Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Cellulitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549770/

  Cellulitis is relatively common, and most often occurs in middle-aged and older adults. When comparing men and women, there is no statistically significant difference in the incidence of cellulitis. There are approximately 50 cases per 1000 patient-years. […] Cellulitis is a common bacterial skin infection, with over 14 million cases occurring in the United States annually. It accounts for approximately 3.7 billion dollars in ambulatory care costs and 650000 hospitalizations annually.

• #2 Cellulitis > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/cellulitis

  About 14 million cases of cellulitis occur in the U.S. every year. Its more common among adults ages 50 and older. Men and women are affected equally. […] About 650,000 people are hospitalized for the treatment of cellulitis each year. Seeking early treatment can prevent the infection from spreading, reducing the need for hospitalization during treatment. […] People may be more susceptible to cellulitis if they have a chronic health condition, such as diabetes or vascular disease, or if theyre recovering from surgery. Individuals who are immunocompromised are also at increased risk of cellulitis. […] People are at increased risk of developing cellulitis if they have: Cuts, scrapes, or other breaks in the skin; Skin ulcers caused by diabetes or vascular disease; Stitches or healing wounds from a recent surgery; Insect bites or stings that have pierced the skin; Animal (or human) bites that have broken the skin; History of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA); New piercings or tattoos; Cracked or peeling skin on the feet or between the toes; Athletes foot; Eczema; Diabetes; Peripheral artery disease; Shingles; Chickenpox; Lymphedema.

• #2 Cellulitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/214222-overview

  Because cellulitis is not a reportable disease, the exact prevalence is uncertain; however, it is a relatively common infection, affecting all racial and ethnic groups. There is no statistically significant difference in the incidence of cellulitis in men and women, and usually no age predilection is described. Nonetheless, studies have found a higher incidence of cellulitis in individuals older than 45 years. Cellulitis was more common in geriatric patients in a retrospective study of international travelers by the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network. […] A study of an insurance database in Utah found an incidence rate of 24.6 cases per 1000 person-years. The incidence was higher in males and in those individuals aged 45-64 years. In a large epidemiologic hospital-based study on skin, soft tissue, bone, and joint infections, 37.3% patients were identified as having cellulitis.

• #3 Cellulitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulitis

  Cellulitis in 2015 resulted in about 16,900 deaths worldwide, up from 12,600 in 2005. […] Cellulitis is a common global health burden, with more than 650,000 admissions per year in the United States alone. In the United States, an estimated 14.5 million cases annually of cellulitis account for $3.7 billion in ambulatory care costs alone. The majority of cases of cellulitis are nonculturable and therefore the causative bacteria are unknown. In the 15% of cellulitis cases in which organisms are identified, most are due to -hemolytic Streptococcus and Staphylococcus aureus.

• #3 Cellulitis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/19114

  Cellulitis is relatively common, and most often occurs in middle-aged and older adults. When comparing men and women, there is no statistically significant difference in the incidence of cellulitis. There are approximately 50 cases per 1000 patient-years.[6] […] Annual recurrence of cellulitis occurs in about 8 to 20% of patients, with overall reoccurrence rates reaching as high as 49%.[7][1] Recurrence is preventable with prompt treatment of cuts or abrasions, proper hand hygiene, as well as effectively treating any underlying comorbidities. There is approximately an 18% failure rate with initial antibiotic treatment. Overall, cellulitis has a good prognosis.[11]

• #4 Cellulitis and skin abscess: Epidemiology, microbiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/cellulitis-and-skin-abscess-epidemiology-microbiology-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis/print

  Cellulitis is observed most frequently among middle-aged and older adults. Erysipelas occurs in young children and older adults. The incidence of cellulitis is about 200 cases per 100,000 patient-years and, in nontropical regions, has a seasonal predilection for warmer months.

• #5 Cellulitis and skin abscess: Epidemiology, microbiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/cellulitis-and-skin-abscess-epidemiology-microbiology-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis

  Cellulitis is observed most frequently among middle-aged and older adults. Erysipelas occurs in young children and older adults. The incidence of cellulitis is about 200 cases per 100,000 patient-years and, in nontropical regions, has a seasonal predilection for warmer months. […] The epidemiology, microbiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of cellulitis and skin abscess are reviewed here.

• #6 Cellulitis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Cellulitis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Cellulitis is most commonly seen in the middle-aged and older adult population with a higher incidence among males. Higher rates of disease have been observed in warmer months with an incidence of about 200 cases per 100,000 patient-years. […] The incidence of cellulitis is approximately 200 cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide. […] Cellulitis commonly affects middle-aged and older adults. […] There is no racial predilection to cellulitis. […] Cellulitis affects men and women equally.

• #7 Cellulitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/214222-overview

  Because cellulitis is not a reportable disease, the exact prevalence is uncertain; however, it is a relatively common infection, affecting all racial and ethnic groups. There is no statistically significant difference in the incidence of cellulitis in men and women, and usually no age predilection is described. Nonetheless, studies have found a higher incidence of cellulitis in individuals older than 45 years. Cellulitis was more common in geriatric patients in a retrospective study of international travelers by the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network. […] A study of an insurance database in Utah found an incidence rate of 24.6 cases per 1000 person-years. The incidence was higher in males and in those individuals aged 45-64 years. In a large epidemiologic hospital-based study on skin, soft tissue, bone, and joint infections, 37.3% patients were identified as having cellulitis.

• #8 Cellulitis incidence in a defined population | Epidemiology & Infection | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/cellulitis-incidence-in-a-defined-population/E38BA110C694E6228BB6E19F9E123321

  A population-based insurance claims database was used to examine cellulitis incidence, anatomical sites of infection, complicating diagnoses, source of health service, and recurrence rates. […] We found a cellulitis incidence rate of 246/1000 person-years, with a higher incidence among males and individuals aged 4564 years. […] The majority of patients were seen in an outpatient setting (738%), and most (820%) had only one episode of cellulitis during the 5-year period studied. […] Cellulitis is fairly common, usually treated in outpatient settings, and is infrequently complicated by erysipelas, lymphadenitis, lymphangitis, or necrotizing fasciitis.

• #9 Cellulitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/214222-overview

  Overall rates of visits increased for SSTIs from 32.1 to 48.1 visits per 1000 population and reached 14.2 million by 2005, and visits for abscess and cellulitis increased from 17.3 to 32.5 visits per 1000 population and accounted for more than 95% of the increase, according to the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. The study provided data regarding visits by patients with SSTIs to physician offices, hospital outpatient departments, and emergency departments in the United States. Cellulitis was found to account for approximately 3% of emergency medical consultations at one United Kingdom district general hospital.

• #10 Cellulitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/214222-overview

  Overall rates of visits increased for SSTIs from 32.1 to 48.1 visits per 1000 population and reached 14.2 million by 2005, and visits for abscess and cellulitis increased from 17.3 to 32.5 visits per 1000 population and accounted for more than 95% of the increase, according to the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. The study provided data regarding visits by patients with SSTIs to physician offices, hospital outpatient departments, and emergency departments in the United States. Cellulitis was found to account for approximately 3% of emergency medical consultations at one United Kingdom district general hospital.

• #11 Cellulitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549770/

  Cellulitis is relatively common, and most often occurs in middle-aged and older adults. When comparing men and women, there is no statistically significant difference in the incidence of cellulitis. There are approximately 50 cases per 1000 patient-years. […] Cellulitis is a common bacterial skin infection, with over 14 million cases occurring in the United States annually. It accounts for approximately 3.7 billion dollars in ambulatory care costs and 650000 hospitalizations annually.

• #12 Cellulitis and skin abscess: Epidemiology, microbiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/cellulitis-and-skin-abscess-epidemiology-microbiology-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis/print

  Cellulitis is observed most frequently among middle-aged and older adults. Erysipelas occurs in young children and older adults. The incidence of cellulitis is about 200 cases per 100,000 patient-years and, in nontropical regions, has a seasonal predilection for warmer months.

• #13 Cellulitis and skin abscess: Epidemiology, microbiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/cellulitis-and-skin-abscess-epidemiology-microbiology-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis

  Cellulitis is observed most frequently among middle-aged and older adults. Erysipelas occurs in young children and older adults. The incidence of cellulitis is about 200 cases per 100,000 patient-years and, in nontropical regions, has a seasonal predilection for warmer months. […] The epidemiology, microbiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of cellulitis and skin abscess are reviewed here.

• #14 Cellulitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/214222-overview

  Because cellulitis is not a reportable disease, the exact prevalence is uncertain; however, it is a relatively common infection, affecting all racial and ethnic groups. There is no statistically significant difference in the incidence of cellulitis in men and women, and usually no age predilection is described. Nonetheless, studies have found a higher incidence of cellulitis in individuals older than 45 years. Cellulitis was more common in geriatric patients in a retrospective study of international travelers by the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network. […] A study of an insurance database in Utah found an incidence rate of 24.6 cases per 1000 person-years. The incidence was higher in males and in those individuals aged 45-64 years. In a large epidemiologic hospital-based study on skin, soft tissue, bone, and joint infections, 37.3% patients were identified as having cellulitis.

• #15 Cellulitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/214222-overview

  Because cellulitis is not a reportable disease, the exact prevalence is uncertain; however, it is a relatively common infection, affecting all racial and ethnic groups. There is no statistically significant difference in the incidence of cellulitis in men and women, and usually no age predilection is described. Nonetheless, studies have found a higher incidence of cellulitis in individuals older than 45 years. Cellulitis was more common in geriatric patients in a retrospective study of international travelers by the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network. […] A study of an insurance database in Utah found an incidence rate of 24.6 cases per 1000 person-years. The incidence was higher in males and in those individuals aged 45-64 years. In a large epidemiologic hospital-based study on skin, soft tissue, bone, and joint infections, 37.3% patients were identified as having cellulitis.

• #16 Cellulitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549770/

  Cellulitis is relatively common, and most often occurs in middle-aged and older adults. When comparing men and women, there is no statistically significant difference in the incidence of cellulitis. There are approximately 50 cases per 1000 patient-years. […] Cellulitis is a common bacterial skin infection, with over 14 million cases occurring in the United States annually. It accounts for approximately 3.7 billion dollars in ambulatory care costs and 650000 hospitalizations annually.

• #17 Cellulitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/214222-overview

  Because cellulitis is not a reportable disease, the exact prevalence is uncertain; however, it is a relatively common infection, affecting all racial and ethnic groups. There is no statistically significant difference in the incidence of cellulitis in men and women, and usually no age predilection is described. Nonetheless, studies have found a higher incidence of cellulitis in individuals older than 45 years. Cellulitis was more common in geriatric patients in a retrospective study of international travelers by the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network. […] A study of an insurance database in Utah found an incidence rate of 24.6 cases per 1000 person-years. The incidence was higher in males and in those individuals aged 45-64 years. In a large epidemiologic hospital-based study on skin, soft tissue, bone, and joint infections, 37.3% patients were identified as having cellulitis.

• #18 Cellulitis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Cellulitis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Cellulitis is most commonly seen in the middle-aged and older adult population with a higher incidence among males. Higher rates of disease have been observed in warmer months with an incidence of about 200 cases per 100,000 patient-years. […] The incidence of cellulitis is approximately 200 cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide. […] Cellulitis commonly affects middle-aged and older adults. […] There is no racial predilection to cellulitis. […] Cellulitis affects men and women equally.

• #19 Cellulitis in aged persons: a neglected infection in the literature

  https://www.panafrican-med-journal.com//content/article/27/160/full

  Cellulitis is a frequent soft tissue and skin infection. The lower limbs are affected in 70 to 80% of cases. Cellulitis in aged persons is not yet well described in literature. A retrospective descriptive study conducted in the Internal Medicine Department of Sahloul hospital in Sousse in Tunisia. It included patients whose age was up to 65 years old admitted into hospital for cellulitis of the legs, the arms or the face. One hundred fifty eight patients with a mean age of 73 years old (range: 65 to 94 years old) were included. Female to male sex ratio was 0.68. Among them, we noted diabetes mellitus in 81 cases (50.6%). The infection was located in the lower limbs in 155 cases (98%), in the face in two cases (1.3%) and in the upper limb in one case (0.7%). Prevention of skin and soft tissue infection is a crucial step to preserve health in aged persons.

• #20 Cellulitis in aged persons: a neglected infection in the literature

  https://www.panafrican-med-journal.com//content/article/27/160/full

  One hundred fifty eight patients comprising 94 men (59.5 %) and 64 women (40.5 %) (M/F sex ratio: 0.68) with a mean age of 73 years old (range: 65 to 94 years old) were enrolled. Among them, we noted diabetes mellitus in 81 cases (50.6%), smoking in 51 cases (32.3%), obesity in 52 cases (33%), heart failure in 25 cases (15.8%), recurrent cellulitis in 14 cases (8.8%) and alcoholism in two cases (1.2%). […] Aged persons are frequently predisposed to this infection. The cellulitis of the lower leg is the most frequent. It tends to recur in a substantial proportion of patients following an initial episode. Risk factors are well identified. The most important are tinea pedis or other toe web maceration or skin breaks, veinous oedema or lymphoedema, obesity and diabetes. Aged persons are indeed concerned with cellulitis. They are fragile and their co-morbidities led to get the situation worse. They have multiple coexisting diseases such as diabetes, cardiac failure, vascular diseases and severe obesity which are risk factors for mortality from cellulitis.

• #21 Cellulitis and skin abscess: Epidemiology, microbiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/cellulitis-and-skin-abscess-epidemiology-microbiology-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis/print

  Cellulitis is observed most frequently among middle-aged and older adults. Erysipelas occurs in young children and older adults. The incidence of cellulitis is about 200 cases per 100,000 patient-years and, in nontropical regions, has a seasonal predilection for warmer months.

• #22 Cellulitis and skin abscess: Epidemiology, microbiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/cellulitis-and-skin-abscess-epidemiology-microbiology-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis

  Cellulitis is observed most frequently among middle-aged and older adults. Erysipelas occurs in young children and older adults. The incidence of cellulitis is about 200 cases per 100,000 patient-years and, in nontropical regions, has a seasonal predilection for warmer months. […] The epidemiology, microbiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of cellulitis and skin abscess are reviewed here.

• #23 The association of cellulitis incidence and meteorological factors in Taiwan | Epidemiology & Infection | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/association-of-cellulitis-incidence-and-meteorological-factors-in-taiwan/1F6217953A0A5052F8AC4FFA1D9C4782

  The average monthly temperature proved to be the most significant factor showing an increase in cellulitis incidence of 3.47/100 000 according to each 1 rise in temperature. […] Meteorological factors in Taiwan exhibit seasonal changes with high temperatures in summer and longer days of intense sunshine. […] The cellulitis incidence was directly correlated with season, being highest in summer and lowest in winter. […] This large-scale study correlating 13 years of meteorological data with the cellulitis incidence rate confirms its high seasonality in Taiwan, as observed elsewhere by others.

• #24

  https://bpac.org.nz/bpj/2015/june/cellulitis.aspx

  In New Zealand there was a significant increase in S. aureus skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) reported for the 12 years until 2011: the incidence increased from 81 to 140 people per 100 000 or approximately a 5% increase per year during this time. The rates of S. aureus SSTIs in northern and central regions of New Zealand were approximately three times the rates in the south. Although not specifically reported, cellulitis infections are expected to account for a substantial portion of these figures. […] Mori and Pacific peoples and people from low socioeconomic areas are known to be at increased risk of serious skin infections, which is likely to be due to a range of factors, including overcrowding and reduced access to primary healthcare; children are often affected.

• #25 Cellulitis > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/cellulitis

  About 14 million cases of cellulitis occur in the U.S. every year. Its more common among adults ages 50 and older. Men and women are affected equally. […] About 650,000 people are hospitalized for the treatment of cellulitis each year. Seeking early treatment can prevent the infection from spreading, reducing the need for hospitalization during treatment. […] People may be more susceptible to cellulitis if they have a chronic health condition, such as diabetes or vascular disease, or if theyre recovering from surgery. Individuals who are immunocompromised are also at increased risk of cellulitis. […] People are at increased risk of developing cellulitis if they have: Cuts, scrapes, or other breaks in the skin; Skin ulcers caused by diabetes or vascular disease; Stitches or healing wounds from a recent surgery; Insect bites or stings that have pierced the skin; Animal (or human) bites that have broken the skin; History of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA); New piercings or tattoos; Cracked or peeling skin on the feet or between the toes; Athletes foot; Eczema; Diabetes; Peripheral artery disease; Shingles; Chickenpox; Lymphedema.

• #26 Cellulitis > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/cellulitis

  Other risk factors include: Taking corticosteroids or other immune-suppressing medications; Having an immune-suppressing condition, such as HIV/AIDS; Having a history of peripheral vascular disease; Injection drug usage. […] With antibiotic treatment, most people recover from cellulitis at home. Others, however, will recover while in the hospital if they require intravenous antibiotics. […] Some people experience complications of cellulitis, such as deep tissue infections or bacteria in their bloodstream. This is more likely among people who have had lymphedema. People with these conditions are also at increased risk of developing cellulitis infections in the future.

• #27 Cellulitis > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/cellulitis

  Other risk factors include: Taking corticosteroids or other immune-suppressing medications; Having an immune-suppressing condition, such as HIV/AIDS; Having a history of peripheral vascular disease; Injection drug usage. […] With antibiotic treatment, most people recover from cellulitis at home. Others, however, will recover while in the hospital if they require intravenous antibiotics. […] Some people experience complications of cellulitis, such as deep tissue infections or bacteria in their bloodstream. This is more likely among people who have had lymphedema. People with these conditions are also at increased risk of developing cellulitis infections in the future.

• #28 Cellulitis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/cellulitis?embed_domain=hackmd.io%25252F%252540yIPUAFeCSL2JsU8smR5nJQ%25252Fbnjhjgjghjghjghfavicon.icofavicon.ico&lang=us

  Cellulitis (rare plural: cellulitides) is an acute infection of the dermis and subcutaneous tissues without deep fascial or muscular involvement. […] Epidemiology […] Risk factors include trauma, foreign bodies, peripheral vascular disease, diabetes mellitus, HIV/AIDS, chronic kidney disease, chronic liver disease, and intravenous drug use.

• #29 Cellulitis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/19114

  Cellulitis is relatively common, and most often occurs in middle-aged and older adults. When comparing men and women, there is no statistically significant difference in the incidence of cellulitis. There are approximately 50 cases per 1000 patient-years.[6] […] Annual recurrence of cellulitis occurs in about 8 to 20% of patients, with overall reoccurrence rates reaching as high as 49%.[7][1] Recurrence is preventable with prompt treatment of cuts or abrasions, proper hand hygiene, as well as effectively treating any underlying comorbidities. There is approximately an 18% failure rate with initial antibiotic treatment. Overall, cellulitis has a good prognosis.[11]

• #30 Cellulitis incidence in a defined population | Epidemiology & Infection | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/cellulitis-incidence-in-a-defined-population/E38BA110C694E6228BB6E19F9E123321

  A population-based insurance claims database was used to examine cellulitis incidence, anatomical sites of infection, complicating diagnoses, source of health service, and recurrence rates. […] We found a cellulitis incidence rate of 246/1000 person-years, with a higher incidence among males and individuals aged 4564 years. […] The majority of patients were seen in an outpatient setting (738%), and most (820%) had only one episode of cellulitis during the 5-year period studied. […] Cellulitis is fairly common, usually treated in outpatient settings, and is infrequently complicated by erysipelas, lymphadenitis, lymphangitis, or necrotizing fasciitis.

• #31 Cellulitis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/19114

  Cellulitis is relatively common, and most often occurs in middle-aged and older adults. When comparing men and women, there is no statistically significant difference in the incidence of cellulitis. There are approximately 50 cases per 1000 patient-years.[6] […] Annual recurrence of cellulitis occurs in about 8 to 20% of patients, with overall reoccurrence rates reaching as high as 49%.[7][1] Recurrence is preventable with prompt treatment of cuts or abrasions, proper hand hygiene, as well as effectively treating any underlying comorbidities. There is approximately an 18% failure rate with initial antibiotic treatment. Overall, cellulitis has a good prognosis.[11]

• #32 Clinical features, microbiological epidemiology and recommendations for management of cellulitis in extremity lymphedema – Lymphoedema Education Solutions

  https://lymphoedemaeducation.com.au/resources/clinical-features-microbiological-epidemiology-and-recommendations-for-management-of-cellulitis-in-extremity-lymphedema/

  Clinical features, microbiological epidemiology and recommendations for management of cellulitis in extremity lymphedema […] Background: This high volume, single center study investigated the prevalence, bacterial epidemiology, and responsiveness to antibiotic therapy of cellulitis in extremity lymphedema. Methods: From 2003 to 2018, cellulitis events from a cohort of 420 patients with extremity lymphedema were reviewed. Demographics, lymphedema grading, symptoms, inflammatory markers, cultures and antibiotic therapy regimens were compiled from cellulitis episodes data. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed for detailed analysis. […] Results: A total of 131 separate episodes of cellulitis were recorded from 43 (81.1%) lower limb and 10 (19.9%) upper limb lymphedema patients. The prevalence and recurrence rates for cellulitis in lymphedema patients were 12.6% (53 of 420) and 56.6% (30 of 53), respectively. The most common findings were increased limb circumference (127 of 131; 96.9%) and abnormal C-reactive protein (CRP) level (86 of 113; 76.1%). Blood cultures were obtained in 79 (60.3%) incidents, with 9 (11.4%) returning positive. Streptococcus agalactiae was the most isolated bacterium (5 of 9; 55.5%).

• #33 Clinical features, microbiological epidemiology and recommendations for management of cellulitis in extremity lymphedema – Lymphoedema Education Solutions

  https://lymphoedemaeducation.com.au/resources/clinical-features-microbiological-epidemiology-and-recommendations-for-management-of-cellulitis-in-extremity-lymphedema/

  Conclusions: The cellulitis prevalence and recurrence rate in extremity lymphedema were 12.6%, and 56.6%, respectively. Strongest indicators of cellulitis were increased affected limb circumference and elevated CRP level. Empiric antibiotic therapy began with coverage for Steptococcus species before broadening to anti-Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and anti- Gram negatives if needed for effective treatment of extremity lymphedema cellulitis. […] This article summarizes a large single centre experience for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with cellulitis and extremity lymphedema for over a decade. The prevalence rate of cellulitis in extremity lymphedema was 12.6% with a recurrence rate of 56.6%. An increase in the circumference of the affected limb and high CRP level were the most common clinical findings. Systemic involvement was frequent. Empiric antibiotics therapy began with coverage for Streptococcus species before broadening to anti-Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and anti-Gram negatives if needed for effective treatment of extremity lymphedema cellulitis.

• #34 Cellulitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulitis

  Cellulitis in 2015 resulted in about 16,900 deaths worldwide, up from 12,600 in 2005. […] Cellulitis is a common global health burden, with more than 650,000 admissions per year in the United States alone. In the United States, an estimated 14.5 million cases annually of cellulitis account for $3.7 billion in ambulatory care costs alone. The majority of cases of cellulitis are nonculturable and therefore the causative bacteria are unknown. In the 15% of cellulitis cases in which organisms are identified, most are due to -hemolytic Streptococcus and Staphylococcus aureus.

• #35 Clinical features, microbiological epidemiology and recommendations for management of cellulitis in extremity lymphedema – Lymphoedema Education Solutions

  https://lymphoedemaeducation.com.au/resources/clinical-features-microbiological-epidemiology-and-recommendations-for-management-of-cellulitis-in-extremity-lymphedema/

  Clinical features, microbiological epidemiology and recommendations for management of cellulitis in extremity lymphedema […] Background: This high volume, single center study investigated the prevalence, bacterial epidemiology, and responsiveness to antibiotic therapy of cellulitis in extremity lymphedema. Methods: From 2003 to 2018, cellulitis events from a cohort of 420 patients with extremity lymphedema were reviewed. Demographics, lymphedema grading, symptoms, inflammatory markers, cultures and antibiotic therapy regimens were compiled from cellulitis episodes data. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed for detailed analysis. […] Results: A total of 131 separate episodes of cellulitis were recorded from 43 (81.1%) lower limb and 10 (19.9%) upper limb lymphedema patients. The prevalence and recurrence rates for cellulitis in lymphedema patients were 12.6% (53 of 420) and 56.6% (30 of 53), respectively. The most common findings were increased limb circumference (127 of 131; 96.9%) and abnormal C-reactive protein (CRP) level (86 of 113; 76.1%). Blood cultures were obtained in 79 (60.3%) incidents, with 9 (11.4%) returning positive. Streptococcus agalactiae was the most isolated bacterium (5 of 9; 55.5%).

• #36 Cellulitis – Core EM

  https://coreem.net/core/cellulitis/

  Overall incidence of 24.6/1000 person years, increasing incidence with age, majority receiving outpatient therapy (Simonsen 2006) […] More prevalent in males, mean age ~45 years of age (Dong 2001, Ginsberg 1981) […] Rising incidence, especially in urban settings, of community acquired methicillin resistant Staph aureus (CA-MRSA) as causative bacteria (Moran 2006) […] Special At-risk populations (Swartz 2004): Patients who have undergone mastectomy with partial or full axillary lymph node dissection and breast irradiation can develop associated lymphedema leading to recurrent cellulitis of ipsilateral arm or breast […] Consider risk of methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) […] Patient from community with high rate of CA-MRSA (30%) […] Most cellulitis patients can be treated as outpatients with oral antibiotics. Consider the dangerous differential diagnoses in all patients with cellulitis […] Evaluate all patients for risk of MRSA as it will change antibiotic choice.

• #37 Cellulitis | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617609/all/Cellulitis?q=ampicillin%2Fsulbactam

  The most common cause of cellulitis in children is Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes infection, which develop secondary to local trauma of the integument. […] Community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA) infections continue to increase in incidence but more commonly cause purulent abscesses rather than cellulitis. […] The prevalence of CA-MRSA among purulent skin and soft tissue infections is 60% in some communities. […] Bacteremic disease is rare, owing to the tremendous efficacy of vaccines against both Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and Streptococcus pneumoniae.

• #38

  https://ojs2.sbmu.ac.ir/tripleR/article/view/26606

  Considering the little evidence regarding peri-orbital infections, this study was aimed to obtain information about the epidemiology, etiology, and management of orbital infections. […] The prevalence of peri-orbital infection was higher in children. The prevalence ratio of preseptal to orbital cellulitis was 3.3:1. The main etiologic factor was sinusitis.

• #39 Orbital Cellulitis | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-40697-3_19

  OC is a disease of all ages. Over a period of 26 years, 53 adults with OC were seen at a university clinic in Split, Croatia. For 6 years, 28 children with OC were seen at a university clinic in Marrakech, Morocco. In the University Medical Center of Amsterdam, we have seen 116 patients, both children and adults, with OC during a period of 7 years. Sixty-eight of them had pOC, 48 had rOC. Seventeen patients (25%) with pOC were younger than 9 years of age; another 17 (35%) with rOC fell in the same age-group. In conclusion, OCalbeit pOC or rOCis rather rare. The reported incidence is 0.13.5 per 100,000 individuals. It is assumed that children suffer from OC more often than adults. This is not in accordance with our experience, but this may be due to referral bias. In our series, 47% of the patients with pOC and 77% of the patients with rOC were male.

• #40 Orbital Cellulitis | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/62774

  Orbital cellulitis may occur at all age groups but is more commonly seen in children. The incidence in children is 1.6 per 100,000 compared to adults 0.1 per 100,000. Gender distribution is usually equal; however, the males predominate in some countries because of work-related injuries as in India and Nigeria. Orbital cellulitis has its peak incidence in winter and early spring and is least frequent (19.4%) in the summer months. […] In the western countries, patients have an average duration of symptoms for 4.4 days and an average hospital stay of 5.86.2 days compared with developing countries, where the average symptom duration is 5.210.6 days, prior to presentation and have a longer average hospital stay of 913.7 days. In developing countries, late presentation results in poor prognosis.

• #41 Preseptal Cellulitis: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1218009-overview

  According to the National Center for Disease Statistics in 1995, approximately 5000 inpatients in the United States had a primary discharge diagnosis of deep inflammation of the eyelid, as specified in the International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision (ICD-9). […] Preseptal cellulitis primarily is a pediatric disease, with approximately 80% of patients being younger than 10 years and most patients being younger than 5 years. Patients with preseptal cellulitis tend to be younger than patients with orbital cellulitis.

• #42

  https://tandf.figshare.com/articles/dataset/Epidemiology_of_Orbital_and_Preseptal_Cellulitis_in_the_United_States_A_13-Year_Analysis/28211553

  To determine the incidence rates, risk factors, and economic burden of orbital and preseptal cellulitis in the United States (US). […] The incidence rates of preseptal cellulitis increased from 6.2 in 2006 to 19.2 per 100,000 US population in 2018. In contrast, orbital cellulitis incidence rates have been decreasing from 6.1 to 2.8 per 100,000 US population from 2006 to 2018, respectively. […] Orbital and preseptal cellulitis are costly infections in the US with increasing incidence rates for preseptal cellulitis. Identifying individuals at risk for infection is key for diagnosis and appropriate triage of care.

• #43 Preseptal Cellulitis Incidence Increasing, Orbital Cellulitis Routinely Discharged from ED

  https://www.reviewofoptometry.com/article/preseptal-cellulitis-incidence-increasing-orbital-cellulitis-routinely-discharged-from-ed

  Higher rates of both preseptal and orbital cellulitis were found amongst females, patients with public insurance and individuals from the South. […] A recent study published in Ophthalmic Epidemiology sought to determine the incidence rates, risk factors and economic burden of orbital and preseptal cellulitis in the United States with data from the US Nationwide Emergency Department (ED) Sample dataset. Its findings highlighted that both orbital and preseptal cellulitis were costly infections in the US, with an increasing ED incidence rate for preseptal cellulitis. […] The incidence rates of preseptal cellulitis increased from 6.2 in 2006 to 19.2 per 100,000 US population in 2018. On the other hand, orbital cellulitis incidence rates have been decreasing from 6.1 to 2.8 per 100,000 US population from 2006 to 2018, respectively.

• #44 Preseptal Cellulitis: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1218009-overview

  According to the National Center for Disease Statistics in 1995, approximately 5000 inpatients in the United States had a primary discharge diagnosis of deep inflammation of the eyelid, as specified in the International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision (ICD-9). […] Preseptal cellulitis primarily is a pediatric disease, with approximately 80% of patients being younger than 10 years and most patients being younger than 5 years. Patients with preseptal cellulitis tend to be younger than patients with orbital cellulitis.

• #45 Orbital and Preseptal Cellulitis | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/orbital-and-preseptal-cellulitis

  How common is orbital and preseptal cellulitis? (Epidemiology) […] Orbital cellulitis is much less common than preseptal cellulitis although data relating to the incidence is scant. […] Both conditions occur more commonly in the winter months as a result of the increased incidence of paranasal sinus infection. The frequency of orbital complications from sinus infection ranges from 0.5% to 3.9%. […] There is no predilection for gender or race (except in children where orbital cellulitis affects boys twice as much as girls). […] Both conditions are more common in children. Orbital cellulitis more frequently affects those aged 7-12 years. Preseptal cellulitis more frequently affects younger children (median age 5 years in one study.

• #46 Peri-orbital Cellulitis- Pathophysiology- Managment- TeachMePaediatrics

  https://teachmepaediatrics.com/ent/nose/peri-orbital-cellulitis/

  Peri-orbital cellulitis is a disease primarily of children and adolescents with an age distribution ranging between 0-15 years, and a peak incidence in children younger than 10 years. As a result, it is much more common in adolescence than adulthood, as well as being twice as common amongst males when compared to females. […] There is bi-modal seasonal variation, with peak occurrence in late winter/early spring, attributed to the increased incidence of upper respiratory tract infection and paranasal sinusitis in the same seasons of the year. […] Peri-orbital cellulitis occurs in 35% of children with sinus-related infections, and accounts for 0.3-1.3 cases per month at a tertiary referral centre typically.

• #47 Preseptal Cellulitis Incidence Increasing, Orbital Cellulitis Routinely Discharged from ED

  https://www.reviewofoptometry.com/article/preseptal-cellulitis-incidence-increasing-orbital-cellulitis-routinely-discharged-from-ed

  Higher rates of both preseptal and orbital cellulitis were found amongst females, patients with public insurance and individuals from the South. […] A recent study published in Ophthalmic Epidemiology sought to determine the incidence rates, risk factors and economic burden of orbital and preseptal cellulitis in the United States with data from the US Nationwide Emergency Department (ED) Sample dataset. Its findings highlighted that both orbital and preseptal cellulitis were costly infections in the US, with an increasing ED incidence rate for preseptal cellulitis. […] The incidence rates of preseptal cellulitis increased from 6.2 in 2006 to 19.2 per 100,000 US population in 2018. On the other hand, orbital cellulitis incidence rates have been decreasing from 6.1 to 2.8 per 100,000 US population from 2006 to 2018, respectively.

• #48 Orbital and Preseptal Cellulitis | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/orbital-and-preseptal-cellulitis

  How common is orbital and preseptal cellulitis? (Epidemiology) […] Orbital cellulitis is much less common than preseptal cellulitis although data relating to the incidence is scant. […] Both conditions occur more commonly in the winter months as a result of the increased incidence of paranasal sinus infection. The frequency of orbital complications from sinus infection ranges from 0.5% to 3.9%. […] There is no predilection for gender or race (except in children where orbital cellulitis affects boys twice as much as girls). […] Both conditions are more common in children. Orbital cellulitis more frequently affects those aged 7-12 years. Preseptal cellulitis more frequently affects younger children (median age 5 years in one study.

• #49 Peri-orbital Cellulitis- Pathophysiology- Managment- TeachMePaediatrics

  https://teachmepaediatrics.com/ent/nose/peri-orbital-cellulitis/

  Peri-orbital cellulitis is a disease primarily of children and adolescents with an age distribution ranging between 0-15 years, and a peak incidence in children younger than 10 years. As a result, it is much more common in adolescence than adulthood, as well as being twice as common amongst males when compared to females. […] There is bi-modal seasonal variation, with peak occurrence in late winter/early spring, attributed to the increased incidence of upper respiratory tract infection and paranasal sinusitis in the same seasons of the year. […] Peri-orbital cellulitis occurs in 35% of children with sinus-related infections, and accounts for 0.3-1.3 cases per month at a tertiary referral centre typically.

• #50

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9474943/

  Cellulitis is an acute bacterial infection of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue usually found complicating a wound, ulcer, or dermatosis. This article provides guidelines for the surveillance of cellulitis. The primary objectives of cellulitis surveillance are to (1) monitor trends in rates of infection, (2) describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with cellulitis, (3) estimate the frequency of complications, and (4) describe the risk factors associated with primary and recurrent cellulitis. […] An effective surveillance system for cellulitis serves to: (1) monitor trends in age- and sex-specific incidence or prevalence of cellulitis among the population of a defined geographic area; (2) describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of people with confirmed Strep A cellulitis; and (3) provide estimates of disease burden of Strep A cellulitis.

• #51 Standardisation Of Epidemiological Surveillance Of Group A Streptococcal Cellulitis – MMGH Consulting

  https://www.mmglobalhealth.org/publications/standardisation-of-epidemiological-surveillance-of-group-a-streptococcal-cellulitis/

  Cellulitis is an acute bacterial infection of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue usually found complicating a wound, ulcer, or dermatosis. This article provides guidelines for the surveillance of cellulitis. The primary objectives of cellulitis surveillance are to (1) monitor trends in rates of infection, (2) describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with cellulitis, (3) estimate the frequency of complications, and (4) describe the risk factors associated with primary and recurrent cellulitis. This article includes case definitions for clinical cellulitis and group A streptococcal cellulitis, based on clinical and laboratory evidence, and case classifications for an initial and recurrent case. […] It is expected that surveillance for cellulitis will be for all-cause cellulitis, rather than specifically for Strep A cellulitis. Considerations of the type of surveillance are also presented, including identification of data sources and surveillance type. Minimal surveillance necessary for cellulitis is facility-based, passive surveillance. Prospective, active, facility-based surveillance is recommended for estimates of pathogen-specific cellulitis burden.

• #52

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9474943/

  Cellulitis is an acute bacterial infection of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue usually found complicating a wound, ulcer, or dermatosis. This article provides guidelines for the surveillance of cellulitis. The primary objectives of cellulitis surveillance are to (1) monitor trends in rates of infection, (2) describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with cellulitis, (3) estimate the frequency of complications, and (4) describe the risk factors associated with primary and recurrent cellulitis. […] An effective surveillance system for cellulitis serves to: (1) monitor trends in age- and sex-specific incidence or prevalence of cellulitis among the population of a defined geographic area; (2) describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of people with confirmed Strep A cellulitis; and (3) provide estimates of disease burden of Strep A cellulitis.

• #53

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9474943/

  The selection of surveillance strategies depends on specific epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of the disease outcome of interest, the overall surveillance objectives, surveillance location, services accessibility, and the resources available. […] The minimal and enhanced surveillance strategies for cellulitis are described in Table 2. Minimal surveillance for cellulitis is facility-based, passive surveillance. Enhanced surveillance allows for estimates of pathogen-specific cellulitis burden (ie, Strep A cellulitis). […] It is expected that surveillance of cellulitis will be for all-cause cellulitis, rather than specifically for Strep A cellulitis. As a subset, confirmed Strep A cases can be identified. […] Common data sources used for cellulitis surveillance include hospital records (admission logs and discharge diagnosis), primary care records (doctors offices, outpatient and emergency departments), or health insurance databases. […] A surveillance protocol should clearly describe enrollment eligibility criteria.

• #54

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9474943/

  The selection of surveillance strategies depends on specific epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of the disease outcome of interest, the overall surveillance objectives, surveillance location, services accessibility, and the resources available. […] The minimal and enhanced surveillance strategies for cellulitis are described in Table 2. Minimal surveillance for cellulitis is facility-based, passive surveillance. Enhanced surveillance allows for estimates of pathogen-specific cellulitis burden (ie, Strep A cellulitis). […] It is expected that surveillance of cellulitis will be for all-cause cellulitis, rather than specifically for Strep A cellulitis. As a subset, confirmed Strep A cases can be identified. […] Common data sources used for cellulitis surveillance include hospital records (admission logs and discharge diagnosis), primary care records (doctors offices, outpatient and emergency departments), or health insurance databases. […] A surveillance protocol should clearly describe enrollment eligibility criteria.

• #55 Standardisation Of Epidemiological Surveillance Of Group A Streptococcal Cellulitis – MMGH Consulting

  https://www.mmglobalhealth.org/publications/standardisation-of-epidemiological-surveillance-of-group-a-streptococcal-cellulitis/

  Cellulitis is an acute bacterial infection of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue usually found complicating a wound, ulcer, or dermatosis. This article provides guidelines for the surveillance of cellulitis. The primary objectives of cellulitis surveillance are to (1) monitor trends in rates of infection, (2) describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with cellulitis, (3) estimate the frequency of complications, and (4) describe the risk factors associated with primary and recurrent cellulitis. This article includes case definitions for clinical cellulitis and group A streptococcal cellulitis, based on clinical and laboratory evidence, and case classifications for an initial and recurrent case. […] It is expected that surveillance for cellulitis will be for all-cause cellulitis, rather than specifically for Strep A cellulitis. Considerations of the type of surveillance are also presented, including identification of data sources and surveillance type. Minimal surveillance necessary for cellulitis is facility-based, passive surveillance. Prospective, active, facility-based surveillance is recommended for estimates of pathogen-specific cellulitis burden.

• #56 Standardization of Epidemiological Surveillance of Group A Streptococcal Cellulitis. | EBSCOhost

  https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=23288957&AN=159169011&h=yAMCxAFivY6oHHQI59it9kUgOgvzl9YAg4YikcJVIEemyI%2BT%2FwHHLWjdOr249TOlAyqysg8xnDpB778OXOUmiA%3D%3D&crl=f

  Standardization of Epidemiological Surveillance of Group A Streptococcal Cellulitis. […] This article provides guidelines for the surveillance of cellulitis. The primary objectives of cellulitis surveillance are to (1) monitor trends in rates of infection, (2) describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with cellulitis, (3) estimate the frequency of complications, and (4) describe the risk factors associated with primary and recurrent cellulitis. […] It is expected that surveillance for cellulitis will be for all-cause cellulitis, rather than specifically for Strep A cellulitis. Considerations of the type of surveillance are also presented, including identification of data sources and surveillance type. Minimal surveillance necessary for cellulitis is facility-based, passive surveillance. Prospective, active, facility-based surveillance is recommended for estimates of pathogen-specific cellulitis burden.

• #57

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9474943/

  The selection of surveillance strategies depends on specific epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of the disease outcome of interest, the overall surveillance objectives, surveillance location, services accessibility, and the resources available. […] The minimal and enhanced surveillance strategies for cellulitis are described in Table 2. Minimal surveillance for cellulitis is facility-based, passive surveillance. Enhanced surveillance allows for estimates of pathogen-specific cellulitis burden (ie, Strep A cellulitis). […] It is expected that surveillance of cellulitis will be for all-cause cellulitis, rather than specifically for Strep A cellulitis. As a subset, confirmed Strep A cases can be identified. […] Common data sources used for cellulitis surveillance include hospital records (admission logs and discharge diagnosis), primary care records (doctors offices, outpatient and emergency departments), or health insurance databases. […] A surveillance protocol should clearly describe enrollment eligibility criteria.

• #58

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9474943/

  The selection of surveillance strategies depends on specific epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of the disease outcome of interest, the overall surveillance objectives, surveillance location, services accessibility, and the resources available. […] The minimal and enhanced surveillance strategies for cellulitis are described in Table 2. Minimal surveillance for cellulitis is facility-based, passive surveillance. Enhanced surveillance allows for estimates of pathogen-specific cellulitis burden (ie, Strep A cellulitis). […] It is expected that surveillance of cellulitis will be for all-cause cellulitis, rather than specifically for Strep A cellulitis. As a subset, confirmed Strep A cases can be identified. […] Common data sources used for cellulitis surveillance include hospital records (admission logs and discharge diagnosis), primary care records (doctors offices, outpatient and emergency departments), or health insurance databases. […] A surveillance protocol should clearly describe enrollment eligibility criteria.

• #59

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9474943/

  The selection of surveillance strategies depends on specific epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of the disease outcome of interest, the overall surveillance objectives, surveillance location, services accessibility, and the resources available. […] The minimal and enhanced surveillance strategies for cellulitis are described in Table 2. Minimal surveillance for cellulitis is facility-based, passive surveillance. Enhanced surveillance allows for estimates of pathogen-specific cellulitis burden (ie, Strep A cellulitis). […] It is expected that surveillance of cellulitis will be for all-cause cellulitis, rather than specifically for Strep A cellulitis. As a subset, confirmed Strep A cases can be identified. […] Common data sources used for cellulitis surveillance include hospital records (admission logs and discharge diagnosis), primary care records (doctors offices, outpatient and emergency departments), or health insurance databases. […] A surveillance protocol should clearly describe enrollment eligibility criteria.

• #60 Standardisation Of Epidemiological Surveillance Of Group A Streptococcal Cellulitis – MMGH Consulting

  https://www.mmglobalhealth.org/publications/standardisation-of-epidemiological-surveillance-of-group-a-streptococcal-cellulitis/

  Cellulitis is an acute bacterial infection of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue usually found complicating a wound, ulcer, or dermatosis. This article provides guidelines for the surveillance of cellulitis. The primary objectives of cellulitis surveillance are to (1) monitor trends in rates of infection, (2) describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with cellulitis, (3) estimate the frequency of complications, and (4) describe the risk factors associated with primary and recurrent cellulitis. This article includes case definitions for clinical cellulitis and group A streptococcal cellulitis, based on clinical and laboratory evidence, and case classifications for an initial and recurrent case. […] It is expected that surveillance for cellulitis will be for all-cause cellulitis, rather than specifically for Strep A cellulitis. Considerations of the type of surveillance are also presented, including identification of data sources and surveillance type. Minimal surveillance necessary for cellulitis is facility-based, passive surveillance. Prospective, active, facility-based surveillance is recommended for estimates of pathogen-specific cellulitis burden.

• #61 Standardization of Epidemiological Surveillance of Group A Streptococcal Cellulitis. | EBSCOhost

  https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=23288957&AN=159169011&h=yAMCxAFivY6oHHQI59it9kUgOgvzl9YAg4YikcJVIEemyI%2BT%2FwHHLWjdOr249TOlAyqysg8xnDpB778OXOUmiA%3D%3D&crl=f

  Standardization of Epidemiological Surveillance of Group A Streptococcal Cellulitis. […] This article provides guidelines for the surveillance of cellulitis. The primary objectives of cellulitis surveillance are to (1) monitor trends in rates of infection, (2) describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with cellulitis, (3) estimate the frequency of complications, and (4) describe the risk factors associated with primary and recurrent cellulitis. […] It is expected that surveillance for cellulitis will be for all-cause cellulitis, rather than specifically for Strep A cellulitis. Considerations of the type of surveillance are also presented, including identification of data sources and surveillance type. Minimal surveillance necessary for cellulitis is facility-based, passive surveillance. Prospective, active, facility-based surveillance is recommended for estimates of pathogen-specific cellulitis burden.

• #62 Cellulitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549770/

  Cellulitis is relatively common, and most often occurs in middle-aged and older adults. When comparing men and women, there is no statistically significant difference in the incidence of cellulitis. There are approximately 50 cases per 1000 patient-years. […] Cellulitis is a common bacterial skin infection, with over 14 million cases occurring in the United States annually. It accounts for approximately 3.7 billion dollars in ambulatory care costs and 650000 hospitalizations annually.

• #63 Cellulitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulitis

  Cellulitis in 2015 resulted in about 16,900 deaths worldwide, up from 12,600 in 2005. […] Cellulitis is a common global health burden, with more than 650,000 admissions per year in the United States alone. In the United States, an estimated 14.5 million cases annually of cellulitis account for $3.7 billion in ambulatory care costs alone. The majority of cases of cellulitis are nonculturable and therefore the causative bacteria are unknown. In the 15% of cellulitis cases in which organisms are identified, most are due to -hemolytic Streptococcus and Staphylococcus aureus.

• #64 Cellulitis > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/cellulitis

  About 14 million cases of cellulitis occur in the U.S. every year. Its more common among adults ages 50 and older. Men and women are affected equally. […] About 650,000 people are hospitalized for the treatment of cellulitis each year. Seeking early treatment can prevent the infection from spreading, reducing the need for hospitalization during treatment. […] People may be more susceptible to cellulitis if they have a chronic health condition, such as diabetes or vascular disease, or if theyre recovering from surgery. Individuals who are immunocompromised are also at increased risk of cellulitis. […] People are at increased risk of developing cellulitis if they have: Cuts, scrapes, or other breaks in the skin; Skin ulcers caused by diabetes or vascular disease; Stitches or healing wounds from a recent surgery; Insect bites or stings that have pierced the skin; Animal (or human) bites that have broken the skin; History of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA); New piercings or tattoos; Cracked or peeling skin on the feet or between the toes; Athletes foot; Eczema; Diabetes; Peripheral artery disease; Shingles; Chickenpox; Lymphedema.

• #65 Cellulitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulitis

  Cellulitis in 2015 resulted in about 16,900 deaths worldwide, up from 12,600 in 2005. […] Cellulitis is a common global health burden, with more than 650,000 admissions per year in the United States alone. In the United States, an estimated 14.5 million cases annually of cellulitis account for $3.7 billion in ambulatory care costs alone. The majority of cases of cellulitis are nonculturable and therefore the causative bacteria are unknown. In the 15% of cellulitis cases in which organisms are identified, most are due to -hemolytic Streptococcus and Staphylococcus aureus.

• #66 MORTALITY OF HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS WITH CELLULITIS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS – SHM Abstracts | Society of Hospital Medicine

  https://shmabstracts.mystagingwebsite.com/abstract/mortality-of-hospitalized-patients-with-cellulitis-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis/

  Cellulitis is a common cause of hospitalization. In the United States there are approximately 650,000 hospitalizations for cellulitis yearly, accounting for 1% of all admissions and approximately $10 billion. […] The overall mortality rate for patients hospitalized with cellulitis is 1.1% and for patients in the United States the rate was 0.5%. This rate compares to mortality rates of low risk conditions that are often managed as outpatients or in observation units. […] Overall, our results appear to support a narrow approach to empiric antibiotics and also potentially support alternatives to hospitalization such as observation admission or outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy.

• #67

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11606-018-4546-z

  Cellulitis is a common cause of hospitalization. In the USA, the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) code other cellulitis and abscess accounts for 1.4% of all admissions and $5.5 billion in annual costs. […] The estimated mortality rate for patients currently being hospitalized for cellulitis is comparable to the mortality rate of patients with community-acquired pneumonia that are recommended for outpatient management by the Pneumonia Severity Index and CURB65 prediction models and strongly endorsed by major infectious disease societies. […] The estimated rate of mortality for patients hospitalized with cellulitis worldwide is approximately 1% and for patients in the USA, 0.5%. Attributable mortality is even lower. This rate is similar to the mortality rate of low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia that is currently strongly recommended for outpatient management by major infectious disease societies.

• #68 Cellulitis > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/cellulitis

  About 14 million cases of cellulitis occur in the U.S. every year. Its more common among adults ages 50 and older. Men and women are affected equally. […] About 650,000 people are hospitalized for the treatment of cellulitis each year. Seeking early treatment can prevent the infection from spreading, reducing the need for hospitalization during treatment. […] People may be more susceptible to cellulitis if they have a chronic health condition, such as diabetes or vascular disease, or if theyre recovering from surgery. Individuals who are immunocompromised are also at increased risk of cellulitis. […] People are at increased risk of developing cellulitis if they have: Cuts, scrapes, or other breaks in the skin; Skin ulcers caused by diabetes or vascular disease; Stitches or healing wounds from a recent surgery; Insect bites or stings that have pierced the skin; Animal (or human) bites that have broken the skin; History of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA); New piercings or tattoos; Cracked or peeling skin on the feet or between the toes; Athletes foot; Eczema; Diabetes; Peripheral artery disease; Shingles; Chickenpox; Lymphedema.

• #69 Cellulitis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/19114

  Cellulitis is relatively common, and most often occurs in middle-aged and older adults. When comparing men and women, there is no statistically significant difference in the incidence of cellulitis. There are approximately 50 cases per 1000 patient-years.[6] […] Annual recurrence of cellulitis occurs in about 8 to 20% of patients, with overall reoccurrence rates reaching as high as 49%.[7][1] Recurrence is preventable with prompt treatment of cuts or abrasions, proper hand hygiene, as well as effectively treating any underlying comorbidities. There is approximately an 18% failure rate with initial antibiotic treatment. Overall, cellulitis has a good prognosis.[11]

• #70 MORTALITY OF HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS WITH CELLULITIS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS – SHM Abstracts | Society of Hospital Medicine

  https://shmabstracts.mystagingwebsite.com/abstract/mortality-of-hospitalized-patients-with-cellulitis-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis/

  Cellulitis is a common cause of hospitalization. In the United States there are approximately 650,000 hospitalizations for cellulitis yearly, accounting for 1% of all admissions and approximately $10 billion. […] The overall mortality rate for patients hospitalized with cellulitis is 1.1% and for patients in the United States the rate was 0.5%. This rate compares to mortality rates of low risk conditions that are often managed as outpatients or in observation units. […] Overall, our results appear to support a narrow approach to empiric antibiotics and also potentially support alternatives to hospitalization such as observation admission or outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy.

• #71

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11606-018-4546-z

  Cellulitis is a common cause of hospitalization. In the USA, the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) code other cellulitis and abscess accounts for 1.4% of all admissions and $5.5 billion in annual costs. […] The estimated mortality rate for patients currently being hospitalized for cellulitis is comparable to the mortality rate of patients with community-acquired pneumonia that are recommended for outpatient management by the Pneumonia Severity Index and CURB65 prediction models and strongly endorsed by major infectious disease societies. […] The estimated rate of mortality for patients hospitalized with cellulitis worldwide is approximately 1% and for patients in the USA, 0.5%. Attributable mortality is even lower. This rate is similar to the mortality rate of low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia that is currently strongly recommended for outpatient management by major infectious disease societies.

• #72

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11606-018-4546-z

  Cellulitis is a common cause of hospitalization. In the USA, the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) code other cellulitis and abscess accounts for 1.4% of all admissions and $5.5 billion in annual costs. […] The estimated mortality rate for patients currently being hospitalized for cellulitis is comparable to the mortality rate of patients with community-acquired pneumonia that are recommended for outpatient management by the Pneumonia Severity Index and CURB65 prediction models and strongly endorsed by major infectious disease societies. […] The estimated rate of mortality for patients hospitalized with cellulitis worldwide is approximately 1% and for patients in the USA, 0.5%. Attributable mortality is even lower. This rate is similar to the mortality rate of low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia that is currently strongly recommended for outpatient management by major infectious disease societies.

• #73 Cellulitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulitis

  Cellulitis in 2015 resulted in about 16,900 deaths worldwide, up from 12,600 in 2005. […] Cellulitis is a common global health burden, with more than 650,000 admissions per year in the United States alone. In the United States, an estimated 14.5 million cases annually of cellulitis account for $3.7 billion in ambulatory care costs alone. The majority of cases of cellulitis are nonculturable and therefore the causative bacteria are unknown. In the 15% of cellulitis cases in which organisms are identified, most are due to -hemolytic Streptococcus and Staphylococcus aureus.

• #74 Cellulitis > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/cellulitis

  Other risk factors include: Taking corticosteroids or other immune-suppressing medications; Having an immune-suppressing condition, such as HIV/AIDS; Having a history of peripheral vascular disease; Injection drug usage. […] With antibiotic treatment, most people recover from cellulitis at home. Others, however, will recover while in the hospital if they require intravenous antibiotics. […] Some people experience complications of cellulitis, such as deep tissue infections or bacteria in their bloodstream. This is more likely among people who have had lymphedema. People with these conditions are also at increased risk of developing cellulitis infections in the future.

• #75 Factors and clinical prediction score for complication development after cellulitis diagnosis in adult patients | International Journal of Emergency Medicine | Full Text

  https://intjem.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12245-024-00646-w

  Cellulitis is defined as a bacterial infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue that can cause multiple complications, such as sepsis and necrotizing fasciitis. In extreme cases, it may lead to multiorgan failure and death. […] The incidence of cellulitis in patients with positive blood culture ranges from 4 to 30%, depending on the population and diagnostic criteria. […] The rate of hospitalization for skin infections varies depending on the severity of the disease and the patients comorbidities. Around 7% of patients with cellulitis are hospitalized, while mortalities range from 1 to 2.5%, depending on the study. […] Proper care and early recognition of cellulitis are critical in preventing complications such as bacteremia or necrotizing fasciitis. […] Our study is the first to identify and provide a predictive score for complications in adult patients after a cellulitis diagnosis, in a university-based, tertiary care hospital setting without the need for laboratory investigations.

• #76 Factors and clinical prediction score for complication development after cellulitis diagnosis in adult patients | International Journal of Emergency Medicine | Full Text

  https://intjem.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12245-024-00646-w

  Cellulitis is defined as a bacterial infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue that can cause multiple complications, such as sepsis and necrotizing fasciitis. In extreme cases, it may lead to multiorgan failure and death. […] The incidence of cellulitis in patients with positive blood culture ranges from 4 to 30%, depending on the population and diagnostic criteria. […] The rate of hospitalization for skin infections varies depending on the severity of the disease and the patients comorbidities. Around 7% of patients with cellulitis are hospitalized, while mortalities range from 1 to 2.5%, depending on the study. […] Proper care and early recognition of cellulitis are critical in preventing complications such as bacteremia or necrotizing fasciitis. […] Our study is the first to identify and provide a predictive score for complications in adult patients after a cellulitis diagnosis, in a university-based, tertiary care hospital setting without the need for laboratory investigations.

• #77 Factors and clinical prediction score for complication development after cellulitis diagnosis in adult patients | International Journal of Emergency Medicine | Full Text

  https://intjem.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12245-024-00646-w

  The outcomes of interest were the development of bacteremia or necrotizing fasciitis after an initial episode of cellulitis, and up to 1 month following the diagnosis. […] The RAMA-NFB Prediction Score predicts complications of necrotizing fasciitis and bacteremia in adult patients who present with cellulitis. […] The RAMA-NFB Prediction Score shows AuROC 82.93% (with 95% CI, 76.9888.89). This indicates good correlation of the six identified variables (age65 years, Body Mass Index30 kg/m2, diabetes mellitus, elevated body temperature, low systolic blood pressure, and involvement of the lower extremities) to predict complications of bacteremia or necrotizing fasciitis following a diagnosis of cellulitis. […] Our findings demonstrate that by considering a combination of a patients age, BMI, underlying diseases, vital signs, and the location of cellulitis, it is possible to predict the likelihood of complications arising from cellulitis. […] In conclusion, the RAMA-NFB Prediction Score can help predict the risk of complication development for adult patients with cellulitis. The high-risk patient group (with a score6) is more likely to progress to complications, either bacteremia or necrotizing fasciitis.

• #78 Orbital Cellulitis | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-40697-3_19

  The most frequent cause of OC is an extension of paranasal sinus disease. Inflammation of the ethmoid sinus can co-exist with signs of pOC or with a rOC. The medial wall of the orbit is paper-thin (hence, its name lamina papyracea). Extension of infectious material along vessels through the openings in this wall or retrograde spread by the interconnecting valveless venous system of the orbit and the sinuses easily results in OC. […] Apart from blindness, extension to the cavernous sinus resulting in thrombosis and extension to other intracranial loci are feared complications of OC. Cavernous sinus thrombosis will be discussed at the end of this chapter. In our series, we have seen three children and one adult with intracranial spread of OC. Interestingly, they had a short history of disease (less than 4 days) and presented with manifestations of cerebral spread, already at their admission to the hospital. They all survived and none had long-term complications.

• #79 Epidemiology and Management of Orbital Cellulitis Complicated by Cerebrospinal Disease, European Journal of Preventive Medicine, Science Publishing Group

  https://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/article/10.11648/10077851

  Orbital cellulitis is defined as an inflammation of the cellulo-fatty tissue of the orbit. Consecutive to an attack by an infectious agent, they are responsible for serious ocular, venous and especially cerebral complications. Cerebral or intracranial complications are responsible for 5 to 25% of mortality cases. […] The objective was to reveal the seriousness of cerebral complications of orbital cellulitis to contribute to better patient care in our context. […] Brain damage from orbital cellulitis is rare but remains the most serious complication. […] Their management is multidisciplinary and requires close collaboration between ophthalmologists, radiologists, otolaryngologists, and neurosurgeons. […] Orbital cellulitis is an ophthalmological emergency whose medical management should not suffer from any delay. […] Orbital cellulitis are rare but serious pathologies and responsible for many complications, particularly cerebral. Antibiotic therapy associated with rapid surgical management can considerably improve the vital and functional prognosis.

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