Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Dermatitis: Types, Treatments, Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4089-dermatitis

  Dermatitis is a word used to describe a number of skin irritations and rashes caused by genetics, an overactive immune system, infections, allergies, irritating substances and more. […] Dermatitis is caused by a combination of immune system activation, genetics and environmental triggers. […] Sometimes your immune system overreacts. If you have atopic dermatitis, your immune system reacts to seemingly small irritants or allergens. This causes inflammation. […] Researchers have observed that if others in your family have dermatitis, you’re more likely to have it. Additionally, experts have identified changes to genes that control a protein that helps your body maintain healthy skin. Your skin cannot remain healthy without normal levels of that protein. […] Your environment may make your immune system change the protective barrier of your skin. That causes more moisture to escape, and that can lead to dermatitis. Possible environmental factors include exposure to tobacco smoke and some types of air pollutants. Fragrances in some skin products and soap are also possible. […] Some types of dermatitis are caused by exposure to chemicals and other irritants. Perioral dermatitis, for example, may be caused by exposure to fluoride in water or toothpaste.

• #2 Dermatitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatitis

  Dermatitis is a term used for different types of skin inflammation, typically characterized by itchiness, redness and a rash. The exact cause of the condition is often unclear. Cases may involve a combination of allergy and poor venous return. The type of dermatitis is generally determined by the person’s history and the location of the rash. For example, irritant dermatitis often occurs on the hands of those who frequently get them wet. Allergic contact dermatitis occurs upon exposure to an allergen, causing a hypersensitivity reaction in the skin. […] The cause of dermatitis is unknown but is presumed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Eczema is not contagious. […] The hygiene hypothesis postulates that the cause of asthma, eczema, and other allergic diseases is an unusually clean environment in childhood which leads to an insufficient human microbiota.

• #3 Dermatitis: Risk factors, Causes, Treatment and Prevention | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/dermatitis/

  An umbrella term for conditions that cause inflammation of the skin. […] The causes include exposure to irritants such as perfume or lotion, dry skin, a viral or bacterial infection, stress, genetic factors, and immune dysfunction.

• #4 Dermatitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatitis

  Essential fatty acid deficiency results in a dermatitis similar to that seen in zinc or biotin deficiency. […] A number of genes have been associated with eczema, one of which affects production of filaggrin. Eczema occurs about three times more frequently in individuals with celiac disease and about two times more frequently in relatives of those with celiac disease, potentially indicating a genetic link between the conditions.

• #5 Atopic Dermatitis Treatment, Symptoms & Causes | NIAMS

  https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/atopic-dermatitis

  Researchers do not know what causes atopic dermatitis, but they do know that genes, the immune system, and the environment play a role in the disease. […] No one knows what causes atopic dermatitis; however, researchers know that changes in the protective layer of the skin can cause it to lose moisture. This can cause the skin to become dry, leading to damage and inflammation in the skin. […] Researchers do know that the following may contribute to the changes in the skin barrier, which helps control moisture: Changes (mutations) in genes. […] The chance of developing atopic dermatitis is higher if there is a family history of the disease, which suggests that genetics may play a role in the cause. […] The immune system normally helps to fight off illness, bacteria, and viruses in your body. Sometimes, the immune system becomes confused and overactive, which can create inflammation in the skin, leading to atopic dermatitis. […] Environmental factors may trigger the immune system to change the protective barrier of the skin allowing more moisture to escape, which can lead to the atopic dermatitis.

• #6 Causes and Risk Factors of Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis)

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/eczema/causes-symptoms-risk-factors/

  If you have family members with atopic dermatitis or other types of eczema, you may be at an increased risk of getting the skin condition. […] About 20 to 30 percent of people with atopic dermatitis have a mutated or altered FLG gene, compared to 8 to 10 percent of people without atopic dermatitis. […] FLG is the gene responsible for creating filaggrin, a protein that helps your body maintain a protective barrier on the top layer of the skin. […] Scientists believe environmental triggers or exposures may have a significant impact on the development of atopic dermatitis. […] Studies suggest that environmental exposures trigger changes to DNA, which may in turn influence the development of allergies in genetically susceptible individuals. […] Atopic dermatitis also tends to occur alongside two other allergic conditions: asthma and hay fever (allergic rhinitis).

• #7 Pediatric Atopic Dermatitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/911574-overview

  Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronically relapsing skin disorder with an immunologic basis. […] The etiology of atopic dermatitis appears to be linked both to genetic causes and to environmental agents. […] The prevalence of atopic dermatitis in children with one affected parent is 60% and rises to nearly 80% for children of two affected parents. […] Evidence has demonstrated a strong genetic predisposition towards the development of atopic dermatitis in patients with loss-of-function mutations in the gene that encodes the epidermal structural protein filaggrin (FLG). […] Environmental allergens repeatedly have been shown to trigger exacerbations of atopic dermatitis in susceptible individuals. […] Food allergy is implicated as a cause in one third to one half of children with atopic dermatitis. […] Atopic dermatitis is the result of a complex relationship between genetic predisposition and environmental exposures, including climate.

• #8 Eczema types: Atopic dermatitis causes

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/eczema/types/atopic-dermatitis/causes

  Exactly why people get atopic dermatitis, also called eczema, is still a bit of a mystery. […] We know that this condition is complex and that the following may play a role in causing it: Your genes, Your immune system, What touches your skin. […] Atopic dermatitis causes gaps in the skin’s protective barrier. […] The gaps in the skin barrier that develop when someone has atopic dermatitis allow: Too much moisture to escape from the skin, causing dryness, Everyday things in the environment from dust mites to fragrances to get inside the protective barrier, leading to inflammation, Germs like virus and bacteria to get inside the barrier, which can lead to an infection. […] This condition usually begins during childhood, with most children developing it by 5 years of age. […] However, some people have a higher risk of getting it.

• #9 Causes and Risk Factors of Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis)

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/eczema/causes-symptoms-risk-factors/

  If you have family members with atopic dermatitis or other types of eczema, you may be at an increased risk of getting the skin condition. […] About 20 to 30 percent of people with atopic dermatitis have a mutated or altered FLG gene, compared to 8 to 10 percent of people without atopic dermatitis. […] FLG is the gene responsible for creating filaggrin, a protein that helps your body maintain a protective barrier on the top layer of the skin. […] Scientists believe environmental triggers or exposures may have a significant impact on the development of atopic dermatitis. […] Studies suggest that environmental exposures trigger changes to DNA, which may in turn influence the development of allergies in genetically susceptible individuals. […] Atopic dermatitis also tends to occur alongside two other allergic conditions: asthma and hay fever (allergic rhinitis).

• #10 Causes and Risk Factors of Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis)

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/eczema/causes-symptoms-risk-factors/

  If you have family members with atopic dermatitis or other types of eczema, you may be at an increased risk of getting the skin condition. […] About 20 to 30 percent of people with atopic dermatitis have a mutated or altered FLG gene, compared to 8 to 10 percent of people without atopic dermatitis. […] FLG is the gene responsible for creating filaggrin, a protein that helps your body maintain a protective barrier on the top layer of the skin. […] Scientists believe environmental triggers or exposures may have a significant impact on the development of atopic dermatitis. […] Studies suggest that environmental exposures trigger changes to DNA, which may in turn influence the development of allergies in genetically susceptible individuals. […] Atopic dermatitis also tends to occur alongside two other allergic conditions: asthma and hay fever (allergic rhinitis).

• #11 Causes of Eczema: Why Does It Occur and How Can You Prevent It?

  https://www.dexeryl.com/en/your-skin/atopic-dermatitis/eczema-causes

  The causes of atopic eczema, also frequently referred to as atopic dermatitis, are multifaceted; genetics play a significant role by interacting with environmental factors. […] Eczema, particularly atopic eczema, has a significant genetic and hereditary component. Several genes, including the filaggrin gene, are involved in its development. Therefore, atopic dermatitis tends to affect children within the same family. Children whose parents suffer from eczema or other allergic diseases such as asthma and hay fever have a 50 to 70% risk of developing atopic dermatitis. If both parents are affected, this risk increases to 80. […] Common mutations of the „FLG” gene lead to a deficiency in filaggrin, a protein essential for skin cell development, the integrity of the skin barrier, and skin hydration.

• #12 Eczema (atopic dermatitis) | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/eczema-atopic-dermatitis

  Atopic dermatitis (eczema) is a chronic, inherited, inflammatory skin condition with symptoms including areas of dry, itching and reddened skin. […] Eczema is caused by a persons inability to repair damage to the skin barrier. This is due to a mutation in the gene called filaggrin. Filaggrin is important for formation of the skin barrier. Normally, every cell in the skin has two copies of the filaggrin gene. However, people who are susceptible to eczema only have one copy of this gene. […] You are more likely to get eczema if your family has a history of eczema or allergic conditions, including hay fever and asthma. […] While eczema causes stress, and stress may increase the energy with which you scratch, stress does not in itself cause eczema. […] There is growing evidence that allergens introduced into the body through the skin can lead to the later development of food allergy, asthma and hay fever. Aggressively treating eczema in children and taking steps to restore normal skin barrier function may lower the risk of future development of these conditions.

• #13 Atopic dermatitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atopic_dermatitis

  The cause is unknown but is believed to involve genetics, immune system dysfunction, environmental exposures, and difficulties with the permeability of the skin. […] The cause of AD is not known, although evidence indicates environmental, immunologic, bacterial and potential genetic factors. […] Since 1970, the rates of atopic dermatitis in the US and UK have increased 3-6 fold. […] Chemicals such as (di)isocyanates and xylene prevent the skin bacteria from producing ceramide-sphingolipid family lipids. […] Low humidity, and low temperature increase the prevalence and risk of flares in people with atopic dermatitis. […] Genes that may contribute to AD are mainly those responsible for immune response (e.g. TH2 cytokine and JAK-STAT pathway genes) and skin barrier (e.g. filaggrin, claudin-1, loricrin).

• #14 Eczema Causes and Diagnoses | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/dermatology/eczema/causes-and-diagnoses

  Scientists have found that eczema is mostly caused by a genetic mutation that prevents your skin from protecting itself from allergens and irritants in the environment. […] The gene filaggrin (filament aggregating protein) plays an important role in maintaining the skin barrier, preventing moisture from getting out of the skin and preventing outside substances from getting into the skin. […] Eczema is not an allergy, but some studies suggest that eczema may allow allergies to develop because allergens can cross the impaired skin barrier. […] Some patients with eczema may also develop allergic contact dermatitis, where exposure to certain chemicals, including those in consumer products, may cause a persistent rash that looks just like eczema. […] Atopic dermatitis can be inherited, and it affects millions of Americans.

• #15 Dermatitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/understanding-dermatitis-basics

  What Causes Dermatitis? Dermatitis is a complex condition. There’s a lot that doctors are still trying to learn about it. So far, they know that changes in your skin cause it to lose moisture, which can make it dry and itchy. The more you scratch, the drier and more itchy your skin becomes. […] Many factors can also add to this, including: Your immune system. If it overreacts to something you come into contact with, your skin can become inflamed. […] Your genes. You might have been born with skin that struggles to maintain a healthy amount of moisture. […] Your environment. Some substances trigger changes in your skin. Among them are tobacco smoke, air pollutants, and scents in soaps and other skin products. […] Stress and hormones. When you’re in a stressful situation, your body produces more stress hormones such as cortisol. Too much cortisol can suppress the immune system and cause your skin to get inflamed.

• #16 Understanding Eczema Symptoms & Causes | Eczema Exposed

  https://www.eczemaexposed.com/understanding-eczema

  Atopic dermatitis (eczema) can result in part from an overactive immune system, which can lead to itching and rashes. […] Atopic dermatitis is more than a skin condition. It’s a disease caused by an overactive immune system that leads to inflammation in your body. […] Atopic dermatitis is a disease where inflammation may be present under the skin even when there are no visible symptoms on the skin. So, even when skin is clear and looks rash-free, the underlying inflammation may still be active and waiting to return. […] Atopic dermatitis can be triggered by allergens. […] Atopic dermatitis may need to be treated proactively, even when the skin of you or your love one looks normal. […] Understanding a root cause of atopic dermatitis may help you discover additional ways to manage the disease and reduce the number of flare-ups.

• #17 Dermatitis: Types, Treatments, Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4089-dermatitis

  Dermatitis is a word used to describe a number of skin irritations and rashes caused by genetics, an overactive immune system, infections, allergies, irritating substances and more. […] Dermatitis is caused by a combination of immune system activation, genetics and environmental triggers. […] Sometimes your immune system overreacts. If you have atopic dermatitis, your immune system reacts to seemingly small irritants or allergens. This causes inflammation. […] Researchers have observed that if others in your family have dermatitis, you’re more likely to have it. Additionally, experts have identified changes to genes that control a protein that helps your body maintain healthy skin. Your skin cannot remain healthy without normal levels of that protein. […] Your environment may make your immune system change the protective barrier of your skin. That causes more moisture to escape, and that can lead to dermatitis. Possible environmental factors include exposure to tobacco smoke and some types of air pollutants. Fragrances in some skin products and soap are also possible. […] Some types of dermatitis are caused by exposure to chemicals and other irritants. Perioral dermatitis, for example, may be caused by exposure to fluoride in water or toothpaste.

• #18 Atopic dermatitis causes

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/causes-of-atopic-dermatitis

  There is no known single cause for atopic dermatitis (eczema) and it probably represents more than one condition. There are many theories regarding the underlying mechanisms. Current research is investigating the roles of the immune system, skin structural gene mutations, defects in the skin cells (keratinocytes), the skin surface microbiome (bacteria, viruses and yeasts), and many other factors. […] Current theories identify that atopic dermatitis is primarily a disease of the immune system, with cytokines being critical components to the disease. These cytokines, particularly IL-4 and IL-13 (Th2 pathway cytokines) and IL-22 (the Th22 axis cytokine) cause barrier defects and inflammation that result in the clinical features of eczema. […] There is emerging evidence that inflammation in atopic dermatitis is associated with immune-mediated and inherited abnormalities in the skin barrier. This barrier failure causes increased permeability of the skin and reduces its antimicrobial function.

• #19 Intractable Itch in Atopic Dermatitis: Causes and Treatments

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/9/3/229

  Interleukin (IL)-31 is a cytokine mainly produced by type 2 helper T cells (Th2 cells) that exhibits upregulated expression in the lesional skin of patients with skin disease accompanied by itch, including AD. […] Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is secreted primarily by keratinocytes, mast cells, and dendritic cells and promotes Th2 immune responses. […] The expression of TSLP is upregulated in the epidermal keratinocytes of AD patients. […] The induction of antimicrobial peptides in the epidermal keratinocytes is impaired in lesional skin in patients with AD compared to patients with psoriasis, explaining the frequent bacterial and viral infections, particularly with Staphylococcus aureus, in patients with AD. […] The reduced expression of antimicrobial peptides in AD is partly due to the increased production of Th2 cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-13 that inhibit the expression of antimicrobial peptides. […] Overall, more biologic drugs blocking IL-4 and IL-13 are under development and will be available in the future for AD treatment.

• #20 Understanding Eczema | Causes, Symptoms, & Inflammation

  https://www.adbry.com/about-eczema

  Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder that results in itchy, red skin that can crack and bleed. Atopic dermatitis is the most common form of eczema. […] Eczema is a chronic skin disease that’s caused by an overactive immune response. […] While the exact cause of eczema is unknown, we do know that people with eczema have an overactive immune response and a weakened skin barrier that causes damage to the skin. […] That overactive immune response produces a number of proteins in the body, one of which is IL-13. […] Studies have shown that people with eczema have more IL-13 in their skin than people without eczema. […] It’s also been shown that the more IL-13 people have, the more severe their eczema is.

• #21 Causes of Eczema: Why Does It Occur and How Can You Prevent It?

  https://www.dexeryl.com/en/your-skin/atopic-dermatitis/eczema-causes

  Atopic dermatitis is an inflammatory disease associated with abnormal activation of specific immune system cells. These cells promote the production of a type of antibody linked to allergic diseases. […] Environmental allergens, including dust mites, pollens, pet dander, and some molds, can trigger eczema in predisposed individuals. Similarly, exposure to pollution, urban or industrial, as well as tobacco smoke, can trigger eczema flare-ups. […] Common irritants, such as soaps, detergents, solvents, and even cosmetics, can aggravate eczema or trigger a flare-up. […] The climate can impact eczema. Cold and dry weather can dry the skin, while heat and humidity can increase sweating and irritation, aggravating atopic dermatitis. […] In some atopic individuals, particularly children and infants, consuming foods to which they are allergic can trigger an eczema flare-up or worsen existing symptoms.

• #22 About Eczema: Types, Symptoms, Causes, Treatment | National Eczema Association

  https://nationaleczema.org/eczema/

  Eczema is a common skin condition that causes dry, itchy skin. […] The exact cause of eczema is unknown. In fact, each type of eczema can have different causes. Some of the most common causes are: A family history of eczema, Being exposed to certain environmental triggers, Stress, A combination of these triggers. […] In general with eczema, when an irritant or an allergen from outside or inside the body switches on the immune system, it produces inflammation. It is this inflammation that causes the symptoms common to most types of eczema. […] Some types of eczema, such as atopic dermatitis, may be caused by various factors including: A weakened skin barrier (or the outer protective layer of the skin), An overactive immune system that leads to inflammation, Environmental triggers, Genetics. […] Eczema triggers will often be different for each individual with rarely just one trigger being responsible for every flare. Its helpful to identify what is triggering your flare so you can avoid them as much as possible.

• #23 Causes of Eczema: Why Does It Occur and How Can You Prevent It?

  https://www.dexeryl.com/en/your-skin/atopic-dermatitis/eczema-causes

  Identifying the trigger factors of atopic dermatitis is fundamental. Common environmental allergens include dust mites, pollens, pet dander, and some foods. […] Stress is an aggravating factor for atopic dermatitis as it disrupts the immune system and the skin barrier. […] Stress directs the immune system towards an allergic-type response, known as Th2, thus increasing the proportion of cells (eosinophils, mast cells) and antibodies (immunoglobulins IgE) associated with allergy in atopic dermatitis.

• #24 What Exactly Is Eczema? Causes of Atopic Dermatitis and Treatment – The New York Times

  https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/18/well/live/eczema-atopic-dermatitis-causes-treatment.html

  When it’s severe, “it can be dramatically life altering,” she said. […] It’s not completely clear what causes atopic dermatitis, but there are several factors in play, experts said. […] Everyone with the condition has a weakened or damaged skin barrier, the outermost layer of skin, said Dr. Shari Lipner, an associate professor of clinical dermatology at the Weill Cornell Medical Center in New York City. […] There are several reasons someone might have a leaky skin barrier, and develop atopic dermatitis. […] For one, their genes: The condition tends to run in families, and this, in part, is because those with a genetic predisposition for atopic dermatitis may have less filaggrin, a protein that keeps the skin barrier strong, Dr. Yu said. […] People with atopic dermatitis are also more likely to have an overactive immune response, making them more sensitive to normally harmless substances like the fragrances or preservatives found in personal care products, Dr. Yu said. […] This response causes their white blood cells to release too many cytokines — a type of protein that can trigger skin inflammation. […] People with the condition might also have a less diverse skin microbiome than those without it, Dr. Wan said.

• #25 What Exactly Is Eczema? Causes of Atopic Dermatitis and Treatment – The New York Times

  https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/18/well/live/eczema-atopic-dermatitis-causes-treatment.html

  When it’s severe, “it can be dramatically life altering,” she said. […] It’s not completely clear what causes atopic dermatitis, but there are several factors in play, experts said. […] Everyone with the condition has a weakened or damaged skin barrier, the outermost layer of skin, said Dr. Shari Lipner, an associate professor of clinical dermatology at the Weill Cornell Medical Center in New York City. […] There are several reasons someone might have a leaky skin barrier, and develop atopic dermatitis. […] For one, their genes: The condition tends to run in families, and this, in part, is because those with a genetic predisposition for atopic dermatitis may have less filaggrin, a protein that keeps the skin barrier strong, Dr. Yu said. […] People with atopic dermatitis are also more likely to have an overactive immune response, making them more sensitive to normally harmless substances like the fragrances or preservatives found in personal care products, Dr. Yu said. […] This response causes their white blood cells to release too many cytokines — a type of protein that can trigger skin inflammation. […] People with the condition might also have a less diverse skin microbiome than those without it, Dr. Wan said.

• #26 Atopic dermatitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atopic_dermatitis

  According to the hygiene hypothesis, early childhood exposure to certain microorganisms (such as gut flora and helminth parasites) protects against allergic diseases by contributing to the development of the immune system. […] In a small percentage of cases, atopic dermatitis is caused by sensitization to foods such as milk, but there is growing consensus that food allergy most likely arises as a result of skin barrier dysfunction resulting from AD, rather than food allergy causing the skin problems. […] The prevalence of atopic dermatitis in children may be linked to the level of calcium carbonate or „hardness” of household drinking water. […] Colonization of the skin by the bacterium S. aureus is prevalent in those with atopic dermatitis.

• #27 Atopic dermatitis causes

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/causes-of-atopic-dermatitis

  The main inherited abnormality causing disordered barrier function is filaggrin expression. […] It is postulated that the loss of filaggrin results in: Corneocyte deformation (flattening of surface skin cells), which disrupts the organisation of the extracellular lipid (fat) — the lamellar bilayers. […] The Th2 associated cytokines contribute to the loss of skin barrier function: Water is lost, Irritants may penetrate (soap, detergent, solvents, dirt etc.), Allergens may penetrate it (pollens, dust-mite antigens, microbes). […] So both the genetic make-up of the individual and external environmental factors contribute to the likelihood of developing eczema, its severity and its response to treatment. […] Infective organisms play an important role in triggering and aggravating atopic dermatitis. Bacteria (particularly staphylococci) and in some patients yeasts (malassezia and candida) contribute to chronic inflammation. […] People who have atopic dermatitis are particularly prone to skin infections with Staphylococcus aureus. […] The infection causes eczema to worsen and become more resistant to the usual treatment with emollients and topical steroids.

• #28 Dermatitis: Types, Symptoms, Causes, Treatments, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/dermatitis

  Dermatitis refers to skin inflammation. The causes of dermatitis vary between types. However, its not contagious. […] The causes of dermatitis vary depending on the type. However, environmental triggers can often be the reason for flare-ups. […] Atopic dermatitis is often the result of a combination of factors such as dry skin, environmental factors, and bacteria on the skin. […] The exact cause of seborrheic dermatitis is unclear. However, it may be the result of an inflammatory reaction to Malassezia yeast, a naturally occurring organism on the skin. […] Stasis dermatitis occurs due to reduced circulation in the body.

• #29 Seborrheic Dermatitis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment | National Eczema Association

  https://nationaleczema.org/types-of-eczema/seborrheic-dermatitis/

  Seborrheic dermatitis is a common form of eczema that usually affects the scalp. Learn what causes it, plus how to manage and treat symptoms. […] The exact cause of seborrheic dermatitis is unknown, but it is believed to be a combination of factors including genes, yeast that lives naturally on the skin, stress, chemical irritants and/or dry, cold weather that causes the skin to overproduce oil. […] The trigger for seborrheic dermatitis is usually an inflammatory reaction to excess Malassezia yeast, also sometimes called pityrosporum, on the skin. […] Seborrheic dermatitis is not an allergy. It is caused by genetic and environmental factors. […] Common triggers for seborrheic dermatitis include: Stress, Recovery from a stressful life event, like losing a loved one or a heart attack, Hormonal changes or illness, Harsh hair styling products, detergents, solvents, chemicals and soaps, Cold, dry weather or a change in the season, Some medications, including psoralen, interferon and lithium.

• #30 Dermatitis: Types and treatments — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/dermatitis

  Dermatitis induced by local skin infections such as bacterial, fungal, and viral e.g. molluscum contagiosum and HTLV-1 disease. […] Drug-induced dermatitis. […] Potential allergen identification and avoidance made on the basis of history e.g. hobbies, products used, and occupation. A patch test will confirm. […] Potential irritant identification and avoidance avoid soaps, shower gels, dust, organic solvents, and drying/desiccating agents.

• #31 Eczema: Types, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/eczema/atopic-dermatitis-eczema

  – Genes and family history […] – Overreactive immune system […] – Extremely dry skin […] – Stress […] – Environment pollen from different blooming plants, cold and damp or hot and humid weather […] – Allergens substances that may cause allergic reactions, such as those in certain household or grooming products, and foods […] Recent studies suggest that living near factories, major roadways, or wildfires can increase the risk of developing eczema. So can exposure to household materials such as paint, plastics, and cigarette smoke or synthetic fabrics such as spandex, nylon, and polyester.

• #32 Atopic dermatitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atopic_dermatitis

  The cause is unknown but is believed to involve genetics, immune system dysfunction, environmental exposures, and difficulties with the permeability of the skin. […] The cause of AD is not known, although evidence indicates environmental, immunologic, bacterial and potential genetic factors. […] Since 1970, the rates of atopic dermatitis in the US and UK have increased 3-6 fold. […] Chemicals such as (di)isocyanates and xylene prevent the skin bacteria from producing ceramide-sphingolipid family lipids. […] Low humidity, and low temperature increase the prevalence and risk of flares in people with atopic dermatitis. […] Genes that may contribute to AD are mainly those responsible for immune response (e.g. TH2 cytokine and JAK-STAT pathway genes) and skin barrier (e.g. filaggrin, claudin-1, loricrin).

• #33

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/contact-dermatitis/causes/

  Contact dermatitis occurs when your skin reacts to a particular substance. […] This can be either: an irritant a substance that directly damages the outer layer of skin or an allergen a substance that causes your immune system to respond in a way that affects the skin. […] Irritant contact dermatitis may be caused by frequent exposure to a weak irritant, such as soap or detergent. […] You’re at an increased risk of irritant contact dermatitis if you also have atopic eczema, which is the most common form of eczema. […] Common irritants include: soaps and detergents, antiseptics and antibacterials, perfumes and preservatives in toiletries or cosmetics, solvents, oils used in machines, disinfectants, acids and alkalis, cement, powders, dust and soil, water especially hard, chalky water or heavily chlorinated water, many plants such as Ranunculus, spurge, Boraginaceae and mustards.

• #34 Contact Dermatitis: Symptoms, Causes, Types & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6173-contact-dermatitis

  The most common causes of allergic contact dermatitis include: Plants or parts of a plant (botanicals), like poison ivy. Skin care products with fragrances. Metals, such as nickel. Medications, including antibiotics. Preservatives or chemicals. […] The most common causes of irritant contact dermatitis include: Acids. Cleaning products. Body fluids, including urine and saliva. Plants, like poinsettias and peppers. Hair dyes. Nail polish remover or other solvents. Paints and varnishes. Soaps or detergents. Resins, plastics and epoxies.

• #35 Contact Dermatitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459230/

  Contact dermatitis is an inflammatory eczematous skin disease. It is caused by chemicals or metal ions that exert toxic effects without inducing a T-cell response (contact irritants) or by small reactive chemicals that modify proteins and induce innate and adaptive immune responses (contact allergens). […] Common etiological allergens for allergic contact dermatitis are nickel, balsam of Peru, chromium, neomycin, formaldehyde, thiomersal, fragrance mix, cobalt, and parthenium. […] The likelihood of developing irritant contact dermatitis increases with the duration, intensity, and concentration of the substance. […] The factors which determine the severity of irritant contact dermatitis include the quantity and concentration of the irritant, duration, and frequency of exposure. […] Overall contact dermatitis is most common in people with red hair and fair skin. […] The prognosis of patients with contact dermatitis depends on the cause and lifestyle. Isolated cases usually resolve if the offending agent exposure is discontinued.

• #36

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/contact-dermatitis/causes/

  Contact dermatitis occurs when your skin reacts to a particular substance. […] This can be either: an irritant a substance that directly damages the outer layer of skin or an allergen a substance that causes your immune system to respond in a way that affects the skin. […] Irritant contact dermatitis may be caused by frequent exposure to a weak irritant, such as soap or detergent. […] You’re at an increased risk of irritant contact dermatitis if you also have atopic eczema, which is the most common form of eczema. […] Common irritants include: soaps and detergents, antiseptics and antibacterials, perfumes and preservatives in toiletries or cosmetics, solvents, oils used in machines, disinfectants, acids and alkalis, cement, powders, dust and soil, water especially hard, chalky water or heavily chlorinated water, many plants such as Ranunculus, spurge, Boraginaceae and mustards.

• #37 Contact Dermatitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/contact-dermatitis

  Contact dermatitis is a skin condition that develops as a reaction to an external substance. Its usually not serious but can be uncomfortable. Treatment will depend on the underlying cause. […] Contact dermatitis occurs when the skin comes into contact with irritants or allergens, such as skin care products. […] Experts classify contact dermatitis as either allergic or irritant. […] Allergic contact dermatitis occurs when your skin develops an allergic reaction after exposure to a foreign substance. This causes your body to release inflammatory chemicals that can make your skin feel itchy and irritated. […] According to the AAD, there are more than 15,000 possible allergens. The most common include: nickel, such as in jewelry or watches (including Apple watch products), latex, perfumes or chemicals in cosmetics and skin care products, urushiol, which is present in the sap of poison oak, poison ivy, and poison sumac, Balsam of Peru, which is in some foods and skin care products.

• #38

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/contact-dermatitis/causes/

  If you develop the condition because of a substance you work with, it may be referred to as occupational irritant dermatitis. […] The first time you come into contact with an allergen, your body becomes sensitised to it, but does not react to it. […] Allergens that commonly cause allergic contact dermatitis include: cosmetic ingredients such as preservatives, fragrances, hair dye and nail varnish hardeners, metals such as nickel or cobalt in jewellery, some topical medicines (medicines applied directly to the skin) including topical corticosteroids, in rare cases, rubber including latex, a type of naturally occurring rubber, textiles particularly the dyes and resins that are contained in them, strong glues such as epoxy resin adhesives, some plants such as chrysanthemums, sunflowers, daffodils, tulips and primula.

• #39 Atopic dermatitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atopic_dermatitis

  The cause is unknown but is believed to involve genetics, immune system dysfunction, environmental exposures, and difficulties with the permeability of the skin. […] The cause of AD is not known, although evidence indicates environmental, immunologic, bacterial and potential genetic factors. […] Since 1970, the rates of atopic dermatitis in the US and UK have increased 3-6 fold. […] Chemicals such as (di)isocyanates and xylene prevent the skin bacteria from producing ceramide-sphingolipid family lipids. […] Low humidity, and low temperature increase the prevalence and risk of flares in people with atopic dermatitis. […] Genes that may contribute to AD are mainly those responsible for immune response (e.g. TH2 cytokine and JAK-STAT pathway genes) and skin barrier (e.g. filaggrin, claudin-1, loricrin).

• #40 Eczema (atopic dermatitis): Symptoms, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/14417

  Hot and cold temperatures: Very hot and very cold weather, high and low humidity, and perspiration from exercise can bring out eczema. […] Foods: Dairy products, eggs, nuts and seeds, soy products, and wheat can cause eczema flares. […] Stress: This is not a direct cause of eczema, but it can make the symptoms worse. […] Hormones: Females may experience increased eczema symptoms when their hormone levels are changing, such as during pregnancy and at certain points in the menstrual cycle.

• #41 Atopic dermatitis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000853.htm

  Atopic dermatitis is due to a reaction in the skin. The reaction leads to ongoing itching, swelling and redness. People with atopic dermatitis may be more sensitive because their skin lacks specific proteins that maintain the skin’s barrier to water. […] People with atopic dermatitis often have asthma or seasonal allergies. There is often a family history of allergies such as asthma, hay fever, or eczema. People with atopic dermatitis often test positive for allergy skin tests. However, atopic dermatitis is not caused by allergies. […] The following can make atopic dermatitis symptoms worse: Allergies to pollen, mold, dust mites, or animals; Cold and dry air in the winter; Colds or the flu; Contact with irritants and chemicals; Contact with rough materials, such as wool; Dry skin; Drying out of the skin from taking frequent baths or showers and swimming very often; Emotional stress; Getting too hot or too cold, as well as sudden changes in temperature; Perfumes or dyes added to skin lotions or soaps.

• #42 Eczema: Types, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/eczema/atopic-dermatitis-eczema

  – Genes and family history […] – Overreactive immune system […] – Extremely dry skin […] – Stress […] – Environment pollen from different blooming plants, cold and damp or hot and humid weather […] – Allergens substances that may cause allergic reactions, such as those in certain household or grooming products, and foods […] Recent studies suggest that living near factories, major roadways, or wildfires can increase the risk of developing eczema. So can exposure to household materials such as paint, plastics, and cigarette smoke or synthetic fabrics such as spandex, nylon, and polyester.

• #43 What causes eczema?

  https://patient.info/news-and-features/eczema-causes

  The skin’s barrier function stops working in eczema. […] Inflammation – the immune system’s response to injury and infection – is important in eczema. […] In eczema, the immune system seems to be overly-sensitive to harmless things on the skin, like pollen or dust mites. […] Allergy is also important in asthma and hay fever. […] Other things in the environment can be important for developing eczema, and can act as triggers for eczema, including: […] Exposure to irritants on the skin – such as harsh soaps and detergents. […] Exposures during pregnancy – exposure to various things whilst pregnant have been linked with an increased risk of eczema in children. […] Exposure to pollutants – such as pollution from road traffic. […] Exposure to tobacco smoke – damages the skin and affects the immune system.

• #44 What causes eczema?

  https://patient.info/news-and-features/eczema-causes

  The skin’s barrier function stops working in eczema. […] Inflammation – the immune system’s response to injury and infection – is important in eczema. […] In eczema, the immune system seems to be overly-sensitive to harmless things on the skin, like pollen or dust mites. […] Allergy is also important in asthma and hay fever. […] Other things in the environment can be important for developing eczema, and can act as triggers for eczema, including: […] Exposure to irritants on the skin – such as harsh soaps and detergents. […] Exposures during pregnancy – exposure to various things whilst pregnant have been linked with an increased risk of eczema in children. […] Exposure to pollutants – such as pollution from road traffic. […] Exposure to tobacco smoke – damages the skin and affects the immune system.

• #45 Atopic eczema | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/atopic-eczema/

  There are a number of things that may trigger your eczema symptoms. These can vary from person to person. […] Common triggers include irritants such as soaps and detergents, including shampoo, washing up liquid and bubble bath. […] Environmental factors or allergens such as cold and dry weather, dampness, and more specific things such as house dust mites, pet fur, pollen and moulds. […] Food allergies such as allergies to cows milk, eggs, peanuts, soya or wheat. […] Certain materials worn next to the skin such as wool and synthetic fabrics. […] Hormonal changes women may find their symptoms get worse in the days before their period or during pregnancy. […] Skin infections. […] If you are diagnosed with atopic eczema, your pharmacist or GP will work with you to try to identify any triggers for your symptoms.

• #46 Eczema (atopic dermatitis): Symptoms, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/14417

  Eczema, or atopic dermatitis, is an inflammatory condition that causes itchy, rough, and cracked patches of skin. […] There is no known cause of eczema. However, health professionals believe that it may develop from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. […] Children are more likely to develop eczema if a parent has it or another atopic condition, such as asthma and hay fever. If both parents have an atopic condition, the risk is even higher. […] Some environmental factors may also bring out the symptoms of eczema, such as: […] Irritants: These include soaps, detergents, shampoos, disinfectants, and juices from fresh fruits, meats, and vegetables. […] Allergens: Dust mites, pets, pollens, and mold can all lead to eczema. This is known as allergic eczema. […] Microbes: These include bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, viruses, and certain fungi.

• #47 Causes of Eczema: Why Does It Occur and How Can You Prevent It?

  https://www.dexeryl.com/en/your-skin/atopic-dermatitis/eczema-causes

  Atopic dermatitis is an inflammatory disease associated with abnormal activation of specific immune system cells. These cells promote the production of a type of antibody linked to allergic diseases. […] Environmental allergens, including dust mites, pollens, pet dander, and some molds, can trigger eczema in predisposed individuals. Similarly, exposure to pollution, urban or industrial, as well as tobacco smoke, can trigger eczema flare-ups. […] Common irritants, such as soaps, detergents, solvents, and even cosmetics, can aggravate eczema or trigger a flare-up. […] The climate can impact eczema. Cold and dry weather can dry the skin, while heat and humidity can increase sweating and irritation, aggravating atopic dermatitis. […] In some atopic individuals, particularly children and infants, consuming foods to which they are allergic can trigger an eczema flare-up or worsen existing symptoms.

• #48 Atopic eczema | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/atopic-eczema/

  There are a number of things that may trigger your eczema symptoms. These can vary from person to person. […] Common triggers include irritants such as soaps and detergents, including shampoo, washing up liquid and bubble bath. […] Environmental factors or allergens such as cold and dry weather, dampness, and more specific things such as house dust mites, pet fur, pollen and moulds. […] Food allergies such as allergies to cows milk, eggs, peanuts, soya or wheat. […] Certain materials worn next to the skin such as wool and synthetic fabrics. […] Hormonal changes women may find their symptoms get worse in the days before their period or during pregnancy. […] Skin infections. […] If you are diagnosed with atopic eczema, your pharmacist or GP will work with you to try to identify any triggers for your symptoms.

• #49 Atopic dermatitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atopic_dermatitis

  According to the hygiene hypothesis, early childhood exposure to certain microorganisms (such as gut flora and helminth parasites) protects against allergic diseases by contributing to the development of the immune system. […] In a small percentage of cases, atopic dermatitis is caused by sensitization to foods such as milk, but there is growing consensus that food allergy most likely arises as a result of skin barrier dysfunction resulting from AD, rather than food allergy causing the skin problems. […] The prevalence of atopic dermatitis in children may be linked to the level of calcium carbonate or „hardness” of household drinking water. […] Colonization of the skin by the bacterium S. aureus is prevalent in those with atopic dermatitis.

• #50 Dermatitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatitis

  Dermatitis is a term used for different types of skin inflammation, typically characterized by itchiness, redness and a rash. The exact cause of the condition is often unclear. Cases may involve a combination of allergy and poor venous return. The type of dermatitis is generally determined by the person’s history and the location of the rash. For example, irritant dermatitis often occurs on the hands of those who frequently get them wet. Allergic contact dermatitis occurs upon exposure to an allergen, causing a hypersensitivity reaction in the skin. […] The cause of dermatitis is unknown but is presumed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Eczema is not contagious. […] The hygiene hypothesis postulates that the cause of asthma, eczema, and other allergic diseases is an unusually clean environment in childhood which leads to an insufficient human microbiota.

• #51 Contact Dermatitis: Symptoms, Causes, Types & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6173-contact-dermatitis

  Contact dermatitis is a rash on your skin that develops when you come into contact with something you’re allergic to or something that irritated your skin. […] Contact dermatitis is your skin’s reaction to something in your environment that causes an itchy rash. Dermatitis is the medical term for skin irritation or swelling (inflammation). You get contact dermatitis by coming into contact with a substance, organism, object or chemical that’s irritating to your skin. […] Physical contact with an allergen or an irritant causes contact dermatitis. […] If your body doesn’t like something that touches your skin, your immune system responds. When you see your skin swell or become inflamed, that’s a sign that your white blood cells are responding to the allergen or irritant, which can cause an itchy rash. The rash may appear in minutes if it’s caused by an irritant, or may take hours or days to appear after exposure to an allergen.

• #52 Contact Dermatitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/contact-dermatitis

  A 2023 article suggests allergic contact dermatitis may affect up to 1 in 5 children. […] Irritant contact dermatitis accounts for 8 out of 10 cases of contact dermatitis, according to the National Eczema Association (NEA). It happens when your skin comes in contact with a toxic material. […] Toxic substances that may cause irritant contact dermatitis include: battery acid, bleach, chlorinated water, such as in pools, drain cleaners, kerosene, detergents. […] Irritant contact dermatitis can also occur when your skin frequently comes in contact with less irritating materials like soap. […] Symptoms of allergic contact dermatitis typically take 1 to 3 days to appear. However, you need exposure to a certain allergen at least once before developing allergic contact dermatitis, which is when you become sensitized to it.

• #53 Contact dermatitis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000869.htm

  Contact dermatitis is a condition in which the skin becomes red, sore, or inflamed after direct contact with a substance. […] There are 2 types of contact dermatitis. […] Irritant dermatitis: This is the most common type. It is not caused by an allergy, but rather the skin’s reaction to irritating substances or friction. […] Allergic contact dermatitis: This form of the condition occurs when your skin comes in contact with a substance that causes you to have an allergic reaction. […] Common allergens include: Adhesives, including those used for false eyelashes or

• #54 Contact Dermatitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459230/

  Contact dermatitis is an inflammatory eczematous skin disease. It is caused by chemicals or metal ions that exert toxic effects without inducing a T-cell response (contact irritants) or by small reactive chemicals that modify proteins and induce innate and adaptive immune responses (contact allergens). […] Common etiological allergens for allergic contact dermatitis are nickel, balsam of Peru, chromium, neomycin, formaldehyde, thiomersal, fragrance mix, cobalt, and parthenium. […] The likelihood of developing irritant contact dermatitis increases with the duration, intensity, and concentration of the substance. […] The factors which determine the severity of irritant contact dermatitis include the quantity and concentration of the irritant, duration, and frequency of exposure. […] Overall contact dermatitis is most common in people with red hair and fair skin. […] The prognosis of patients with contact dermatitis depends on the cause and lifestyle. Isolated cases usually resolve if the offending agent exposure is discontinued.

• #55 Contact Dermatitis: Symptoms, Causes, Types & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6173-contact-dermatitis

  The most common causes of allergic contact dermatitis include: Plants or parts of a plant (botanicals), like poison ivy. Skin care products with fragrances. Metals, such as nickel. Medications, including antibiotics. Preservatives or chemicals. […] The most common causes of irritant contact dermatitis include: Acids. Cleaning products. Body fluids, including urine and saliva. Plants, like poinsettias and peppers. Hair dyes. Nail polish remover or other solvents. Paints and varnishes. Soaps or detergents. Resins, plastics and epoxies.

• #56

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/contact-dermatitis/causes/

  Contact dermatitis happens when your skin reacts to a particular substance. […] This can be: an irritant a substance that damages the outer layer of skin […] an allergen a substance that causes your immune system to react in a way that affects the skin. […] Irritant contact dermatitis can appear after you have contact with an irritant. […] You have a higher risk of irritant contact dermatitis if you have atopic eczema. […] Common irritants include: soaps and detergents, antiseptics, antibacterials and disinfectants, perfumes and preservatives in toiletries or cosmetics, solvents, oils used in machines, acids and alkalis, cement, powders, dust and soil, water and especially hard, chalky water or very chlorinated water, many plants such as Ranunculus, spurge, Boraginaceae and mustards.

• #57 Contact Dermatitis: Symptoms, Causes, Types & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6173-contact-dermatitis

  The most common causes of allergic contact dermatitis include: Plants or parts of a plant (botanicals), like poison ivy. Skin care products with fragrances. Metals, such as nickel. Medications, including antibiotics. Preservatives or chemicals. […] The most common causes of irritant contact dermatitis include: Acids. Cleaning products. Body fluids, including urine and saliva. Plants, like poinsettias and peppers. Hair dyes. Nail polish remover or other solvents. Paints and varnishes. Soaps or detergents. Resins, plastics and epoxies.

• #58 Contact Dermatitis: Symptoms, Causes, Types & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6173-contact-dermatitis

  The most common causes of allergic contact dermatitis include: Plants or parts of a plant (botanicals), like poison ivy. Skin care products with fragrances. Metals, such as nickel. Medications, including antibiotics. Preservatives or chemicals. […] The most common causes of irritant contact dermatitis include: Acids. Cleaning products. Body fluids, including urine and saliva. Plants, like poinsettias and peppers. Hair dyes. Nail polish remover or other solvents. Paints and varnishes. Soaps or detergents. Resins, plastics and epoxies.

• #59

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/contact-dermatitis/causes/

  Contact dermatitis happens when your skin reacts to a particular substance. […] This can be: an irritant a substance that damages the outer layer of skin […] an allergen a substance that causes your immune system to react in a way that affects the skin. […] Irritant contact dermatitis can appear after you have contact with an irritant. […] You have a higher risk of irritant contact dermatitis if you have atopic eczema. […] Common irritants include: soaps and detergents, antiseptics, antibacterials and disinfectants, perfumes and preservatives in toiletries or cosmetics, solvents, oils used in machines, acids and alkalis, cement, powders, dust and soil, water and especially hard, chalky water or very chlorinated water, many plants such as Ranunculus, spurge, Boraginaceae and mustards.

• #60 Dermatitis; Types, Causes, Symptoms and Management: A Review

  https://www.jdermis.com/full-text/dermatitis-types-causes-symptoms-and-management-a-review

  Dermatitis occurs mostly in people who engaged in washing and drying their hands regularly e.g. hairdressers, health care workers, catering staff. The stratum corneum of the skin normally acts to prevent external agents entering the skin and water escaping from it. The protective ability of stratum corneum can be interfered by any factor that damaged it. Alkaline soaps, organic solvents and chemicals are particularly powerful in this respect. Allergic contact dermatitis can be caused by exposure to many different agents. It is manifestation of a delayed hypersensitivity reaction occurring on the skin of a previously sensitized individual.

• #61 Eczema types: Contact dermatitis causes

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/eczema/types/contact-dermatitis/causes

  Allergic contact dermatitis: If what touches your skin causes an allergic reaction, you develop this type of contact dermatitis. It can be difficult to figure out whats causing allergic contact dermatitis because it takes time for the rash to appear. When your skin touches an allergen (what youre allergic to), this triggers your immune system. A series of events occur inside your body before your skin reacts. For this reason, it can take hours or days before you develop a rash and symptoms. […] While there are more than 15,000 allergens, some are more common. The most common causes of allergic contact dermatitis are: Nickel, Fragrance, Balsam of Peru, Latex, Urushiol. […] Some people have a higher risk of developing contact dermatitis. If you have a skin condition that lessens your skins ability to protect you from germs and other invaders, you have a greater risk. Conditions that cause this include atopic dermatitis (AD), stasis dermatitis, and leg ulcers. When your skin is less able to protect you, its easier for something to irritate your skin or trigger an allergic reaction. […] In the United States, contact dermatitis is one of the most common diseases caused by the workplace.

• #62 Contact Dermatitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/contact-dermatitis

  A 2023 article suggests allergic contact dermatitis may affect up to 1 in 5 children. […] Irritant contact dermatitis accounts for 8 out of 10 cases of contact dermatitis, according to the National Eczema Association (NEA). It happens when your skin comes in contact with a toxic material. […] Toxic substances that may cause irritant contact dermatitis include: battery acid, bleach, chlorinated water, such as in pools, drain cleaners, kerosene, detergents. […] Irritant contact dermatitis can also occur when your skin frequently comes in contact with less irritating materials like soap. […] Symptoms of allergic contact dermatitis typically take 1 to 3 days to appear. However, you need exposure to a certain allergen at least once before developing allergic contact dermatitis, which is when you become sensitized to it.

• #63 Contact Dermatitis: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/contact-dermatitis-causes-83205

  Contact dermatitis is an itchy, blistering skin rash typically caused by skin’s direct contact with a substance. In the irritant type of contact dermatitis, the most frequent triggers are chemicals such as in soaps, bleach, dyes, and solvents. In allergic contact dermatitis, common allergens include nickel, adhesives, plants, cosmetics, and topical medications. […] Nickel is the most frequent cause of allergic contact dermatitis. Between 8% and 11% of women have this allergy. […] Plants from the Toxicodendron family, which include poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac, are the most common cause of allergic contact dermatitis. The chemicals released from the plants, called urushiols, are what cause dermatitis. […] Systemic (or whole-body) contact dermatitis can occur as a result of medications, chemicals, and foods. In these cases, a person first has a sensitization due to contact with the skin and then may react to the same or similar compounds in food, drink, or medications taken orally, inhaled, or through other non-skin routes.

• #64 Contact Dermatitis: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/contact-dermatitis-causes-83205

  Contact dermatitis is an itchy, blistering skin rash typically caused by skin’s direct contact with a substance. In the irritant type of contact dermatitis, the most frequent triggers are chemicals such as in soaps, bleach, dyes, and solvents. In allergic contact dermatitis, common allergens include nickel, adhesives, plants, cosmetics, and topical medications. […] Nickel is the most frequent cause of allergic contact dermatitis. Between 8% and 11% of women have this allergy. […] Plants from the Toxicodendron family, which include poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac, are the most common cause of allergic contact dermatitis. The chemicals released from the plants, called urushiols, are what cause dermatitis. […] Systemic (or whole-body) contact dermatitis can occur as a result of medications, chemicals, and foods. In these cases, a person first has a sensitization due to contact with the skin and then may react to the same or similar compounds in food, drink, or medications taken orally, inhaled, or through other non-skin routes.

• #65 Eczema types: Contact dermatitis causes

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/eczema/types/contact-dermatitis/causes

  Allergic contact dermatitis: If what touches your skin causes an allergic reaction, you develop this type of contact dermatitis. It can be difficult to figure out whats causing allergic contact dermatitis because it takes time for the rash to appear. When your skin touches an allergen (what youre allergic to), this triggers your immune system. A series of events occur inside your body before your skin reacts. For this reason, it can take hours or days before you develop a rash and symptoms. […] While there are more than 15,000 allergens, some are more common. The most common causes of allergic contact dermatitis are: Nickel, Fragrance, Balsam of Peru, Latex, Urushiol. […] Some people have a higher risk of developing contact dermatitis. If you have a skin condition that lessens your skins ability to protect you from germs and other invaders, you have a greater risk. Conditions that cause this include atopic dermatitis (AD), stasis dermatitis, and leg ulcers. When your skin is less able to protect you, its easier for something to irritate your skin or trigger an allergic reaction. […] In the United States, contact dermatitis is one of the most common diseases caused by the workplace.

• #66 Contact Dermatitis | Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | ACAAI Public Website

  https://acaai.org/allergies/allergic-conditions/skin-allergy/contact-dermatitis/

  Contact dermatitis occurs when skin touches something that a person is sensitive or allergic to, such as poison ivy, perfume, or a cleaning product. The skin becomes red, itchy, or swollen. […] Poison ivy, jewelry made of certain metals (especially nickel or gold) and sunscreen all can cause contact dermatitis — a skin condition that results from exposure to something to which you’re either sensitive or allergic. […] Other common irritants or allergens include: Fragrant soaps, Rubber, Certain deodorants, Bleach, Hand sanitizers. […] To help your allergist identify potential causes of your contact dermatitis, record your activities and the items you think led to a reaction — or, if you’re unsure, simply list anything that may have touched your skin in the two days before your symptoms started. […] Your allergist might use a patch test to determine potential causes, such as rubber, fragrances or hair dye.

• #67

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/contact-dermatitis/causes/

  If you develop the condition because of a substance you work with, it may be referred to as occupational irritant dermatitis. […] The first time you come into contact with an allergen, your body becomes sensitised to it, but does not react to it. […] Allergens that commonly cause allergic contact dermatitis include: cosmetic ingredients such as preservatives, fragrances, hair dye and nail varnish hardeners, metals such as nickel or cobalt in jewellery, some topical medicines (medicines applied directly to the skin) including topical corticosteroids, in rare cases, rubber including latex, a type of naturally occurring rubber, textiles particularly the dyes and resins that are contained in them, strong glues such as epoxy resin adhesives, some plants such as chrysanthemums, sunflowers, daffodils, tulips and primula.

• #68 Eczema types: Contact dermatitis causes

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/eczema/types/contact-dermatitis/causes

  Allergic contact dermatitis: If what touches your skin causes an allergic reaction, you develop this type of contact dermatitis. It can be difficult to figure out whats causing allergic contact dermatitis because it takes time for the rash to appear. When your skin touches an allergen (what youre allergic to), this triggers your immune system. A series of events occur inside your body before your skin reacts. For this reason, it can take hours or days before you develop a rash and symptoms. […] While there are more than 15,000 allergens, some are more common. The most common causes of allergic contact dermatitis are: Nickel, Fragrance, Balsam of Peru, Latex, Urushiol. […] Some people have a higher risk of developing contact dermatitis. If you have a skin condition that lessens your skins ability to protect you from germs and other invaders, you have a greater risk. Conditions that cause this include atopic dermatitis (AD), stasis dermatitis, and leg ulcers. When your skin is less able to protect you, its easier for something to irritate your skin or trigger an allergic reaction. […] In the United States, contact dermatitis is one of the most common diseases caused by the workplace.

• #69 Periocular (Periorbital) Dermatitis – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Periocular_(Periorbital)_Dermatitis

  Periocular dermatitis, also known as periorbital dermatitis, is a common dermatological disorder characterized by inflammation of the eyelids and the skin surrounding the eyes. […] There are a variety of possible etiologies, including: […] The single most common cause of periocular dermatitis is allergic contact dermatitis, to which 31-72% of cases can be attributed. […] Another 14-39.5% of cases are due to atopic dermatitis. […] Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is by far the most common cause of periocular dermatitis. […] Airborne contact dermatitis can be considered a subset of the allergic contact dermatitis category, with the distinction that the allergen is a volatile or aerosolized substance. […] Irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) is caused by injury to the skin due to friction, temperature, or chemicals such as acids, alkalis, detergents, and solvents.

• #70 Causes and Risk Factors of Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis)

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/eczema/causes-symptoms-risk-factors/

  People who have asthma or hay fever or who have family members who do are more likely to develop atopic dermatitis. […] Research suggests that certain racial and ethnic groups are at greater risk of developing atopic dermatitis. […] Various other risk factors for atopic dermatitis may also exist, though the data is still inconclusive. […] Food allergies do not cause atopic dermatitis, but they can go hand in hand, thanks to the atopic march. […] About 50 to 70 percent of children with early onset atopic dermatitis have one or more allergies, mainly food allergies, the most common of which are cows milk, hens eggs, and peanuts. […] Whats more, food sensitization (intolerance) and allergies earlier in life can predict having severe atopic dermatitis later on. […] Food allergies can also make atopic dermatitis worse and be triggers for symptom flares.

• #71 Eczema | Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/e/eczema

  Eczema is a very common skin problem. The most common form of eczema is called atopic dermatitis. […] Children with atopic dermatitis may have allergies to foods, pets or other animals, dust mites, tree pollens and grasses, although it is not clear that these allergies actually cause the eczema in most children. […] Rarely, some children with atopic dermatitis may develop allergies to chemicals in their moisturizers, other skincare products, clothing or topical medications.

• #72 Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis) | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/eczema

  Eczema (atopic dermatitis) is an inflammatory, allergic, non-contagious skin disorder that causes itchy, scaly, flaky skin. […] Eczema is a type of inflammation of the skin often connected to allergies. Physicians often use the terms eczema and atopic dermatitis interchangeably because most cases of eczema in children are caused by atopic dermatitis. […] The main triggers of eczema are dry skin, irritants, stress, allergies, infection and heat/sweating. It’s important to note that these are triggers that worsen the symptoms of eczema, and don’t necessarily cause eczema. […] Children with a family history of allergies, asthma, and eczema are more likely to have eczema. In research studies, mutations in skin barrier genes such as filaggrin are commonly associated with eczema. […] About 25 percent of children with atopic dermatitis have a food allergy.

• #73 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-Causes-Dermatitis.aspx

  Examples of the substances that may trigger allergic contact dermatitis include metals such as nickel or cobalt, rubber, strong adhesives, some dyes and resins in clothes, and some topical medicines such as corticosteroid creams. […] Atopic dermatitis, otherwise known as eczema, occurs when the body is hypersensitive to certain foods, allergens or environmental factors. The condition often runs in families and may occur alongside other atopic conditions such as hay fever and asthma. Food allergies can make eczema worse and examples of food items thought to cause more severe eczema symptoms in children include cow’s milk, wheat, soya, nuts, fish and eggs. […] Neurodermatitis is caused by nerve endings underneath the skin that have become irritated, causing an intensely itchy sensation and an overwhelming urge to repeatedly scratch. This scratching can eventually lead to thickening and redness of the skin.

• #74 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-Causes-Dermatitis.aspx

  Examples of the substances that may trigger allergic contact dermatitis include metals such as nickel or cobalt, rubber, strong adhesives, some dyes and resins in clothes, and some topical medicines such as corticosteroid creams. […] Atopic dermatitis, otherwise known as eczema, occurs when the body is hypersensitive to certain foods, allergens or environmental factors. The condition often runs in families and may occur alongside other atopic conditions such as hay fever and asthma. Food allergies can make eczema worse and examples of food items thought to cause more severe eczema symptoms in children include cow’s milk, wheat, soya, nuts, fish and eggs. […] Neurodermatitis is caused by nerve endings underneath the skin that have become irritated, causing an intensely itchy sensation and an overwhelming urge to repeatedly scratch. This scratching can eventually lead to thickening and redness of the skin.

• #75 What Causes Eczema?

  https://www.eczemacouncil.org/what-causes-eczema-

  At this time, the specific causes of atopic dermatitis are unknown. However, there is good scientific evidence that atopic dermatitis is likely caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Children of parents with atopic dermatitis are more likely to develop atopic dermatitis. Sufferers of asthma and allergies are more likely to develop atopic dermatitis than the general population. Stress is also a known atopic dermatitis trigger for some people. […] There are a wide variety of environmental factors that may trigger your atopic dermatitis symptoms. Some of the common triggers are: […] Irritants: soaps, perfumes, detergents, and shampoos […] Allergens: dry or wet weather, dust, mites, pollen, and molds […] Food allergies: dairy, peanuts, soy, wheat, etc. […] Fabrics: wool, synthetic fibers, etc. […] Hormones: some women notice more severe atopic dermatitis during their period or pregnancy.

• #76 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-Causes-Dermatitis.aspx

  Examples of the substances that may trigger allergic contact dermatitis include metals such as nickel or cobalt, rubber, strong adhesives, some dyes and resins in clothes, and some topical medicines such as corticosteroid creams. […] Atopic dermatitis, otherwise known as eczema, occurs when the body is hypersensitive to certain foods, allergens or environmental factors. The condition often runs in families and may occur alongside other atopic conditions such as hay fever and asthma. Food allergies can make eczema worse and examples of food items thought to cause more severe eczema symptoms in children include cow’s milk, wheat, soya, nuts, fish and eggs. […] Neurodermatitis is caused by nerve endings underneath the skin that have become irritated, causing an intensely itchy sensation and an overwhelming urge to repeatedly scratch. This scratching can eventually lead to thickening and redness of the skin.

• #77 What Causes Eczema?

  https://www.eczemacouncil.org/what-causes-eczema-

  At this time, the specific causes of atopic dermatitis are unknown. However, there is good scientific evidence that atopic dermatitis is likely caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Children of parents with atopic dermatitis are more likely to develop atopic dermatitis. Sufferers of asthma and allergies are more likely to develop atopic dermatitis than the general population. Stress is also a known atopic dermatitis trigger for some people. […] There are a wide variety of environmental factors that may trigger your atopic dermatitis symptoms. Some of the common triggers are: […] Irritants: soaps, perfumes, detergents, and shampoos […] Allergens: dry or wet weather, dust, mites, pollen, and molds […] Food allergies: dairy, peanuts, soy, wheat, etc. […] Fabrics: wool, synthetic fibers, etc. […] Hormones: some women notice more severe atopic dermatitis during their period or pregnancy.

• #78 Eczema: What It Is, Symptoms and Causes | Allergy Insider | Allergy Insider

  https://www.thermofisher.com/diagnostic-education/patient/cn/en/allergy-symptoms/skin-allergy-symptoms/eczema-symptoms.html

  Eczema has several aggravating factors and triggers, such as heat, perspiration, emotional stress, and exposure to certain chemicals, cigarette smoke, and cleaning solutions. There are also common allergens that may cause symptoms, including: Animal dander, Egg, Fish, Dust mites, Milk, Peanut, Pollen, Shellfish, Soy, Tree nuts, Wheat. […] Recently, it has been further established via clinical and physiological means that psychological stress is a significant contributor to atopic dermatitis. In addition to identifying allergic triggers, it’s also important to recognize the triggers behind physiological and psychological stress to help manage eczema symptoms. […] Allergic eczema is often the first step of the allergy march. Children with early onset eczema are three times more likely to develop allergen sensitization by the age of two. As the march continues, children are at increased risk to develop allergic rhinitis or asthma later in life.

• #79 Eczema | Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | ACAAI Public Website

  https://acaai.org/allergies/allergic-conditions/skin-allergy/eczema/

  Eczema, also called atopic dermatitis, is a skin disease that causes an itchy rash. […] Allergy plays a role in some patients’ eczema. […] Eczema is associated with the development of food and environmental allergies, and it develops due to a defective skin barrier. Eczema is often inherited, and infants with parents who have allergies or asthma are at highest risk for development. […] Scientists have found that people who have a protein deficiency known as Filaggrin deficiency are at risk for developing eczema. […] Eczema is considered to be part of the “atopic march.” The atopic march involves the diagnosis of eczema during infancy, followed by food allergy, allergic rhinitis (also known as hay fever) and asthma, typically in that order. Studies show up to 80 percent of children with eczema develop asthma and/or allergic rhinitis later in childhood. […] Flare-ups of eczema can be caused by foods, cosmetics, soaps, wool, dust mites, mold, pollen, dog or cat dander, dry climate and other variables. […] Recent guidelines put infants who have severe eczema and/or egg allergy in the highest risk category for peanut allergy.

• #80 Eczema: What It Is, Symptoms and Causes | Allergy Insider | Allergy Insider

  https://www.thermofisher.com/diagnostic-education/patient/cn/en/allergy-symptoms/skin-allergy-symptoms/eczema-symptoms.html

  Eczema has several aggravating factors and triggers, such as heat, perspiration, emotional stress, and exposure to certain chemicals, cigarette smoke, and cleaning solutions. There are also common allergens that may cause symptoms, including: Animal dander, Egg, Fish, Dust mites, Milk, Peanut, Pollen, Shellfish, Soy, Tree nuts, Wheat. […] Recently, it has been further established via clinical and physiological means that psychological stress is a significant contributor to atopic dermatitis. In addition to identifying allergic triggers, it’s also important to recognize the triggers behind physiological and psychological stress to help manage eczema symptoms. […] Allergic eczema is often the first step of the allergy march. Children with early onset eczema are three times more likely to develop allergen sensitization by the age of two. As the march continues, children are at increased risk to develop allergic rhinitis or asthma later in life.

• #81 Eczema: What It Is, Symptoms and Causes | Allergy Insider | Allergy Insider

  https://www.thermofisher.com/diagnostic-education/patient/cn/en/allergy-symptoms/skin-allergy-symptoms/eczema-symptoms.html

  Eczema has several aggravating factors and triggers, such as heat, perspiration, emotional stress, and exposure to certain chemicals, cigarette smoke, and cleaning solutions. There are also common allergens that may cause symptoms, including: Animal dander, Egg, Fish, Dust mites, Milk, Peanut, Pollen, Shellfish, Soy, Tree nuts, Wheat. […] Recently, it has been further established via clinical and physiological means that psychological stress is a significant contributor to atopic dermatitis. In addition to identifying allergic triggers, it’s also important to recognize the triggers behind physiological and psychological stress to help manage eczema symptoms. […] Allergic eczema is often the first step of the allergy march. Children with early onset eczema are three times more likely to develop allergen sensitization by the age of two. As the march continues, children are at increased risk to develop allergic rhinitis or asthma later in life.

• #82 Atopic dermatitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atopic_dermatitis

  According to the hygiene hypothesis, early childhood exposure to certain microorganisms (such as gut flora and helminth parasites) protects against allergic diseases by contributing to the development of the immune system. […] In a small percentage of cases, atopic dermatitis is caused by sensitization to foods such as milk, but there is growing consensus that food allergy most likely arises as a result of skin barrier dysfunction resulting from AD, rather than food allergy causing the skin problems. […] The prevalence of atopic dermatitis in children may be linked to the level of calcium carbonate or „hardness” of household drinking water. […] Colonization of the skin by the bacterium S. aureus is prevalent in those with atopic dermatitis.

• #83 Dermatitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/understanding-dermatitis-basics

  What Causes Dermatitis? Dermatitis is a complex condition. There’s a lot that doctors are still trying to learn about it. So far, they know that changes in your skin cause it to lose moisture, which can make it dry and itchy. The more you scratch, the drier and more itchy your skin becomes. […] Many factors can also add to this, including: Your immune system. If it overreacts to something you come into contact with, your skin can become inflamed. […] Your genes. You might have been born with skin that struggles to maintain a healthy amount of moisture. […] Your environment. Some substances trigger changes in your skin. Among them are tobacco smoke, air pollutants, and scents in soaps and other skin products. […] Stress and hormones. When you’re in a stressful situation, your body produces more stress hormones such as cortisol. Too much cortisol can suppress the immune system and cause your skin to get inflamed.

• #84 Seborrheic Dermatitis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment | National Eczema Association

  https://nationaleczema.org/types-of-eczema/seborrheic-dermatitis/

  Seborrheic dermatitis is a common form of eczema that usually affects the scalp. Learn what causes it, plus how to manage and treat symptoms. […] The exact cause of seborrheic dermatitis is unknown, but it is believed to be a combination of factors including genes, yeast that lives naturally on the skin, stress, chemical irritants and/or dry, cold weather that causes the skin to overproduce oil. […] The trigger for seborrheic dermatitis is usually an inflammatory reaction to excess Malassezia yeast, also sometimes called pityrosporum, on the skin. […] Seborrheic dermatitis is not an allergy. It is caused by genetic and environmental factors. […] Common triggers for seborrheic dermatitis include: Stress, Recovery from a stressful life event, like losing a loved one or a heart attack, Hormonal changes or illness, Harsh hair styling products, detergents, solvents, chemicals and soaps, Cold, dry weather or a change in the season, Some medications, including psoralen, interferon and lithium.

• #85 Eczema (atopic dermatitis): Symptoms, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/14417

  Hot and cold temperatures: Very hot and very cold weather, high and low humidity, and perspiration from exercise can bring out eczema. […] Foods: Dairy products, eggs, nuts and seeds, soy products, and wheat can cause eczema flares. […] Stress: This is not a direct cause of eczema, but it can make the symptoms worse. […] Hormones: Females may experience increased eczema symptoms when their hormone levels are changing, such as during pregnancy and at certain points in the menstrual cycle.

• #86 Eczema (atopic dermatitis): Symptoms, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/14417

  Hot and cold temperatures: Very hot and very cold weather, high and low humidity, and perspiration from exercise can bring out eczema. […] Foods: Dairy products, eggs, nuts and seeds, soy products, and wheat can cause eczema flares. […] Stress: This is not a direct cause of eczema, but it can make the symptoms worse. […] Hormones: Females may experience increased eczema symptoms when their hormone levels are changing, such as during pregnancy and at certain points in the menstrual cycle.

• #87 Know about Spongiotic Dermatitis: Itchy Patches of Skin

  https://dermatrials.medicine.iu.edu/blogs/what-is-spongiotic-dermatitis

  Fungal infections are another potential trigger, especially in individuals who have a compromised skin barrier. […] Additionally, hormonal changes can influence the onset of this condition, as fluctuating hormones can affect the skin’s response to irritants and allergens. […] Moreover, lifestyle factors like stress and environmental changes are also key contributors. […] Research has also uncovered a possible genetic link, particularly through a mutation in the gene responsible for producing a protein called filaggrin that maintains the skins protective barrier.

• #88 Eczema: What It Is, Symptoms and Causes | Allergy Insider | Allergy Insider

  https://www.thermofisher.com/diagnostic-education/patient/cn/en/allergy-symptoms/skin-allergy-symptoms/eczema-symptoms.html

  Eczema has several aggravating factors and triggers, such as heat, perspiration, emotional stress, and exposure to certain chemicals, cigarette smoke, and cleaning solutions. There are also common allergens that may cause symptoms, including: Animal dander, Egg, Fish, Dust mites, Milk, Peanut, Pollen, Shellfish, Soy, Tree nuts, Wheat. […] Recently, it has been further established via clinical and physiological means that psychological stress is a significant contributor to atopic dermatitis. In addition to identifying allergic triggers, it’s also important to recognize the triggers behind physiological and psychological stress to help manage eczema symptoms. […] Allergic eczema is often the first step of the allergy march. Children with early onset eczema are three times more likely to develop allergen sensitization by the age of two. As the march continues, children are at increased risk to develop allergic rhinitis or asthma later in life.

• #89 Dermatitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/understanding-dermatitis-basics

  What Causes Dermatitis? Dermatitis is a complex condition. There’s a lot that doctors are still trying to learn about it. So far, they know that changes in your skin cause it to lose moisture, which can make it dry and itchy. The more you scratch, the drier and more itchy your skin becomes. […] Many factors can also add to this, including: Your immune system. If it overreacts to something you come into contact with, your skin can become inflamed. […] Your genes. You might have been born with skin that struggles to maintain a healthy amount of moisture. […] Your environment. Some substances trigger changes in your skin. Among them are tobacco smoke, air pollutants, and scents in soaps and other skin products. […] Stress and hormones. When you’re in a stressful situation, your body produces more stress hormones such as cortisol. Too much cortisol can suppress the immune system and cause your skin to get inflamed.

• #90 Intractable Itch in Atopic Dermatitis: Causes and Treatments

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/9/3/229

  Itch sensation evokes the desire to scratch, and scratching induces the production of inflammatory cytokines by keratinocytes, further exacerbating eczema and inflammation in the skin. […] In atopic skin, increased penetration of pathogens and antigens and nerve fiber density with pruritogen receptors elicit severe pruritus following skin barrier dysfunction or inflammation. […] The barrier dysfunction leads to the production of inflammatory and itch mediators (cytokines, proteases, neuropeptides, lipids) by cutaneous cells, further exacerbating eczema and inflammation in the skin. […] Several proteases produced by cutaneous cells or exogenous biotic factors, including bacteria, mites, and plants, are involved in pruritus in AD. […] Some cytokines are responsible not only for inflammation but also for itch sensation.

• #91 Eczema: What It Is, Symptoms and Causes | Allergy Insider | Allergy Insider

  https://www.thermofisher.com/diagnostic-education/patient/cn/en/allergy-symptoms/skin-allergy-symptoms/eczema-symptoms.html

  Eczema has several aggravating factors and triggers, such as heat, perspiration, emotional stress, and exposure to certain chemicals, cigarette smoke, and cleaning solutions. There are also common allergens that may cause symptoms, including: Animal dander, Egg, Fish, Dust mites, Milk, Peanut, Pollen, Shellfish, Soy, Tree nuts, Wheat. […] Recently, it has been further established via clinical and physiological means that psychological stress is a significant contributor to atopic dermatitis. In addition to identifying allergic triggers, it’s also important to recognize the triggers behind physiological and psychological stress to help manage eczema symptoms. […] Allergic eczema is often the first step of the allergy march. Children with early onset eczema are three times more likely to develop allergen sensitization by the age of two. As the march continues, children are at increased risk to develop allergic rhinitis or asthma later in life.

• #92 Eczema: What It Is, Symptoms and Causes | Allergy Insider | Allergy Insider

  https://www.thermofisher.com/diagnostic-education/patient/cn/en/allergy-symptoms/skin-allergy-symptoms/eczema-symptoms.html

  Eczema has several aggravating factors and triggers, such as heat, perspiration, emotional stress, and exposure to certain chemicals, cigarette smoke, and cleaning solutions. There are also common allergens that may cause symptoms, including: Animal dander, Egg, Fish, Dust mites, Milk, Peanut, Pollen, Shellfish, Soy, Tree nuts, Wheat. […] Recently, it has been further established via clinical and physiological means that psychological stress is a significant contributor to atopic dermatitis. In addition to identifying allergic triggers, it’s also important to recognize the triggers behind physiological and psychological stress to help manage eczema symptoms. […] Allergic eczema is often the first step of the allergy march. Children with early onset eczema are three times more likely to develop allergen sensitization by the age of two. As the march continues, children are at increased risk to develop allergic rhinitis or asthma later in life.

• #93 About Eczema: Types, Symptoms, Causes, Treatment | National Eczema Association

  https://nationaleczema.org/eczema/

  Eczema is a common skin condition that causes dry, itchy skin. […] The exact cause of eczema is unknown. In fact, each type of eczema can have different causes. Some of the most common causes are: A family history of eczema, Being exposed to certain environmental triggers, Stress, A combination of these triggers. […] In general with eczema, when an irritant or an allergen from outside or inside the body switches on the immune system, it produces inflammation. It is this inflammation that causes the symptoms common to most types of eczema. […] Some types of eczema, such as atopic dermatitis, may be caused by various factors including: A weakened skin barrier (or the outer protective layer of the skin), An overactive immune system that leads to inflammation, Environmental triggers, Genetics. […] Eczema triggers will often be different for each individual with rarely just one trigger being responsible for every flare. Its helpful to identify what is triggering your flare so you can avoid them as much as possible.

• #94 Causes and Risk Factors of Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis)

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/eczema/causes-symptoms-risk-factors/

  Research suggests that eczema is the result of a complicated interaction between genes and environmental triggers, with the immune system also playing a role. […] About 20 to 30 percent of people with atopic dermatitis have a mutated or altered FLG gene, which is the gene responsible for creating a protein that helps maintain a protective barrier on the top layer of the skin. […] Food does not cause atopic dermatitis in adults, but food allergies can trigger eczema symptom flares.

• #95 Causes and Risk Factors of Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis)

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/eczema/causes-symptoms-risk-factors/

  Research suggests that eczema is the result of a complicated interaction between genes and environmental triggers, with the immune system also playing a role. […] About 20 to 30 percent of people with atopic dermatitis have a mutated or altered FLG gene, which is the gene responsible for creating a protein that helps maintain a protective barrier on the top layer of the skin. […] Food does not cause atopic dermatitis in adults, but food allergies can trigger eczema symptom flares.

• #96 Eczema types: Atopic dermatitis causes

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/eczema/types/atopic-dermatitis/causes

  Exactly why people get atopic dermatitis, also called eczema, is still a bit of a mystery. […] We know that this condition is complex and that the following may play a role in causing it: Your genes, Your immune system, What touches your skin. […] Atopic dermatitis causes gaps in the skin’s protective barrier. […] The gaps in the skin barrier that develop when someone has atopic dermatitis allow: Too much moisture to escape from the skin, causing dryness, Everyday things in the environment from dust mites to fragrances to get inside the protective barrier, leading to inflammation, Germs like virus and bacteria to get inside the barrier, which can lead to an infection. […] This condition usually begins during childhood, with most children developing it by 5 years of age. […] However, some people have a higher risk of getting it.

• #97 Understanding Eczema Symptoms & Causes | Eczema Exposed

  https://www.eczemaexposed.com/understanding-eczema

  Atopic dermatitis (eczema) can result in part from an overactive immune system, which can lead to itching and rashes. […] Atopic dermatitis is more than a skin condition. It’s a disease caused by an overactive immune system that leads to inflammation in your body. […] Atopic dermatitis is a disease where inflammation may be present under the skin even when there are no visible symptoms on the skin. So, even when skin is clear and looks rash-free, the underlying inflammation may still be active and waiting to return. […] Atopic dermatitis can be triggered by allergens. […] Atopic dermatitis may need to be treated proactively, even when the skin of you or your love one looks normal. […] Understanding a root cause of atopic dermatitis may help you discover additional ways to manage the disease and reduce the number of flare-ups.

• #98 Eczema – symptoms, causes and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/eczema

  Eczema is a common skin condition that affects both children and adults. Eczema is also known as: atopic eczema, atopic dermatitis, allergic eczema. […] Nobody knows exactly what causes eczema, but it can run in families. It’s thought to be caused by both genetic and environmental factors. […] It’s common for people with eczema and their family members to also have other allergic conditions, including: hay fever, asthma, dust mite and food allergies. […] A trigger is anything that might make your eczema symptoms worse. Some common examples include: dry weather, changes in the weather, overheating, stress, skin infections. […] Other things that can trigger your eczema, if you have contact with them, are: skin irritants such as soap, shampoo or bubble bath, sand, carpet or grass, chlorine in pools or spas, woollen or prickly fabrics, sheepskin, substances you are allergic to.

• #99 Intractable Itch in Atopic Dermatitis: Causes and Treatments

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/9/3/229

  Itch sensation evokes the desire to scratch, and scratching induces the production of inflammatory cytokines by keratinocytes, further exacerbating eczema and inflammation in the skin. […] In atopic skin, increased penetration of pathogens and antigens and nerve fiber density with pruritogen receptors elicit severe pruritus following skin barrier dysfunction or inflammation. […] The barrier dysfunction leads to the production of inflammatory and itch mediators (cytokines, proteases, neuropeptides, lipids) by cutaneous cells, further exacerbating eczema and inflammation in the skin. […] Several proteases produced by cutaneous cells or exogenous biotic factors, including bacteria, mites, and plants, are involved in pruritus in AD. […] Some cytokines are responsible not only for inflammation but also for itch sensation.

• #100 About Eczema: Types, Symptoms, Causes, Treatment | National Eczema Association

  https://nationaleczema.org/eczema/

  Eczema is a common skin condition that causes dry, itchy skin. […] The exact cause of eczema is unknown. In fact, each type of eczema can have different causes. Some of the most common causes are: A family history of eczema, Being exposed to certain environmental triggers, Stress, A combination of these triggers. […] In general with eczema, when an irritant or an allergen from outside or inside the body switches on the immune system, it produces inflammation. It is this inflammation that causes the symptoms common to most types of eczema. […] Some types of eczema, such as atopic dermatitis, may be caused by various factors including: A weakened skin barrier (or the outer protective layer of the skin), An overactive immune system that leads to inflammation, Environmental triggers, Genetics. […] Eczema triggers will often be different for each individual with rarely just one trigger being responsible for every flare. Its helpful to identify what is triggering your flare so you can avoid them as much as possible.

• #101 Dermatitis: Types and treatments — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/dermatitis

  Dermatitis refers to a group of itchy inflammatory conditions characterised by epidermal changes. […] Dermatitis can be classified in a variety of ways. It may be classified by: Cause eg, allergic contact dermatitis, photosensitive dermatitis […] In many cases, various factors may all act as underlying triggers together (allergic, irritant, and endogenous factors, especially in hand dermatitis). […] Exogenous dermatitis is the result of an external factor or insult that induces skin inflammation. Common causes include: Allergic contact dermatitis due to immune sensitisation of an individual to an allergen, often at even low concentration, such as nickel, hair dye, rubber, or perfumes; identified by patch testing. […] Endogenous dermatitis occurs because of often ill-understood internal factors. Common types include: Atopic dermatitis a common form of dermatitis occurring in children and adults, and often occurring in families with a background of asthma and hay fever.

• #102 Atopic dermatitis (eczema) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atopic-dermatitis-eczema/symptoms-causes/syc-20353273

  Atopic dermatitis is a sensitivity disease of the skin, similar to asthma in the lungs, hay fever in the sinuses and food allergies in the gut. […] It’s a multisystem disorder. Inflammation affects the skin, and the skin is more sensitive than usual. […] Atopic dermatitis tends to be red, weepy, crusty, itchy, flaky patches, like oval or circular-shaped areas on the skin. […] In some people, atopic dermatitis is related to a gene variation that affects the skin’s ability to provide protection. With a weak barrier function, the skin is less able to retain moisture and protect against bacteria, irritants, allergens and environmental factors such as tobacco smoke. […] In other people, atopic dermatitis is caused by too much of the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus on the skin. This displaces helpful bacteria and disrupts the skin’s barrier function.

• #103 What Exactly Is Eczema? Causes of Atopic Dermatitis and Treatment – The New York Times

  https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/18/well/live/eczema-atopic-dermatitis-causes-treatment.html

  When it’s severe, “it can be dramatically life altering,” she said. […] It’s not completely clear what causes atopic dermatitis, but there are several factors in play, experts said. […] Everyone with the condition has a weakened or damaged skin barrier, the outermost layer of skin, said Dr. Shari Lipner, an associate professor of clinical dermatology at the Weill Cornell Medical Center in New York City. […] There are several reasons someone might have a leaky skin barrier, and develop atopic dermatitis. […] For one, their genes: The condition tends to run in families, and this, in part, is because those with a genetic predisposition for atopic dermatitis may have less filaggrin, a protein that keeps the skin barrier strong, Dr. Yu said. […] People with atopic dermatitis are also more likely to have an overactive immune response, making them more sensitive to normally harmless substances like the fragrances or preservatives found in personal care products, Dr. Yu said. […] This response causes their white blood cells to release too many cytokines — a type of protein that can trigger skin inflammation. […] People with the condition might also have a less diverse skin microbiome than those without it, Dr. Wan said.

• #104 Atopic dermatitis (eczema) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atopic-dermatitis-eczema/symptoms-causes/syc-20353273

  Atopic dermatitis is a sensitivity disease of the skin, similar to asthma in the lungs, hay fever in the sinuses and food allergies in the gut. […] It’s a multisystem disorder. Inflammation affects the skin, and the skin is more sensitive than usual. […] Atopic dermatitis tends to be red, weepy, crusty, itchy, flaky patches, like oval or circular-shaped areas on the skin. […] In some people, atopic dermatitis is related to a gene variation that affects the skin’s ability to provide protection. With a weak barrier function, the skin is less able to retain moisture and protect against bacteria, irritants, allergens and environmental factors such as tobacco smoke. […] In other people, atopic dermatitis is caused by too much of the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus on the skin. This displaces helpful bacteria and disrupts the skin’s barrier function.

• #105 Atopic dermatitis causes

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/causes-of-atopic-dermatitis

  There is no known single cause for atopic dermatitis (eczema) and it probably represents more than one condition. There are many theories regarding the underlying mechanisms. Current research is investigating the roles of the immune system, skin structural gene mutations, defects in the skin cells (keratinocytes), the skin surface microbiome (bacteria, viruses and yeasts), and many other factors. […] Current theories identify that atopic dermatitis is primarily a disease of the immune system, with cytokines being critical components to the disease. These cytokines, particularly IL-4 and IL-13 (Th2 pathway cytokines) and IL-22 (the Th22 axis cytokine) cause barrier defects and inflammation that result in the clinical features of eczema. […] There is emerging evidence that inflammation in atopic dermatitis is associated with immune-mediated and inherited abnormalities in the skin barrier. This barrier failure causes increased permeability of the skin and reduces its antimicrobial function.

• #106 Intractable Itch in Atopic Dermatitis: Causes and Treatments

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/9/3/229

  Interleukin (IL)-31 is a cytokine mainly produced by type 2 helper T cells (Th2 cells) that exhibits upregulated expression in the lesional skin of patients with skin disease accompanied by itch, including AD. […] Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is secreted primarily by keratinocytes, mast cells, and dendritic cells and promotes Th2 immune responses. […] The expression of TSLP is upregulated in the epidermal keratinocytes of AD patients. […] The induction of antimicrobial peptides in the epidermal keratinocytes is impaired in lesional skin in patients with AD compared to patients with psoriasis, explaining the frequent bacterial and viral infections, particularly with Staphylococcus aureus, in patients with AD. […] The reduced expression of antimicrobial peptides in AD is partly due to the increased production of Th2 cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-13 that inhibit the expression of antimicrobial peptides. […] Overall, more biologic drugs blocking IL-4 and IL-13 are under development and will be available in the future for AD treatment.

• #107 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?ContentTypeID=90&ContentID=P01675

  Atopic dermatitis is a long-term (chronic) skin condition. It causes itchy skin. Its a very common condition. Its more common in babies and children, but also occurs in adults. It usually first appears between ages 3 to 6 months. […] The exact cause of atopic dermatitis is not known. But some factors are linked to it, such as: […] Genes. Allergies and eczema run in families. […] The immune system. An immune system that isnt fully developed may affect the protective ability of the skin. […] External factors. These include winter weather, dry, hot temperatures and lack of skin moisturizing. […] A child has a greater chance of having atopic dermatitis if he or she has: […] Family members with atopic dermatitis […] Allergies. […] A child with allergies or family members with allergies or atopic dermatitis has a higher chance of having atopic dermatitis.

• #108 Seborrheic Dermatitis – Treatment, Causes, Symptoms | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/care/dermatology/services/eczema/seborrheic-dermatitis

  With seborrheic dermatitis, flaky scales form in oily areas of the body, such as the scalp, face, and inside the ears. This chronic form of eczema is most common in infants and adults between 30 and 60 years of age. […] This condition is likely caused by an overgrowth of Malassezia yeast (a substance normally found in the skin) that triggers inflammation, causing changes in the skin. […] Some underlying conditions can raise your risk for seborrheic dermatitis, such as HIV, psoriasis, acne, rosacea, epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, eating disorders, and alcoholism. Triggers of the condition range from stress and hormonal changes to the use of certain detergents or medications.

• #109 Seborrheic Dermatitis – Treatment, Causes, Symptoms | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/care/dermatology/services/eczema/seborrheic-dermatitis

  With seborrheic dermatitis, flaky scales form in oily areas of the body, such as the scalp, face, and inside the ears. This chronic form of eczema is most common in infants and adults between 30 and 60 years of age. […] This condition is likely caused by an overgrowth of Malassezia yeast (a substance normally found in the skin) that triggers inflammation, causing changes in the skin. […] Some underlying conditions can raise your risk for seborrheic dermatitis, such as HIV, psoriasis, acne, rosacea, epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, eating disorders, and alcoholism. Triggers of the condition range from stress and hormonal changes to the use of certain detergents or medications.

• #110 Seborrheic Dermatitis – Treatment, Causes, Symptoms | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/care/dermatology/services/eczema/seborrheic-dermatitis

  With seborrheic dermatitis, flaky scales form in oily areas of the body, such as the scalp, face, and inside the ears. This chronic form of eczema is most common in infants and adults between 30 and 60 years of age. […] This condition is likely caused by an overgrowth of Malassezia yeast (a substance normally found in the skin) that triggers inflammation, causing changes in the skin. […] Some underlying conditions can raise your risk for seborrheic dermatitis, such as HIV, psoriasis, acne, rosacea, epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, eating disorders, and alcoholism. Triggers of the condition range from stress and hormonal changes to the use of certain detergents or medications.

• #111 Seborrheic Dermatitis – Treatment, Causes, Symptoms | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/care/dermatology/services/eczema/seborrheic-dermatitis

  With seborrheic dermatitis, flaky scales form in oily areas of the body, such as the scalp, face, and inside the ears. This chronic form of eczema is most common in infants and adults between 30 and 60 years of age. […] This condition is likely caused by an overgrowth of Malassezia yeast (a substance normally found in the skin) that triggers inflammation, causing changes in the skin. […] Some underlying conditions can raise your risk for seborrheic dermatitis, such as HIV, psoriasis, acne, rosacea, epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, eating disorders, and alcoholism. Triggers of the condition range from stress and hormonal changes to the use of certain detergents or medications.

• #112 Seborrheic Dermatitis – Treatment, Causes, Symptoms | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/care/dermatology/services/eczema/seborrheic-dermatitis

  With seborrheic dermatitis, flaky scales form in oily areas of the body, such as the scalp, face, and inside the ears. This chronic form of eczema is most common in infants and adults between 30 and 60 years of age. […] This condition is likely caused by an overgrowth of Malassezia yeast (a substance normally found in the skin) that triggers inflammation, causing changes in the skin. […] Some underlying conditions can raise your risk for seborrheic dermatitis, such as HIV, psoriasis, acne, rosacea, epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, eating disorders, and alcoholism. Triggers of the condition range from stress and hormonal changes to the use of certain detergents or medications.

• #113 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-Causes-Dermatitis.aspx

  Stasis dermatitis occurs when varicose veins interrupt the venous flow from the legs back to the heart, causing blood to pool in the lower limbs. Blood and fluid then leak from the veins into the skin tissue. […] The cause of seborrheic dermatitis is unknown but factors implicated include a yeast called Malassezia that is present in the skin’s oily secretions, neurological conditions such as Parkinson’s, stress and fatigue. […] This form of dermatitis is a symptom of the gut condition celiac disease, caused by an allergy to a substance called gluten which is found in wheat, rye and other grains.

• #114 Dermatitis Reading – Dermatitis Causes, Symptoms, Treatments | Derma

  https://www.dermareading.co.uk/dermatitis

  Dermatitis is a general term to mean the irritation of the skin, and the condition can appear anywhere on the body. […] Dermatitis may be caused by genetics, environmental factors, or an allergic reaction of the skin in response to a particular substance, such as fragrance, metals, different types of jewellery, or chemicals. […] Some dermatitis may be caused by allergies, or contact with chemicals and certain metals, but it may be triggered by other issues for example, genetic predisposition; problems with the immune system; environmental factors; infections; skin dryness; or stress. […] The most common allergenic substances known to irritate the skin are detergents; cosmetic products; soaps and perfumes; jewellery; nickel; latex; paint; poisonous plants; solvents and tobacco smoke. […] This condition occurs in people who have problems with blood-flow to their lower legs. If the valves that push blood back up toward the heart are functioning abnormally, or sub-optimally, this can cause the blood to pool in the legs, making them swell and forming varicose veins.

• #115 Dermatitis Reading – Dermatitis Causes, Symptoms, Treatments | Derma

  https://www.dermareading.co.uk/dermatitis

  Dermatitis is a general term to mean the irritation of the skin, and the condition can appear anywhere on the body. […] Dermatitis may be caused by genetics, environmental factors, or an allergic reaction of the skin in response to a particular substance, such as fragrance, metals, different types of jewellery, or chemicals. […] Some dermatitis may be caused by allergies, or contact with chemicals and certain metals, but it may be triggered by other issues for example, genetic predisposition; problems with the immune system; environmental factors; infections; skin dryness; or stress. […] The most common allergenic substances known to irritate the skin are detergents; cosmetic products; soaps and perfumes; jewellery; nickel; latex; paint; poisonous plants; solvents and tobacco smoke. […] This condition occurs in people who have problems with blood-flow to their lower legs. If the valves that push blood back up toward the heart are functioning abnormally, or sub-optimally, this can cause the blood to pool in the legs, making them swell and forming varicose veins.

• #116 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-Causes-Dermatitis.aspx

  Stasis dermatitis occurs when varicose veins interrupt the venous flow from the legs back to the heart, causing blood to pool in the lower limbs. Blood and fluid then leak from the veins into the skin tissue. […] The cause of seborrheic dermatitis is unknown but factors implicated include a yeast called Malassezia that is present in the skin’s oily secretions, neurological conditions such as Parkinson’s, stress and fatigue. […] This form of dermatitis is a symptom of the gut condition celiac disease, caused by an allergy to a substance called gluten which is found in wheat, rye and other grains.

• #117 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-Causes-Dermatitis.aspx

  Stasis dermatitis occurs when varicose veins interrupt the venous flow from the legs back to the heart, causing blood to pool in the lower limbs. Blood and fluid then leak from the veins into the skin tissue. […] The cause of seborrheic dermatitis is unknown but factors implicated include a yeast called Malassezia that is present in the skin’s oily secretions, neurological conditions such as Parkinson’s, stress and fatigue. […] This form of dermatitis is a symptom of the gut condition celiac disease, caused by an allergy to a substance called gluten which is found in wheat, rye and other grains.

• #118 Dermatitis: Types, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/dermatitis

  Dermatitis is a term that describes skin inflammation. The condition can cause a persons skin to become dry, swollen, and itchy. Treatments can include medication and home remedies. […] The causes of dandruff are complex. Hygiene factors do not play a large part in the condition, but unwashed hair can cause it to become more obvious. In addition, not washing excess oils off the skin can feed the yeast on the skin, allowing them to grow further and exacerbate the condition. […] Certain medical conditions can also increase a persons chance of having seborrheic dermatitis. These include: psoriasis, HIV, acne, rosacea, Parkinsons disease, epilepsy, alcohol use disorder, depression. […] Irritants or allergens often cause contact dermatitis. Common causes of such dermatitis include cosmetics, soaps, metal jewelry, and dyes. […] However, doctors do not know what causes cradle cap, but hygiene factors, allergies, and bacterial infections are not contributing factors. […] Diaper rash may also indicate that one of the above medical conditions is affecting the infant.

• #119 Female genital eczema – National Eczema Society

  https://eczema.org/information-and-advice/types-of-eczema/female-genital-eczema/

  There are different types of eczema that can affect the genital area, including atopic eczema, seborrhoeic dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis and irritant contact dermatitis. […] It is not always possible to discover the cause of genital eczema, although it can sometimes be due to a contact allergy. However, genital skin can be particularly prone to irritation. Irritation can be caused by sweating, tight clothing, and friction between skin surfaces. Soaps, bubble baths, shower gels, talcum powder, baby/hygiene/feminine wipes, perfumes, personal deodorants, haemorrhoid preparations, antiseptics such as Dettol, Savlon and TCP, and similar products can also trigger eczema. […] Urine and faeces are especially irritating to the skin, and incontinence always makes any genital condition worse and harder to treat. If you are incontinent of urine, faeces, or both, discuss this with your doctor or nurse, who can refer you to specialist teams. Trying to manage the problem with wipes, sanitary protection or pads may make the eczema worse.

• #120 Female genital eczema – National Eczema Society

  https://eczema.org/information-and-advice/types-of-eczema/female-genital-eczema/

  There are different types of eczema that can affect the genital area, including atopic eczema, seborrhoeic dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis and irritant contact dermatitis. […] It is not always possible to discover the cause of genital eczema, although it can sometimes be due to a contact allergy. However, genital skin can be particularly prone to irritation. Irritation can be caused by sweating, tight clothing, and friction between skin surfaces. Soaps, bubble baths, shower gels, talcum powder, baby/hygiene/feminine wipes, perfumes, personal deodorants, haemorrhoid preparations, antiseptics such as Dettol, Savlon and TCP, and similar products can also trigger eczema. […] Urine and faeces are especially irritating to the skin, and incontinence always makes any genital condition worse and harder to treat. If you are incontinent of urine, faeces, or both, discuss this with your doctor or nurse, who can refer you to specialist teams. Trying to manage the problem with wipes, sanitary protection or pads may make the eczema worse.

• #121 Dermatitis: Types, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/dermatitis

  Dermatitis is a term that describes skin inflammation. The condition can cause a persons skin to become dry, swollen, and itchy. Treatments can include medication and home remedies. […] The causes of dandruff are complex. Hygiene factors do not play a large part in the condition, but unwashed hair can cause it to become more obvious. In addition, not washing excess oils off the skin can feed the yeast on the skin, allowing them to grow further and exacerbate the condition. […] Certain medical conditions can also increase a persons chance of having seborrheic dermatitis. These include: psoriasis, HIV, acne, rosacea, Parkinsons disease, epilepsy, alcohol use disorder, depression. […] Irritants or allergens often cause contact dermatitis. Common causes of such dermatitis include cosmetics, soaps, metal jewelry, and dyes. […] However, doctors do not know what causes cradle cap, but hygiene factors, allergies, and bacterial infections are not contributing factors. […] Diaper rash may also indicate that one of the above medical conditions is affecting the infant.

• #122 Dermatitis: Types, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/dermatitis

  Dermatitis is a term that describes skin inflammation. The condition can cause a persons skin to become dry, swollen, and itchy. Treatments can include medication and home remedies. […] The causes of dandruff are complex. Hygiene factors do not play a large part in the condition, but unwashed hair can cause it to become more obvious. In addition, not washing excess oils off the skin can feed the yeast on the skin, allowing them to grow further and exacerbate the condition. […] Certain medical conditions can also increase a persons chance of having seborrheic dermatitis. These include: psoriasis, HIV, acne, rosacea, Parkinsons disease, epilepsy, alcohol use disorder, depression. […] Irritants or allergens often cause contact dermatitis. Common causes of such dermatitis include cosmetics, soaps, metal jewelry, and dyes. […] However, doctors do not know what causes cradle cap, but hygiene factors, allergies, and bacterial infections are not contributing factors. […] Diaper rash may also indicate that one of the above medical conditions is affecting the infant.

• #123 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-Causes-Dermatitis.aspx

  Examples of the substances that may trigger allergic contact dermatitis include metals such as nickel or cobalt, rubber, strong adhesives, some dyes and resins in clothes, and some topical medicines such as corticosteroid creams. […] Atopic dermatitis, otherwise known as eczema, occurs when the body is hypersensitive to certain foods, allergens or environmental factors. The condition often runs in families and may occur alongside other atopic conditions such as hay fever and asthma. Food allergies can make eczema worse and examples of food items thought to cause more severe eczema symptoms in children include cow’s milk, wheat, soya, nuts, fish and eggs. […] Neurodermatitis is caused by nerve endings underneath the skin that have become irritated, causing an intensely itchy sensation and an overwhelming urge to repeatedly scratch. This scratching can eventually lead to thickening and redness of the skin.

• #124 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-Causes-Dermatitis.aspx

  Examples of the substances that may trigger allergic contact dermatitis include metals such as nickel or cobalt, rubber, strong adhesives, some dyes and resins in clothes, and some topical medicines such as corticosteroid creams. […] Atopic dermatitis, otherwise known as eczema, occurs when the body is hypersensitive to certain foods, allergens or environmental factors. The condition often runs in families and may occur alongside other atopic conditions such as hay fever and asthma. Food allergies can make eczema worse and examples of food items thought to cause more severe eczema symptoms in children include cow’s milk, wheat, soya, nuts, fish and eggs. […] Neurodermatitis is caused by nerve endings underneath the skin that have become irritated, causing an intensely itchy sensation and an overwhelming urge to repeatedly scratch. This scratching can eventually lead to thickening and redness of the skin.

• #125 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-Causes-Dermatitis.aspx

  Examples of the substances that may trigger allergic contact dermatitis include metals such as nickel or cobalt, rubber, strong adhesives, some dyes and resins in clothes, and some topical medicines such as corticosteroid creams. […] Atopic dermatitis, otherwise known as eczema, occurs when the body is hypersensitive to certain foods, allergens or environmental factors. The condition often runs in families and may occur alongside other atopic conditions such as hay fever and asthma. Food allergies can make eczema worse and examples of food items thought to cause more severe eczema symptoms in children include cow’s milk, wheat, soya, nuts, fish and eggs. […] Neurodermatitis is caused by nerve endings underneath the skin that have become irritated, causing an intensely itchy sensation and an overwhelming urge to repeatedly scratch. This scratching can eventually lead to thickening and redness of the skin.

• #126 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-Causes-Dermatitis.aspx

  Examples of the substances that may trigger allergic contact dermatitis include metals such as nickel or cobalt, rubber, strong adhesives, some dyes and resins in clothes, and some topical medicines such as corticosteroid creams. […] Atopic dermatitis, otherwise known as eczema, occurs when the body is hypersensitive to certain foods, allergens or environmental factors. The condition often runs in families and may occur alongside other atopic conditions such as hay fever and asthma. Food allergies can make eczema worse and examples of food items thought to cause more severe eczema symptoms in children include cow’s milk, wheat, soya, nuts, fish and eggs. […] Neurodermatitis is caused by nerve endings underneath the skin that have become irritated, causing an intensely itchy sensation and an overwhelming urge to repeatedly scratch. This scratching can eventually lead to thickening and redness of the skin.

• #127 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-Causes-Dermatitis.aspx

  Examples of the substances that may trigger allergic contact dermatitis include metals such as nickel or cobalt, rubber, strong adhesives, some dyes and resins in clothes, and some topical medicines such as corticosteroid creams. […] Atopic dermatitis, otherwise known as eczema, occurs when the body is hypersensitive to certain foods, allergens or environmental factors. The condition often runs in families and may occur alongside other atopic conditions such as hay fever and asthma. Food allergies can make eczema worse and examples of food items thought to cause more severe eczema symptoms in children include cow’s milk, wheat, soya, nuts, fish and eggs. […] Neurodermatitis is caused by nerve endings underneath the skin that have become irritated, causing an intensely itchy sensation and an overwhelming urge to repeatedly scratch. This scratching can eventually lead to thickening and redness of the skin.

• #128 What causes eczema?

  https://patient.info/news-and-features/eczema-causes

  Risk factors for developing eczema include: […] Having a close relative with eczema or another atopic condition – asthma and/or hay fever. […] Having another atopic condition – asthma and/or hay fever. […] Smoking, or being exposed to cigarette smoke – such as having a parent who smokes. […] Living in an urban area. […] Taking antibiotics in infancy, or being exposed to antibiotics in the womb. […] Although immune system problems are important in eczema, eczema is not considered an autoimmune disease.

• #129 What causes eczema?

  https://patient.info/news-and-features/eczema-causes

  Risk factors for developing eczema include: […] Having a close relative with eczema or another atopic condition – asthma and/or hay fever. […] Having another atopic condition – asthma and/or hay fever. […] Smoking, or being exposed to cigarette smoke – such as having a parent who smokes. […] Living in an urban area. […] Taking antibiotics in infancy, or being exposed to antibiotics in the womb. […] Although immune system problems are important in eczema, eczema is not considered an autoimmune disease.

• #130 What causes eczema?

  https://patient.info/news-and-features/eczema-causes

  Risk factors for developing eczema include: […] Having a close relative with eczema or another atopic condition – asthma and/or hay fever. […] Having another atopic condition – asthma and/or hay fever. […] Smoking, or being exposed to cigarette smoke – such as having a parent who smokes. […] Living in an urban area. […] Taking antibiotics in infancy, or being exposed to antibiotics in the womb. […] Although immune system problems are important in eczema, eczema is not considered an autoimmune disease.

• #131 Causes and Risk Factors of Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis)

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/eczema/causes-symptoms-risk-factors/

  Research suggests that eczema is the result of a complicated interaction between genes and environmental triggers, with the immune system also playing a role. […] About 20 to 30 percent of people with atopic dermatitis have a mutated or altered FLG gene, which is the gene responsible for creating a protein that helps maintain a protective barrier on the top layer of the skin. […] Food does not cause atopic dermatitis in adults, but food allergies can trigger eczema symptom flares.

• #132 Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/eczema-atopic-dermatitis.html

  Eczema is a condition where the skin gets irritated, red, dry, bumpy, and itchy. There are several types of eczema, but the most common is atopic dermatitis. To many people, „eczema” and „atopic dermatitis” mean the same thing. […] Doctors don’t know exactly what causes eczema. It might be that there’s a difference in the way a person’s immune system reacts to things. Skin allergies may be involved in some forms of eczema. […] Eczema is fairly common. Many kids and teens with eczema have family members who have it. Experts think it passes from parents to kids through genes. […] People with eczema also may have asthma and some types of allergies, such as hay fever. Eczema, asthma, and hay fever are known as „atopic” conditions. These affect people who are overly sensitive to allergens in the environment. For some, food allergies may bring these on or make them worse. For others, allergies to animal dander, dust, pollen or other things might be the triggers. […] Eczema is not contagious.

• #133 Periorbital Dermatitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

  https://conloneyeinstitute.com/periorbital-dermatitis-symptoms-treatment-options/

  Irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) is another form of periorbital dermatitis, caused by direct irritation from harsh chemicals, pollutants, or physical factors. […] Female gender, atopic skin diathesis, and age over 40 are the risk factors for periorbital dermatitis, which is a form of atopic dermatitis. […] Cosmetic products, particularly fragranced skincare products and topical steroids have been linked to periorbital dermatitis. […] Airborne allergens, such as pollen, dust mites, animal hair, and latex, can trigger periorbital dermatitis in susceptible individuals. […] Occupational exposure to irritants, such as chemicals, plants, or other allergens, can lead to periorbital dermatitis. […] Common triggers for periorbital dermatitis include cosmetic products, airborne allergens, and occupational exposure to irritants.

• #134 Causes and Risk Factors of Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis)

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/eczema/causes-symptoms-risk-factors/

  People who have asthma or hay fever or who have family members who do are more likely to develop atopic dermatitis. […] Research suggests that certain racial and ethnic groups are at greater risk of developing atopic dermatitis. […] Various other risk factors for atopic dermatitis may also exist, though the data is still inconclusive. […] Food allergies do not cause atopic dermatitis, but they can go hand in hand, thanks to the atopic march. […] About 50 to 70 percent of children with early onset atopic dermatitis have one or more allergies, mainly food allergies, the most common of which are cows milk, hens eggs, and peanuts. […] Whats more, food sensitization (intolerance) and allergies earlier in life can predict having severe atopic dermatitis later on. […] Food allergies can also make atopic dermatitis worse and be triggers for symptom flares.

• #135 Eczema types: Contact dermatitis causes

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/eczema/types/contact-dermatitis/causes

  Allergic contact dermatitis: If what touches your skin causes an allergic reaction, you develop this type of contact dermatitis. It can be difficult to figure out whats causing allergic contact dermatitis because it takes time for the rash to appear. When your skin touches an allergen (what youre allergic to), this triggers your immune system. A series of events occur inside your body before your skin reacts. For this reason, it can take hours or days before you develop a rash and symptoms. […] While there are more than 15,000 allergens, some are more common. The most common causes of allergic contact dermatitis are: Nickel, Fragrance, Balsam of Peru, Latex, Urushiol. […] Some people have a higher risk of developing contact dermatitis. If you have a skin condition that lessens your skins ability to protect you from germs and other invaders, you have a greater risk. Conditions that cause this include atopic dermatitis (AD), stasis dermatitis, and leg ulcers. When your skin is less able to protect you, its easier for something to irritate your skin or trigger an allergic reaction. […] In the United States, contact dermatitis is one of the most common diseases caused by the workplace.

• #136 Dermatitis; Types, Causes, Symptoms and Management: A Review

  https://www.jdermis.com/full-text/dermatitis-types-causes-symptoms-and-management-a-review

  Dermatitis occurs mostly in people who engaged in washing and drying their hands regularly e.g. hairdressers, health care workers, catering staff. The stratum corneum of the skin normally acts to prevent external agents entering the skin and water escaping from it. The protective ability of stratum corneum can be interfered by any factor that damaged it. Alkaline soaps, organic solvents and chemicals are particularly powerful in this respect. Allergic contact dermatitis can be caused by exposure to many different agents. It is manifestation of a delayed hypersensitivity reaction occurring on the skin of a previously sensitized individual.

• #137 What causes eczema?

  https://patient.info/news-and-features/eczema-causes

  Risk factors for developing eczema include: […] Having a close relative with eczema or another atopic condition – asthma and/or hay fever. […] Having another atopic condition – asthma and/or hay fever. […] Smoking, or being exposed to cigarette smoke – such as having a parent who smokes. […] Living in an urban area. […] Taking antibiotics in infancy, or being exposed to antibiotics in the womb. […] Although immune system problems are important in eczema, eczema is not considered an autoimmune disease.

• #138 What causes eczema?

  https://patient.info/news-and-features/eczema-causes

  Risk factors for developing eczema include: […] Having a close relative with eczema or another atopic condition – asthma and/or hay fever. […] Having another atopic condition – asthma and/or hay fever. […] Smoking, or being exposed to cigarette smoke – such as having a parent who smokes. […] Living in an urban area. […] Taking antibiotics in infancy, or being exposed to antibiotics in the womb. […] Although immune system problems are important in eczema, eczema is not considered an autoimmune disease.

• #139 What causes eczema?

  https://patient.info/news-and-features/eczema-causes

  Risk factors for developing eczema include: […] Having a close relative with eczema or another atopic condition – asthma and/or hay fever. […] Having another atopic condition – asthma and/or hay fever. […] Smoking, or being exposed to cigarette smoke – such as having a parent who smokes. […] Living in an urban area. […] Taking antibiotics in infancy, or being exposed to antibiotics in the womb. […] Although immune system problems are important in eczema, eczema is not considered an autoimmune disease.

• #140 About Eczema: Types, Symptoms, Causes, Treatment | National Eczema Association

  https://nationaleczema.org/eczema/

  Eczema is a common skin condition that causes dry, itchy skin. […] The exact cause of eczema is unknown. In fact, each type of eczema can have different causes. Some of the most common causes are: A family history of eczema, Being exposed to certain environmental triggers, Stress, A combination of these triggers. […] In general with eczema, when an irritant or an allergen from outside or inside the body switches on the immune system, it produces inflammation. It is this inflammation that causes the symptoms common to most types of eczema. […] Some types of eczema, such as atopic dermatitis, may be caused by various factors including: A weakened skin barrier (or the outer protective layer of the skin), An overactive immune system that leads to inflammation, Environmental triggers, Genetics. […] Eczema triggers will often be different for each individual with rarely just one trigger being responsible for every flare. Its helpful to identify what is triggering your flare so you can avoid them as much as possible.

• #141 About Eczema: Types, Symptoms, Causes, Treatment | National Eczema Association

  https://nationaleczema.org/eczema/

  Eczema is a common skin condition that causes dry, itchy skin. […] The exact cause of eczema is unknown. In fact, each type of eczema can have different causes. Some of the most common causes are: A family history of eczema, Being exposed to certain environmental triggers, Stress, A combination of these triggers. […] In general with eczema, when an irritant or an allergen from outside or inside the body switches on the immune system, it produces inflammation. It is this inflammation that causes the symptoms common to most types of eczema. […] Some types of eczema, such as atopic dermatitis, may be caused by various factors including: A weakened skin barrier (or the outer protective layer of the skin), An overactive immune system that leads to inflammation, Environmental triggers, Genetics. […] Eczema triggers will often be different for each individual with rarely just one trigger being responsible for every flare. Its helpful to identify what is triggering your flare so you can avoid them as much as possible.

• #142 Dermatitis: Types and treatments — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/dermatitis

  Dermatitis refers to a group of itchy inflammatory conditions characterised by epidermal changes. […] Dermatitis can be classified in a variety of ways. It may be classified by: Cause eg, allergic contact dermatitis, photosensitive dermatitis […] In many cases, various factors may all act as underlying triggers together (allergic, irritant, and endogenous factors, especially in hand dermatitis). […] Exogenous dermatitis is the result of an external factor or insult that induces skin inflammation. Common causes include: Allergic contact dermatitis due to immune sensitisation of an individual to an allergen, often at even low concentration, such as nickel, hair dye, rubber, or perfumes; identified by patch testing. […] Endogenous dermatitis occurs because of often ill-understood internal factors. Common types include: Atopic dermatitis a common form of dermatitis occurring in children and adults, and often occurring in families with a background of asthma and hay fever.

• #143 Causes of Eczema: Why Does It Occur and How Can You Prevent It?

  https://www.dexeryl.com/en/your-skin/atopic-dermatitis/eczema-causes

  Identifying the trigger factors of atopic dermatitis is fundamental. Common environmental allergens include dust mites, pollens, pet dander, and some foods. […] Stress is an aggravating factor for atopic dermatitis as it disrupts the immune system and the skin barrier. […] Stress directs the immune system towards an allergic-type response, known as Th2, thus increasing the proportion of cells (eosinophils, mast cells) and antibodies (immunoglobulins IgE) associated with allergy in atopic dermatitis.

• #144 Contact Dermatitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/contact-dermatitis

  Irritant contact dermatitis usually causes symptoms within minutes and doesn’t require prior exposure to manifest. […] According to the AAD, the best treatment for contact dermatitis is to avoid the trigger or irritant. However, this is not always possible. […] Contact dermatitis will usually go away on its own when you avoid the irritant or allergen, but symptoms can still be uncomfortable. […] The rash from contact dermatitis isn’t transmissible. However, it’s possible to pass traces of the allergen or irritant to someone else, and they might develop a rash if they have a similar reaction.

• #145 Atopic eczema | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/atopic-eczema/

  Atopic eczema causes itchy, red, dry and cracked skin. […] The exact cause of atopic eczema is unknown, but its clear its not down to one single thing. It often occurs in people who get allergies atopic means sensitivity to allergens. […] Atopic eczema is likely to be caused by a combination of things. […] People with atopic eczema often have very dry skin because their skin is unable to retain much moisture. […] You may be born with an increased likelihood of developing atopic eczema because of the genes you inherit from your parents. […] Research has shown children who have 1 or both parents with atopic eczema, or who have other siblings with eczema, are more likely to develop it themselves. […] Atopic eczema is not infectious, so it cannot be passed on through close contact.

• #146 Contact Dermatitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/contact-dermatitis

  Irritant contact dermatitis usually causes symptoms within minutes and doesn’t require prior exposure to manifest. […] According to the AAD, the best treatment for contact dermatitis is to avoid the trigger or irritant. However, this is not always possible. […] Contact dermatitis will usually go away on its own when you avoid the irritant or allergen, but symptoms can still be uncomfortable. […] The rash from contact dermatitis isn’t transmissible. However, it’s possible to pass traces of the allergen or irritant to someone else, and they might develop a rash if they have a similar reaction.

• #147 Intractable Itch in Atopic Dermatitis: Causes and Treatments

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/9/3/229

  Interleukin (IL)-31 is a cytokine mainly produced by type 2 helper T cells (Th2 cells) that exhibits upregulated expression in the lesional skin of patients with skin disease accompanied by itch, including AD. […] Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is secreted primarily by keratinocytes, mast cells, and dendritic cells and promotes Th2 immune responses. […] The expression of TSLP is upregulated in the epidermal keratinocytes of AD patients. […] The induction of antimicrobial peptides in the epidermal keratinocytes is impaired in lesional skin in patients with AD compared to patients with psoriasis, explaining the frequent bacterial and viral infections, particularly with Staphylococcus aureus, in patients with AD. […] The reduced expression of antimicrobial peptides in AD is partly due to the increased production of Th2 cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-13 that inhibit the expression of antimicrobial peptides. […] Overall, more biologic drugs blocking IL-4 and IL-13 are under development and will be available in the future for AD treatment.

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