Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Developmental Course of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and its Predictors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3565715/

  Overall, these studies have suggested that roughly 1/3 of children with ADHD show remission by adulthood, while the rest continue to have either the full syndrome or significant symptoms that fall short of the diagnostic criteria. […] The most recent meta-analysis of prospective long-term follow up studies estimated that the rate of persistence of ADHD as a syndrome by age 25 is 15%, but the rate of persistence of residual impairing symptoms by this age is 65%. […] The factors predicting persistence of childhood ADHD into adolescence and adulthood have included: severity of and impairment from childhood ADHD; comorbid childhood CD, ODD, mood, and anxiety disorders; IQ; poor school and social functioning and behavioral problems; and parental psychopathology and conflict. […] In terms of functional adult outcomes, perhaps the most important determinant is persistence of ADHD. As adults, those with persisting ADHD showed more impairment in major life domains, such as occupation, education, home responsibilities, romantic relationships, social functioning, and community activities, and had higher comorbidity rates than those considered in remission.

• #2 Developmental Course of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and its Predictors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3565715/

  Overall, these studies have suggested that roughly 1/3 of children with ADHD show remission by adulthood, while the rest continue to have either the full syndrome or significant symptoms that fall short of the diagnostic criteria. […] The most recent meta-analysis of prospective long-term follow up studies estimated that the rate of persistence of ADHD as a syndrome by age 25 is 15%, but the rate of persistence of residual impairing symptoms by this age is 65%. […] The factors predicting persistence of childhood ADHD into adolescence and adulthood have included: severity of and impairment from childhood ADHD; comorbid childhood CD, ODD, mood, and anxiety disorders; IQ; poor school and social functioning and behavioral problems; and parental psychopathology and conflict. […] In terms of functional adult outcomes, perhaps the most important determinant is persistence of ADHD. As adults, those with persisting ADHD showed more impairment in major life domains, such as occupation, education, home responsibilities, romantic relationships, social functioning, and community activities, and had higher comorbidity rates than those considered in remission.

• #3 Childhood predictors of adolescent and young adult outcome in ADHD – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25680235/

  Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often persists into adulthood, but it remains unclear which childhood factors predict future outcome. […] To identify childhood predictors of ADHD outcome using both dimensional and categorical approaches. […] Of the sample, 79% continued to meet clinical criteria of ADHD in adolescence and young adulthood. Higher parent-rated ADHD symptoms and movement intensity in childhood, but not teacher-rated symptoms, predicted ADHD symptoms at follow up. […] SES and IQ emerge as potential moderators for the prognosis of ADHD. Childhood severity of ADHD symptoms, as measured by parent ratings and actigraph movement intensity, also predicts later ADHD outcome. These factors should be considered when identifying ADHD children at most risk of poor long-term outcomes and for the development of interventions to improve prognosis.

• #4 ADHD in children and youth: Part 1—Etiology, diagnosis, and comorbidity | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/documents/position/adhd-etiology-diagnosis-and-comorbidity

  ADHD is associated with significant adverse outcomes in childhood and adolescence: educational problems (resulting in low rates of high-school graduation and completion of postsecondary education), difficult peer relationships and increased rates of motor vehicle accidents, accidental injuries, and substance misuse. Risk for substance abuse increases further when ADHD is comorbid with conduct disorder. The presence of these comorbid conditions and ADHD is associated with increased mortality risk. […] Current estimates show that 50% of children with ADHD continue to have symptoms of ADHD in adolescence and adulthood. Predictors of persistence include combined inattention/hyperactivity, increased symptom severity, comorbid major depressive or other mood disorder, high comorbidity (3 additional DSM disorders), parental anxiety, and parental antisocial personality disorder.

• #5 Generalizable prediction of childhood ADHD symptoms from neurocognitive testing and youth characteristics | Translational Psychiatry

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-023-02502-6

  ADHD symptoms in youth have been linked to many negative outcomes, including poorer academic achievement, substance use and externalizing behavior, and persistent financial difficulties. […] However, the evidence base for such measures is mixed. […] Current evidence for the relevance of neurocognitive performance to childhood ADHD symptoms exhibits several serious gaps. […] Our findings are significant for addressing the longstanding debate on the clinical and practical utility of neurocognitive abilities for predicting ADHD symptoms. […] Neurocognition accounted for roughly 4% of the variance beyond other domains and was featured heavily in a sparse predictive model that achieved comparable performance to more complex models. […] Our findings suggest neurocognitive features could meaningfully improve the prediction of childhood ADHD symptoms at the level of large systems.

• #6 Developmental Course of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and its Predictors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3565715/

  Overall, these studies have suggested that roughly 1/3 of children with ADHD show remission by adulthood, while the rest continue to have either the full syndrome or significant symptoms that fall short of the diagnostic criteria. […] The most recent meta-analysis of prospective long-term follow up studies estimated that the rate of persistence of ADHD as a syndrome by age 25 is 15%, but the rate of persistence of residual impairing symptoms by this age is 65%. […] The factors predicting persistence of childhood ADHD into adolescence and adulthood have included: severity of and impairment from childhood ADHD; comorbid childhood CD, ODD, mood, and anxiety disorders; IQ; poor school and social functioning and behavioral problems; and parental psychopathology and conflict. […] In terms of functional adult outcomes, perhaps the most important determinant is persistence of ADHD. As adults, those with persisting ADHD showed more impairment in major life domains, such as occupation, education, home responsibilities, romantic relationships, social functioning, and community activities, and had higher comorbidity rates than those considered in remission.

• #7 ADHD in children and youth: Part 1—Etiology, diagnosis, and comorbidity | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/documents/position/adhd-etiology-diagnosis-and-comorbidity

  ADHD is associated with significant adverse outcomes in childhood and adolescence: educational problems (resulting in low rates of high-school graduation and completion of postsecondary education), difficult peer relationships and increased rates of motor vehicle accidents, accidental injuries, and substance misuse. Risk for substance abuse increases further when ADHD is comorbid with conduct disorder. The presence of these comorbid conditions and ADHD is associated with increased mortality risk. […] Current estimates show that 50% of children with ADHD continue to have symptoms of ADHD in adolescence and adulthood. Predictors of persistence include combined inattention/hyperactivity, increased symptom severity, comorbid major depressive or other mood disorder, high comorbidity (3 additional DSM disorders), parental anxiety, and parental antisocial personality disorder.

• #8 Developmental Course of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and its Predictors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3565715/

  Overall, these studies have suggested that roughly 1/3 of children with ADHD show remission by adulthood, while the rest continue to have either the full syndrome or significant symptoms that fall short of the diagnostic criteria. […] The most recent meta-analysis of prospective long-term follow up studies estimated that the rate of persistence of ADHD as a syndrome by age 25 is 15%, but the rate of persistence of residual impairing symptoms by this age is 65%. […] The factors predicting persistence of childhood ADHD into adolescence and adulthood have included: severity of and impairment from childhood ADHD; comorbid childhood CD, ODD, mood, and anxiety disorders; IQ; poor school and social functioning and behavioral problems; and parental psychopathology and conflict. […] In terms of functional adult outcomes, perhaps the most important determinant is persistence of ADHD. As adults, those with persisting ADHD showed more impairment in major life domains, such as occupation, education, home responsibilities, romantic relationships, social functioning, and community activities, and had higher comorbidity rates than those considered in remission.

• #9 ADHD in children and youth: Part 1—Etiology, diagnosis, and comorbidity | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/documents/position/adhd-etiology-diagnosis-and-comorbidity

  ADHD is associated with significant adverse outcomes in childhood and adolescence: educational problems (resulting in low rates of high-school graduation and completion of postsecondary education), difficult peer relationships and increased rates of motor vehicle accidents, accidental injuries, and substance misuse. Risk for substance abuse increases further when ADHD is comorbid with conduct disorder. The presence of these comorbid conditions and ADHD is associated with increased mortality risk. […] Current estimates show that 50% of children with ADHD continue to have symptoms of ADHD in adolescence and adulthood. Predictors of persistence include combined inattention/hyperactivity, increased symptom severity, comorbid major depressive or other mood disorder, high comorbidity (3 additional DSM disorders), parental anxiety, and parental antisocial personality disorder.

• #10 Childhood predictors of adolescent and young adult outcome in ADHD – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25680235/

  Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often persists into adulthood, but it remains unclear which childhood factors predict future outcome. […] To identify childhood predictors of ADHD outcome using both dimensional and categorical approaches. […] Of the sample, 79% continued to meet clinical criteria of ADHD in adolescence and young adulthood. Higher parent-rated ADHD symptoms and movement intensity in childhood, but not teacher-rated symptoms, predicted ADHD symptoms at follow up. […] SES and IQ emerge as potential moderators for the prognosis of ADHD. Childhood severity of ADHD symptoms, as measured by parent ratings and actigraph movement intensity, also predicts later ADHD outcome. These factors should be considered when identifying ADHD children at most risk of poor long-term outcomes and for the development of interventions to improve prognosis.

• #11 Childhood predictors of adolescent and young adult outcome in ADHD – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25680235/

  Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often persists into adulthood, but it remains unclear which childhood factors predict future outcome. […] To identify childhood predictors of ADHD outcome using both dimensional and categorical approaches. […] Of the sample, 79% continued to meet clinical criteria of ADHD in adolescence and young adulthood. Higher parent-rated ADHD symptoms and movement intensity in childhood, but not teacher-rated symptoms, predicted ADHD symptoms at follow up. […] SES and IQ emerge as potential moderators for the prognosis of ADHD. Childhood severity of ADHD symptoms, as measured by parent ratings and actigraph movement intensity, also predicts later ADHD outcome. These factors should be considered when identifying ADHD children at most risk of poor long-term outcomes and for the development of interventions to improve prognosis.

• #12 Developmental Course of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and its Predictors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3565715/

  To outline the key features of the developmental progression of ADHD and to consider the most prominent influences on its developmental course and outcomes. […] Presentation of ADHD and associated impairments evolve across development, as do outcome predictors. In early development, in addition to genetics, some forms of prenatal adversity increase the risk for ADHD. In preschool years, symptom severity, cognitive function, and family factors become significant predictors of school age outcomes. These continue to predict long-term outcomes in school aged children, and comorbidity emerges as another significant long-term outcome predictor at this stage. […] Presentation of ADHD and risk factors for later adversity evolve across development, which calls for developmentally-informed clinical practices.

• #13 Developmental Course of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and its Predictors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3565715/

  Overall, these studies have suggested that roughly 1/3 of children with ADHD show remission by adulthood, while the rest continue to have either the full syndrome or significant symptoms that fall short of the diagnostic criteria. […] The most recent meta-analysis of prospective long-term follow up studies estimated that the rate of persistence of ADHD as a syndrome by age 25 is 15%, but the rate of persistence of residual impairing symptoms by this age is 65%. […] The factors predicting persistence of childhood ADHD into adolescence and adulthood have included: severity of and impairment from childhood ADHD; comorbid childhood CD, ODD, mood, and anxiety disorders; IQ; poor school and social functioning and behavioral problems; and parental psychopathology and conflict. […] In terms of functional adult outcomes, perhaps the most important determinant is persistence of ADHD. As adults, those with persisting ADHD showed more impairment in major life domains, such as occupation, education, home responsibilities, romantic relationships, social functioning, and community activities, and had higher comorbidity rates than those considered in remission.

• #14 Developmental Course of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and its Predictors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3565715/

  The latter were indistinguishable from controls in these areas. […] Severity of childhood and adolescent ADHD is another factor that has been reported to predict adult impairment in the above major life domains. […] Comorbidity in childhood predicts comorbidity in later life. […] Findings are equivocal as to whether stimulant treatment impacts outcomes. […] Research has identified predictors of ADHD persistence and functional outcomes at different developmental stages. […] As a lifelong condition, ADHD may require ongoing treatment to promote optimal long-term outcome.

• #15 Developmental Course of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and its Predictors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3565715/

  The latter were indistinguishable from controls in these areas. […] Severity of childhood and adolescent ADHD is another factor that has been reported to predict adult impairment in the above major life domains. […] Comorbidity in childhood predicts comorbidity in later life. […] Findings are equivocal as to whether stimulant treatment impacts outcomes. […] Research has identified predictors of ADHD persistence and functional outcomes at different developmental stages. […] As a lifelong condition, ADHD may require ongoing treatment to promote optimal long-term outcome.

• #16 Developmental Course of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and its Predictors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3565715/

  The latter were indistinguishable from controls in these areas. […] Severity of childhood and adolescent ADHD is another factor that has been reported to predict adult impairment in the above major life domains. […] Comorbidity in childhood predicts comorbidity in later life. […] Findings are equivocal as to whether stimulant treatment impacts outcomes. […] Research has identified predictors of ADHD persistence and functional outcomes at different developmental stages. […] As a lifelong condition, ADHD may require ongoing treatment to promote optimal long-term outcome.

• #17 Generalizable prediction of childhood ADHD symptoms from neurocognitive testing and youth characteristics | Translational Psychiatry

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-023-02502-6

  Childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms are believed to result from disrupted neurocognitive development. […] Using data drawn from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD), we develop and test cross-validated machine learning models for predicting youths ADHD symptoms using neurocognitive abilities, demographics, and child and family characteristics. […] Predictive models explained 15-20% of the variance in 1-year ADHD symptoms for ABCD Study sites that were left out of the model-fitting process and 12-13% of the variance in 2-year ADHD symptoms. […] This work quantifies the information value of neurocognitive abilities and other child characteristics for predicting ADHD symptoms and provides a foundational method for predicting individual youths symptoms in new data across contexts.

• #18 Generalizable prediction of childhood ADHD symptoms from neurocognitive testing and youth characteristics | Translational Psychiatry

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-023-02502-6

  ADHD symptoms in youth have been linked to many negative outcomes, including poorer academic achievement, substance use and externalizing behavior, and persistent financial difficulties. […] However, the evidence base for such measures is mixed. […] Current evidence for the relevance of neurocognitive performance to childhood ADHD symptoms exhibits several serious gaps. […] Our findings are significant for addressing the longstanding debate on the clinical and practical utility of neurocognitive abilities for predicting ADHD symptoms. […] Neurocognition accounted for roughly 4% of the variance beyond other domains and was featured heavily in a sparse predictive model that achieved comparable performance to more complex models. […] Our findings suggest neurocognitive features could meaningfully improve the prediction of childhood ADHD symptoms at the level of large systems.

• #19 Generalizable prediction of childhood ADHD symptoms from neurocognitive testing and youth characteristics | Translational Psychiatry

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-023-02502-6

  The success of such a parsimonious model may prove particularly relevant for prediction in applied settings by reducing the number of measures needed. […] Predicting the difference between two highly correlated measures of the same trait is inherently challenging because much of the systematic variance in the individual measures is reflected in their correlation. […] This study demonstrates that machine learning models can effectively utilize information about neurocognition and other youth characteristics, including sex, self-reported impulsivity, and screen time, to generate predictions about childhood ADHD symptoms that generalize to unseen data from diverse samples.

• #20 Generalizable prediction of childhood ADHD symptoms from neurocognitive testing and youth characteristics | Translational Psychiatry

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-023-02502-6

  The success of such a parsimonious model may prove particularly relevant for prediction in applied settings by reducing the number of measures needed. […] Predicting the difference between two highly correlated measures of the same trait is inherently challenging because much of the systematic variance in the individual measures is reflected in their correlation. […] This study demonstrates that machine learning models can effectively utilize information about neurocognition and other youth characteristics, including sex, self-reported impulsivity, and screen time, to generate predictions about childhood ADHD symptoms that generalize to unseen data from diverse samples.

• #21

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00787-023-02158-z

  This study investigates early onset of treatment response as predictor of symptomatic and functional outcome 3 years after initiation of methylphenidate (MPH) administration in a naturalistic, clinical cohort of children and adolescents with ADHD. […] Treatment responses in week 3 and week 12 were significant predictors of the long-term outcome of symptoms, but not of impairment at 3-year follow-up, when adjusting for other well-known predictors. Early treatment response predicts long-term outcome over and above other well-known predictors. […] In summary, positive response to MPH treatment 3 and 12 weeks after initiation, measured respectively as a 20% or 40% reduction in symptoms, significantly predicted less hyperactivity/impulsivity and oppositional defiant symptoms at 3-year follow-up, over and above baseline symptoms and impairment, comorbidity, and other well-known predictors.

• #22

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00787-023-02158-z

  This study investigates early onset of treatment response as predictor of symptomatic and functional outcome 3 years after initiation of methylphenidate (MPH) administration in a naturalistic, clinical cohort of children and adolescents with ADHD. […] Treatment responses in week 3 and week 12 were significant predictors of the long-term outcome of symptoms, but not of impairment at 3-year follow-up, when adjusting for other well-known predictors. Early treatment response predicts long-term outcome over and above other well-known predictors. […] In summary, positive response to MPH treatment 3 and 12 weeks after initiation, measured respectively as a 20% or 40% reduction in symptoms, significantly predicted less hyperactivity/impulsivity and oppositional defiant symptoms at 3-year follow-up, over and above baseline symptoms and impairment, comorbidity, and other well-known predictors.

• #23

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00787-023-02158-z

  Our results indicate that clinicians must assess and treat those who do not respond to ADHD medication during the first months of treatment with bigger efforts, since they have a worse long-term prognosis, and the poorer prognosis was only partly explained by psychiatric comorbidity and other well-known predictors. […] This 3-year follow-up of a clinical cohort of children with ADHD, without information of adherence to ADHD medication beyond 3 months, demonstrates that early treatment response at 3 and 12 weeks predicts a better long-term outcome.

• #24

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00787-023-02158-z

  Our results indicate that clinicians must assess and treat those who do not respond to ADHD medication during the first months of treatment with bigger efforts, since they have a worse long-term prognosis, and the poorer prognosis was only partly explained by psychiatric comorbidity and other well-known predictors. […] This 3-year follow-up of a clinical cohort of children with ADHD, without information of adherence to ADHD medication beyond 3 months, demonstrates that early treatment response at 3 and 12 weeks predicts a better long-term outcome.

• #25

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00787-025-02650-8

  Predictors for the pharmacological effect of ADHD medication in children and adolescents are lacking. This study examined clinically relevant factors in a large (N=638) prospective cohort reflecting real-world evidence. […] In our large naturalistic cohort, we could not identify any clinically relevant factors that reliably predict pharmacological treatment outcomes. […] Our findings support the compiled evidence that to date, distinct predictors for the treatment effect of ADHD medication have not yet been revealed. […] Given these circumstances, it is reasonable to consider a new perspective regarding which child would benefit the most from pharmacological treatment for ADHD. […] To date, clear predictors of pharmacological ADHD treatment effect remain elusive.

• #26

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00787-025-02650-8

  Predictors for the pharmacological effect of ADHD medication in children and adolescents are lacking. This study examined clinically relevant factors in a large (N=638) prospective cohort reflecting real-world evidence. […] In our large naturalistic cohort, we could not identify any clinically relevant factors that reliably predict pharmacological treatment outcomes. […] Our findings support the compiled evidence that to date, distinct predictors for the treatment effect of ADHD medication have not yet been revealed. […] Given these circumstances, it is reasonable to consider a new perspective regarding which child would benefit the most from pharmacological treatment for ADHD. […] To date, clear predictors of pharmacological ADHD treatment effect remain elusive.

• #27 Developmental Course of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and its Predictors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3565715/

  The latter were indistinguishable from controls in these areas. […] Severity of childhood and adolescent ADHD is another factor that has been reported to predict adult impairment in the above major life domains. […] Comorbidity in childhood predicts comorbidity in later life. […] Findings are equivocal as to whether stimulant treatment impacts outcomes. […] Research has identified predictors of ADHD persistence and functional outcomes at different developmental stages. […] As a lifelong condition, ADHD may require ongoing treatment to promote optimal long-term outcome.

• #28

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00787-025-02650-8

  Predictors for the pharmacological effect of ADHD medication in children and adolescents are lacking. This study examined clinically relevant factors in a large (N=638) prospective cohort reflecting real-world evidence. […] In our large naturalistic cohort, we could not identify any clinically relevant factors that reliably predict pharmacological treatment outcomes. […] Our findings support the compiled evidence that to date, distinct predictors for the treatment effect of ADHD medication have not yet been revealed. […] Given these circumstances, it is reasonable to consider a new perspective regarding which child would benefit the most from pharmacological treatment for ADHD. […] To date, clear predictors of pharmacological ADHD treatment effect remain elusive.

• #29 Childhood neurodivergent traits, inflammation and chronic disabling fatigue in adolescence: a longitudinal case–control study | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/14/7/e084203

  Children with neurodivergent traits at ages 7 and 9 years were two times as likely to experience chronic disabling fatigue at age 18 years (likely ADHD OR=2.18 (95% CI=1.33 to 3.56); p=0.002; likely autism OR=1.78 (95% CI=1.17 to 2.72); p=0.004). […] Our results indicate higher risk of chronic disabling fatigue for children with neurodivergent traits, likely linked to higher levels of inflammation. […] Children who met criteria for likely autism or ADHD showed higher frequency of chronic disabling fatigue at age 18 years in comparison to children who did not meet criteria. […] Increased inflammation, as indicated by IL-6 levels at age 9 years, provides a potential mechanistic explanation for this link, even when controlling for depression. […] Our findings call for transdiagnostic screening practices to support health and well-being during development and adolescence.

• #30 Childhood neurodivergent traits, inflammation and chronic disabling fatigue in adolescence: a longitudinal case–control study | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/14/7/e084203

  Children with neurodivergent traits at ages 7 and 9 years were two times as likely to experience chronic disabling fatigue at age 18 years (likely ADHD OR=2.18 (95% CI=1.33 to 3.56); p=0.002; likely autism OR=1.78 (95% CI=1.17 to 2.72); p=0.004). […] Our results indicate higher risk of chronic disabling fatigue for children with neurodivergent traits, likely linked to higher levels of inflammation. […] Children who met criteria for likely autism or ADHD showed higher frequency of chronic disabling fatigue at age 18 years in comparison to children who did not meet criteria. […] Increased inflammation, as indicated by IL-6 levels at age 9 years, provides a potential mechanistic explanation for this link, even when controlling for depression. […] Our findings call for transdiagnostic screening practices to support health and well-being during development and adolescence.

• #31 Childhood neurodivergent traits, inflammation and chronic disabling fatigue in adolescence: a longitudinal case–control study | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/14/7/e084203

  Children with neurodivergent traits at ages 7 and 9 years were two times as likely to experience chronic disabling fatigue at age 18 years (likely ADHD OR=2.18 (95% CI=1.33 to 3.56); p=0.002; likely autism OR=1.78 (95% CI=1.17 to 2.72); p=0.004). […] Our results indicate higher risk of chronic disabling fatigue for children with neurodivergent traits, likely linked to higher levels of inflammation. […] Children who met criteria for likely autism or ADHD showed higher frequency of chronic disabling fatigue at age 18 years in comparison to children who did not meet criteria. […] Increased inflammation, as indicated by IL-6 levels at age 9 years, provides a potential mechanistic explanation for this link, even when controlling for depression. […] Our findings call for transdiagnostic screening practices to support health and well-being during development and adolescence.

• #32 Childhood neurodivergent traits, inflammation and chronic disabling fatigue in adolescence: a longitudinal case–control study | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/14/7/e084203

  Children with neurodivergent traits at ages 7 and 9 years were two times as likely to experience chronic disabling fatigue at age 18 years (likely ADHD OR=2.18 (95% CI=1.33 to 3.56); p=0.002; likely autism OR=1.78 (95% CI=1.17 to 2.72); p=0.004). […] Our results indicate higher risk of chronic disabling fatigue for children with neurodivergent traits, likely linked to higher levels of inflammation. […] Children who met criteria for likely autism or ADHD showed higher frequency of chronic disabling fatigue at age 18 years in comparison to children who did not meet criteria. […] Increased inflammation, as indicated by IL-6 levels at age 9 years, provides a potential mechanistic explanation for this link, even when controlling for depression. […] Our findings call for transdiagnostic screening practices to support health and well-being during development and adolescence.

• #33 Childhood neurodivergent traits, inflammation and chronic disabling fatigue in adolescence: a longitudinal case–control study | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/14/7/e084203

  Children with neurodivergent traits at ages 7 and 9 years were two times as likely to experience chronic disabling fatigue at age 18 years (likely ADHD OR=2.18 (95% CI=1.33 to 3.56); p=0.002; likely autism OR=1.78 (95% CI=1.17 to 2.72); p=0.004). […] Our results indicate higher risk of chronic disabling fatigue for children with neurodivergent traits, likely linked to higher levels of inflammation. […] Children who met criteria for likely autism or ADHD showed higher frequency of chronic disabling fatigue at age 18 years in comparison to children who did not meet criteria. […] Increased inflammation, as indicated by IL-6 levels at age 9 years, provides a potential mechanistic explanation for this link, even when controlling for depression. […] Our findings call for transdiagnostic screening practices to support health and well-being during development and adolescence.

• #34 ADHD in children and youth: Part 1—Etiology, diagnosis, and comorbidity | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/documents/position/adhd-etiology-diagnosis-and-comorbidity

  ADHD is a heterogeneous disorder. Because paediatricians and family physicians are the first care providers to conduct a medical assessment of children and youth with ADHD, which should always include a complete history, physical examination and consideration of differential diagnosis and possible comorbidities for this disorder, it is essential that their training equips them with the clinical skills needed to assess and manage ADHD and comorbid disorders.

• #35 Childhood predictors of adolescent and young adult outcome in ADHD – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25680235/

  Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often persists into adulthood, but it remains unclear which childhood factors predict future outcome. […] To identify childhood predictors of ADHD outcome using both dimensional and categorical approaches. […] Of the sample, 79% continued to meet clinical criteria of ADHD in adolescence and young adulthood. Higher parent-rated ADHD symptoms and movement intensity in childhood, but not teacher-rated symptoms, predicted ADHD symptoms at follow up. […] SES and IQ emerge as potential moderators for the prognosis of ADHD. Childhood severity of ADHD symptoms, as measured by parent ratings and actigraph movement intensity, also predicts later ADHD outcome. These factors should be considered when identifying ADHD children at most risk of poor long-term outcomes and for the development of interventions to improve prognosis.

• #36 Developmental Course of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and its Predictors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3565715/

  The latter were indistinguishable from controls in these areas. […] Severity of childhood and adolescent ADHD is another factor that has been reported to predict adult impairment in the above major life domains. […] Comorbidity in childhood predicts comorbidity in later life. […] Findings are equivocal as to whether stimulant treatment impacts outcomes. […] Research has identified predictors of ADHD persistence and functional outcomes at different developmental stages. […] As a lifelong condition, ADHD may require ongoing treatment to promote optimal long-term outcome.

• #37 Developmental Course of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and its Predictors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3565715/

  The latter were indistinguishable from controls in these areas. […] Severity of childhood and adolescent ADHD is another factor that has been reported to predict adult impairment in the above major life domains. […] Comorbidity in childhood predicts comorbidity in later life. […] Findings are equivocal as to whether stimulant treatment impacts outcomes. […] Research has identified predictors of ADHD persistence and functional outcomes at different developmental stages. […] As a lifelong condition, ADHD may require ongoing treatment to promote optimal long-term outcome.

• #38 Developmental Course of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and its Predictors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3565715/

  To outline the key features of the developmental progression of ADHD and to consider the most prominent influences on its developmental course and outcomes. […] Presentation of ADHD and associated impairments evolve across development, as do outcome predictors. In early development, in addition to genetics, some forms of prenatal adversity increase the risk for ADHD. In preschool years, symptom severity, cognitive function, and family factors become significant predictors of school age outcomes. These continue to predict long-term outcomes in school aged children, and comorbidity emerges as another significant long-term outcome predictor at this stage. […] Presentation of ADHD and risk factors for later adversity evolve across development, which calls for developmentally-informed clinical practices.

Zobacz więcej