Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Atopic Dermatitis: Epidemiology and Clinical Phenotypes

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8648436/

  Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, lifelong, relapsing condition. The wide spectrum of the possible clinical presentations, depending on patient s age, age of onset of disease, topography and morphology of dermatitis, limits the epidemiologic information on its prevalence and incidence. A clear definition of the different clinical AD phenotypes and epidemiology is essential for an appropriate patients treatment and management, in particular for adults. This review summarizes the most recent epidemiologic data from the 21st century, on AD prevalence and incidence rates either in children or adults, with a special focus on their trends in Europe. […] Updated prevalence and incidence data of AD, across different age groups and countries, increase our understanding of the disease burden. It is well established that in most cases (approximately 80%) AD onset occurs during the first years of life, with frequent remissions in adolescence (approximately 60% of individuals). Recently, some studies have reported an adult-onset AD, even if epidemiological and clinical features of this adult form need to be further clarified. AD incidence and prevalence register a stable plateau in Europe and North America, while they are increased in other continents, such as Asia. There are few recent studies on the incidence of AD. Most of them have been conducted in Europe (EU) and USA. Limited information on the prevalence and incidence of AD among adults suggest the wide variability that may be dependent by the population, disease definitions, diagnostic criteria, presence or not of disease register, and lack of a universally accepted index for disease severity. Future studies with more standardized methods need to be conducted to assess epidemiology of AD, especially for adults: they are important to improve healthcare planning and patient management.

• #2 Eczema Statistics | National Eczema Association

  https://nationaleczema.org/eczema-facts/

  Global prevalence: Eczema affects approximately 10% to 20% of children and 2% to 10% of adults worldwide.1,2 […] In the U.S., around 31.6 million people (roughly 10% of the population) have some form of eczema.35 […] The global prevalence of seborrheic dermatitis is 4.38%, with a higher prevalence in adults than children.6 […] The lifetime prevalence of chronic hand eczema has been estimated to be 14.5% of the general population.7 […] Atopic dermatitis is the most common form of eczema. It is estimated that 16.5 million adults in the U.S. have atopic dermatitis, with 6.6 million meeting criteria for moderate to severe disease.8 Approximately 9.6 million U.S. children under the age of 18 have atopic dermatitis, and one-third have moderate to severe disease.3 […] People of all skin colors, races and ethnicities can be affected by atopic dermatitis. In the U.S., children with atopic dermatitis who are African American/Black are more likely to have atopic dermatitis, and tend to have more severe disease than white children.9,10

• #3 Global epidemiology of atopic dermatitis: a comprehensive systematic analysis and modelling study – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37705227/

  Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the leading cause of the global burden from skin disease; no study has provided global and country-specific epidemiological estimates of AD. […] To quantify global, regional and country-specific estimates of the epidemiology of AD. […] In total, 344 studies met the inclusion criteria. Incidence varied substantially with the location and age of the surveyed participants. The global prevalence of AD and the population affected by AD were estimated to be 2.6% [95% uncertainty interval (UI) 1.9-3.5] and 204.05 million people, respectively. Around 101.27 million adults and 102.78 million children worldwide have AD, corresponding to prevalence rates of 2.0% (95% UI 1.4-2.6) and 4.0% (95% UI 2.8-5.3), respectively. Females were more likely to suffer from AD than males: the global prevalence of AD in females was 2.8% (95% UI 2.0-3.7%) and affected 108.29 million people, while in males the corresponding estimates were 2.4% (95% UI 1.7-3.3%) and 95.76 million people. […] Epidemiological AD data are lacking in 41.5% of countries worldwide. The epidemiology of AD varies substantially with age and sex and is distributed unequally across geographical regions.

• #4 The Epidemiology and Global Burden of Atopic Dermatitis: A Narrative Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/11/9/936

  The global epidemiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) in the current decade (2009–2019) has not been extensively reported. Epidemiological studies play an important role in presenting the risk factors of AD, as detailed prevalence and incidence data could demonstrate the burden of disease in the population of adults, adolescents, and children in different geographical regions. […] The highest prevalence of AD from included studies was noted among Swedish children with 34%, while the lowest prevalence was in Tunisian children with 0.65%; studies reporting incidence data were far less numerous. A common trend in the prevalence of AD was that children would have a higher prevalence as compared to adolescents and adults. The severity and morbidity of the disease showed variance with age, sex, socioeconomic characteristics, geographical location, and ethnicity. Environmental factors played an important role as causative agents in AD.

• #5 Eczema Statistics | National Eczema Association

  https://nationaleczema.org/eczema-facts/

  Global prevalence: Eczema affects approximately 10% to 20% of children and 2% to 10% of adults worldwide.1,2 […] In the U.S., around 31.6 million people (roughly 10% of the population) have some form of eczema.35 […] The global prevalence of seborrheic dermatitis is 4.38%, with a higher prevalence in adults than children.6 […] The lifetime prevalence of chronic hand eczema has been estimated to be 14.5% of the general population.7 […] Atopic dermatitis is the most common form of eczema. It is estimated that 16.5 million adults in the U.S. have atopic dermatitis, with 6.6 million meeting criteria for moderate to severe disease.8 Approximately 9.6 million U.S. children under the age of 18 have atopic dermatitis, and one-third have moderate to severe disease.3 […] People of all skin colors, races and ethnicities can be affected by atopic dermatitis. In the U.S., children with atopic dermatitis who are African American/Black are more likely to have atopic dermatitis, and tend to have more severe disease than white children.9,10

• #6 Atopic Dermatitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1049085-overview

  The prevalence of AD in the United States has been reported to be 10-12% in children and 0.9% in adults. A study examining physician visits for AD in the United States from 1997 to 2004 found that a large increase in office visits for AD occurred and that Blacks and Asians visited more frequently for AD than Whites. […] Globally, the prevalence rate of AD is rising. AD has been estimated to affect 15-30% of children and 2-10% of adults in developed countries. In China and Iran, the prevalence is approximately 2-3%. The frequency is increased in patients who emigrate to developed countries from underdeveloped countries. […] In 85% of cases, AD occurs in the first year of life; in 95% of cases, it occurs before age 5 years. The incidence of AD is highest in early infancy and childhood. The disease may have periods of complete remission, particularly in adolescence, and may then recur in early adult life. In the adult population, the frequency of AD is 3% or higher, but onset may be delayed until adulthood. […] The male-to-female ratio for AD is 1:1.4. […] AD affects persons of all races. Immigrants from developing countries who live in developed countries have a higher incidence of AD than the indigenous population, and the incidence is rapidly rising in developed countries.

• #7 Eczema Statistics | National Eczema Association

  https://nationaleczema.org/eczema-facts/

  Global prevalence: Eczema affects approximately 10% to 20% of children and 2% to 10% of adults worldwide.1,2 […] In the U.S., around 31.6 million people (roughly 10% of the population) have some form of eczema.35 […] The global prevalence of seborrheic dermatitis is 4.38%, with a higher prevalence in adults than children.6 […] The lifetime prevalence of chronic hand eczema has been estimated to be 14.5% of the general population.7 […] Atopic dermatitis is the most common form of eczema. It is estimated that 16.5 million adults in the U.S. have atopic dermatitis, with 6.6 million meeting criteria for moderate to severe disease.8 Approximately 9.6 million U.S. children under the age of 18 have atopic dermatitis, and one-third have moderate to severe disease.3 […] People of all skin colors, races and ethnicities can be affected by atopic dermatitis. In the U.S., children with atopic dermatitis who are African American/Black are more likely to have atopic dermatitis, and tend to have more severe disease than white children.9,10

• #8 Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis) Statistics – Allergy & Asthma Network

  https://allergyasthmanetwork.org/what-is-eczema/eczema-statistics/

  Infographic about atopic dermatitis: 16.5 million U.S. adults affected; 9.6 million children; 6.6 million have moderate to severe cases; more common in females; 90% with daily itching; 50% affect daily life; $5.3 billion/year burden; 30% report anxiety or depression. […] Approximately 31.6 million people in the United States have some form of eczema. […] 15-20% of children globally have atopic dermatitis (AD). […] 15.1% of children in the United States have AD. […] 1-3% of adults globally have AD. […] 7.3% of adults in the United States have AD. […] AD is more common in black children than other racial or ethnic groups. […] Adults with AD report higher rates of anxiety (29.8%), depression (31.2%) and sleep disturbances (33.2%) than the general population. […] The total annual cost of AD increased to estimated $5.3 billion in 2015. […] The direct costs associated with AD were over $1 billion annually in 2004. […] The indirect costs associated with AD were $619 million in 2004.

• #9 Atopic Dermatitis: Epidemiology and Clinical Phenotypes

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8648436/

  In the overall population, the 1-year adult prevalence of AD was 4.9% (95% CI: 4.6% 5.2%) in the US, 3.5% (95% CI: 3.1%3.9%) in Canada, and 4.4% (95% CI: 4.2%4.6%) in Europe (EU). The 1-year prevalence of diagnosed AD ranged from 1.2% (Asia) to 17.1% (EU). The lifetime symptom prevalence ranged from 3.0% to 17.7%. The point prevalence of adult AD was reported to be 2.9% in Japan, with 1-year rate of 3.0% and lifetime prevalence of 3.3%. A significant incidence was also reported during adolescence and adulthood. Studies recorded an incidence rate of AD in adults of 7.41 per 1,000 person years (6.278.74), and a proportion of adult onset of 8.0% in Germany at age 2830 years. […] European trends seem to be in-line with those reported from global studies: AD is more prevalent in children compared to adults, and in overcrowded urban areas. The prevalence in adolescent group is between 1.5% (Lithuania) and 15% (Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, and Hungary). Epidemiology in adult group remains a challenge. An international, cross sectional, web-based survey was performed in 2018. It reported 1-year adult prevalence of AD in EU of 4.4% (95% CI: 4.2%4.6%) with country ranges from 2.2% (95% CI: 1.9%2.5%) in Germany to 8.1% (95% CI: 7.5%8.6%) in Italy. Italy and Spain reported a higher point adult prevalence respect to other countries. The prevalence in females was significantly enhanced in Spain (9.3% females vs 5.1% males, P .05). France, Italy, and Spain had more mild forms of adult AD compared with the ones reported in UK and Germany. Italy had an important regional variability, showing higher adult prevalence rates in Mediterranean regions. The reasons of this variability are many: genetic, behavioral or cultural components, socioeconomic conditions, and climatic factors. In general, mild, or moderate severity were the most common clinical presentations, with low proportions of severe form.

• #10 The Epidemiology and Global Burden of Atopic Dermatitis: A Narrative Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/11/9/936

  The global epidemiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) in the current decade (2009–2019) has not been extensively reported. Epidemiological studies play an important role in presenting the risk factors of AD, as detailed prevalence and incidence data could demonstrate the burden of disease in the population of adults, adolescents, and children in different geographical regions. […] The highest prevalence of AD from included studies was noted among Swedish children with 34%, while the lowest prevalence was in Tunisian children with 0.65%; studies reporting incidence data were far less numerous. A common trend in the prevalence of AD was that children would have a higher prevalence as compared to adolescents and adults. The severity and morbidity of the disease showed variance with age, sex, socioeconomic characteristics, geographical location, and ethnicity. Environmental factors played an important role as causative agents in AD.

• #11 Atopic Dermatitis – Epidemiology Analysis and Forecast, 2020-2030

  https://www.globaldata.com/store/report/atopic-dermatitis-epidemiology-analysis/

  In the 7MM, there were 42,015,612 diagnosed prevalent cases of AD in 2023. The diagnosed prevalent cases of AD will register an AGR of less than 1% during 2023-2033. […] The atopic dermatitis (AD) market research report provides an overview of the severity and the global and historical epidemiological trends for AD in the seven major markets (7MM: US, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, UK, and Japan). The report includes a 10-year epidemiology forecast for the 12-month diagnosed prevalent cases of AD. […] The key countries across the 7MM are the US, France, Germany, Spain, Italy, the UK, and Japan. In 2023, the US accounted for the highest number of diagnosed prevalent cases of AD in the 7MM. The increase in the 12-month diagnosed prevalent cases of AD in the 7MM can be attributed to changes in the population demographics in the respective markets and an increased trend in prevalence.

• #12

  https://www.healio.com/clinical-guidance/atopic-dermatitis/epidemiology-overview

  The prevalence of childhood AD has been increasing over the past few decades, both in the United States and internationally. The 1-year prevalence of caregiver-reported healthcare diagnosed eczema increased from 9.8% to 12.2% in the National Survey of Childrens Health (NSCH) 2003 and 2007 studies, respectively, with significant variation between states and districts. Similarly, the prevalence of childhood AD steadily increased from approximately 8% in 1997 to more than 12% in 2010 and 2011 in the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) but may have plateaued in 2012 and 2013. […] AD is commonly thought of as being a pediatric disorder. As it turns out, recent studies found that AD is far more common in adults than previously thought. Recent studies of adults from NHIS found 1-year prevalence of AD ranging from 7.2% to 10.2%. The true prevalence is likely closer to 7.2% and appears to be 6% to 8% throughout adulthood.

• #13

  https://www.healio.com/clinical-guidance/atopic-dermatitis/epidemiology-overview

  The prevalence of childhood AD has been increasing over the past few decades, both in the United States and internationally. The 1-year prevalence of caregiver-reported healthcare diagnosed eczema increased from 9.8% to 12.2% in the National Survey of Childrens Health (NSCH) 2003 and 2007 studies, respectively, with significant variation between states and districts. Similarly, the prevalence of childhood AD steadily increased from approximately 8% in 1997 to more than 12% in 2010 and 2011 in the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) but may have plateaued in 2012 and 2013. […] AD is commonly thought of as being a pediatric disorder. As it turns out, recent studies found that AD is far more common in adults than previously thought. Recent studies of adults from NHIS found 1-year prevalence of AD ranging from 7.2% to 10.2%. The true prevalence is likely closer to 7.2% and appears to be 6% to 8% throughout adulthood.

• #14 Global epidemiology of atopic dermatitis: a comprehensive systematic analysis and modelling study – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37705227/

  Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the leading cause of the global burden from skin disease; no study has provided global and country-specific epidemiological estimates of AD. […] To quantify global, regional and country-specific estimates of the epidemiology of AD. […] In total, 344 studies met the inclusion criteria. Incidence varied substantially with the location and age of the surveyed participants. The global prevalence of AD and the population affected by AD were estimated to be 2.6% [95% uncertainty interval (UI) 1.9-3.5] and 204.05 million people, respectively. Around 101.27 million adults and 102.78 million children worldwide have AD, corresponding to prevalence rates of 2.0% (95% UI 1.4-2.6) and 4.0% (95% UI 2.8-5.3), respectively. Females were more likely to suffer from AD than males: the global prevalence of AD in females was 2.8% (95% UI 2.0-3.7%) and affected 108.29 million people, while in males the corresponding estimates were 2.4% (95% UI 1.7-3.3%) and 95.76 million people. […] Epidemiological AD data are lacking in 41.5% of countries worldwide. The epidemiology of AD varies substantially with age and sex and is distributed unequally across geographical regions.

• #15 Eczema Statistics | National Eczema Association

  https://nationaleczema.org/eczema-facts/

  Global prevalence: Eczema affects approximately 10% to 20% of children and 2% to 10% of adults worldwide.1,2 […] In the U.S., around 31.6 million people (roughly 10% of the population) have some form of eczema.35 […] The global prevalence of seborrheic dermatitis is 4.38%, with a higher prevalence in adults than children.6 […] The lifetime prevalence of chronic hand eczema has been estimated to be 14.5% of the general population.7 […] Atopic dermatitis is the most common form of eczema. It is estimated that 16.5 million adults in the U.S. have atopic dermatitis, with 6.6 million meeting criteria for moderate to severe disease.8 Approximately 9.6 million U.S. children under the age of 18 have atopic dermatitis, and one-third have moderate to severe disease.3 […] People of all skin colors, races and ethnicities can be affected by atopic dermatitis. In the U.S., children with atopic dermatitis who are African American/Black are more likely to have atopic dermatitis, and tend to have more severe disease than white children.9,10

• #16 Eczema Can Affect Us All, but Some More Than Others

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/eczema/eczema-epidemiology

  In the U.S., 31.6 million people have at least one form of eczema. This skin condition affects all races, ethnicities, genders, and ages. But eczema can be slightly less or more common in specific groups. […] The number of children with eczema continues to grow. The percentage of those affected has gone up from 8% to about 12% since 1997. […] Experts dont yet know if there are any major differences between adult-onset eczema and childhood eczema. […] Some groups have a higher risk of eczema than others due to their genes. If you have a family history of eczema (or other similar diseases like hay fever and asthma), you are more likely to get the condition. […] Overall, Native Americans and Asians or Pacific Islanders are the two groups that are most affected by eczema. Thirteen percent of each group has the condition.

• #17 Eczema Statistics | National Eczema Association

  https://nationaleczema.org/eczema-facts/

  80% of individuals affected by atopic dermatitis experience disease onset prior to 6 years of age.11 But atopic dermatitis is not solely a disease of childhood onset; 1 in 4 adults report adult-onset of symptoms, and nearly 40% are affected with moderate to severe disease.8,12,13 […] Individuals with a family history of eczema, asthma or allergies have a higher risk of developing atopic dermatitis.14,15 […] Pollution, climate and exposure to irritants can increase the likelihood of developing atopic dermatitis.16 Children who live in an urban environment have a higher risk for prolonged disease.17,18 […] Atopic dermatitis is the leading contributor to skin-related disability and ranks 15th among all non-fatal diseases globally.1 […] Half of patients with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis indicate that it significantly limits their lifestyle; nearly 35% of those with mild atopic dermatitis also experience some lifestyle limitations.28

• #18 Epidemiology and associated factors of atopic dermatitis in Malagasy children | Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology | Full Text

  https://aacijournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13223-019-0398-2

  Little is known about the epidemiology and associated factors of childhood AD in the markedly different, low-income, tropical environment like Madagascar. […] We aim to assess the epidemiology and associated factors of AD in individuals fewer than 15 years of age in Antananarivo Madagascar. […] The prevalence of AD was 5.6% in children aged 6 months to 14 years. […] A family history of AD was noted in 56 cases (37%). […] The age of onset of AD was before the age of 3 months in 7.5% and between 6 months to 5 years in 70%. […] Consultations for AD increased during the winter (from July to October; p=0.005). […] However, the prevalence of AD was similar in urban and rural areas. […] Weather may have an impact on the prevalence of atopic dermatitis in Madagascar. […] No significant correlation was found between the duration of breastfeeding and AD, as well as urbanization.

• #19 Atopic Dermatitis: Epidemiology and Clinical Pattern in Khartoum Dermatology and Venereology Teaching Hospital

  http://article.sapub.org/10.5923.j.ajdv.20190802.02.html

  Moreover, family history of atopic diseases was found among (55%) of the patients families. […] Localized atopic dermatitis was found in (65%) of the patients; 32 cases out of them represented (82.1%) showed cluster type and 7 cases represented (17.9%) showed single type. […] Widespread atopic dermatitis was found among (35%) of the patients. […] Most of the patients were found in the acute stage (41.7%). […] The most common sites of lesions were flexures represented (26.7%), flexures and trunk (21.7%), face, extensors and trunk (18.3%).

• #20 Eczema Statistics | National Eczema Association

  https://nationaleczema.org/eczema-facts/

  80% of individuals affected by atopic dermatitis experience disease onset prior to 6 years of age.11 But atopic dermatitis is not solely a disease of childhood onset; 1 in 4 adults report adult-onset of symptoms, and nearly 40% are affected with moderate to severe disease.8,12,13 […] Individuals with a family history of eczema, asthma or allergies have a higher risk of developing atopic dermatitis.14,15 […] Pollution, climate and exposure to irritants can increase the likelihood of developing atopic dermatitis.16 Children who live in an urban environment have a higher risk for prolonged disease.17,18 […] Atopic dermatitis is the leading contributor to skin-related disability and ranks 15th among all non-fatal diseases globally.1 […] Half of patients with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis indicate that it significantly limits their lifestyle; nearly 35% of those with mild atopic dermatitis also experience some lifestyle limitations.28

• #21 Eczema Can Affect Us All, but Some More Than Others

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/eczema/eczema-epidemiology

  In the U.S., eczema affects more Black children and European American children than Hispanic children. But Black and Hispanic children have more serious cases of eczema. […] Your environment also plays a role in how likely you are to get eczema. If you live in an urban setting or you’re around certain allergens (like mold and dust), you have a higher chance of getting the condition. […] Experts believe that eczema is more common in developed countries because of clean living conditions, childhood vaccines that lower infection rates, and antibiotic use.

• #22 Eczema Statistics | National Eczema Association

  https://nationaleczema.org/eczema-facts/

  80% of individuals affected by atopic dermatitis experience disease onset prior to 6 years of age.11 But atopic dermatitis is not solely a disease of childhood onset; 1 in 4 adults report adult-onset of symptoms, and nearly 40% are affected with moderate to severe disease.8,12,13 […] Individuals with a family history of eczema, asthma or allergies have a higher risk of developing atopic dermatitis.14,15 […] Pollution, climate and exposure to irritants can increase the likelihood of developing atopic dermatitis.16 Children who live in an urban environment have a higher risk for prolonged disease.17,18 […] Atopic dermatitis is the leading contributor to skin-related disability and ranks 15th among all non-fatal diseases globally.1 […] Half of patients with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis indicate that it significantly limits their lifestyle; nearly 35% of those with mild atopic dermatitis also experience some lifestyle limitations.28

• #23 Atopic Dermatitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1049085-overview

  The prevalence of AD in the United States has been reported to be 10-12% in children and 0.9% in adults. A study examining physician visits for AD in the United States from 1997 to 2004 found that a large increase in office visits for AD occurred and that Blacks and Asians visited more frequently for AD than Whites. […] Globally, the prevalence rate of AD is rising. AD has been estimated to affect 15-30% of children and 2-10% of adults in developed countries. In China and Iran, the prevalence is approximately 2-3%. The frequency is increased in patients who emigrate to developed countries from underdeveloped countries. […] In 85% of cases, AD occurs in the first year of life; in 95% of cases, it occurs before age 5 years. The incidence of AD is highest in early infancy and childhood. The disease may have periods of complete remission, particularly in adolescence, and may then recur in early adult life. In the adult population, the frequency of AD is 3% or higher, but onset may be delayed until adulthood. […] The male-to-female ratio for AD is 1:1.4. […] AD affects persons of all races. Immigrants from developing countries who live in developed countries have a higher incidence of AD than the indigenous population, and the incidence is rapidly rising in developed countries.

• #24 Atopic Dermatitis: Epidemiology & Beyond – Maui Derm

  https://mauiderm.com/atopic-dermatitis-epidemiology-beyond/

  The global prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AD) has been estimated at about 15% to 20% in pediatric and 1% to 10% of adult populations. The prevalence has increased in the past few decades in many regions. […] It was thought that AD prevalence has increased primarily in the developed world, but it is not possible to draw clear lines of demarcation. Sometimes national variations can be striking and seem to defy explanation. […] The prevalence rates for AD vary broadly by developed versus developing nation and are higher for children than adults. […] Most cases of childhood AD start in in the first five years of life. Approximately, 20-50% of childhood AD persists into adulthood. However, adult onset AD is quite common, with one in four adults with AD report adult-onset of their disease.

• #25 Eczema Statistics | National Eczema Association

  https://nationaleczema.org/eczema-facts/

  80% of individuals affected by atopic dermatitis experience disease onset prior to 6 years of age.11 But atopic dermatitis is not solely a disease of childhood onset; 1 in 4 adults report adult-onset of symptoms, and nearly 40% are affected with moderate to severe disease.8,12,13 […] Individuals with a family history of eczema, asthma or allergies have a higher risk of developing atopic dermatitis.14,15 […] Pollution, climate and exposure to irritants can increase the likelihood of developing atopic dermatitis.16 Children who live in an urban environment have a higher risk for prolonged disease.17,18 […] Atopic dermatitis is the leading contributor to skin-related disability and ranks 15th among all non-fatal diseases globally.1 […] Half of patients with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis indicate that it significantly limits their lifestyle; nearly 35% of those with mild atopic dermatitis also experience some lifestyle limitations.28

• #26 Atopic Dermatitis: Epidemiology & Beyond – Maui Derm

  https://mauiderm.com/atopic-dermatitis-epidemiology-beyond/

  The global prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AD) has been estimated at about 15% to 20% in pediatric and 1% to 10% of adult populations. The prevalence has increased in the past few decades in many regions. […] It was thought that AD prevalence has increased primarily in the developed world, but it is not possible to draw clear lines of demarcation. Sometimes national variations can be striking and seem to defy explanation. […] The prevalence rates for AD vary broadly by developed versus developing nation and are higher for children than adults. […] Most cases of childhood AD start in in the first five years of life. Approximately, 20-50% of childhood AD persists into adulthood. However, adult onset AD is quite common, with one in four adults with AD report adult-onset of their disease.

• #27

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s004200050407

  Occupational contact dermatitis (OCD) ranks first of all occupational diseases in many countries. The incidence rate is believed to be around 0.5-1.9 cases per 1000 full-time workers per year. Epidemiological studies play an important role in observing disease trends, analysing risk factors, and monitoring the effect of preventive measures. […] The following issues are highlighted: case ascertainment and bias, the distribution of allergic and irritant contact dermatitis in the working population, the interrelationship between exogenous (allergens, irritants) and endogenous factors, the prognosis, the social and economic impact, and the need for intervention studies.

• #28 Irritant Contact Dermatitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1049353-overview

  ICD is common in occupations that involve repeated hand washing or repeated exposure of the skin to water, food materials, and other irritants. High-risk occupations include cleaning, hospital care, food preparation, and hairdressing. […] The prevalence of occupational hand dermatitis was found to be 55.6% in two ICUs and was 69.7% in the most highly exposed workers. […] In some European studies among employees in high-risk occupations (eg, hairdressing, healthcare, and metalworking) the 1-year prevalence was between 20% and 30%. […] Specifically, in Denmark, cleaners comprise the greatest number of affected workers, but culinary workers have the highest incidence. […] The incidence figures reported for contact dermatitis in Germany were 4.5 cases per 10,000 workers for ICD, compared with 4.1 cases per 10,000 for allergic contact dermatitis.

• #29 Dermatitis in health and social care – HSE

  https://www.hse.gov.uk/healthservices/dermatitis.htm

  Contact dermatitis is the most common form of work-related skin disease suffered by nurses and other health and social care professionals. Each year an estimated 1000 nurses develop work-related contact dermatitis. […] Health surveillance for occupational contact dermatitis could include the following elements: regular visual skin inspections by a 'responsible person’ (frequency as advised by a health professional), annual employee questionnaires, general training of employees on likely exposures and symptoms, general training of employees on how (and to whom) to report such symptoms, assessing workers’ skin condition as soon as possible after they start a relevant job to provide a baseline (for example within 6 weeks). […] It is important to consider all activities that may present a risk of occupational contact dermatitis and provide a level of health surveillance that will help manage the highest risk of exposure. For example, healthcare employees may be at risk of exposure from more than one hazard, frequent hand washing, glove use and other hazardous agents.

• #30 Irritant Contact Dermatitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1049353-overview

  The annual incidence of ICD was found to be highest in hairdressers (46.9 cases per 10,000 workers per year), bakers (23.5 cases per 10,000 workers per year), and pastry cooks (16.9 cases per 10,000 workers per year). […] Older persons have drier and thinner skin that does not tolerate soaps and solvents as well as younger individuals. […] Occupational hand eczema often is associated with persistent dermatitis and prolonged sick leave, with substantially greater severity among those with occupational ICD and atopic dermatitis and those older than 50 years. […] ICD is significantly more common in women than in men. […] Occupational ICD affects women almost twice as often as men, in contrast to other occupational diseases that predominantly affect men.

• #31 The epidemiology of atopic dermatitis in older adults: A population-based study in the United Kingdom | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0258219

  Atopic dermatitis is known to be common among children, but there are few studies examining the epidemiology across the life course. In particular, there is a paucity of data on atopic dermatitis among older adults. […] Our objective was to characterize the epidemiology of atopic dermatitis among older adults as compared to other age groups in a large population-based sample. Specifically, we examined the prevalence of atopic dermatitis by age and whether this changed over time, investigated the association between patient characteristics and the age-specific prevalence of atopic dermatitis, and identified patterns of disease activity and severity by age group. […] In a population-based cohort of over 9 million individuals from the UK, we found that the prevalence of adult atopic dermatitis increased over time and with age. In comparison to children ages 0-17 and adults ages 18-74, atopic dermatitis among older adults ages 75-99 years was active for a greater proportion of the follow-up time, more likely to be moderate or severe, and more likely to occur in men.

• #32 Irritant Contact Dermatitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1049353-overview

  The annual incidence of ICD was found to be highest in hairdressers (46.9 cases per 10,000 workers per year), bakers (23.5 cases per 10,000 workers per year), and pastry cooks (16.9 cases per 10,000 workers per year). […] Older persons have drier and thinner skin that does not tolerate soaps and solvents as well as younger individuals. […] Occupational hand eczema often is associated with persistent dermatitis and prolonged sick leave, with substantially greater severity among those with occupational ICD and atopic dermatitis and those older than 50 years. […] ICD is significantly more common in women than in men. […] Occupational ICD affects women almost twice as often as men, in contrast to other occupational diseases that predominantly affect men.

• #33

  https://www.healio.com/clinical-guidance/atopic-dermatitis/epidemiology-overview

  Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, inflammatory skin disease that commonly affects both children and adults. AD is associated with a heavy symptom burden, including pruritus, in addition to pain, sleep disturbance and mental health symptoms. The 2010 Global Burden of Disease survey found that AD had the highest disability-adjusted life-years among skin disorders, reflecting both the high prevalence and patient burden of the disease. […] There are several challenges to studying the epidemiology of this disorder. First, there is considerable heterogeneity with respect to the morphology (ranging from acute oozing and crusting, subacute lesions with dryness and scaling and chronic lesions with lichenification and/or prurigo nodules), distribution (flexural, extensor, head and neck areas and generalized), time course (intermittent, chronic persistent disease, seasonal variation and episodic flares), intensity and associated comorbidities.

• #34 Eczema Statistics | National Eczema Association

  https://nationaleczema.org/eczema-facts/

  Nearly one-third of adults with atopic dermatitis have experienced challenges in school or their work life, and 14% of adults believe their academic and/or career progression have been hindered by atopic dermatitis.29 […] The annual economic burden of atopic dermatitis, including direct medical costs, indirect costs from lack of productivity and quality of life impacts is conservatively estimated at $5.3 billion.66

• #35 Eczema Statistics | National Eczema Association

  https://nationaleczema.org/eczema-facts/

  80% of individuals affected by atopic dermatitis experience disease onset prior to 6 years of age.11 But atopic dermatitis is not solely a disease of childhood onset; 1 in 4 adults report adult-onset of symptoms, and nearly 40% are affected with moderate to severe disease.8,12,13 […] Individuals with a family history of eczema, asthma or allergies have a higher risk of developing atopic dermatitis.14,15 […] Pollution, climate and exposure to irritants can increase the likelihood of developing atopic dermatitis.16 Children who live in an urban environment have a higher risk for prolonged disease.17,18 […] Atopic dermatitis is the leading contributor to skin-related disability and ranks 15th among all non-fatal diseases globally.1 […] Half of patients with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis indicate that it significantly limits their lifestyle; nearly 35% of those with mild atopic dermatitis also experience some lifestyle limitations.28

• #36 Eczema Statistics | National Eczema Association

  https://nationaleczema.org/eczema-facts/

  Nearly one-third of adults with atopic dermatitis have experienced challenges in school or their work life, and 14% of adults believe their academic and/or career progression have been hindered by atopic dermatitis.29 […] The annual economic burden of atopic dermatitis, including direct medical costs, indirect costs from lack of productivity and quality of life impacts is conservatively estimated at $5.3 billion.66

• #37 Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis) Statistics – Allergy & Asthma Network

  https://allergyasthmanetwork.org/what-is-eczema/eczema-statistics/

  Infographic about atopic dermatitis: 16.5 million U.S. adults affected; 9.6 million children; 6.6 million have moderate to severe cases; more common in females; 90% with daily itching; 50% affect daily life; $5.3 billion/year burden; 30% report anxiety or depression. […] Approximately 31.6 million people in the United States have some form of eczema. […] 15-20% of children globally have atopic dermatitis (AD). […] 15.1% of children in the United States have AD. […] 1-3% of adults globally have AD. […] 7.3% of adults in the United States have AD. […] AD is more common in black children than other racial or ethnic groups. […] Adults with AD report higher rates of anxiety (29.8%), depression (31.2%) and sleep disturbances (33.2%) than the general population. […] The total annual cost of AD increased to estimated $5.3 billion in 2015. […] The direct costs associated with AD were over $1 billion annually in 2004. […] The indirect costs associated with AD were $619 million in 2004.

• #38 Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis) Statistics – Allergy & Asthma Network

  https://allergyasthmanetwork.org/what-is-eczema/eczema-statistics/

  Infographic about atopic dermatitis: 16.5 million U.S. adults affected; 9.6 million children; 6.6 million have moderate to severe cases; more common in females; 90% with daily itching; 50% affect daily life; $5.3 billion/year burden; 30% report anxiety or depression. […] Approximately 31.6 million people in the United States have some form of eczema. […] 15-20% of children globally have atopic dermatitis (AD). […] 15.1% of children in the United States have AD. […] 1-3% of adults globally have AD. […] 7.3% of adults in the United States have AD. […] AD is more common in black children than other racial or ethnic groups. […] Adults with AD report higher rates of anxiety (29.8%), depression (31.2%) and sleep disturbances (33.2%) than the general population. […] The total annual cost of AD increased to estimated $5.3 billion in 2015. […] The direct costs associated with AD were over $1 billion annually in 2004. […] The indirect costs associated with AD were $619 million in 2004.

• #39

  https://www.healio.com/clinical-guidance/atopic-dermatitis/epidemiology-overview

  Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, inflammatory skin disease that commonly affects both children and adults. AD is associated with a heavy symptom burden, including pruritus, in addition to pain, sleep disturbance and mental health symptoms. The 2010 Global Burden of Disease survey found that AD had the highest disability-adjusted life-years among skin disorders, reflecting both the high prevalence and patient burden of the disease. […] There are several challenges to studying the epidemiology of this disorder. First, there is considerable heterogeneity with respect to the morphology (ranging from acute oozing and crusting, subacute lesions with dryness and scaling and chronic lesions with lichenification and/or prurigo nodules), distribution (flexural, extensor, head and neck areas and generalized), time course (intermittent, chronic persistent disease, seasonal variation and episodic flares), intensity and associated comorbidities.

• #40

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40272-022-00499-x

  The evaluation of AD prevalence is impacted by challenges inherent in the disease, including a lack of objective diagnostic tests, few widely accepted biomarkers, and a relapsing disease, leading to differing estimates across studies. […] Several well-designed US caregiver-centered surveys have reported prevalence estimates of 11-13% for healthcare-diagnosed eczema, with notable variation between states (9-18%), which is in line with global data. […] Previous studies have also reported correlations between AD and several comorbidities, including asthma, allergic rhinitis, food allergy, and mental health disorders including attention deficit disorder/attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADD/ADHD), autism, and depression.

• #41

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40272-022-00499-x

  Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder that affects a substantial number of children and has a significant negative impact on affected patients and their caregivers/families. […] The prevalence of AD varies widely across the globe due to regional, country-specific, age group, and data-capturing methodological differences, affecting 0.2% to 36% of the pediatric population (ages 18 years). […] This high prevalence, coupled with high patient/caregiver burden and increased healthcare utilization, highlights the considerable public health burden associated with AD. […] In the US primary care setting, a cross-sectional survey study reported an AD prevalence of 24% among pediatric patients aged 0-5 years, ranging from 15% of children aged 1 year to 38% of children aged 4-5 years.

• #42 Global epidemiology of atopic dermatitis: a comprehensive systematic analysis and modelling study – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37705227/

  Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the leading cause of the global burden from skin disease; no study has provided global and country-specific epidemiological estimates of AD. […] To quantify global, regional and country-specific estimates of the epidemiology of AD. […] In total, 344 studies met the inclusion criteria. Incidence varied substantially with the location and age of the surveyed participants. The global prevalence of AD and the population affected by AD were estimated to be 2.6% [95% uncertainty interval (UI) 1.9-3.5] and 204.05 million people, respectively. Around 101.27 million adults and 102.78 million children worldwide have AD, corresponding to prevalence rates of 2.0% (95% UI 1.4-2.6) and 4.0% (95% UI 2.8-5.3), respectively. Females were more likely to suffer from AD than males: the global prevalence of AD in females was 2.8% (95% UI 2.0-3.7%) and affected 108.29 million people, while in males the corresponding estimates were 2.4% (95% UI 1.7-3.3%) and 95.76 million people. […] Epidemiological AD data are lacking in 41.5% of countries worldwide. The epidemiology of AD varies substantially with age and sex and is distributed unequally across geographical regions.

• #43 Four-year Epidemiological Surveillance of the Spanish Registry of Research in Contact Dermatitis and Cutaneous Allergy: Current Situation and Trends | Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas

  https://www.actasdermo.org/es-translated-article-four-year-epidemiological-surveillance-articulo-S0001731024000929

  Four-year Epidemiological Surveillance of the Spanish Registry of Research in Contact Dermatitis and Cutaneous Allergy: Current Situation and Trends […] The epidemiological surveillance of contact dermatitis is one of the objectives of the Spanish Registry of Research in Contact Dermatitis and Cutaneous Allergy. Knowing whether the prevalence of positive tests to the different allergens changes over time is important for this monitoring process. […] The Spanish Registry of Research in Contact Dermatitis and Cutaneous Allergy (REIDAC) has, among its objectives, the epidemiological surveillance of contact dermatitis. For this purpose, it is essential to know if there are any changes in the prevalences of sensitizations to different allergens over time. […] Epidemiological surveillance in contact dermatitis is key to understand the variations in sensitizations to different allergens over the years, thereby enabling the implementation of proper measures for their prevention at both individual and community levels. In Spain, such surveillance is one of the objectives of REIDAC. […] According to the data obtained in our study, the persistence of high sensitization to allergens such as nickel, MCI/MI, and fragrance mix I is noteworthy. Only a significant downward trend for methylisothiazolinone was found.

• #44 Dermatitis among workers in Ontario: results from the Occupational Disease Surveillance System | Occupational & Environmental Medicine

  https://oem.bmj.com/content/76/9/625

  The ODSS was established to facilitate the investigation of risk of cancers and other diseases, such as contact dermatitis, asthma, asbestosis and silicosis among workers in Ontario. […] The ODSS confirmed positive associations for many of the industries and occupations with previously recognised risk of contact dermatitis. […] Gathering descriptive epidemiological data on potential work-related diseases in the workforce is a fundamental feature of surveillance efforts and is necessary for planning prevention initiatives. […] This study shows that the usage of workers compensation claims and administrative health databases is a valid and feasible approach for occupational disease surveillance. Expected associations between occupation, industry and dermatitis risk in many groups were identified.

• #45 Four-year Epidemiological Surveillance of the Spanish Registry of Research in Contact Dermatitis and Cutaneous Allergy: Current Situation and Trends | Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas

  https://www.actasdermo.org/es-translated-article-four-year-epidemiological-surveillance-articulo-S0001731024000929

  Four-year Epidemiological Surveillance of the Spanish Registry of Research in Contact Dermatitis and Cutaneous Allergy: Current Situation and Trends […] The epidemiological surveillance of contact dermatitis is one of the objectives of the Spanish Registry of Research in Contact Dermatitis and Cutaneous Allergy. Knowing whether the prevalence of positive tests to the different allergens changes over time is important for this monitoring process. […] The Spanish Registry of Research in Contact Dermatitis and Cutaneous Allergy (REIDAC) has, among its objectives, the epidemiological surveillance of contact dermatitis. For this purpose, it is essential to know if there are any changes in the prevalences of sensitizations to different allergens over time. […] Epidemiological surveillance in contact dermatitis is key to understand the variations in sensitizations to different allergens over the years, thereby enabling the implementation of proper measures for their prevention at both individual and community levels. In Spain, such surveillance is one of the objectives of REIDAC. […] According to the data obtained in our study, the persistence of high sensitization to allergens such as nickel, MCI/MI, and fragrance mix I is noteworthy. Only a significant downward trend for methylisothiazolinone was found.

• #46 Dermatitis in health and social care – HSE

  https://www.hse.gov.uk/healthservices/dermatitis.htm

  Contact dermatitis is the most common form of work-related skin disease suffered by nurses and other health and social care professionals. Each year an estimated 1000 nurses develop work-related contact dermatitis. […] Health surveillance for occupational contact dermatitis could include the following elements: regular visual skin inspections by a 'responsible person’ (frequency as advised by a health professional), annual employee questionnaires, general training of employees on likely exposures and symptoms, general training of employees on how (and to whom) to report such symptoms, assessing workers’ skin condition as soon as possible after they start a relevant job to provide a baseline (for example within 6 weeks). […] It is important to consider all activities that may present a risk of occupational contact dermatitis and provide a level of health surveillance that will help manage the highest risk of exposure. For example, healthcare employees may be at risk of exposure from more than one hazard, frequent hand washing, glove use and other hazardous agents.

• #47 Dermatitis among workers in Ontario: results from the Occupational Disease Surveillance System | Occupational & Environmental Medicine

  https://oem.bmj.com/content/76/9/625

  Dermatitis is the most common occupational skin disease, and further evidence is needed regarding preventable risk factors. The Occupational Disease Surveillance System (ODSS) derived from administrative data was used to investigate dermatitis risk among industry and occupation groups in Ontario. […] ODSS can contribute to occupational dermatitis surveillance in Ontario by identifying occupational groups at risk of dermatitis that can then be prioritised for prevention activities. […] Ongoing monitoring is needed to identify industrial and occupational groups at risk of dermatitis to effectively support strategies for disease prevention. However, surveillance of occupational skin disease is challenging. […] Attempts have been made to establish surveillance systems for occupational dermatitis in various jurisdictions.

• #48 Dermatitis among workers in Ontario: results from the Occupational Disease Surveillance System | Occupational & Environmental Medicine

  https://oem.bmj.com/content/76/9/625

  The ODSS was established to facilitate the investigation of risk of cancers and other diseases, such as contact dermatitis, asthma, asbestosis and silicosis among workers in Ontario. […] The ODSS confirmed positive associations for many of the industries and occupations with previously recognised risk of contact dermatitis. […] Gathering descriptive epidemiological data on potential work-related diseases in the workforce is a fundamental feature of surveillance efforts and is necessary for planning prevention initiatives. […] This study shows that the usage of workers compensation claims and administrative health databases is a valid and feasible approach for occupational disease surveillance. Expected associations between occupation, industry and dermatitis risk in many groups were identified.

• #49 Four-year Epidemiological Surveillance of the Spanish Registry of Research in Contact Dermatitis and Cutaneous Allergy: Current Situation and Trends | Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas

  https://www.actasdermo.org/es-translated-article-four-year-epidemiological-surveillance-articulo-S0001731024000929

  Four-year Epidemiological Surveillance of the Spanish Registry of Research in Contact Dermatitis and Cutaneous Allergy: Current Situation and Trends […] The epidemiological surveillance of contact dermatitis is one of the objectives of the Spanish Registry of Research in Contact Dermatitis and Cutaneous Allergy. Knowing whether the prevalence of positive tests to the different allergens changes over time is important for this monitoring process. […] The Spanish Registry of Research in Contact Dermatitis and Cutaneous Allergy (REIDAC) has, among its objectives, the epidemiological surveillance of contact dermatitis. For this purpose, it is essential to know if there are any changes in the prevalences of sensitizations to different allergens over time. […] Epidemiological surveillance in contact dermatitis is key to understand the variations in sensitizations to different allergens over the years, thereby enabling the implementation of proper measures for their prevention at both individual and community levels. In Spain, such surveillance is one of the objectives of REIDAC. […] According to the data obtained in our study, the persistence of high sensitization to allergens such as nickel, MCI/MI, and fragrance mix I is noteworthy. Only a significant downward trend for methylisothiazolinone was found.

• #50 Health surveillance – Skin at work: Work-related skin disease – HSE

  https://www.hse.gov.uk/skin/professional/health-surveillance.htm

  If you have a confirmed case of occupational dermatitis. […] Control measures need to be improved where indicators of skin disease are found. […] A health record must be kept for all employees under health surveillance for at least 40 years from the date of last entry because often there is a long period between exposure and onset of ill health.

• #51 Health surveillance – Skin at work: Work-related skin disease – HSE

  https://www.hse.gov.uk/skin/professional/health-surveillance.htm

  If you have a confirmed case of occupational dermatitis. […] Control measures need to be improved where indicators of skin disease are found. […] A health record must be kept for all employees under health surveillance for at least 40 years from the date of last entry because often there is a long period between exposure and onset of ill health.

• #52 Atopic Dermatitis: Epidemiology and Clinical Phenotypes

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8648436/

  Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, lifelong, relapsing condition. The wide spectrum of the possible clinical presentations, depending on patient s age, age of onset of disease, topography and morphology of dermatitis, limits the epidemiologic information on its prevalence and incidence. A clear definition of the different clinical AD phenotypes and epidemiology is essential for an appropriate patients treatment and management, in particular for adults. This review summarizes the most recent epidemiologic data from the 21st century, on AD prevalence and incidence rates either in children or adults, with a special focus on their trends in Europe. […] Updated prevalence and incidence data of AD, across different age groups and countries, increase our understanding of the disease burden. It is well established that in most cases (approximately 80%) AD onset occurs during the first years of life, with frequent remissions in adolescence (approximately 60% of individuals). Recently, some studies have reported an adult-onset AD, even if epidemiological and clinical features of this adult form need to be further clarified. AD incidence and prevalence register a stable plateau in Europe and North America, while they are increased in other continents, such as Asia. There are few recent studies on the incidence of AD. Most of them have been conducted in Europe (EU) and USA. Limited information on the prevalence and incidence of AD among adults suggest the wide variability that may be dependent by the population, disease definitions, diagnostic criteria, presence or not of disease register, and lack of a universally accepted index for disease severity. Future studies with more standardized methods need to be conducted to assess epidemiology of AD, especially for adults: they are important to improve healthcare planning and patient management.

• #53

  https://www.healio.com/clinical-guidance/atopic-dermatitis/epidemiology-overview

  The prevalence of childhood AD has been increasing over the past few decades, both in the United States and internationally. The 1-year prevalence of caregiver-reported healthcare diagnosed eczema increased from 9.8% to 12.2% in the National Survey of Childrens Health (NSCH) 2003 and 2007 studies, respectively, with significant variation between states and districts. Similarly, the prevalence of childhood AD steadily increased from approximately 8% in 1997 to more than 12% in 2010 and 2011 in the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) but may have plateaued in 2012 and 2013. […] AD is commonly thought of as being a pediatric disorder. As it turns out, recent studies found that AD is far more common in adults than previously thought. Recent studies of adults from NHIS found 1-year prevalence of AD ranging from 7.2% to 10.2%. The true prevalence is likely closer to 7.2% and appears to be 6% to 8% throughout adulthood.

• #54

  https://www.healio.com/clinical-guidance/atopic-dermatitis/epidemiology-overview

  Several socio-demographic groups appear to be at higher risk for childhood AD in the United States. There appear to be racial/ethnic disparities in AD. Compared with white children, African-American/black children had higher prevalence of AD in the United States, and London-born black children of Caribbean descent had a higher prevalence of AD in the United Kingdom. […] Although AD is nonfatal, it is associated with substantial disease-related morbidity and disability. It affects patient health and well-being on a physical, financial and occupational level. Along with prevalence rates, the healthcare costs required to treat this condition have increased in recent decades.

• #55

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40272-022-00499-x

  The evaluation of AD prevalence is impacted by challenges inherent in the disease, including a lack of objective diagnostic tests, few widely accepted biomarkers, and a relapsing disease, leading to differing estimates across studies. […] Several well-designed US caregiver-centered surveys have reported prevalence estimates of 11-13% for healthcare-diagnosed eczema, with notable variation between states (9-18%), which is in line with global data. […] Previous studies have also reported correlations between AD and several comorbidities, including asthma, allergic rhinitis, food allergy, and mental health disorders including attention deficit disorder/attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADD/ADHD), autism, and depression.

• #56 Atopic Dermatitis: Epidemiology and Clinical Phenotypes

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8648436/

  Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, lifelong, relapsing condition. The wide spectrum of the possible clinical presentations, depending on patient s age, age of onset of disease, topography and morphology of dermatitis, limits the epidemiologic information on its prevalence and incidence. A clear definition of the different clinical AD phenotypes and epidemiology is essential for an appropriate patients treatment and management, in particular for adults. This review summarizes the most recent epidemiologic data from the 21st century, on AD prevalence and incidence rates either in children or adults, with a special focus on their trends in Europe. […] Updated prevalence and incidence data of AD, across different age groups and countries, increase our understanding of the disease burden. It is well established that in most cases (approximately 80%) AD onset occurs during the first years of life, with frequent remissions in adolescence (approximately 60% of individuals). Recently, some studies have reported an adult-onset AD, even if epidemiological and clinical features of this adult form need to be further clarified. AD incidence and prevalence register a stable plateau in Europe and North America, while they are increased in other continents, such as Asia. There are few recent studies on the incidence of AD. Most of them have been conducted in Europe (EU) and USA. Limited information on the prevalence and incidence of AD among adults suggest the wide variability that may be dependent by the population, disease definitions, diagnostic criteria, presence or not of disease register, and lack of a universally accepted index for disease severity. Future studies with more standardized methods need to be conducted to assess epidemiology of AD, especially for adults: they are important to improve healthcare planning and patient management.

• #57 The epidemiology of atopic dermatitis in older adults: A population-based study in the United Kingdom | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0258219

  Although there are a few other studies that focus specifically on the epidemiology of atopic dermatitis among older adults, review of additional population-based cohorts, including the US NHANES validation cohort presented herein, the 2010 US National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data, and two additional UK-based sources support our findings. […] There are a number of reasons why additional study of atopic dermatitis among older adults is important. First, older adults are the most rapidly increasing demographic segment, and atopic dermatitis appears to be increasing among this group. Second, older adults are at greater risk for a number of comorbid conditions that may be more common among individuals with atopic dermatitis, including depression and anxiety, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and dementia. […] Additional research is needed to refine diagnostic criteria, assess detailed clinical characteristics, ascertain the inflammatory profile and biomarkers in this population, and identify disease triggers.

• #58 Pediatric chronic hand eczema: Epidemiology, clinical presentation, and management

  https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0vp716bx

  Chronic hand eczema (CHE) is persistent inflammatory dermatitis that may significantly affect the quality of life, with psychosocial effects, impact on school, work, and leisure activities, influence on socioeconomic status, and high health care costs. […] Pediatric-CHE (P-CHE) has a high prevalence yet has not been extensively studied in children and adolescents. […] There is minimal published data on P-CHE in North America, and no specific management guidelines. […] Limited prevalence data show broad ranges (0.9%-4.4%) in preschool and school children, with 1 study stating up to 10.0% 1-year prevalence for ages 16 to 19 years. […] Atopic dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis appear important in the pathogenesis of this disease process, although there is limited pediatric data assessing disease associations and no standardized methodology for evaluating this disorder. […] Given the potential life-changing consequences of P-CHE, further research into this disease process is warranted to help generate best therapeutic practices and minimize this disease process’ morbidity in adulthood.

• #59 Epidemiology and healthcare resource utilization in atopic dermatitis in Colombia: A retrospective analysis of data from the National Health Registry from 2015 to 2020

  http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0120-41572023000100107

  Epidemiology and healthcare resource utilization in atopic dermatitis in Colombia: A retrospective analysis of data from the National Health Registry from 2015 to 2020. […] In Colombia, epidemiological and healthcare resource utilization information regarding this pathology is limited. […] To describe atopic dermatitis epidemiological characteristics and healthcare resource utilization patterns in Colombia. […] The epidemiological results showed increased incidence and prevalence of atopic dermatitis in Colombia in the 2018-2019 period compared to 2015-2017. […] Diagnoses of atopic dermatitis in Colombia increased with a concomitant increase in healthcare resource utilization during 2015-2020, which was possibly slowed down by the arrival of the Covid-19. […] Understanding the epidemiological characteristics and healthcare resource utilization patterns of atopic dermatitis is of great importance to developing healthcare strategies.

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