Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Cellulitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549770/

  Cellulitis is a common bacterial skin infection, with over 14 million cases occurring in the United States annually. […] It provides the latest updates on how to accurately diagnose, effectively treat, and manage patients with bacterial cellulitis. […] Identify the etiology of cellulitis. […] Cellulitis most commonly results from infection with group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus (i.e., Streptococcus pyogenes). […] Risk factors for cellulitis include any culprit that could cause a breakdown in the skin barrier such as skin injuries, surgical incisions, intravenous site punctures, fissures between toes, insect bites, animal bites, and other skin infections. […] Patients with comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, venous insufficiency, peripheral arterial disease, and lymphedema are at higher risk of developing cellulitis. […] The introduction of these bacteria below the skin surface can lead to an acute superficial infection affecting the deep dermis and subcutaneous tissue, causing cellulitis.

• #2 Cellulitis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cellulitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20370762

  Cellulitis is caused when bacteria, most commonly streptococcus and staphylococcus, enter through a crack or break in the skin. The incidence of a more serious staphylococcus infection called methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is increasing. […] Cellulitis can occur anywhere on the body, but the most common location is the lower leg. Bacteria are most likely to enter broken, dry, flaky or swollen skin, such as through a recent surgical site, cuts, puncture wounds, ulcers, athlete’s foot or dermatitis.

• #3 Cellulitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549770/

  Cellulitis is a common bacterial skin infection, with over 14 million cases occurring in the United States annually. […] It provides the latest updates on how to accurately diagnose, effectively treat, and manage patients with bacterial cellulitis. […] Identify the etiology of cellulitis. […] Cellulitis most commonly results from infection with group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus (i.e., Streptococcus pyogenes). […] Risk factors for cellulitis include any culprit that could cause a breakdown in the skin barrier such as skin injuries, surgical incisions, intravenous site punctures, fissures between toes, insect bites, animal bites, and other skin infections. […] Patients with comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, venous insufficiency, peripheral arterial disease, and lymphedema are at higher risk of developing cellulitis. […] The introduction of these bacteria below the skin surface can lead to an acute superficial infection affecting the deep dermis and subcutaneous tissue, causing cellulitis.

• #4 Cellulitis: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Recovery

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15071-cellulitis

  Cellulitis is a bacterial infection of your skin and the tissue beneath your skin. Anyone can get cellulitis, but the risk is higher if you have a skin wound that allows bacteria to enter your body easily or a weakened immune system. […] Many different bacteria can cause cellulitis. However, Streptococcus (strep) and Staphylococcus (staph) cause most cases of cellulitis. […] Cellulitis usually appears around damaged skin, but it also occurs in areas of your skin with poor hygiene. […] Approximately 33% of all people who have cellulitis get it again.

• #5 Cellulitis: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment and more – DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/cellulitis

  Cellulitis is a common bacterial skin infection of the lower dermis and subcutaneous tissue. […] The most common bacteria causing cellulitis are Streptococcus pyogenes (two-thirds of cases) and Staphylococcus aureus (one third). Rare causes of cellulitis include: […] Other forms of skin injury that may increase bacterial exposure and cellulitis infection include surgical wounds and insect bites. […] Many people falsely attribute an episode of cellulitis to an unseen spider bite. Documented spider bites have not led to cellulitis.

• #6 Cellulitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/214222-overview

  The term cellulitis commonly is used to indicate a nonnecrotizing inflammation of the skin and subcutaneous tissues, usually from acute infection. Cellulitis usually follows a breach in the skin, although a portal of entry may not be obvious; the breach may involve microscopic skin changes or invasive qualities of certain bacteria. […] The vast majority of cases of cellulitis are likely caused by Streptococcus pyogenes and, to a lesser degree, by Staphylococcus aureus. In rare cases, cellulitis results from the metastatic seeding of an organism from a distant focus of infection, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Distant seeding is particularly common in cellulitis due to S pneumoniae (pneumococcus) and marine Vibriospecies. Neisseria meningitidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Brucella species, and Legionella species have also been reported as rare causes of cellulitis resulting from hematogenous spread.

• #7 Cellulitis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cellulitis/

  Cellulitis is usually caused by a bacterial infection. […] The bacteria can infect the deeper layers of your skin if it’s broken, for example, because of an insect bite or cut, or if it’s cracked and dry. […] You cannot catch cellulitis from another person, as it affects the deeper layers of the skin. […] You’re more at risk of cellulitis if you: have poor circulation in your arms, legs, hands or feet, for example, because you’re overweight; find it difficult to move around; have a weakened immune system, for example, because of chemotherapy treatment or diabetes; have lymphoedema, which causes fluid build-up under the skin; inject drugs; have a wound from surgery; have had cellulitis before.

• #8 Cellulitis: Who gets and causes

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/cellulitis-causes

  Cellulitis is common, and anyone can get this infection. Its estimated that 14.5 million cases of cellulitis are diagnosed in the United States each year. […] The number of people who get cellulitis is expected to grow. Thats because more people than ever have an increased risk because they are: Middle-aged or older, Overweight or obese, Diabetic, especially if the diabetes is poorly controlled. All of these decrease the bodys ability to fight an infection. […] Bacteria cause cellulitis. Streptococcus (strep) and Staphylococcus (staph) are responsible for most cases of cellulitis. MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staph aureus) and other bacteria can also cause cellulitis. […] The bacteria may get inside the body when we injure our skin. An injury can be obvious, such as an open sore or severe burn. Cuts, scratches, and abrasions also provide a way for the bacteria to get inside.

• #9 Cellulitis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cellulitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20370762

  Cellulitis is caused when bacteria, most commonly streptococcus and staphylococcus, enter through a crack or break in the skin. The incidence of a more serious staphylococcus infection called methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is increasing. […] Cellulitis can occur anywhere on the body, but the most common location is the lower leg. Bacteria are most likely to enter broken, dry, flaky or swollen skin, such as through a recent surgical site, cuts, puncture wounds, ulcers, athlete’s foot or dermatitis.

• #10 Cellulitis: Types, Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/cellulitis/article.htm

  Staph (Staphylococcus aureus) is another common type of bacteria that causes cellulitis. Some cases are due to methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), a particularly severe type of staph that can be acquired both in the community and healthcare facilities. […] Cellulitis can be caused by many other types of bacteria. In children under 6 years of age, H. flu (Hemophilus influenzae) bacteria can cause cellulitis, especially on the face, arms, and upper torso. […] Cellulitis is not contagious because it is a soft tissue infection of the skin’s deeper layers (the dermis and subcutaneous tissue), and the skin’s top layer (the epidermis) provides a cover over the infection. […] Most commonly, cellulitis develops in the area of a break in the skin, such as a cut, small puncture wound, or insect bite.

• #11 Cellulitis: Definition, Etiology, Diagnosis and Treatment | Journal of Ethics | American Medical Association

  https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/cellulitis-definition-etiology-diagnosis-and-treatment/2006-12

  Many other bacteria cause cellulitis. Haemophilus influenzae was once a major pathogen in facial cellulitis in young children, but these infections are now rare due to the type B vaccine. Pasteurella multocida is the pathogen in cellulitis associated with animal bites, mostly those of cats. Aeromonas hydrophila can cause an aggressive form of cellulitis in a laceration sustained in fresh water. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the source of three types of soft tissue infection: ecthyma gangrenosum in neutropenic patients, hot tub folliculitis and cellulitis following a penetrating wound, like that sustained from stepping on a nail. Gram-negative bacillary (rod) cellulitis, like P. aeruginosa, is common among hospitalized, immunocompromised patients and may have multidrug resistance.

• #12 Cellulitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/214222-overview

  In individuals with normal host defenses, the most common causative organisms are group A streptococci (GAS) and S aureus. Group B Streptococcus cellulitis occurs in infants younger than 6 months because their immune responses are not fully developed, and it may also be seen in adults with comorbidities such as diabetes or liver disease. […] S aureus is the leading cause of SSTIs in injection drug users, followed by Streptococcus species. […] Gram-negative bacteria may cause bullous cellulitis in patients with cirrhosis. Early recognition is vital, because the course of the disease is rapid, typically progressing to septic shock and death. […] Various hospital-acquired infections following soft tissue trauma may lead to cellulitis. […] Cellulitis due to lymphatic obstruction or venectomy may be caused by nongroup A streptococci (ie, groups B, C, and G). […] Cellulitis can complicate varicella and may be identified by larger margins of erythema surrounding the vesicles. […] Although cellulitis can be complicated by abscess formation, it typically develops from an abscessogenic focus.

• #13 Cellulitis: Definition, Etiology, Diagnosis and Treatment | Journal of Ethics | American Medical Association

  https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/cellulitis-definition-etiology-diagnosis-and-treatment/2006-12

  Many other bacteria cause cellulitis. Haemophilus influenzae was once a major pathogen in facial cellulitis in young children, but these infections are now rare due to the type B vaccine. Pasteurella multocida is the pathogen in cellulitis associated with animal bites, mostly those of cats. Aeromonas hydrophila can cause an aggressive form of cellulitis in a laceration sustained in fresh water. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the source of three types of soft tissue infection: ecthyma gangrenosum in neutropenic patients, hot tub folliculitis and cellulitis following a penetrating wound, like that sustained from stepping on a nail. Gram-negative bacillary (rod) cellulitis, like P. aeruginosa, is common among hospitalized, immunocompromised patients and may have multidrug resistance.

• #14 Cellulitis: Definition, Etiology, Diagnosis and Treatment | Journal of Ethics | American Medical Association

  https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/cellulitis-definition-etiology-diagnosis-and-treatment/2006-12

  Many other bacteria cause cellulitis. Haemophilus influenzae was once a major pathogen in facial cellulitis in young children, but these infections are now rare due to the type B vaccine. Pasteurella multocida is the pathogen in cellulitis associated with animal bites, mostly those of cats. Aeromonas hydrophila can cause an aggressive form of cellulitis in a laceration sustained in fresh water. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the source of three types of soft tissue infection: ecthyma gangrenosum in neutropenic patients, hot tub folliculitis and cellulitis following a penetrating wound, like that sustained from stepping on a nail. Gram-negative bacillary (rod) cellulitis, like P. aeruginosa, is common among hospitalized, immunocompromised patients and may have multidrug resistance.

• #15 Cellulitis – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/bacterial-skin-infections/cellulitis

  Cellulitis is acute bacterial infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue most often caused by streptococci or staphylococci. […] The most common causes of cellulitis are Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus. Cellulitis is most often caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (eg, S. pyogenes) or S. aureus. The skin barrier is usually compromised. […] Less common causes of cellulitis are Group B streptococci (eg, S. agalactiae) in older adults with diabetes, Gram-negative bacilli (eg, Haemophilus influenzae) in children, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients with diabetes or neutropenia, hot tub or spa users, and patients who are hospitalized. […] Animal bites may result in cellulitis and are often polymicrobial; Pasteurella multocida is often the cause in cat bites, and Pasteurella or Capnocytophaga species are typically responsible in dog bites.

• #16 Cellulitis: Definition, Etiology, Diagnosis and Treatment | Journal of Ethics | American Medical Association

  https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/cellulitis-definition-etiology-diagnosis-and-treatment/2006-12

  Many other bacteria cause cellulitis. Haemophilus influenzae was once a major pathogen in facial cellulitis in young children, but these infections are now rare due to the type B vaccine. Pasteurella multocida is the pathogen in cellulitis associated with animal bites, mostly those of cats. Aeromonas hydrophila can cause an aggressive form of cellulitis in a laceration sustained in fresh water. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the source of three types of soft tissue infection: ecthyma gangrenosum in neutropenic patients, hot tub folliculitis and cellulitis following a penetrating wound, like that sustained from stepping on a nail. Gram-negative bacillary (rod) cellulitis, like P. aeruginosa, is common among hospitalized, immunocompromised patients and may have multidrug resistance.

• #17 Cellulitis: Definition, Etiology, Diagnosis and Treatment | Journal of Ethics | American Medical Association

  https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/cellulitis-definition-etiology-diagnosis-and-treatment/2006-12

  Many other bacteria cause cellulitis. Haemophilus influenzae was once a major pathogen in facial cellulitis in young children, but these infections are now rare due to the type B vaccine. Pasteurella multocida is the pathogen in cellulitis associated with animal bites, mostly those of cats. Aeromonas hydrophila can cause an aggressive form of cellulitis in a laceration sustained in fresh water. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the source of three types of soft tissue infection: ecthyma gangrenosum in neutropenic patients, hot tub folliculitis and cellulitis following a penetrating wound, like that sustained from stepping on a nail. Gram-negative bacillary (rod) cellulitis, like P. aeruginosa, is common among hospitalized, immunocompromised patients and may have multidrug resistance.

• #18 Cellulitis – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/bacterial-skin-infections/cellulitis

  Cellulitis is acute bacterial infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue most often caused by streptococci or staphylococci. […] The most common causes of cellulitis are Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus. Cellulitis is most often caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (eg, S. pyogenes) or S. aureus. The skin barrier is usually compromised. […] Less common causes of cellulitis are Group B streptococci (eg, S. agalactiae) in older adults with diabetes, Gram-negative bacilli (eg, Haemophilus influenzae) in children, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients with diabetes or neutropenia, hot tub or spa users, and patients who are hospitalized. […] Animal bites may result in cellulitis and are often polymicrobial; Pasteurella multocida is often the cause in cat bites, and Pasteurella or Capnocytophaga species are typically responsible in dog bites.

• #19 Cellulitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/214222-overview

  The term cellulitis commonly is used to indicate a nonnecrotizing inflammation of the skin and subcutaneous tissues, usually from acute infection. Cellulitis usually follows a breach in the skin, although a portal of entry may not be obvious; the breach may involve microscopic skin changes or invasive qualities of certain bacteria. […] The vast majority of cases of cellulitis are likely caused by Streptococcus pyogenes and, to a lesser degree, by Staphylococcus aureus. In rare cases, cellulitis results from the metastatic seeding of an organism from a distant focus of infection, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Distant seeding is particularly common in cellulitis due to S pneumoniae (pneumococcus) and marine Vibriospecies. Neisseria meningitidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Brucella species, and Legionella species have also been reported as rare causes of cellulitis resulting from hematogenous spread.

• #20 Cellulitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/214222-overview

  In individuals with normal host defenses, the most common causative organisms are group A streptococci (GAS) and S aureus. Group B Streptococcus cellulitis occurs in infants younger than 6 months because their immune responses are not fully developed, and it may also be seen in adults with comorbidities such as diabetes or liver disease. […] S aureus is the leading cause of SSTIs in injection drug users, followed by Streptococcus species. […] Gram-negative bacteria may cause bullous cellulitis in patients with cirrhosis. Early recognition is vital, because the course of the disease is rapid, typically progressing to septic shock and death. […] Various hospital-acquired infections following soft tissue trauma may lead to cellulitis. […] Cellulitis due to lymphatic obstruction or venectomy may be caused by nongroup A streptococci (ie, groups B, C, and G). […] Cellulitis can complicate varicella and may be identified by larger margins of erythema surrounding the vesicles. […] Although cellulitis can be complicated by abscess formation, it typically develops from an abscessogenic focus.

• #21 Cellulitis – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/bacterial-skin-infections/cellulitis

  Cellulitis is acute bacterial infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue most often caused by streptococci or staphylococci. […] The most common causes of cellulitis are Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus. Cellulitis is most often caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (eg, S. pyogenes) or S. aureus. The skin barrier is usually compromised. […] Less common causes of cellulitis are Group B streptococci (eg, S. agalactiae) in older adults with diabetes, Gram-negative bacilli (eg, Haemophilus influenzae) in children, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients with diabetes or neutropenia, hot tub or spa users, and patients who are hospitalized. […] Animal bites may result in cellulitis and are often polymicrobial; Pasteurella multocida is often the cause in cat bites, and Pasteurella or Capnocytophaga species are typically responsible in dog bites.

• #22 Cellulitis – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/bacterial-skin-infections/cellulitis

  Cellulitis is acute bacterial infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue most often caused by streptococci or staphylococci. […] The most common causes of cellulitis are Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus. Cellulitis is most often caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (eg, S. pyogenes) or S. aureus. The skin barrier is usually compromised. […] Less common causes of cellulitis are Group B streptococci (eg, S. agalactiae) in older adults with diabetes, Gram-negative bacilli (eg, Haemophilus influenzae) in children, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients with diabetes or neutropenia, hot tub or spa users, and patients who are hospitalized. […] Animal bites may result in cellulitis and are often polymicrobial; Pasteurella multocida is often the cause in cat bites, and Pasteurella or Capnocytophaga species are typically responsible in dog bites.

• #23 Cellulitis: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Recovery

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15071-cellulitis

  Cellulitis is a bacterial infection of your skin and the tissue beneath your skin. Anyone can get cellulitis, but the risk is higher if you have a skin wound that allows bacteria to enter your body easily or a weakened immune system. […] Many different bacteria can cause cellulitis. However, Streptococcus (strep) and Staphylococcus (staph) cause most cases of cellulitis. […] Cellulitis usually appears around damaged skin, but it also occurs in areas of your skin with poor hygiene. […] Approximately 33% of all people who have cellulitis get it again.

• #24 Cellulitis – Symptoms, Causes, Treatments, & More

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/cellulitis

  Cellulitis happens when there’s a break in the skin and bacteria get inside. It usually shows up on damaged skin such as inflamed wounds, dirty cuts, and areas with poor blood circulation. […] Although many different types of bacteria cause cellulitis, the two most common types are Group A streptococcus and Staphylococcus aureus. These bacteria live on your skin and underneath your fingernails. […] Bacteria get into a cut or tear in the skin from: An injury, Surgery, A skin condition such as eczema, athlete’s foot, or psoriasis, Foreign objects in the skin, Open wounds underneath the skin. […] Breaks in the skin are the most common cause of cellulitis. But it can also happen in areas that aren’t clean. […] You’re more likely to get cellulitis if you have lymphedema. That’s because a damaged lymph system can’t protect you as well against infections. […] Some types, such as cellulitis in the eye, can be very serious and can cause blindness. If your case of cellulitis isn’t treated, it also can spread to your lymph nodes and bloodstream, which can be life-threatening.

• #25 Cellulitis: Treatments, Causes, Symptoms, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/cellulitis

  Cellulitis occurs when certain types of bacteria enter the skin through a break in its surface. Staphylococcus and Streptococcus (strep) bacteria commonly cause cellulitis. […] Cellulitis can start in skin injuries, such as cuts, bug bites, and surgical wounds.

• #26 Cellulitis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000855.htm

  Cellulitis is a common skin infection caused by bacteria. It affects the middle layer of the skin (dermis) and the tissues below. Sometimes, muscle below the skin can be affected. […] Staphylococcus and streptococcus bacteria are the most common causes of cellulitis. […] Normal skin has many types of bacteria living on it. When there is a break in the skin, these bacteria can cause a skin infection. […] Risk factors for cellulitis include: Cracks or peeling skin between the toes, History of peripheral vascular disease, Injury or trauma with a break in the skin (skin wounds), Insect bites and stings, animal bites, or human bites, Ulcers from certain diseases, including diabetes and vascular disease, Use of corticosteroid medicines or other medicines that suppress the immune system, Wound from a recent surgery.

• #27 Cellulitis – Symptoms, Causes, Treatments, & More

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/cellulitis

  Cellulitis happens when there’s a break in the skin and bacteria get inside. It usually shows up on damaged skin such as inflamed wounds, dirty cuts, and areas with poor blood circulation. […] Although many different types of bacteria cause cellulitis, the two most common types are Group A streptococcus and Staphylococcus aureus. These bacteria live on your skin and underneath your fingernails. […] Bacteria get into a cut or tear in the skin from: An injury, Surgery, A skin condition such as eczema, athlete’s foot, or psoriasis, Foreign objects in the skin, Open wounds underneath the skin. […] Breaks in the skin are the most common cause of cellulitis. But it can also happen in areas that aren’t clean. […] You’re more likely to get cellulitis if you have lymphedema. That’s because a damaged lymph system can’t protect you as well against infections. […] Some types, such as cellulitis in the eye, can be very serious and can cause blindness. If your case of cellulitis isn’t treated, it also can spread to your lymph nodes and bloodstream, which can be life-threatening.

• #28 Cellulitis – symptoms, treatment and causes | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/cellulitis

  Cellulitis is usually caused by a bacterial infection. Group A streptococcus and staphylococcus aureus (staph) are the most common bacteria involved. These bacteria normally live on your skin without causing any harm, but if your skin is broken they can infect your tissues and cause cellulitis. The infection usually happens when bacteria enter your skin through an ulcer, cut, scratch or insect bite. It can also happen if you already have a skin problem like eczema, psoriasis, scabies or acne, or after surgery. However, it may happen without any visible damage to your skin. […] A common cause of cellulitis is scratching your skin with dirty fingernails that carry bacteria. […] Youre more likely to get cellulitis if you have a skin condition that makes you itchy and are more likely to scratch. […] Youre also more likely to get cellulitis if you: smoke, live with obesity, have diabetes, have poor circulation or a weakened immune system, have swelling in an arm or leg, such as with lymphoedema.

• #29 Cellulitis From an Infected Bug Bite

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21522-cellulitis-from-a-bug-bite

  Bug bites create teeny holes in your skin that can allow bacteria to fall in. […] Bacteria like Streptococcus (strep) or Staphylococcus aureus (staph) can enter your skin after a bug bite. Once inside, they start laying the groundwork for the skin infection cellulitis, which can make you sick. […] Its worth noting that bug bites arent the only way to get cellulitis. Any open wound or scratch can allow bacteria in and lead to cellulitis. It can also happen if your skin isnt kept clean. […] Cellulitis is a bacterial infection that requires medical attention and, likely, a round of antibiotics. Left untreated, cellulitis can spread and become more severe, so its important not to let it fester.

• #30 Cellulitis

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/cellulitis/

  Cellulitis is usually caused by a bacterial infection. The bacteria can infect the deeper layers of your skin if it’s broken. For example, because of an insect bite or cut, or if it’s cracked and dry. […] You cannot catch cellulitis from another person as it affects the deeper layers of the skin. […] You’re more at risk of cellulitis if you: have poor circulation in your arms, legs, hands or feet; find it difficult to move around; have a weakened immune system because of chemotherapy treatment or diabetes; have bedsores or pressure ulcers; have lymphoedema, which causes fluid build-up under the skin; inject drugs; have a wound from surgery; have had cellulitis before.

• #31 Cellulitis – symptoms, treatment and causes | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/cellulitis

  Cellulitis is usually caused by a bacterial infection. Group A streptococcus and staphylococcus aureus (staph) are the most common bacteria involved. These bacteria normally live on your skin without causing any harm, but if your skin is broken they can infect your tissues and cause cellulitis. The infection usually happens when bacteria enter your skin through an ulcer, cut, scratch or insect bite. It can also happen if you already have a skin problem like eczema, psoriasis, scabies or acne, or after surgery. However, it may happen without any visible damage to your skin. […] A common cause of cellulitis is scratching your skin with dirty fingernails that carry bacteria. […] Youre more likely to get cellulitis if you have a skin condition that makes you itchy and are more likely to scratch. […] Youre also more likely to get cellulitis if you: smoke, live with obesity, have diabetes, have poor circulation or a weakened immune system, have swelling in an arm or leg, such as with lymphoedema.

• #32 Cellulitis: Who gets and causes

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/cellulitis-causes

  Cracks in the skin offer another way for the bacteria to get in. People who have eczema, athletes foot, or very dry skin often have deep cracks in their skin. Bacteria can get into the body through these cracks. […] If any of the following apply to you, you have a higher risk. […] The following can increase your risk because they either make it easier for bacteria to get inside your body or harder for your body to fight the bacteria: Athletes foot, Atopic dermatitis (eczema), Cellulitis (already had), Chemotherapy (undergoing), Corticosteroids (taking), Diabetes (poorly controlled), HIV or AIDS, Kidney disease (long-term), Liver disease (long-term), Lymphedema, Medicine taken to prevent rejecting a transplanted organ, Poor circulation and a related condition like stasis dermatitis or a leg ulcer, Surgery (recent).

• #33 Cellulitis: Types, Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/cellulitis/article.htm

  A preexisting skin infection, such as an athlete’s foot (tinea pedis), fungal infection in moist skin creases (intertrigo), or impetigo, can be a risk factor for the development of cellulitis; tinea pedis and intertrigo between the toes (toe web intertrigo) are a common cause in those with chronic edema. […] People who have diabetes or diseases that compromise the function of the immune system (for example, advanced or poorly controlled HIV/AIDS, or those receiving chemotherapy or drugs that suppress the immune system) are particularly prone to developing cellulitis. […] Conditions or diseases that reduce the circulation of blood in the veins or that reduce the circulation of the lymphatic fluid (such as varicose veins or venous insufficiency, obesity, pregnancy, or previous surgeries) also increase the risk of developing cellulitis.

• #34 Cellulitis | Causes and Treatment | The Dermatology & Skin Cancer Surgery Center at Creedmoor

  https://www.creedmoorskinsurgerycenter.com/conditions/cellulitis

  Cellulitis is caused by either Staphylococcus or Streptococcus bacteria. […] A break or cut in the skin causes the bacteria to enter the body, which leads to an active infection. […] Cracking or peeling skin between the toes. […] Insect bites or stings. […] Yes, eczema can make the skin more susceptible to developing cellulitis. […] The compromised skin barrier in eczematous areas allows bacteria, including the types that cause cellulitis, to more easily enter the skin, increasing the risk of developing infections like cellulitis.

• #35 Cellulitis: Who gets and causes

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/cellulitis-causes

  Cracks in the skin offer another way for the bacteria to get in. People who have eczema, athletes foot, or very dry skin often have deep cracks in their skin. Bacteria can get into the body through these cracks. […] If any of the following apply to you, you have a higher risk. […] The following can increase your risk because they either make it easier for bacteria to get inside your body or harder for your body to fight the bacteria: Athletes foot, Atopic dermatitis (eczema), Cellulitis (already had), Chemotherapy (undergoing), Corticosteroids (taking), Diabetes (poorly controlled), HIV or AIDS, Kidney disease (long-term), Liver disease (long-term), Lymphedema, Medicine taken to prevent rejecting a transplanted organ, Poor circulation and a related condition like stasis dermatitis or a leg ulcer, Surgery (recent).

• #36 Cellulitis: Who gets and causes

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/cellulitis-causes

  Cracks in the skin offer another way for the bacteria to get in. People who have eczema, athletes foot, or very dry skin often have deep cracks in their skin. Bacteria can get into the body through these cracks. […] If any of the following apply to you, you have a higher risk. […] The following can increase your risk because they either make it easier for bacteria to get inside your body or harder for your body to fight the bacteria: Athletes foot, Atopic dermatitis (eczema), Cellulitis (already had), Chemotherapy (undergoing), Corticosteroids (taking), Diabetes (poorly controlled), HIV or AIDS, Kidney disease (long-term), Liver disease (long-term), Lymphedema, Medicine taken to prevent rejecting a transplanted organ, Poor circulation and a related condition like stasis dermatitis or a leg ulcer, Surgery (recent).

• #37 Cellulitis: Types, Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/cellulitis/article.htm

  A preexisting skin infection, such as an athlete’s foot (tinea pedis), fungal infection in moist skin creases (intertrigo), or impetigo, can be a risk factor for the development of cellulitis; tinea pedis and intertrigo between the toes (toe web intertrigo) are a common cause in those with chronic edema. […] People who have diabetes or diseases that compromise the function of the immune system (for example, advanced or poorly controlled HIV/AIDS, or those receiving chemotherapy or drugs that suppress the immune system) are particularly prone to developing cellulitis. […] Conditions or diseases that reduce the circulation of blood in the veins or that reduce the circulation of the lymphatic fluid (such as varicose veins or venous insufficiency, obesity, pregnancy, or previous surgeries) also increase the risk of developing cellulitis.

• #38 Cellulitis Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention | Everyday Health

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/cellulitis/causes-risk-factors-prevention/

  You can also get cellulitis when another skin condition causes a break in your skin. Such conditions include athletes foot, contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, shingles, and chickenpox. […] Having one bout of cellulitis increases your chances of another infection. […] Excess weight puts you at risk for cellulitis, because being overweight can make it harder for the body to fight infections. […] Fluid buildup in the arms and legs, called lymphedema, increases the risk for cellulitis. […] Previous research indicates that skin infections, including cellulitis, are common among injection drug users, particularly when users inject directly into skin or muscle tissue, rather than into a vein.

• #39 Cellulitis: Types, Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/cellulitis/article.htm

  A preexisting skin infection, such as an athlete’s foot (tinea pedis), fungal infection in moist skin creases (intertrigo), or impetigo, can be a risk factor for the development of cellulitis; tinea pedis and intertrigo between the toes (toe web intertrigo) are a common cause in those with chronic edema. […] People who have diabetes or diseases that compromise the function of the immune system (for example, advanced or poorly controlled HIV/AIDS, or those receiving chemotherapy or drugs that suppress the immune system) are particularly prone to developing cellulitis. […] Conditions or diseases that reduce the circulation of blood in the veins or that reduce the circulation of the lymphatic fluid (such as varicose veins or venous insufficiency, obesity, pregnancy, or previous surgeries) also increase the risk of developing cellulitis.

• #40 Cellulitis Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention | Everyday Health

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/cellulitis/causes-risk-factors-prevention/

  Cellulitis is most often caused by bacteria that enters the body through a break in the skin. […] The two types of bacteria that cause most cases of cellulitis are Staphylococcus (staph) and Streptococcus (strep). […] More commonly, cellulitis starts with a minor scratch, cut, abrasion, bug bite, or another skin injury. […] Certain conditions raise the risk of developing cellulitis and other skin infections. Those conditions include having a weakened immune system, having a history of cellulitis or other skin problems (such as psoriasis or eczema), being obese or overweight, lymphedema, and use of illicit injectable drugs. […] A weakened immune system makes the task of invading bacteria easier, as it has less of a burden to contend with when it invades tissues, explains Adalja. […] Cellulitis can occur as a complication of impetigo, a bacterial skin infection of the top layer of skin.

• #41 Cellulitis – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/cellulitis

  Cellulitis is a common skin infection caused by bacteria. It affects the middle layer of the skin (dermis) and the tissues below. Sometimes, muscle below the skin can be affected. […] Staphylococcus and streptococcus bacteria are the most common causes of cellulitis. […] Normal skin has many types of bacteria living on it. When there is a break in the skin, these bacteria can cause a skin infection.

• #42 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-Causes-Cellulitis.aspx

  People with chicken pox or shingles may have a weakened immunity as well as blisters creating openings in the skin and increasing the chance of infection in the deeper skin layers. […] Some of the microbes specifically associated with conditions that can increase the risk for cellulitis include: Diabetes Staphylococcus aureus, group B streptococci; Weakened immunity Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Liver cirrhosis Vibrio vulnificus, campylobacter fetus; Intravenous drug misuse MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

• #43 Cellulitis | Sepsis Alliance

  https://www.sepsis.org/sepsisand/cellulitis/

  Skin conditions or disorders: Skin conditions and disorders can cause breaks in the skin. These include eczema, shingles, even so-called childhood illnesses like chickenpox. […] Lymphedema: Lymphedema is a swelling of an arm or leg, most commonly caused by the removal of or damage to the lymph nodes as a part of cancer treatment. The swollen and stretched skin can crack. […] Obesity: People who are obese have a higher risk of having cellulitis and of getting it again. […] History of cellulitis: If you’ve had cellulitis before, you have a higher risk of getting it again. […] People who are malnourished are also at higher risk of contracting infections.

• #44 Cellulitis: Treatment, types, and symptoms

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/152663

  Cellulitis is usually the result of bacteria from the Streptococcus and Staphylococcus groups. […] These bacteria are common on the skins surface, where they are not harmful. […] However, if they enter the skin, usually through a cut or scratch, they can cause an infection. […] Cellulitis is not usually contagious but can be spread through contact if a person with an open wound touches skin that has an active infection.

• #45 Cellulitis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cellulitis/

  Cellulitis is usually caused by a bacterial infection. […] The bacteria can infect the deeper layers of your skin if it’s broken, for example, because of an insect bite or cut, or if it’s cracked and dry. […] You cannot catch cellulitis from another person, as it affects the deeper layers of the skin. […] You’re more at risk of cellulitis if you: have poor circulation in your arms, legs, hands or feet, for example, because you’re overweight; find it difficult to move around; have a weakened immune system, for example, because of chemotherapy treatment or diabetes; have lymphoedema, which causes fluid build-up under the skin; inject drugs; have a wound from surgery; have had cellulitis before.

• #46 Recurrent Cellulitis: Who is at Risk and How Effective is Antibiotic Prophylaxis?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9379124/

  Recurrent cellulitis following successful treatment is common and prevention should be a major component in the management of cellulitis. Conditions that increase the risk of recurrence include chronic edema, venous disease, dermatomycosis and obesity. […] The role of non-antibiotic measures is important and should be first-line in prevention. Antibiotic prophylaxis is effective, but its role is limited to non-purulent cellulitis where risk factors are appropriately managed. […] Reducing the risk of recurrence involves the identification and management of risk factors and instituting preventative measures, which may include antibiotic prophylaxis. […] The main risk factors that are more likely to be associated with recurrent episodes of cellulitis are local conditions such as diseases of the skin particularly chronic edema, dermatomycosis and venous insufficiency.

• #47 Cellulitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/214222-overview

  Certain host factors predispose to severe infection. The elderly and individuals with diabetes mellitus are at risk for more severe disease. In addition, patients with diabetes, immunodeficiency, cancer, venous stasis, chronic liver disease, peripheral arterial disease, and chronic kidney disease appear to be at higher risk for recurrent infection because of an altered host immune response. […] Cellulitis due to lymphatic obstruction or venectomy may be caused by nongroup A streptococci (ie, groups B, C, and G). […] Immunogenetic factors may play a role in some families who have an underlying susceptibility to an infection progressing to cellulitis. Other factors that affect host immunity and predispose to cellulitis include concurrent intravenous or subcutaneous skin popping drug use; infections in this setting may be polymicrobial, but community-acquired methicillin-resistant S aureus (CA-MRSA) is the most common pathogen in these patients.

• #48 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-Causes-Cellulitis.aspx

  People with diabetes are more prone to cellulitis than the general population as they are more likely to have an impaired immune system. The feet are particularly susceptible because diabetes can reduce circulation in the legs and lead to the development of foot ulcers. In addition, the peripheral neuropathy caused by diabetes can prevent a person form feeling pain as a result of the ulcer, which goes undetected while infection progresses. […] Individuals with a weakened immunity such as the elderly, those taking steroids or chemotherapy agents and people with HIV/AIDS are at an increased risk of cellulitis. […] People with poor blood circulation due to conditions such as varicose veins are at an increased risk of cellulitis. […] Cellulitis is more common in individuals with lymphoedema which is characterized by swelling due to tissue fluid retention. A dysfunctional lymphatic system may fail to drain fluids from tissues and also prevent infection-fighting white blood cells from reaching certain areas.

• #49 Cellulitis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cellulitis/

  Cellulitis is usually caused by a bacterial infection. […] The bacteria can infect the deeper layers of your skin if it’s broken, for example, because of an insect bite or cut, or if it’s cracked and dry. […] You cannot catch cellulitis from another person, as it affects the deeper layers of the skin. […] You’re more at risk of cellulitis if you: have poor circulation in your arms, legs, hands or feet, for example, because you’re overweight; find it difficult to move around; have a weakened immune system, for example, because of chemotherapy treatment or diabetes; have lymphoedema, which causes fluid build-up under the skin; inject drugs; have a wound from surgery; have had cellulitis before.

• #50 Recurrent Cellulitis: Who is at Risk and How Effective is Antibiotic Prophylaxis?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9379124/

  Patients with cancer can have a fourfold risk of recurrence of cellulitis. […] Diabetes is a systemic illness that is associated with multisystem pathology and common infections. […] Cellulitis located in the lower limbs has the highest risk of recurrence given much of the pathology related to cellulitis occurs at this anatomical site. […] A predictive model on risk factors derived from a population-based retrospective cohort study for recurrent cellulitis based on the presence of tibial area involvement, prior malignancy and dermatitis estimated a risk of recurrence from 17.3%, 50.6% and 92.8% depending on the number of risk factors. […] Recurrent episodes can occur after successful treatment of cellulitis. Conditions that commonly increase the risk of cellulitis include chronic edema, venous disease, dermatomycosis and obesity.

• #51

  https://continentalhospitals.com/diseases/cellulitis/

  Cellulitis is a bacterial skin infection that affects the deeper layers of the skin and underlying tissue. Commonly caused by streptococcus or staphylococcus bacteria entering through a cut or crack in the skin, cellulitis can spread rapidly if not treated promptly with antibiotics. […] Several factors can contribute to its development: […] Bacterial Entry: Normally, bacteria such as Staphylococcus and Streptococcus can enter the skin through cuts, cracks, insect bites, or surgical wounds. […] Skin Breaks: Any break in the skin barrier, including cuts, scrapes, burns, surgical incisions, or puncture wounds, allows bacteria to invade deeper tissues. […] Impaired Circulation: Conditions like diabetes or peripheral vascular disease can impair blood flow to the skin, making it more susceptible to infections.

• #52 Cellulitis

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/cellulitis/

  Cellulitis is usually caused by a bacterial infection. The bacteria can infect the deeper layers of your skin if it’s broken. For example, because of an insect bite or cut, or if it’s cracked and dry. […] You cannot catch cellulitis from another person as it affects the deeper layers of the skin. […] You’re more at risk of cellulitis if you: have poor circulation in your arms, legs, hands or feet; find it difficult to move around; have a weakened immune system because of chemotherapy treatment or diabetes; have bedsores or pressure ulcers; have lymphoedema, which causes fluid build-up under the skin; inject drugs; have a wound from surgery; have had cellulitis before.

• #53 Cellulitis: Who gets and causes

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/cellulitis-causes

  Cracks in the skin offer another way for the bacteria to get in. People who have eczema, athletes foot, or very dry skin often have deep cracks in their skin. Bacteria can get into the body through these cracks. […] If any of the following apply to you, you have a higher risk. […] The following can increase your risk because they either make it easier for bacteria to get inside your body or harder for your body to fight the bacteria: Athletes foot, Atopic dermatitis (eczema), Cellulitis (already had), Chemotherapy (undergoing), Corticosteroids (taking), Diabetes (poorly controlled), HIV or AIDS, Kidney disease (long-term), Liver disease (long-term), Lymphedema, Medicine taken to prevent rejecting a transplanted organ, Poor circulation and a related condition like stasis dermatitis or a leg ulcer, Surgery (recent).

• #54 Wound Care Today | May 2025

  https://www.woundcare-today.com/journals/issue/wound-care-today/article/differentiating-between-cellulitis-erysipelas-and-alternative-causes-of-red-legs-wct

  Lymphoedema increases the risk as impaired lymphatic drainage provides a static pool of protein-rich lymph, which is an excellent medium for bacterial growth (Beldon and Burton, 2005). […] There are multiple physical barriers and active protective mechanisms which fend off invasion of bacteria in the skin (Cranendonk et al, 2017). […] Intact, well perfused skin will prevent infection, however, there are risk factors, such as old age, diabetes and obesity which may affect the immunity, circulation and integrity of the skin and pose a relatively high risk of cellulitis. […] However, Cranendonk et al (2017) have suggested that a previous history of cellulitis is the biggest risk factor. […] Ageing skin is associated with atrophy, often combined with poor circulation, a less efficient immune system, together with comorbidities such as diabetes or congestive cardiac failure (Cranendonk et al, 2017).

• #55 Recurrent Cellulitis: Who is at Risk and How Effective is Antibiotic Prophylaxis?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9379124/

  Patients with cancer can have a fourfold risk of recurrence of cellulitis. […] Diabetes is a systemic illness that is associated with multisystem pathology and common infections. […] Cellulitis located in the lower limbs has the highest risk of recurrence given much of the pathology related to cellulitis occurs at this anatomical site. […] A predictive model on risk factors derived from a population-based retrospective cohort study for recurrent cellulitis based on the presence of tibial area involvement, prior malignancy and dermatitis estimated a risk of recurrence from 17.3%, 50.6% and 92.8% depending on the number of risk factors. […] Recurrent episodes can occur after successful treatment of cellulitis. Conditions that commonly increase the risk of cellulitis include chronic edema, venous disease, dermatomycosis and obesity.

• #56 Cellulitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/214222-overview

  Certain host factors predispose to severe infection. The elderly and individuals with diabetes mellitus are at risk for more severe disease. In addition, patients with diabetes, immunodeficiency, cancer, venous stasis, chronic liver disease, peripheral arterial disease, and chronic kidney disease appear to be at higher risk for recurrent infection because of an altered host immune response. […] Cellulitis due to lymphatic obstruction or venectomy may be caused by nongroup A streptococci (ie, groups B, C, and G). […] Immunogenetic factors may play a role in some families who have an underlying susceptibility to an infection progressing to cellulitis. Other factors that affect host immunity and predispose to cellulitis include concurrent intravenous or subcutaneous skin popping drug use; infections in this setting may be polymicrobial, but community-acquired methicillin-resistant S aureus (CA-MRSA) is the most common pathogen in these patients.

• #57 Cellulitis | Sepsis Alliance

  https://www.sepsis.org/sepsisand/cellulitis/

  Skin conditions or disorders: Skin conditions and disorders can cause breaks in the skin. These include eczema, shingles, even so-called childhood illnesses like chickenpox. […] Lymphedema: Lymphedema is a swelling of an arm or leg, most commonly caused by the removal of or damage to the lymph nodes as a part of cancer treatment. The swollen and stretched skin can crack. […] Obesity: People who are obese have a higher risk of having cellulitis and of getting it again. […] History of cellulitis: If you’ve had cellulitis before, you have a higher risk of getting it again. […] People who are malnourished are also at higher risk of contracting infections.

• #58 Wound Care Today | May 2025

  https://www.woundcare-today.com/journals/issue/wound-care-today/article/differentiating-between-cellulitis-erysipelas-and-alternative-causes-of-red-legs-wct

  Furthermore, if the patient is malnourished, there may be impaired wound healing, decreased skin elasticity and integrity (Kish et al, 2010). […] In patients who are morbidly obese, the skin is more susceptible to damage and may also take longer to repair (Yosipovitch et al, 2007). […] Indeed, it has been suggested that obesity causes changes in skin barrier function, the lymph system, collagen structure and function, and wound healing. […] The evidence also suggests that the vascular and macro and microcirculation may be impaired in obese patients (Huttunen and Syrjanen, 2013). […] In addition, adipose tissue contains adipokine, which impairs the inflammatory response and obese patients tend to have dry skin, and impaired skin barrier and lymphatic flow (Cheong et al 2019), all of which increase the risk of skin infections. […] Seasonal variations have also been observed, with streptococcal skin infections occurring more frequently in the winter months in cold climates and higher erysipelas rates in the summer in warmer countries (Pereira de Godoy et al, 2010).

• #59 Recurrent Cellulitis: Who is at Risk and How Effective is Antibiotic Prophylaxis?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9379124/

  Chronic edema is a major risk factor for cellulitis. […] Chronic edema impairs cell nutrition and oxygenation, compromising tissue viability. […] The main causes of chronic edema are lymphedema, venous insufficiency, obesity and immobility and is often multifactorial. […] Chronic venous disease with venous stasis dermatitis can mimic cellulitis, particularly when there is bilateral involvement. It can also predispose to bacterial cellulitis. […] Chronic wounds and ulcers act as a portal of entry for pathogenic bacteria. […] Chronic and recurrent dermatomycosis including tinea pedis and onychomycosis are frequently associated with an increased risk of recurrent cellulitis. […] Obesity has been associated with multiple comorbidities and is a risk factor for cellulitis by several mechanisms.

• #60 Cellulitis: Causes, Treatment, Types, Symptoms & Antibiotics

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/cellulitis/article_em.htm

  Cellulitis is a common infection of the skin and the soft tissues underneath the skin. Bacterial skin infections and soft tissue infections occur when bacteria invade broken or normal skin and start to spread under the skin and into the soft tissues. Infection results in inflammation, which is a process in which the body reacts to the bacteria. Inflammation may cause swelling, redness, pain, and/or warmth. […] People at increased risk for developing cellulitis include those with trauma to the skin or other medical problems such as the following risk factors: Diabetes (high blood sugar), Circulatory problems causing inadequate blood flow to the limbs (peripheral arterial disease), Poor venous or lymphatic circulation (lymphedema), such as after surgical vein harvesting or varicose veins, Liver diseases, such as chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis, Iron overload conditions, such as hemochromatosis or conditions that require frequent blood transfusions, Skin disorders, such as eczema, psoriasis, infectious diseases that cause skin lesions such as chickenpox, athlete’s foot, or severe acne.

• #61 Recurrent Cellulitis: Who is at Risk and How Effective is Antibiotic Prophylaxis?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9379124/

  Chronic edema is a major risk factor for cellulitis. […] Chronic edema impairs cell nutrition and oxygenation, compromising tissue viability. […] The main causes of chronic edema are lymphedema, venous insufficiency, obesity and immobility and is often multifactorial. […] Chronic venous disease with venous stasis dermatitis can mimic cellulitis, particularly when there is bilateral involvement. It can also predispose to bacterial cellulitis. […] Chronic wounds and ulcers act as a portal of entry for pathogenic bacteria. […] Chronic and recurrent dermatomycosis including tinea pedis and onychomycosis are frequently associated with an increased risk of recurrent cellulitis. […] Obesity has been associated with multiple comorbidities and is a risk factor for cellulitis by several mechanisms.

• #62 Recurrent Cellulitis: Who is at Risk and How Effective is Antibiotic Prophylaxis?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9379124/

  Chronic edema is a major risk factor for cellulitis. […] Chronic edema impairs cell nutrition and oxygenation, compromising tissue viability. […] The main causes of chronic edema are lymphedema, venous insufficiency, obesity and immobility and is often multifactorial. […] Chronic venous disease with venous stasis dermatitis can mimic cellulitis, particularly when there is bilateral involvement. It can also predispose to bacterial cellulitis. […] Chronic wounds and ulcers act as a portal of entry for pathogenic bacteria. […] Chronic and recurrent dermatomycosis including tinea pedis and onychomycosis are frequently associated with an increased risk of recurrent cellulitis. […] Obesity has been associated with multiple comorbidities and is a risk factor for cellulitis by several mechanisms.

• #63

  https://continentalhospitals.com/diseases/cellulitis/

  Cellulitis is a bacterial skin infection that affects the deeper layers of the skin and underlying tissue. Commonly caused by streptococcus or staphylococcus bacteria entering through a cut or crack in the skin, cellulitis can spread rapidly if not treated promptly with antibiotics. […] Several factors can contribute to its development: […] Bacterial Entry: Normally, bacteria such as Staphylococcus and Streptococcus can enter the skin through cuts, cracks, insect bites, or surgical wounds. […] Skin Breaks: Any break in the skin barrier, including cuts, scrapes, burns, surgical incisions, or puncture wounds, allows bacteria to invade deeper tissues. […] Impaired Circulation: Conditions like diabetes or peripheral vascular disease can impair blood flow to the skin, making it more susceptible to infections.

• #64 Cellulitis: Treatment and When to Worry

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-cellulitis-1958753

  Cellulitis occurs when bacteria enter a break in the skin, most often in the legs and feet. This could be a nick, cut, or tear caused by an injury, surgery, bug bite, or needle. It could also be a breakdown of the skin’s integrity due to a skin condition like eczema or athletes foot, often with itching. […] Cellulitis infections are often caused by the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus known as MRSA) and Group A Streptococcus. Many cases of Staph aureus are now resistant to the antibiotics that once worked. […] Certain conditions can increase the risk of cellulitis. Diabetes, for example, makes both infection and cellulitis complications more likely. Other factors and conditions that increase risk include: Age, Obesity, Varicose veins (or certain surgical treatments for them), Chickenpox or shingles, Chronic leg edema (swelling), as with heart failure, Alcohol misuse and liver cirrhosis, Immune system compromise, Breast cancer treatment (leading to lymphedema).

• #65

  https://continentalhospitals.com/diseases/cellulitis/

  Weakened Immune System: Individuals with weakened immune systems, from conditions like HIV/AIDS, or from immunosuppressive medications, are at higher risk. […] Chronic Swelling: Lymphedema or chronic swelling of the legs can create an environment where bacteria can thrive and enter the skin more easily. […] Skin Conditions: Pre-existing skin conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, or athlete’s foot can compromise the skin’s integrity, making it easier for bacteria to invade. […] Intravenous Drug Use: Injecting drugs increases the risk of introducing bacteria directly into the bloodstream and subsequently into the skin. […] Obesity: Obesity can lead to folds and creases in the skin where bacteria can accumulate and cause infections.

• #66 Wound Care Today | May 2025

  https://www.woundcare-today.com/journals/issue/wound-care-today/article/differentiating-between-cellulitis-erysipelas-and-alternative-causes-of-red-legs-wct

  Lymphoedema increases the risk as impaired lymphatic drainage provides a static pool of protein-rich lymph, which is an excellent medium for bacterial growth (Beldon and Burton, 2005). […] There are multiple physical barriers and active protective mechanisms which fend off invasion of bacteria in the skin (Cranendonk et al, 2017). […] Intact, well perfused skin will prevent infection, however, there are risk factors, such as old age, diabetes and obesity which may affect the immunity, circulation and integrity of the skin and pose a relatively high risk of cellulitis. […] However, Cranendonk et al (2017) have suggested that a previous history of cellulitis is the biggest risk factor. […] Ageing skin is associated with atrophy, often combined with poor circulation, a less efficient immune system, together with comorbidities such as diabetes or congestive cardiac failure (Cranendonk et al, 2017).

• #67 Cellulitis: Treatment and When to Worry

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-cellulitis-1958753

  Cellulitis occurs when bacteria enter a break in the skin, most often in the legs and feet. This could be a nick, cut, or tear caused by an injury, surgery, bug bite, or needle. It could also be a breakdown of the skin’s integrity due to a skin condition like eczema or athletes foot, often with itching. […] Cellulitis infections are often caused by the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus known as MRSA) and Group A Streptococcus. Many cases of Staph aureus are now resistant to the antibiotics that once worked. […] Certain conditions can increase the risk of cellulitis. Diabetes, for example, makes both infection and cellulitis complications more likely. Other factors and conditions that increase risk include: Age, Obesity, Varicose veins (or certain surgical treatments for them), Chickenpox or shingles, Chronic leg edema (swelling), as with heart failure, Alcohol misuse and liver cirrhosis, Immune system compromise, Breast cancer treatment (leading to lymphedema).

• #68 Cellulitis: Who gets and causes

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/cellulitis-causes

  Cellulitis is common, and anyone can get this infection. Its estimated that 14.5 million cases of cellulitis are diagnosed in the United States each year. […] The number of people who get cellulitis is expected to grow. Thats because more people than ever have an increased risk because they are: Middle-aged or older, Overweight or obese, Diabetic, especially if the diabetes is poorly controlled. All of these decrease the bodys ability to fight an infection. […] Bacteria cause cellulitis. Streptococcus (strep) and Staphylococcus (staph) are responsible for most cases of cellulitis. MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staph aureus) and other bacteria can also cause cellulitis. […] The bacteria may get inside the body when we injure our skin. An injury can be obvious, such as an open sore or severe burn. Cuts, scratches, and abrasions also provide a way for the bacteria to get inside.

• #69 Cellulitis Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention | Everyday Health

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/cellulitis/causes-risk-factors-prevention/

  Cellulitis is most often caused by bacteria that enters the body through a break in the skin. […] The two types of bacteria that cause most cases of cellulitis are Staphylococcus (staph) and Streptococcus (strep). […] More commonly, cellulitis starts with a minor scratch, cut, abrasion, bug bite, or another skin injury. […] Certain conditions raise the risk of developing cellulitis and other skin infections. Those conditions include having a weakened immune system, having a history of cellulitis or other skin problems (such as psoriasis or eczema), being obese or overweight, lymphedema, and use of illicit injectable drugs. […] A weakened immune system makes the task of invading bacteria easier, as it has less of a burden to contend with when it invades tissues, explains Adalja. […] Cellulitis can occur as a complication of impetigo, a bacterial skin infection of the top layer of skin.

• #70 Wound Care Today | May 2025

  https://www.woundcare-today.com/journals/issue/wound-care-today/article/differentiating-between-cellulitis-erysipelas-and-alternative-causes-of-red-legs-wct

  Furthermore, if the patient is malnourished, there may be impaired wound healing, decreased skin elasticity and integrity (Kish et al, 2010). […] In patients who are morbidly obese, the skin is more susceptible to damage and may also take longer to repair (Yosipovitch et al, 2007). […] Indeed, it has been suggested that obesity causes changes in skin barrier function, the lymph system, collagen structure and function, and wound healing. […] The evidence also suggests that the vascular and macro and microcirculation may be impaired in obese patients (Huttunen and Syrjanen, 2013). […] In addition, adipose tissue contains adipokine, which impairs the inflammatory response and obese patients tend to have dry skin, and impaired skin barrier and lymphatic flow (Cheong et al 2019), all of which increase the risk of skin infections. […] Seasonal variations have also been observed, with streptococcal skin infections occurring more frequently in the winter months in cold climates and higher erysipelas rates in the summer in warmer countries (Pereira de Godoy et al, 2010).

• #71 Cellulitis: How to prevent it from returning

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/cellulitis-self-care

  If youve had cellulitis, you have a higher risk of getting it again. […] Having another medical condition can increase your risk of getting cellulitis again. […] While there is no cure for lymphedema, it can be treated with exercise, compression bandages, elevation, and drainage. […] Research shows that if you are overweight or obese and lose weight, you reduce your risk of getting cellulitis again. […] While more research is needed to know whether smoking increases your risk of getting cellulitis again, research suggests it might. […] More research is also needed to know whether alcohol increases your risk of getting cellulitis again. Current research suggests that heavy drinking increases the risk.

• #72 Cellulitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/214222-overview

  Certain host factors predispose to severe infection. The elderly and individuals with diabetes mellitus are at risk for more severe disease. In addition, patients with diabetes, immunodeficiency, cancer, venous stasis, chronic liver disease, peripheral arterial disease, and chronic kidney disease appear to be at higher risk for recurrent infection because of an altered host immune response. […] Cellulitis due to lymphatic obstruction or venectomy may be caused by nongroup A streptococci (ie, groups B, C, and G). […] Immunogenetic factors may play a role in some families who have an underlying susceptibility to an infection progressing to cellulitis. Other factors that affect host immunity and predispose to cellulitis include concurrent intravenous or subcutaneous skin popping drug use; infections in this setting may be polymicrobial, but community-acquired methicillin-resistant S aureus (CA-MRSA) is the most common pathogen in these patients.

• #73 Cellulitis Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention | Everyday Health

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/cellulitis/causes-risk-factors-prevention/

  You can also get cellulitis when another skin condition causes a break in your skin. Such conditions include athletes foot, contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, shingles, and chickenpox. […] Having one bout of cellulitis increases your chances of another infection. […] Excess weight puts you at risk for cellulitis, because being overweight can make it harder for the body to fight infections. […] Fluid buildup in the arms and legs, called lymphedema, increases the risk for cellulitis. […] Previous research indicates that skin infections, including cellulitis, are common among injection drug users, particularly when users inject directly into skin or muscle tissue, rather than into a vein.

• #74 Cellulitis: How to prevent it from returning

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/cellulitis-self-care

  If youve had cellulitis, you have a higher risk of getting it again. […] Having another medical condition can increase your risk of getting cellulitis again. […] While there is no cure for lymphedema, it can be treated with exercise, compression bandages, elevation, and drainage. […] Research shows that if you are overweight or obese and lose weight, you reduce your risk of getting cellulitis again. […] While more research is needed to know whether smoking increases your risk of getting cellulitis again, research suggests it might. […] More research is also needed to know whether alcohol increases your risk of getting cellulitis again. Current research suggests that heavy drinking increases the risk.

• #75 Cellulitis: How to prevent it from returning

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/cellulitis-self-care

  If youve had cellulitis, you have a higher risk of getting it again. […] Having another medical condition can increase your risk of getting cellulitis again. […] While there is no cure for lymphedema, it can be treated with exercise, compression bandages, elevation, and drainage. […] Research shows that if you are overweight or obese and lose weight, you reduce your risk of getting cellulitis again. […] While more research is needed to know whether smoking increases your risk of getting cellulitis again, research suggests it might. […] More research is also needed to know whether alcohol increases your risk of getting cellulitis again. Current research suggests that heavy drinking increases the risk.

• #76 Cellulitis in Nursing Homes: A Sign of Nursing Home Neglect

  https://nursinghomesabuse.org/nursing-home-injuries/infections/cellulitis/

  Cellulitis in nursing homes is often caused by factors that make elderly residents more susceptible to bacterial infections. Some common conditions make cellulitis more likely to develop and spread in nursing homes: […] As people age, their skin becomes thinner, more fragile, and prone to injury. Chronic conditions such as diabetes can also contribute to poor skin integrity. In nursing homes, residents might be at a higher risk for skin breakdown due to bedsores, pressure ulcers, or wounds, which can serve as entry points for bacteria. […] Aging is often accompanied by a decline in immune system function, making elderly individuals more vulnerable to infections, including cellulitis. When they develop infections, they may have a harder time recovering from them. […] Many nursing home residents have limited mobility due to age, illness, or disability. Prolonged immobility can lead to decreased circulation, leg swelling—known as edema—and an increased risk of developing skin injuries and infections.

• #77 9 Facts About Cellulitis

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/cellulitis/fast-facts/

  A history of cellulitis increases your risk for getting it again. Having cellulitis one time increases your risk for getting it again, but steps can be taken to reduce that risk. […] If left untreated, cellulitis can progress and become life-threatening. The primary concern for a case of cellulitis is sepsis, which is an infection in the bloodstream that can lead to shock or death. […] Some other possible life-threatening complications of cellulitis include osteomyelitis (infection of the underlying bone) and necrotizing fasciitis, the flesh-eating disease that destroys soft tissue, sometimes leading to loss of limbs or even death.

• #78 Cellulitis: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Recovery

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15071-cellulitis

  Cellulitis is a bacterial infection of your skin and the tissue beneath your skin. Anyone can get cellulitis, but the risk is higher if you have a skin wound that allows bacteria to enter your body easily or a weakened immune system. […] Many different bacteria can cause cellulitis. However, Streptococcus (strep) and Staphylococcus (staph) cause most cases of cellulitis. […] Cellulitis usually appears around damaged skin, but it also occurs in areas of your skin with poor hygiene. […] Approximately 33% of all people who have cellulitis get it again.

• #79 Cellulitis: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Recovery

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15071-cellulitis

  Cellulitis is a bacterial infection of your skin and the tissue beneath your skin. Anyone can get cellulitis, but the risk is higher if you have a skin wound that allows bacteria to enter your body easily or a weakened immune system. […] Many different bacteria can cause cellulitis. However, Streptococcus (strep) and Staphylococcus (staph) cause most cases of cellulitis. […] Cellulitis usually appears around damaged skin, but it also occurs in areas of your skin with poor hygiene. […] Approximately 33% of all people who have cellulitis get it again.

• #80 Wound Care Today | May 2025

  https://www.woundcare-today.com/journals/issue/wound-care-today/article/differentiating-between-cellulitis-erysipelas-and-alternative-causes-of-red-legs-wct

  Lymphoedema increases the risk as impaired lymphatic drainage provides a static pool of protein-rich lymph, which is an excellent medium for bacterial growth (Beldon and Burton, 2005). […] There are multiple physical barriers and active protective mechanisms which fend off invasion of bacteria in the skin (Cranendonk et al, 2017). […] Intact, well perfused skin will prevent infection, however, there are risk factors, such as old age, diabetes and obesity which may affect the immunity, circulation and integrity of the skin and pose a relatively high risk of cellulitis. […] However, Cranendonk et al (2017) have suggested that a previous history of cellulitis is the biggest risk factor. […] Ageing skin is associated with atrophy, often combined with poor circulation, a less efficient immune system, together with comorbidities such as diabetes or congestive cardiac failure (Cranendonk et al, 2017).

• #81 Recurrent Cellulitis: Who is at Risk and How Effective is Antibiotic Prophylaxis?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9379124/

  Patients with cancer can have a fourfold risk of recurrence of cellulitis. […] Diabetes is a systemic illness that is associated with multisystem pathology and common infections. […] Cellulitis located in the lower limbs has the highest risk of recurrence given much of the pathology related to cellulitis occurs at this anatomical site. […] A predictive model on risk factors derived from a population-based retrospective cohort study for recurrent cellulitis based on the presence of tibial area involvement, prior malignancy and dermatitis estimated a risk of recurrence from 17.3%, 50.6% and 92.8% depending on the number of risk factors. […] Recurrent episodes can occur after successful treatment of cellulitis. Conditions that commonly increase the risk of cellulitis include chronic edema, venous disease, dermatomycosis and obesity.

• #82 Cellulitis: Who gets and causes

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/cellulitis-causes

  Athletes foot can cause tiny cracks in the skin. When bacteria get into the body through these cracks, cellulitis tends to appear in the calf. Treating athletes foot early can prevent this. […] Research shows that the following people, who tend to have more skin injuries, often have a higher risk of getting cellulitis: Athletes, Children, Drug abusers who use needles to inject drugs, Military personnel on active duty, Prisoners, Residents in a long-term care facility.

• #83 What Is Cellulitis? Causes, Symptoms, & Treatments | UPMC HealthBeat

  https://share.upmc.com/2022/08/what-is-cellulitis/

  Cellulitis is a common skin infection. It occurs when bacteria infect the deep layers of skin and the tissue under the skin. […] Different types of organisms cause cellulitis. The most common are Staphylococcus (staph infection) and Streptococcus (strep infection). Most of these bacteria live on the skin and usually don’t cause problems. Cellulitis can develop when bacteria enter the body through a break in the skin. That skin damage may result from: A cut. A bug bite. Eczema. Dry skin with deep cracks. An injury where the skin has broken. A surgical wound. Chicken pox or shingles. Injection drug use. Athletes foot. Puncture wounds. Tattoos. Piercings. […] Anyone can get cellulitis, but people who can’t fight off infections for any reason are at greater risk. You’re more likely to develop cellulitis if you: Are overweight. Are middle-aged or older. Have had cellulitis before. Are diabetic, especially if your diabetes isn’t well controlled. Have athletes foot. Are undergoing chemotherapy, or are on any other medications that weaken the immune system. Have HIV or AIDS. Have chronic kidney or liver disease. Have lymphedema. Had recent surgery. Have poor circulation. Have an immunodeficiency disorder. Have any type of fungal infection on your toes.

• #84 Cellulitis: Who gets and causes

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/cellulitis-causes

  Athletes foot can cause tiny cracks in the skin. When bacteria get into the body through these cracks, cellulitis tends to appear in the calf. Treating athletes foot early can prevent this. […] Research shows that the following people, who tend to have more skin injuries, often have a higher risk of getting cellulitis: Athletes, Children, Drug abusers who use needles to inject drugs, Military personnel on active duty, Prisoners, Residents in a long-term care facility.

• #85 Cellulitis: Who gets and causes

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/cellulitis-causes

  Athletes foot can cause tiny cracks in the skin. When bacteria get into the body through these cracks, cellulitis tends to appear in the calf. Treating athletes foot early can prevent this. […] Research shows that the following people, who tend to have more skin injuries, often have a higher risk of getting cellulitis: Athletes, Children, Drug abusers who use needles to inject drugs, Military personnel on active duty, Prisoners, Residents in a long-term care facility.

• #86 Cellulitis: Who gets and causes

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/cellulitis-causes

  Cellulitis is common, and anyone can get this infection. Its estimated that 14.5 million cases of cellulitis are diagnosed in the United States each year. […] The number of people who get cellulitis is expected to grow. Thats because more people than ever have an increased risk because they are: Middle-aged or older, Overweight or obese, Diabetic, especially if the diabetes is poorly controlled. All of these decrease the bodys ability to fight an infection. […] Bacteria cause cellulitis. Streptococcus (strep) and Staphylococcus (staph) are responsible for most cases of cellulitis. MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staph aureus) and other bacteria can also cause cellulitis. […] The bacteria may get inside the body when we injure our skin. An injury can be obvious, such as an open sore or severe burn. Cuts, scratches, and abrasions also provide a way for the bacteria to get inside.

• #87 Cellulitis: Who gets and causes

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/cellulitis-causes

  Athletes foot can cause tiny cracks in the skin. When bacteria get into the body through these cracks, cellulitis tends to appear in the calf. Treating athletes foot early can prevent this. […] Research shows that the following people, who tend to have more skin injuries, often have a higher risk of getting cellulitis: Athletes, Children, Drug abusers who use needles to inject drugs, Military personnel on active duty, Prisoners, Residents in a long-term care facility.

• #88 Cellulitis: Who gets and causes

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/cellulitis-causes

  Athletes foot can cause tiny cracks in the skin. When bacteria get into the body through these cracks, cellulitis tends to appear in the calf. Treating athletes foot early can prevent this. […] Research shows that the following people, who tend to have more skin injuries, often have a higher risk of getting cellulitis: Athletes, Children, Drug abusers who use needles to inject drugs, Military personnel on active duty, Prisoners, Residents in a long-term care facility.

• #89 Cellulitis: Who gets and causes

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/cellulitis-causes

  Athletes foot can cause tiny cracks in the skin. When bacteria get into the body through these cracks, cellulitis tends to appear in the calf. Treating athletes foot early can prevent this. […] Research shows that the following people, who tend to have more skin injuries, often have a higher risk of getting cellulitis: Athletes, Children, Drug abusers who use needles to inject drugs, Military personnel on active duty, Prisoners, Residents in a long-term care facility.

• #90 Cellulitis in Nursing Homes: A Sign of Nursing Home Neglect

  https://nursinghomesabuse.org/nursing-home-injuries/infections/cellulitis/

  Cellulitis in nursing homes is often caused by factors that make elderly residents more susceptible to bacterial infections. Some common conditions make cellulitis more likely to develop and spread in nursing homes: […] As people age, their skin becomes thinner, more fragile, and prone to injury. Chronic conditions such as diabetes can also contribute to poor skin integrity. In nursing homes, residents might be at a higher risk for skin breakdown due to bedsores, pressure ulcers, or wounds, which can serve as entry points for bacteria. […] Aging is often accompanied by a decline in immune system function, making elderly individuals more vulnerable to infections, including cellulitis. When they develop infections, they may have a harder time recovering from them. […] Many nursing home residents have limited mobility due to age, illness, or disability. Prolonged immobility can lead to decreased circulation, leg swelling—known as edema—and an increased risk of developing skin injuries and infections.

• #91 Cellulitis in Nursing Homes: A Sign of Nursing Home Neglect

  https://nursinghomesabuse.org/nursing-home-injuries/infections/cellulitis/

  Cellulitis in nursing homes is often caused by factors that make elderly residents more susceptible to bacterial infections. Some common conditions make cellulitis more likely to develop and spread in nursing homes: […] As people age, their skin becomes thinner, more fragile, and prone to injury. Chronic conditions such as diabetes can also contribute to poor skin integrity. In nursing homes, residents might be at a higher risk for skin breakdown due to bedsores, pressure ulcers, or wounds, which can serve as entry points for bacteria. […] Aging is often accompanied by a decline in immune system function, making elderly individuals more vulnerable to infections, including cellulitis. When they develop infections, they may have a harder time recovering from them. […] Many nursing home residents have limited mobility due to age, illness, or disability. Prolonged immobility can lead to decreased circulation, leg swelling—known as edema—and an increased risk of developing skin injuries and infections.

• #92 Wound Care Today | May 2025

  https://www.woundcare-today.com/journals/issue/wound-care-today/article/differentiating-between-cellulitis-erysipelas-and-alternative-causes-of-red-legs-wct

  Furthermore, if the patient is malnourished, there may be impaired wound healing, decreased skin elasticity and integrity (Kish et al, 2010). […] In patients who are morbidly obese, the skin is more susceptible to damage and may also take longer to repair (Yosipovitch et al, 2007). […] Indeed, it has been suggested that obesity causes changes in skin barrier function, the lymph system, collagen structure and function, and wound healing. […] The evidence also suggests that the vascular and macro and microcirculation may be impaired in obese patients (Huttunen and Syrjanen, 2013). […] In addition, adipose tissue contains adipokine, which impairs the inflammatory response and obese patients tend to have dry skin, and impaired skin barrier and lymphatic flow (Cheong et al 2019), all of which increase the risk of skin infections. […] Seasonal variations have also been observed, with streptococcal skin infections occurring more frequently in the winter months in cold climates and higher erysipelas rates in the summer in warmer countries (Pereira de Godoy et al, 2010).

• #93 Cellulitis – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/cellulitis-a-to-z

  Cellulitis is a serious bacterial infection of the skin. Bacteria break through the skin’s protective outer layer, typically at the site of an injury, such as a cut, puncture, sore, burn or bite. […] Many types of bacteria can cause cellulitis. Most cases are caused by Streptococcus pyogenes (strep) or Staphylococcus aureus (staph). A strain of staph known as community-acquired methicillin-resistant staphylococcal aureus, or „community-acquired MRSA” can lead to blistering of the skin and a deeper, more serious infection. […] Less common bacteria varieties can cause infection after animal bites, puncture wounds through wet shoes, or wounds exposed to freshwater lakes, aquariums, or swimming pools.

• #94 Cellulitis in Nursing Homes: A Sign of Nursing Home Neglect

  https://nursinghomesabuse.org/nursing-home-injuries/infections/cellulitis/

  Invasive medical procedures or devices, such as catheters, IV lines, or injections, can create openings in the skin that introduce bacteria and increase the risk of cellulitis. […] Nursing homes typically have multiple residents sharing living spaces, making it easier for infections to spread from person to person. […] If residents, caregivers, or the facility do not maintain proper hygiene practices, the risk of infection increases. This includes regular hand washing, proper wound care, and maintaining a clean living environment. […] Residents with conditions such as diabetes, peripheral artery disease, or venous insufficiency are at a higher risk of cellulitis due to poor circulation and skin integrity. Their skin is more likely to tear or break and let in bacteria.

• #95 Wound Care Today | May 2025

  https://www.woundcare-today.com/journals/issue/wound-care-today/article/differentiating-between-cellulitis-erysipelas-and-alternative-causes-of-red-legs-wct

  Furthermore, if the patient is malnourished, there may be impaired wound healing, decreased skin elasticity and integrity (Kish et al, 2010). […] In patients who are morbidly obese, the skin is more susceptible to damage and may also take longer to repair (Yosipovitch et al, 2007). […] Indeed, it has been suggested that obesity causes changes in skin barrier function, the lymph system, collagen structure and function, and wound healing. […] The evidence also suggests that the vascular and macro and microcirculation may be impaired in obese patients (Huttunen and Syrjanen, 2013). […] In addition, adipose tissue contains adipokine, which impairs the inflammatory response and obese patients tend to have dry skin, and impaired skin barrier and lymphatic flow (Cheong et al 2019), all of which increase the risk of skin infections. […] Seasonal variations have also been observed, with streptococcal skin infections occurring more frequently in the winter months in cold climates and higher erysipelas rates in the summer in warmer countries (Pereira de Godoy et al, 2010).

• #96 Cellulitis in Nursing Homes: A Sign of Nursing Home Neglect

  https://nursinghomesabuse.org/nursing-home-injuries/infections/cellulitis/

  Invasive medical procedures or devices, such as catheters, IV lines, or injections, can create openings in the skin that introduce bacteria and increase the risk of cellulitis. […] Nursing homes typically have multiple residents sharing living spaces, making it easier for infections to spread from person to person. […] If residents, caregivers, or the facility do not maintain proper hygiene practices, the risk of infection increases. This includes regular hand washing, proper wound care, and maintaining a clean living environment. […] Residents with conditions such as diabetes, peripheral artery disease, or venous insufficiency are at a higher risk of cellulitis due to poor circulation and skin integrity. Their skin is more likely to tear or break and let in bacteria.

• #97 Bacterial Etiology and Risk Factors Associated with Cellulitis and Purulent Skin Abscesses in Military Trainees | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0165491

  Military trainees are at high risk for skin and soft-tissue infections (SSTIs). […] Although Staphylococcus aureus is associated with purulent SSTI, it is unclear to what degree this pathogen causes nonpurulent cellulitis. […] Without a site to culture, bacterial etiology for nonpurulent cellulitis has been historically unsuccessful. […] Dogma suggests that cellulitis is caused by both S. aureus and beta-hemolytic streptococci (BHS); however, the actual degree each pathogen contributes is unclear. […] Herein we report our findings from a prospective observational study aimed at discerning SSTI-specific risk factors as well as detailed characterization of the microbiology of both purulent and nonpurulent SSTI using a high-throughput sequencing strategy in addition to standard microbiology and serology. Results suggest that atypical bacteria may play an important role in nonpurulent cellulitis pathogenesis.

• #98 Cellulitis mimics

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/cellulitis-mimics

  Cellulitis is an acute bacterial infection of the dermis and subcutaneous tissues of the skin. It is commonly caused by either Streptococcus pyogenes or Staphylococcus aureus. […] There may be a portal of entry, such as an ulcer or injury, that enables bacteria to breach the skin’s defences. Other risk factors include chronic oedema, lymphoedema, obesity, and diabetes mellitus. […] Lymphoedema is associated with a risk of cutaneous infection, including cellulitis, due to impaired lymphatic drainage. […] Eosinophilic cellulitis, or Wells syndrome, is characterised by recurrent itchy or painful plaques of unknown cause in which prominent eosinophils are found on skin biopsy.

• #99 Cellulitis – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/bacterial-skin-infections/cellulitis

  Cellulitis is acute bacterial infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue most often caused by streptococci or staphylococci. […] The most common causes of cellulitis are Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus. Cellulitis is most often caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (eg, S. pyogenes) or S. aureus. The skin barrier is usually compromised. […] Less common causes of cellulitis are Group B streptococci (eg, S. agalactiae) in older adults with diabetes, Gram-negative bacilli (eg, Haemophilus influenzae) in children, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients with diabetes or neutropenia, hot tub or spa users, and patients who are hospitalized. […] Animal bites may result in cellulitis and are often polymicrobial; Pasteurella multocida is often the cause in cat bites, and Pasteurella or Capnocytophaga species are typically responsible in dog bites.

• #100 Cellulitis: Definition, Etiology, Diagnosis and Treatment | Journal of Ethics | American Medical Association

  https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/cellulitis-definition-etiology-diagnosis-and-treatment/2006-12

  Many other bacteria cause cellulitis. Haemophilus influenzae was once a major pathogen in facial cellulitis in young children, but these infections are now rare due to the type B vaccine. Pasteurella multocida is the pathogen in cellulitis associated with animal bites, mostly those of cats. Aeromonas hydrophila can cause an aggressive form of cellulitis in a laceration sustained in fresh water. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the source of three types of soft tissue infection: ecthyma gangrenosum in neutropenic patients, hot tub folliculitis and cellulitis following a penetrating wound, like that sustained from stepping on a nail. Gram-negative bacillary (rod) cellulitis, like P. aeruginosa, is common among hospitalized, immunocompromised patients and may have multidrug resistance.

• #101 Cellulitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/214222-overview

  The term cellulitis commonly is used to indicate a nonnecrotizing inflammation of the skin and subcutaneous tissues, usually from acute infection. Cellulitis usually follows a breach in the skin, although a portal of entry may not be obvious; the breach may involve microscopic skin changes or invasive qualities of certain bacteria. […] The vast majority of cases of cellulitis are likely caused by Streptococcus pyogenes and, to a lesser degree, by Staphylococcus aureus. In rare cases, cellulitis results from the metastatic seeding of an organism from a distant focus of infection, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Distant seeding is particularly common in cellulitis due to S pneumoniae (pneumococcus) and marine Vibriospecies. Neisseria meningitidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Brucella species, and Legionella species have also been reported as rare causes of cellulitis resulting from hematogenous spread.

• #102 Cellulitis mimics

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/cellulitis-mimics

  Cellulitis is an acute bacterial infection of the dermis and subcutaneous tissues of the skin. It is commonly caused by either Streptococcus pyogenes or Staphylococcus aureus. […] There may be a portal of entry, such as an ulcer or injury, that enables bacteria to breach the skin’s defences. Other risk factors include chronic oedema, lymphoedema, obesity, and diabetes mellitus. […] Lymphoedema is associated with a risk of cutaneous infection, including cellulitis, due to impaired lymphatic drainage. […] Eosinophilic cellulitis, or Wells syndrome, is characterised by recurrent itchy or painful plaques of unknown cause in which prominent eosinophils are found on skin biopsy.

• #103 Cellulitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulitis

  Cellulitis is usually, but not always, caused by bacteria that enter and infect the tissue through breaks in the skin. Group A Streptococcus and Staphylococcus are the most common causes of the infection and may be found on the skin as normal biota in healthy individuals. […] About 80% of cases of Ludwig’s angina, or cellulitis of the submandibular space, are caused by dental infections. Mixed infections, due to both aerobes and anaerobes, are commonly associated with this type of cellulitis. Typically, this includes alpha-hemolytic streptococci, staphylococci, and bacteroides’ groups. […] Predisposing conditions for cellulitis include an insect or spider bite, blistering, an animal bite, tattoos, pruritic (itchy) skin rash, recent surgery, athlete’s foot, dry skin, eczema, injecting drugs (especially subcutaneous or intramuscular injection or where an attempted intravenous injection „misses” or blows the vein), pregnancy, diabetes, and obesity, which can affect circulation, as well as burns and boils, although debate exists as to whether minor foot lesions contribute. Occurrences of cellulitis may also be associated with the rare condition hidradenitis suppurativa or dissecting cellulitis.

• #104 Cellulitis Causes – WelcomeCure

  https://www.welcomecure.com/diseases/cellulitis/causes

  Causes of Cellulitis are generally bacteria which enter inside body through break in the skin. […] Bacteria are the main causes of Cellulitis infection. Staphylococcus and Streptococcus are the most common bacteria which cause Cellulitis. But other bacteria like Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Pneumococcus, Clostridium, Haemophilus Influenzae may also cause Cellulitis. […] Any cut, abrasion, or skin wound may make way for bacteria to enter skin causing Cellulitis. Bacteria can enter through breaks in skin which are so minute to be seen by naked eyes. Also spider bites, insect bites, animal bites, tattoos, injection, etc may predispose towards Cellulitis. A foreign object like a thorn in the skin can also allow the bacteria to enter in it. […] Any sort of tooth or gum infection may spread to sub mandibular space leading to Cellulitis of that area which is called Ludwig’s Angina. It is a very serious condition and may be life threatening.

• #105 Bacterial Etiology and Risk Factors Associated with Cellulitis and Purulent Skin Abscesses in Military Trainees | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0165491

  Although small quantities of both streptococci and S. aureus sequences were recovered from most leading edge aspirate specimens, the most abundant species was the soil bacterium Rhodanobacter terrae. […] Thus, while both infections are SSTI and share overlapping clinical characteristics, they differ in etiology and likely in pathogenesis.

• #106 Wound Care Today | May 2025

  https://www.woundcare-today.com/journals/issue/wound-care-today/article/differentiating-between-cellulitis-erysipelas-and-alternative-causes-of-red-legs-wct

  Lymphoedema increases the risk as impaired lymphatic drainage provides a static pool of protein-rich lymph, which is an excellent medium for bacterial growth (Beldon and Burton, 2005). […] There are multiple physical barriers and active protective mechanisms which fend off invasion of bacteria in the skin (Cranendonk et al, 2017). […] Intact, well perfused skin will prevent infection, however, there are risk factors, such as old age, diabetes and obesity which may affect the immunity, circulation and integrity of the skin and pose a relatively high risk of cellulitis. […] However, Cranendonk et al (2017) have suggested that a previous history of cellulitis is the biggest risk factor. […] Ageing skin is associated with atrophy, often combined with poor circulation, a less efficient immune system, together with comorbidities such as diabetes or congestive cardiac failure (Cranendonk et al, 2017).

• #107 Cellulitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/214222-overview

  The term cellulitis commonly is used to indicate a nonnecrotizing inflammation of the skin and subcutaneous tissues, usually from acute infection. Cellulitis usually follows a breach in the skin, although a portal of entry may not be obvious; the breach may involve microscopic skin changes or invasive qualities of certain bacteria. […] The vast majority of cases of cellulitis are likely caused by Streptococcus pyogenes and, to a lesser degree, by Staphylococcus aureus. In rare cases, cellulitis results from the metastatic seeding of an organism from a distant focus of infection, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Distant seeding is particularly common in cellulitis due to S pneumoniae (pneumococcus) and marine Vibriospecies. Neisseria meningitidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Brucella species, and Legionella species have also been reported as rare causes of cellulitis resulting from hematogenous spread.

• #108 Cellulitis – Skin Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/skin-disorders/bacterial-skin-infections/cellulitis

  Cellulitis is most often caused by streptococci or staphylococci. […] Cellulitis is most commonly caused by Streptococcus and Staphylococcus bacteria. Streptococci spread rapidly in the skin because they produce enzymes that hinder the ability of the tissue to confine the infection. Cellulitis that is caused by staphylococci usually occurs around open wounds and pus-filled pockets (skin abscesses). […] Many other bacteria can cause cellulitis. A strain of Staphylococcus that is resistant to previously effective antibiotics has become a more common cause of cellulitis. This strain is called methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). […] Bacteria usually enter through small breaks in the skin that result from scrapes, punctures, surgery, burns, fungal infections (such as athlete’s foot), animal bites, and skin disorders. […] Certain types of bacteria can cause cellulitis when skin damaged by injuries (such as cuts) is immersed in water. […] People whose immune system is weakened may be susceptible to bacteria that do not usually cause infections.

• #109 Cellulitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/214222-overview

  The term cellulitis commonly is used to indicate a nonnecrotizing inflammation of the skin and subcutaneous tissues, usually from acute infection. Cellulitis usually follows a breach in the skin, although a portal of entry may not be obvious; the breach may involve microscopic skin changes or invasive qualities of certain bacteria. […] The vast majority of cases of cellulitis are likely caused by Streptococcus pyogenes and, to a lesser degree, by Staphylococcus aureus. In rare cases, cellulitis results from the metastatic seeding of an organism from a distant focus of infection, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Distant seeding is particularly common in cellulitis due to S pneumoniae (pneumococcus) and marine Vibriospecies. Neisseria meningitidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Brucella species, and Legionella species have also been reported as rare causes of cellulitis resulting from hematogenous spread.

• #110 Cellulitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/214222-overview

  Certain host factors predispose to severe infection. The elderly and individuals with diabetes mellitus are at risk for more severe disease. In addition, patients with diabetes, immunodeficiency, cancer, venous stasis, chronic liver disease, peripheral arterial disease, and chronic kidney disease appear to be at higher risk for recurrent infection because of an altered host immune response. […] Cellulitis due to lymphatic obstruction or venectomy may be caused by nongroup A streptococci (ie, groups B, C, and G). […] Immunogenetic factors may play a role in some families who have an underlying susceptibility to an infection progressing to cellulitis. Other factors that affect host immunity and predispose to cellulitis include concurrent intravenous or subcutaneous skin popping drug use; infections in this setting may be polymicrobial, but community-acquired methicillin-resistant S aureus (CA-MRSA) is the most common pathogen in these patients.

• #111 Cellulitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/214222-overview

  Certain host factors predispose to severe infection. The elderly and individuals with diabetes mellitus are at risk for more severe disease. In addition, patients with diabetes, immunodeficiency, cancer, venous stasis, chronic liver disease, peripheral arterial disease, and chronic kidney disease appear to be at higher risk for recurrent infection because of an altered host immune response. […] Cellulitis due to lymphatic obstruction or venectomy may be caused by nongroup A streptococci (ie, groups B, C, and G). […] Immunogenetic factors may play a role in some families who have an underlying susceptibility to an infection progressing to cellulitis. Other factors that affect host immunity and predispose to cellulitis include concurrent intravenous or subcutaneous skin popping drug use; infections in this setting may be polymicrobial, but community-acquired methicillin-resistant S aureus (CA-MRSA) is the most common pathogen in these patients.

• #112 Cellulitis: When to Worry, Symptoms Not to Ignore

  https://www.healthline.com/health/cellulitis-when-to-worry

  Cellulitis is a bacterial skin infection. It happens when small cuts or other skin breaks allow bacteria to enter. […] There are several known risk factors for developing cellulitis. These include: Skin injuries: Openings in your skin like cuts, burns, and scrapes can allow bacteria to enter. […] A weakened immune system: Any condition or medication that weakens your immune system can increase your risk of cellulitis. […] Previous episodes of cellulitis: People whove had cellulitis in the past are at increased risk of developing it in the future. […] However, untreated cellulitis can lead to serious complications and can even be fatal. Complications of cellulitis include: Bacteremia: Bacteremia is a potentially life threatening infection in your bloodstream that can spread quickly. […] Sepsis: Sepsis is a medical emergency caused by your bodys response to a severe infection.

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