be 37%. ADHD is associated with significant psychiatric comorbidity. Approximately 5060% of individuals with this disorder meet DSM-5-TR criteria for at least one of the possible coexisting conditions, which include learning disorders, restless legs syndrome, ophthalmic convergence insufficiency, depression, anxiety disorders, antisocial personality disorder, substance abuse disorder, and conduct disorder. The likelihood of a person having ADHD (ADD) if a family member has ADHD or one of the disorders commonly associated with ADHD is significant. […] People with ADHD have been identified in every country studied, with comparable frequency. […] The morbidity for ADHD widely varies. This range is a function of many factors, including the specific area of deficit, the patient’s environmental response to and interaction with the deficits, the therapy provided, and the presence of coexistent conditions.

• #1 Epidemiology and Etiology of Medical Sleep Problems in ADHD | Neupsy Key

  https://neupsykey.com/epidemiology-and-etiology-of-medical-sleep-problems-in-adhd/

  ADHD symptoms including inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity can be the consequence of insufficient or poor-quality sleep due to primary sleep disorders. […] Some studies reported that up to half of children and adolescents with ADHD suffered from sleep problems. […] The subjective results showed that children with ADHD, as described by parent questionnaires, presented with more difficulties going to bed, falling asleep, maintaining sleep and waking up in the morning than healthy controls. […] The exact prevalence of narcolepsy in patients with ADHD is unclear but as described in the introduction of this chapter, numerous studies have found that patients with ADHD commonly experience excessive daytime sleepiness as assessed by survey measures as well as more objective measures like MLST.

• #1 Management of Adolescents and Young Adults With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Unique Challenges, Innovative Solutions

  https://www.psychiatrist.com/pcc/management-adolescents-young-adults-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-unique-challenges-innovative-solutions/

  ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development. Onset is common during preschool years or childhood, with prevalence ranging between 5.5% and 11% in children and adolescents and 2.8% and 4.4% in adults. ADHD is a highly heterogeneous disorder in terms of etiology, clinical profiles, long-term trajectories, neurobiological mechanisms, and psychiatric comorbidities. Full diagnostic criteria persist from childhood to adulthood in 50%65% of cases, although more recent findings suggest that this figure may be as high as 90%. […] […] The challenges related to transition of patients with ADHD from child and adolescent to adult mental health services have been well documented. This review focuses on the unique characteristics of adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with ADHD and the challenges that they face, which together may act as barriers to optimal care. […]

• #1 JMIR mHealth and uHealth – Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Is There an App for That? Suitability Assessment of Apps for Children and Young People With ADHD

  https://mhealth.jmir.org/2017/10/e145/

  Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by three core symptoms: inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity, which can have a profound impact on the individual, their family, and their community. It is a highly comorbid chronic disorder and has a prevalence of 3% to 5% in school-age children worldwide. Furthermore, 80% to 85% of these children will continue to be impaired by their ADHD symptoms as adolescents and 60% as adults. Indeed, the presence of ADHD increases the risk of premature death. Those whose ADHD persists into adulthood are more likely to engage in criminality and substance abuse. Globally, ADHD management involves a combination of nonpharmacological and pharmacological interventions. […] Currently available research evaluating apps for children and young people with ADHD comprises single case studies, technology development reports, and small sample sizes. The conclusions drawn by these evaluation attempts of these apps include benefits for children and young people with ADHD, such as the app can improve organization and time management, reduce conflicts with parents during morning routines, and improve academic improvement and on-task behaviors. These claims are based on small sample sizes of 2, 1, and 8, respectively. Each evaluation method varied, and there was little consistency in the way apps were assessed.

• #1 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/289350-overview

  In children, ADHD is 3-5 times more common in boys than in girls. Some studies report an incidence ratio of as high as 5:1. The predominantly inattentive type of ADHD is found more commonly in girls than in boys. […] The percentages in each group are not well established, but at least an estimated 15-20% of children with ADHD maintain the full diagnosis into adulthood. As many as 65% of these children will have ADHD or some residual symptoms of ADHD as adults. The prevalence rate in adults has been estimated at 2-7%. The prevalence rate of ADHD in the adult general population is 4-5%.

• #1 Pediatric Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/912633-overview

  ADHD is more frequently diagnosed in boys than in girls. Most estimates of the male-to-female ratio range between 3:1 and 4:1 in clinic populations. However, many community-based samples produce a ratio of 2:1. Recognition of ADHD has improved over the last decade, and the male-to-female ratio has been decreasing; this may be the result of the increased recognition of inattentive ADHD. […] Data concerning the likelihood that a child with ADHD will also have the disorder as an adult are conflicting. As definitions of ADHD subtypes improve, some subtypes that cause more adult dysfunction than others will likely be found. […] Approximately 3080% of children with ADHD have the disorder as adults. Most experts believe that the rate is well above 50%. […] Hyperactive symptoms may decrease with age because of developmental trends toward self-control and changes in brain composition (ie, pruning of abundant neural connections) that occur during late adolescence. However, persons with ADHD developmentally mature later than the average population. Inattentive symptoms do not appear to have a similar developmental advantage and tend to remain constant into adulthood.

• #1 Diagnosis and Management of ADHD in Children | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/1001/p456.html

  Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common behavioral disorder in children, and the prevalence is increasing. […] Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common behavioral disorder in childhood. The prevalence increased by an estimated 3% annually between 1997 and 2006. Recent national data show that up to 11% of four- to 17-year-olds have had an ADHD diagnosis, 8.8% currently have the diagnosis, and 6.1% are receiving a medication for ADHD. […] Children four years and older and adolescents with poor attention, distractibility, hyperactivity, impulsiveness, poor academic performance, or behavioral problems at home or at school should be evaluated for ADHD. […] Adolescents with ADHD have higher rates of motor vehicle crashes, substance abuse, and school drop out. Medication is effective for treating ADHD symptoms, and studies suggest that earlier identification and treatment may improve longer-term educational, work, and social outcomes.

• #1 Epidemiology of Treated Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) across the Lifespan in Taiwan: A Nationwide Population-Based Longitudinal Study | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0095014

  Although an increasing number of people with ADHD sought treatment during 1999-2005 in Taiwan, the treated prevalence of ADHD was still lower than that of the community data. The treated incidence and prevalence of ADHD fell dramatically after age 13-18. However, more women than men sought treatment in adulthood. There may be under-diagnosis and under-treatment of ADHD, especially among females and adults. […] Our study is among the few that have examined healthcare-seeking ADHD patients across their lifespan, with a long observation period and a large sample of a general population, using data from Taiwan’s NHIRD. […] Overall, prevalence of treated ADHD increased during 2000-2005 from 64.65 per 100,000 to 145.40 per 100,000 patients. An increase in the treated incidence rate of ADHD was also observed, from 44.67 per 100,000 to 81.20 per 100,000.

• #1 ADHD in children and youth: Part 1—Etiology, diagnosis, and comorbidity | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/documents/position/adhd-etiology-diagnosis-and-comorbidity

  Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic neurodevelopmental disorder. […] Worldwide, ADHD is the third-most-common mental health disorder, after depression and anxiety, affecting an estimated 3.4% of children and youth. […] ADHD prevalence in the paediatric population has been stable over the past three decades except in the USA, where it has increased. […] Current estimates show that 50% of children with ADHD continue to have symptoms of ADHD in adolescence and adulthood. […] ADHD is a disorder with multiple etiologies. […] ADHD, a neurodevelopmental disorder, is most commonly comorbid with other psychiatric and neurodevelopmental conditions. […] The prevalence of ADHD in children with epilepsy is two to three times higher than in the general population, and is typically inattentive presentation. […] Many genetic conditions, especially those with accompanying developmental symptoms, show a higher prevalence of ADHD than the general population. […] ADHD symptoms, especially in females, increase risk for eating disorders. […] ADHD is a heterogeneous disorder.

• #1 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis and Treatment in Children and Adolescents | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program

  https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder/protocol

  Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the single most prevalent behavioral and mental health problem in youth. Approximately 10 percent of US children have received a clinical diagnosis of ADHD. Clinical diagnoses have increased steadily over time, though the higher rates seem attributable to changing clinical practices rather than to an increase in true population rates. The prevalence of ADHD based on rigorous diagnostic procedures is approximately 5.3 percent, a rate that has remained constant over the more than 20 years when diagnostic criteria have not changed and that is similar across geographic regions worldwide. This rate, when compared with the much higher rates of clinical diagnoses, suggests that a large number of youth may be receiving a diagnosis when they should not be, though the increasing rates of diagnosis could also represent the clinical recognition of youth who have clinically significant and functionally impairing ADHD symptoms but who may not meet full, formal diagnostic criteria. ADHD is more than twice as likely to be diagnosed in boys than in girls. It is a more prevalent diagnosis in youth from low-income families and in Caucasian compared to Black, Hispanic, and Asian youth, though diagnostic bias and cultural influences may contribute to these socioeconomic, ethnic, and racial disparities in diagnostic rates.

• #1 Prevalence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children, adolescents and adults in the Middle East and North Africa region: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/14/1/e078849

  The findings reveal significant variability in ADHD estimated prevalence rates, highlighting the importance of considering regional differences. […] These findings emphasise the need for further comprehensive research in the MENA region to explore the underlying factors contributing to the variability in ADHD prevalence across all MENA countries and to develop tailored interventions and support for individuals with ADHD.

• #1 Monitoring Attention Deficit Disorder with or Without Hyperactivity (ADHD) in Children and Young Adults in Québec: Medication Use | Institut national de santé publique du Québec

  https://www.inspq.qc.ca/en/publications/3282-0

  This report presents data on the prescription of medications for attention deficit disorder with or without hyperactivity (ADHD) taken from the Qubec Integrated Chronic Disease Surveillance System (QICDSS). Estimates were obtained from longitudinal monitoring between April 1, 2000, and March 31, 2020, for all individuals aged 24 years and younger who were eligible for Qubecs public prescription drug insurance plan (PPDIP). […] The results show a steady increase in the prescription of ADHD medications over time. In 20192020, 56,080 Quebecers (7.7%) aged from 1 to 24 years enrolled in the PPDIP received at least one prescription for ADHD medication. […] The percentage of ADHD medication prescribing differs by the sex and age of the person. […] The prevalence of ADHD medication prescribing varied considerably across regions, ranging from 3.2% to 14.4%. […] People living in highly economically advantaged environments have a lower prevalence of ADHD medication prescribing. […] Psychostimulants remain by far the most prescribed class of ADHD medications.

• #1 The epidemiology of pharmacologically treated attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children, adolescents and adults in UK primary care | BMC Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2431-12-78

  The aim of this study was to investigate the annual prevalence and incidence of pharmacologically treated ADHD in children, adolescents and adults in UK primary care. […] The source population comprised 3,529,615 patients (48.9% male). A total of 118,929 prescriptions were recorded for the 4,530 patients in the pharmacologically treated ADHD cohort during the 6-year study. Prevalence (per 1000 persons in the mid-year THIN population) increased within each age category from 2003 to 2008. […] A trend of increasing prescribing prevalence of ADHD drug treatment was observed over the period 2003-2008. Prevalence of prescribing to adult patients increased; however the numbers treated are much lower than published estimates of the prevalence of ADHD. […] The current study has demonstrated a trend of increasing prevalence of pharmacological treatments in the UK, throughout the study period; however the highest prevalence figure reported of 15.4 per 1000 male patients aged 6-12 years is in line with or below those reported in both the Netherlands and the US. […] Epidemiological data from the THIN database revealed a trend of increasing prescribing prevalence of ADHD drug treatment over the period 2003-2008 overall and for all age groups.

• #1 Early identification of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) | PLOS Digital Health

  https://journals.plos.org/digitalhealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pdig.0000620

  Signs and symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are present at preschool ages and often not identified for early intervention. […] The prevalence of ADHD in children aged 18 and under is estimated to be 7.2% and is increasing. […] Early identification of children with a heightened risk of ADHD at a young age may raise parents’ awareness and encourage parents to seek clinical diagnostic clarification, and promote early intervention. […] One source of identifying probable ADHD cases is administrative health data. […] The validity of using case definitions of ADHD to approximate the clinical diagnosis and population-level prevalence of ADHD was previously explored, yielding high confidence using International Classification of Disease (ICD) codes from physician claims, ambulatory records as well as drug dispensation history.

• #1 The global prevalence of ADHD in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Italian Journal of Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://ijponline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13052-023-01456-1

  There are several inconsistencies across research on the prevalence of ADHD in children and adolescents, which are influenced by a variety of factors including diagnostic criteria variances. […] The objective of this paper was to figure out how prevalent ADHD is in children and adolescents. According to the findings of this study, the prevalence of ADHD in children aged 3 to 12 years is higher than in adolescents aged 12 to 18. […] The prevalence of ADHD in children has been estimated to be between 2 and 7% in previous research. […] The prevalence of ADHD was higher when using the DSM-V diagnostic criterion than when using other criteria, according to the findings.

• #1 Early identification of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) | PLOS Digital Health

  https://journals.plos.org/digitalhealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pdig.0000620

  The literature reported a wide range of risk factors for ADHD, including demographic factors such as family size, low socio-economic status and health history factors such as asthma, early exposure to antibiotics, increased health utilization, and prenatal maternal health. […] Our research goal was to develop a high-performing predictive model for identifying individuals with childhood ADHD in a four-year follow-up window by applying ML algorithms to population-level administrative health data cross-linked with EDI. […] Our results support the hypothesis that cross-linkage of administrative health data and population surveillance data collected by EDI may facilitate accurate individual-level prediction of ADHD, opening opportunities for harm reduction strategies such as promoting awareness of ADHD among teachers, parents, and clinicians and encouraging early access to health care for at-risk children. […] In summary, the result of this study suggests that children at risk of ADHD could be identified prospectively at kindergarten age through ML algorithms that use administrative health and population-level surveillance data.

• #1 ADHD Prevalence Among U.S. Children and Adolescents in 2022: Diagnosis, Severity, Co-Occurring Disorders, and Treatment – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38778436/

  Conclusions: Pediatric ADHD remains an ongoing and expanding public health concern, as approximately 1 million more children had ever received an ADHD diagnosis in 2022 than in 2016. Estimates from the 2022 NSCH provide information on pediatric ADHD during the last full year of the COVID-19 pandemic and can be used by policymakers, government agencies, health care systems, public health practitioners, and other partners to plan for needs of children with ADHD.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44197-023-00167-4

  Given the rates of behavioural problems in children and adolescents, specialized services that are capable of screening and identifying potential diagnoses are required. This is because early screening for ADHD and other mental and behavioural problems in children is of utmost importance, as it can significantly improve the outcome of treatment and the long-term prognosis of these conditions into adulthood. […] Once identified, psychosocial interventions are recommended as the first-line treatment for preschool children and can be used as adjunct therapy in elementary school children and adolescents. Early intervention has been shown to improve overall social and cognitive function more broadly and specifically can lead to better academic performance, improved self-esteem, and increased overall well-being.

• #1 Primary care provision for young people with ADHD: a multi-perspective qualitative study | British Journal of General Practice

  https://bjgp.org/content/74/743/e408

  Research indicates a current failure of health care for people with ADHD in England, but previous recommendations to improve support for ADHD in primary care lack feasible and practical recommendations for healthcare professionals. This study highlights individual-, practice-, and system-level barriers to accessing support for ADHD via primary care, and provides suggestions for how to overcome these barriers from the perspectives of multiple stakeholders. […] The data presented here provide important insights to inform practical and feasible improvements to better integrate healthcare provision and reduce health inequalities for this underserved group.

• #1 Hyperactivity and inattention (ADHD): Epidemiology, comorbidity, assessment | Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development

  https://www.child-encyclopedia.com/hyperactivity-and-inattention-adhd/according-experts/children-attention-deficit-hyperactivity

  ADHD is an important public health concern, not only for the long-term impairments facing individuals and families but also for the heavy burden on educational, health and criminal justice systems. […] Population studies identify that childhood inattention and hyperactivity are more common in single parent families, with low parent education attainment, parent unemployment, and low family income. Evidence from family studies identify that symptoms of ADHD are highly heritable, however, early environmental factors contribute as well. History of prenatal maternal smoking and drinking, low birth weight, and developmental problems are associated with high levels of inattention and hyperactivity. […] Clinical identification and treatment of ADHD in North America can vary geographically, apparently reflecting differences in community practices or access to services. Treatment with stimulant medications for inattentive and hyperactive symptoms increased in the early to mid 1990s, and likely reflects longer periods of use with treatment extended into adolescent years as well as an increased number of girls identified and treated. Stimulant medications remain the first line pharmacological intervention for addressing symptoms of ADHD. However, combining medications with behavioural and other non-pharmacological interventions is recommended.

• #1 Significant rise in ADHD diagnoses in the UK | UCL News – UCL – University College London

  https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2023/jul/significant-rise-adhd-diagnoses-uk

  The research also highlights how ADHD medication is now being more frequently prescribed. […] NHS mental health and primary care services must be provided with the necessary resources to meet this unprecedented rise in demand for support. Only with proper funding will they be able to effectively manage growing waiting lists for assessments and provide timely and high-quality post-diagnostic care to those who need it.

• #2 Hyperactivity and inattention (ADHD): Epidemiology, comorbidity, assessment | Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development

  https://www.child-encyclopedia.com/hyperactivity-and-inattention-adhd/according-experts/children-attention-deficit-hyperactivity

  ADHD is an important public health concern, not only for the long-term impairments facing individuals and families but also for the heavy burden on educational, health and criminal justice systems. […] Population studies identify that childhood inattention and hyperactivity are more common in single parent families, with low parent education attainment, parent unemployment, and low family income. Evidence from family studies identify that symptoms of ADHD are highly heritable, however, early environmental factors contribute as well. History of prenatal maternal smoking and drinking, low birth weight, and developmental problems are associated with high levels of inattention and hyperactivity. […] Clinical identification and treatment of ADHD in North America can vary geographically, apparently reflecting differences in community practices or access to services. Treatment with stimulant medications for inattentive and hyperactive symptoms increased in the early to mid 1990s, and likely reflects longer periods of use with treatment extended into adolescent years as well as an increased number of girls identified and treated. Stimulant medications remain the first line pharmacological intervention for addressing symptoms of ADHD. However, combining medications with behavioural and other non-pharmacological interventions is recommended.

• #2 Early identification of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) | PLOS Digital Health

  https://journals.plos.org/digitalhealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pdig.0000620

  Signs and symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are present at preschool ages and often not identified for early intervention. […] The prevalence of ADHD in children aged 18 and under is estimated to be 7.2% and is increasing. […] Early identification of children with a heightened risk of ADHD at a young age may raise parents’ awareness and encourage parents to seek clinical diagnostic clarification, and promote early intervention. […] One source of identifying probable ADHD cases is administrative health data. […] The validity of using case definitions of ADHD to approximate the clinical diagnosis and population-level prevalence of ADHD was previously explored, yielding high confidence using International Classification of Disease (ICD) codes from physician claims, ambulatory records as well as drug dispensation history.

• #2 ADHD Prevalence Among U.S. Children and Adolescents in 2022: Diagnosis, Severity, Co-Occurring Disorders, and Treatment – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38778436/

  Objective: To provide updated national prevalence estimates of diagnosed attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), ADHD severity, co-occurring disorders, and receipt of ADHD medication and behavioral treatment among U.S. children and adolescents by demographic and clinical subgroups using data from the 2022 National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH). […] Results: Approximately 1 in 9 U.S. children have ever received an ADHD diagnosis (11.4%, 7.1 million children) and 10.5% (6.5 million) had current ADHD. Among children with current ADHD, 58.1% had moderate or severe ADHD, 77.9% had at least one co-occurring disorder, approximately half of children with current ADHD (53.6%) received ADHD medication, and 44.4% had received behavioral treatment for ADHD in the past year; nearly one third (30.1%) did not receive any ADHD-specific treatment.

• #2 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/ADHD-Epidemiology.aspx

  The epidemiological rates for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) vary considerably throughout the world. This is thought to be due to environmental and behavioral changes, in addition to differences in diagnostic criteria used throughout the world. […] The incidence of ADHD in school-aged children in the United States (US) is approximately 3-7%, which is around 1 in 20 children affected. […] One study that compared children with ADHD from 1998 to 2009 found that the rates of the condition seem to be increasing with time. For example, the number of children diagnosed with the condition rose to 7-9%. Additionally, the prevalence of ADHD in children with family incomes below the poverty level increased to 10-11%. […] The incidence of ADHD in the United Kingdom (UK) is less than 1%, which is considerably less than that in the US. This difference is thought to be associated with both environmental factors and the heterogeneity of the condition itself.

• #2 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/289350-overview

  In children, ADHD is 3-5 times more common in boys than in girls. Some studies report an incidence ratio of as high as 5:1. The predominantly inattentive type of ADHD is found more commonly in girls than in boys. […] The percentages in each group are not well established, but at least an estimated 15-20% of children with ADHD maintain the full diagnosis into adulthood. As many as 65% of these children will have ADHD or some residual symptoms of ADHD as adults. The prevalence rate in adults has been estimated at 2-7%. The prevalence rate of ADHD in the adult general population is 4-5%.

• #2 ADHD in Kids: Symptoms, Types, and Tests for ADHD in Children

  https://www.webmd.com/add-adhd/childhood-adhd/adhd-children

  ADHD in children is a difference in brain development that can affect their ability to focus and self-control. It’s one of the most common brain disorders in children, affecting nearly 10% of kids in the U.S. […] About 1 in 10 children in the U.S. have been diagnosed with ADHD. […] Boys are more than twice as likely as girls to be diagnosed. Some researchers think girls may be underdiagnosed because they’re more likely to have the inattentive type of ADHD rather than the more visible hyperactive or impulsive type. […] Research has also found that both boys and girls who live in families with incomes below the poverty line are more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD. […] ADHD that goes untreated can lead to lifelong complications. […] Research doesn’t always agree on which racial and ethnic groups are most likely to have childhood ADHD. The CDC says that roughly 17% of Black children, 15% of White children, and 14% of Hispanic children have been diagnosed with ADHD or a learning disorder. But other research has found that Black children are less likely to be diagnosed with ADHD than White children. There’s evidence that Black and Hispanic children with ADHD are less likely to get treatment, too.

• #2 Significant rise in ADHD diagnoses in the UK | UCL News – UCL – University College London

  https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2023/jul/significant-rise-adhd-diagnoses-uk

  Both ADHD diagnoses and prescriptions for ADHD medication have increased significantly over the past two decades, except in children under five, finds a new study by UCL researchers. […] The findings showed that, in absolute terms, the increase was highest in children: amongst boys aged 10-16 years, 1.4% had an ADHD diagnosis and 0.6% had been prescribed ADHD medication in 2000, rising to 3.5% and 2.4% respectively in 2018. […] However, there was no significant increase in children under five. […] The number of ADHD diagnoses were about two times higher in the most deprived areas amongst both children and adults, when compared to the least deprived areas. […] Many people are accessing private care for ADHD. This may create healthcare inequalities given that ADHD is more common in deprived areas.

• #2 ADHD in children and youth: Part 1—Etiology, diagnosis, and comorbidity | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/documents/position/adhd-etiology-diagnosis-and-comorbidity

  Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic neurodevelopmental disorder. […] Worldwide, ADHD is the third-most-common mental health disorder, after depression and anxiety, affecting an estimated 3.4% of children and youth. […] ADHD prevalence in the paediatric population has been stable over the past three decades except in the USA, where it has increased. […] Current estimates show that 50% of children with ADHD continue to have symptoms of ADHD in adolescence and adulthood. […] ADHD is a disorder with multiple etiologies. […] ADHD, a neurodevelopmental disorder, is most commonly comorbid with other psychiatric and neurodevelopmental conditions. […] The prevalence of ADHD in children with epilepsy is two to three times higher than in the general population, and is typically inattentive presentation. […] Many genetic conditions, especially those with accompanying developmental symptoms, show a higher prevalence of ADHD than the general population. […] ADHD symptoms, especially in females, increase risk for eating disorders. […] ADHD is a heterogeneous disorder.

• #2 ADHD Prevalence Among U.S. Children and Adolescents in 2022: Diagnosis, Severity, Co-Occurring Disorders, and Treatment – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38778436/

  Conclusions: Pediatric ADHD remains an ongoing and expanding public health concern, as approximately 1 million more children had ever received an ADHD diagnosis in 2022 than in 2016. Estimates from the 2022 NSCH provide information on pediatric ADHD during the last full year of the COVID-19 pandemic and can be used by policymakers, government agencies, health care systems, public health practitioners, and other partners to plan for needs of children with ADHD.

• #2 Data and Statistics on ADHD | Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/adhd/data/index.html

  CDC uses datasets from parent surveys and healthcare claims to understand diagnosis and treatment patterns for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). […] An estimated 7 million (11.4%) U.S. children aged 3-17 years have ever been diagnosed with ADHD, according to a national survey of parents using data from 2022. […] In 2022, an additional 1 million U.S. children aged 3-17 years had ever received an ADHD diagnosis compared to 2016. […] Boys (15%) were more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD than girls (8%). […] Black children and White children were more often diagnosed with ADHD (both 12%) than Asian children (4%). American Indian/Alaska Native children (10%) were also more often diagnosed with ADHD than Asian children. […] Approximately 6% of Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander children were diagnosed with ADHD.

• #2 Epidemiology of Treated Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) across the Lifespan in Taiwan: A Nationwide Population-Based Longitudinal Study | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0095014

  Although an increasing number of people with ADHD sought treatment during 1999-2005 in Taiwan, the treated prevalence of ADHD was still lower than that of the community data. The treated incidence and prevalence of ADHD fell dramatically after age 13-18. However, more women than men sought treatment in adulthood. There may be under-diagnosis and under-treatment of ADHD, especially among females and adults. […] Our study is among the few that have examined healthcare-seeking ADHD patients across their lifespan, with a long observation period and a large sample of a general population, using data from Taiwan’s NHIRD. […] Overall, prevalence of treated ADHD increased during 2000-2005 from 64.65 per 100,000 to 145.40 per 100,000 patients. An increase in the treated incidence rate of ADHD was also observed, from 44.67 per 100,000 to 81.20 per 100,000.

• #2 U.S. national, regional, and state-specific socioeconomic factors correlate with child and adolescent ADHD diagnoses pre-COVID-19 pandemic | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-01233-2

  Since the COVID-19 pandemic is projected to significantly exacerbate the effects of ADHD, specifically in children, an analysis of the most recent pre-COVID-19 ADHD data and SES factors is necessary as a basis to better understand during and post COVID-19 ADHD trends. […] Our national and state-specific hierarchical analysis, encompassing relevant SES factors, demonstrates the correlations between the various factors and ADHD outcomes. […] ADHD is the most diagnosed emerging neurodevelopmental disorder in children and likely an escalating health care crisis during and post-COVID-19 U.S. pandemic. […] While a more comprehensive approach is to analyze the greater variation between and within counties, the data collection systems in the U.S. that report county-specific childhood ADHD diagnosis are limited.

• #2

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44197-023-00167-4

  Given the rates of behavioural problems in children and adolescents, specialized services that are capable of screening and identifying potential diagnoses are required. This is because early screening for ADHD and other mental and behavioural problems in children is of utmost importance, as it can significantly improve the outcome of treatment and the long-term prognosis of these conditions into adulthood. […] Once identified, psychosocial interventions are recommended as the first-line treatment for preschool children and can be used as adjunct therapy in elementary school children and adolescents. Early intervention has been shown to improve overall social and cognitive function more broadly and specifically can lead to better academic performance, improved self-esteem, and increased overall well-being.

• #2 Prevalence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children, adolescents and adults in the Middle East and North Africa region: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/14/1/e078849

  The findings reveal significant variability in ADHD estimated prevalence rates, highlighting the importance of considering regional differences. […] These findings emphasise the need for further comprehensive research in the MENA region to explore the underlying factors contributing to the variability in ADHD prevalence across all MENA countries and to develop tailored interventions and support for individuals with ADHD.

• #2 Hyperactivity and inattention (ADHD): Epidemiology, comorbidity, assessment | Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development

  https://www.child-encyclopedia.com/hyperactivity-and-inattention-adhd/according-experts/children-attention-deficit-hyperactivity

  Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), characterized by developmentally excessive levels of inattention, over-activity and impulsiveness, are most frequently identified and treated in primary school. Studies worldwide identify a prevalence rate for ADHD equivalent to 5.29% (95% Confidence Interval: 5.01-5.56) of children and adolescents. Rates are higher for boys than for girls, and for children under 12 years of age compared with adolescents. Prevalence estimates vary based on method of ascertainment, diagnostic criteria used, and whether functional impairment criteria are included. Overall, estimates are remarkably similar from country to country with the exception of African and Middle Eastern countries where rates are lower compared with North America and Europe.

• #2 The global prevalence of ADHD in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Italian Journal of Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://ijponline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13052-023-01456-1

  Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder is a developmental neurological disorder that has three basic characteristics: Attention Deficit, Hyperactivity, and impulsivity. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of ADHD in children and adolescents. […] This analysis includes 61 cross-sectional research, with 53 research used to determine the prevalence of ADHD in children, 7.6% of 96,907 children aged 3 to 12 years had ADHD (95% confidence interval: 6.19.4%), and 5.6% of teenagers aged 12 to 18 years have ADHD (95% confidence interval: 4.8-7%). The prevalence of ADHD in children and adolescents according to the DSM-V criterion is also higher than previous diagnostic criteria, according to studies. […] The findings of this study based on meta-analysis show the high prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The findings of this study demonstrate the importance of management and policy in the treatment and control of ADHD in children and adolescents.

• #3 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/ADHD-Epidemiology.aspx

  The prevalence of ADHD appears to vary considerably throughout different regions of the world. It is highest in South America, North America and Africa whilst lower prevalence rates have been noted in the Middle East, Asia, Australia, and Europe. […] Children with ADHD appear to be at a higher risk of developing conduct and substance abuse problems in adolescence and adulthood in comparison to children who are not affected. […] According to the DSM-V diagnostic criteria, ADHD involves the presentation of several inattentive or hyper-impulsive symptoms before the age of 12. Therefore, the age of onset is in childhood and the symptoms may persist or fade after this point. […] Approximately 1 in 6 children with ADHD will maintain the full diagnosis with persistent symptoms into adulthood, and most children will continue to experience residual symptoms. […] ADHD is 3-5 times more common in young boys than girls. However, the sex ratio tends to approach equilibrium in adulthood as the symptoms of more boys than girls usually improve.

• #3 The epidemiology of pharmacologically treated attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children, adolescents and adults in UK primary care | BMC Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2431-12-78

  The aim of this study was to investigate the annual prevalence and incidence of pharmacologically treated ADHD in children, adolescents and adults in UK primary care. […] The source population comprised 3,529,615 patients (48.9% male). A total of 118,929 prescriptions were recorded for the 4,530 patients in the pharmacologically treated ADHD cohort during the 6-year study. Prevalence (per 1000 persons in the mid-year THIN population) increased within each age category from 2003 to 2008. […] A trend of increasing prescribing prevalence of ADHD drug treatment was observed over the period 2003-2008. Prevalence of prescribing to adult patients increased; however the numbers treated are much lower than published estimates of the prevalence of ADHD. […] The current study has demonstrated a trend of increasing prevalence of pharmacological treatments in the UK, throughout the study period; however the highest prevalence figure reported of 15.4 per 1000 male patients aged 6-12 years is in line with or below those reported in both the Netherlands and the US. […] Epidemiological data from the THIN database revealed a trend of increasing prescribing prevalence of ADHD drug treatment over the period 2003-2008 overall and for all age groups.

• #3 Epidemiology of Treated Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) across the Lifespan in Taiwan: A Nationwide Population-Based Longitudinal Study | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0095014

  Our data showed that the peak treated prevalence of ADHD was at age 7-12 years for both males and females. It was surprising that the treated incidence and prevalence rates for both males and females dropped abruptly after age 13-18 years. […] The present study has demonstrated that although the prevalence and incidence rates of treated ADHD were both higher in male patients for every calendar year, decreasing trends were noted for the male-to-female ratio throughout the study period, for both treated incidence and prevalence. […] Epidemiologic data from Taiwan’s NHIRD in current study showed that although increasing numbers of people with ADHD had sought treatment during 1999-2005 in Taiwan, the treated prevalence of ADHD was still lower than in community data. The unique findings of this study were that there may be an under-diagnosis and under-treatment of ADHD, especially among females and adults.

• #3 Significant rise in ADHD diagnoses in the UK | UCL News – UCL – University College London

  https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2023/jul/significant-rise-adhd-diagnoses-uk

  The research also highlights how ADHD medication is now being more frequently prescribed. […] NHS mental health and primary care services must be provided with the necessary resources to meet this unprecedented rise in demand for support. Only with proper funding will they be able to effectively manage growing waiting lists for assessments and provide timely and high-quality post-diagnostic care to those who need it.

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