Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Bronchiolitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441959/

  Bronchiolitis is most common in children less than 2 years of age. During the first year of life, the incidence has been reported to be about 11% to 15%. Depending on the severity of the infection, there are at least 5 hospitalizations for every 1000 children younger than 2 years of age. Bronchiolitis is classically a seasonal disorder that is most common during autumn and winter, but sporadic cases may occur throughout the year. Some of the risk factors that have been identified for severe infections include the following: […] Risk factors include: […] Bronchiolitis is a common presentation to clinicians and adds significantly to the cost of healthcare. To lower morbidity, the diagnosis and management of bronchiolitis are best done with an interprofessional team that includes the emergency department physician, nurse practitioner, pediatrician, primary caregiver, and infectious disease consultant. The diagnosis is clinical, and in most cases, the treatment is supportive. […] About 1% to 3% of children with bronchiolitis may require admission for more aggressive respiratory support.

• #2 Bronchiolitis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Bronchiolitis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Bronchiolitis is one of the most common acute respiratory diseases that affects infants and children. The annual incidence of bronchiolitis is 3,000 per 100,000 children in the United States. It occurs mostly during fall, winter, and early spring. Bronchiolitis may affect any age group, but mostly affects infants, especially those under 2 years of age. Bronchiolitis occurs more often in males than females and is more common among Native Americans, Alaskans, and Hispanics. Bronchiolitis has a low mortality rate despite the high number of hospitalizations associated with the illness. […] In the United States, the incidence of bronchiolitis is 3,000 per 100,000 children less than 1 year old. […] Bronchiolitis has been reported to be more prevalent in the Native American, native Alaskan and Hispanic populations. Low socioeconomic status also increases the percentage of the disease among these populations. […] Mortality rate is low despite the high number of hospitalizations: Mortality rate due to bronchiolitis in the U.S. is 2 deaths per 100,000 live births and less than 400 deaths during a year.

• #3 Bronchiolitis – Pediatrics – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/respiratory-disorders-in-young-children/bronchiolitis

  Bronchiolitis often occurs in epidemics and mostly in children 24 months, with a peak incidence between 2 months and 6 months of age. Each year, 150 million new-onset cases of bronchiolitis are reported worldwide. Of these infants, 2 to 3% require hospitalization. […] Most cases of bronchiolitis occur in the winter. In the northern hemisphere, peak incidence is from December to February. In the southern hemisphere, peak incidence is from May to July. […] Diagnosis of bronchiolitis is suspected by history, examination, and occurrence of the illness as part of an epidemic. […] Clinical evaluation is usually adequate for diagnosis, but more severely ill children should have pulse oximetry, chest radiograph, and rapid antigen testing for RSV. […] Indications for hospitalization include accelerating respiratory distress, ill appearance (eg, cyanosis, lethargy, fatigue), apnea by history, hypoxemia, and inadequate oral intake.

• #4 Clinical epidemiology and disease burden of bronchiolitis in hospitalized children in China: a national cross-sectional study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9933022/

  Bronchiolitis is a common acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRTI) and the most frequent cause of hospitalization of infants and young children with ALRTI. The disease burden is relatively high. To date, few descriptions of the clinical epidemiology and disease burden of children hospitalized for bronchiolitis are available. This study reports the general clinical epidemiological characteristics and disease burden of bronchiolitis in hospitalized children in China. […] In total, 42,928 children aged 03 years were hospitalized due to bronchiolitis from January 2016 to December 2020, accounting for 1.5% of the total number of hospitalized children of the same age in the database during the period and 5.31% of the hospitalizations for ALRTI. The male to female ratio was 2.01:1. […] Bronchiolitis is a common respiratory disease in infants and young children in China, and it accounts for a higher proportion of both total hospitalizations and hospitalizations due to ALRTI in children.

• #5 Clinical epidemiology and disease burden of bronchiolitis in hospitalized children in China: a national cross-sectional study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9933022/

  Bronchiolitis has a favorable prognosis with a lower rate of complications. Our data suggest that approximately half of children with bronchiolitis had no complications, approximately one-third had comorbidities related to other systems, and only one-sixth of children had bronchiolitis-related complications. […] In conclusion, bronchiolitis is an important disease affecting infant health, accounting for 1.5% and 5.31% of the total and ALRTI hospitalizations of patients under 3 years of age, respectively.

• #6 Epidemiology of Bronchiolitis and Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Analysis of Length of Stay from 2015 to 2022: Retrospective Observational Study of Hospital Discharge Records from an Italian Southern Province before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic

  https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9721/12/1/17

  Bronchiolitis represents an important cause of hospitalization among patients aged less than 6 years. The incidence was particularly increased during the winter seasons in years 2021 and 2022. […] During the study period, 31,837 admissions were reported among patients aged less than 6 years. Of those, 520 hospitalizations were referred for bronchiolitis. Monthly admission rates highlighted the seasonality of bronchiolitis admissions, with higher rates in the months from December to March in all study years included. The winter seasons of years 2021 and 2022 reported a surge in bronchiolitis incidence, with a rate of 4.0/1000 (95% CI 2.964–5.146) in December 2021 and 4.0 (95% CI 2.891–5.020) in December 2022. […] The epidemiology of RSV depends also on geographic location and climate characteristics. In Italy usually, the virus typically spreads during the period from October/November to March/April. The peak incidence occurs in January/February, partially coinciding with the flu season.

• #7 Epidemiology and Risk Factor Analysis of Children with Bronchiolitis Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit at a Tertiary Care Center in Saudi Arabia

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/10/4/646

  Bronchiolitis is a leading cause of hospitalization worldwide for children aged ≤2 years. […] Worldwide, bronchiolitis is the most common medical cause of hospitalization in children under 2 years old. […] Further research in Saudi Arabia reported that bronchiolitis is a seasonal disease that appears as an epidemic, particularly during winter. […] Of all cases, 2–10% need hospitalization, 5% of which require admission to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). […] The mortality burden of RSV infection in children was highlighted in the literature with a rate of 1 in 50 deaths in children aged 0–60 months and 1 in 28 deaths in children aged 28 days to 6 months. […] Despite efforts and high-quality guidelines, the number of admitted infants who have bronchiolitis continues to increase.

• #8 Bronchiolitis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Bronchiolitis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Bronchiolitis is one of the most common acute respiratory diseases that affects infants and children. The annual incidence of bronchiolitis is 3,000 per 100,000 children in the United States. It occurs mostly during fall, winter, and early spring. Bronchiolitis may affect any age group, but mostly affects infants, especially those under 2 years of age. Bronchiolitis occurs more often in males than females and is more common among Native Americans, Alaskans, and Hispanics. Bronchiolitis has a low mortality rate despite the high number of hospitalizations associated with the illness. […] In the United States, the incidence of bronchiolitis is 3,000 per 100,000 children less than 1 year old. […] Bronchiolitis has been reported to be more prevalent in the Native American, native Alaskan and Hispanic populations. Low socioeconomic status also increases the percentage of the disease among these populations. […] Mortality rate is low despite the high number of hospitalizations: Mortality rate due to bronchiolitis in the U.S. is 2 deaths per 100,000 live births and less than 400 deaths during a year.

• #9 Epidemiology and Risk Factor Analysis of Children with Bronchiolitis Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit at a Tertiary Care Center in Saudi Arabia

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/10/4/646

  Bronchiolitis is a leading cause of hospitalization worldwide for children aged ≤2 years. […] Worldwide, bronchiolitis is the most common medical cause of hospitalization in children under 2 years old. […] Further research in Saudi Arabia reported that bronchiolitis is a seasonal disease that appears as an epidemic, particularly during winter. […] Of all cases, 2–10% need hospitalization, 5% of which require admission to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). […] The mortality burden of RSV infection in children was highlighted in the literature with a rate of 1 in 50 deaths in children aged 0–60 months and 1 in 28 deaths in children aged 28 days to 6 months. […] Despite efforts and high-quality guidelines, the number of admitted infants who have bronchiolitis continues to increase.

• #10 Bronchiolitis – Pediatrics – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/respiratory-disorders-in-young-children/bronchiolitis

  Bronchiolitis often occurs in epidemics and mostly in children 24 months, with a peak incidence between 2 months and 6 months of age. Each year, 150 million new-onset cases of bronchiolitis are reported worldwide. Of these infants, 2 to 3% require hospitalization. […] Most cases of bronchiolitis occur in the winter. In the northern hemisphere, peak incidence is from December to February. In the southern hemisphere, peak incidence is from May to July. […] Diagnosis of bronchiolitis is suspected by history, examination, and occurrence of the illness as part of an epidemic. […] Clinical evaluation is usually adequate for diagnosis, but more severely ill children should have pulse oximetry, chest radiograph, and rapid antigen testing for RSV. […] Indications for hospitalization include accelerating respiratory distress, ill appearance (eg, cyanosis, lethargy, fatigue), apnea by history, hypoxemia, and inadequate oral intake.

• #11 EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS ANALYSIS OF CHILDREN WITH BRONCHIOLITIS ADMITTED TO NICU OF MARDAN MEDICAL COMPLEX | Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology

  https://jptcp.com/index.php/jptcp/article/view/3347

  Bronchiolitis stands as a prominent reason for hospitalization globally among children under the age of 2 years. The present study aimed to determine the epidemiological and risk factors analysis of children with bronchiolitis admitted to NICU. This retrospective study was carried out on 216 children diagnosed of bronchiolitis in the Pediatric Department of Mardan Medical Complex, Mardan from January 2020 to December 2022. The incidence of bronchiolitis cases rose during the winter-spring season. Several risk factors, including age (6 months), preterm birth, early weaning, low birth weight, and exposure to cigarette smoke, were associated with an increased possibility of developing severe disease. The study observed that bronchiolitis remains a prominent cause of admission to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). […] Age, exposure to cigarette smoking, preterm birth, low birth weight, undergoing cesarean section, history of mechanical ventilation, breastfeeding 6 months, and substandard living conditions are different risk factors associated with severe bronchiolitis caused by RSV.

• #12 Clinical epidemiology and disease burden of bronchiolitis in hospitalized children in China: a national cross-sectional study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9933022/

  Bronchiolitis is a common acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRTI) and the most frequent cause of hospitalization of infants and young children with ALRTI. The disease burden is relatively high. To date, few descriptions of the clinical epidemiology and disease burden of children hospitalized for bronchiolitis are available. This study reports the general clinical epidemiological characteristics and disease burden of bronchiolitis in hospitalized children in China. […] In total, 42,928 children aged 03 years were hospitalized due to bronchiolitis from January 2016 to December 2020, accounting for 1.5% of the total number of hospitalized children of the same age in the database during the period and 5.31% of the hospitalizations for ALRTI. The male to female ratio was 2.01:1. […] Bronchiolitis is a common respiratory disease in infants and young children in China, and it accounts for a higher proportion of both total hospitalizations and hospitalizations due to ALRTI in children.

• #13 Bronchiolitis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Bronchiolitis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Bronchiolitis is one of the most common acute respiratory diseases that affects infants and children. The annual incidence of bronchiolitis is 3,000 per 100,000 children in the United States. It occurs mostly during fall, winter, and early spring. Bronchiolitis may affect any age group, but mostly affects infants, especially those under 2 years of age. Bronchiolitis occurs more often in males than females and is more common among Native Americans, Alaskans, and Hispanics. Bronchiolitis has a low mortality rate despite the high number of hospitalizations associated with the illness. […] In the United States, the incidence of bronchiolitis is 3,000 per 100,000 children less than 1 year old. […] Bronchiolitis has been reported to be more prevalent in the Native American, native Alaskan and Hispanic populations. Low socioeconomic status also increases the percentage of the disease among these populations. […] Mortality rate is low despite the high number of hospitalizations: Mortality rate due to bronchiolitis in the U.S. is 2 deaths per 100,000 live births and less than 400 deaths during a year.

• #14 Clinical epidemiology and disease burden of bronchiolitis in hospitalized children in China: a national cross-sectional study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9933022/

  The incidence and prevalence of bronchiolitis have clear seasonal characteristics. […] The hospitalization rate of bronchiolitis was the highest in East China. Overall, the number of hospitalizations from 2017 to 2020 showed a decreasing trend from that in 2016. Seasonally, the peak hospitalizations for bronchiolitis occurred in winter. […] The results for the bronchiolitis hospitalization rate, among children under 3 years, 1500 children per 100,000 total hospitalizations and 5310 children per 100,000 ALRTI hospitalizations were hospitalized for bronchiolitis, suggesting a large group in China. […] Our data also revealed that the hospitalization rate for bronchiolitis decreased over time between 2017 and 2020, with the most significant decreases observed in 2019 and 2020. […] The incidence of bronchiolitis exhibits obvious seasonality. Our data indicated that hospitalizations for bronchiolitis begin to increase in autumn, peak in winter, and then gradually decrease, consistent with data from 2016 to 2020.

• #15 Characterization of circulating RSV strains among subjects in the OUTSMART-RSV surveillance program during the 2016-17 winter viral season in the United States | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0200319

  The OUTSMART RSV surveillance program characterizes circulating RSV strains and monitors their temporal and geographic evolution in the U.S. to help inform the development of anti-RSV mAbs and vaccines. RSV surveillance is also important in providing timely information to physicians for the administration of Palivizumab to eligible high-risk infants. […] The OUTSMART program was generally representative of the U.S. RSV infection experience in terms of age, gender distribution and seasonality compared to national data. […] The OUTSMART RSV program is designed to run for several years to monitor temporal and regional differences in predominant subtype, specifically in the southeastern U.S. where the RSV season typically begins earlier and lasts longer than in other areas of the country. […] This study, which characterized both G and F genotypes, along with surveillance data from these other networks can help inform timing of administration of a mAb or vaccine in clinical trials and provide a baseline for molecular heterogeneity of viruses currently in circulation prior to testing and licensure of an RSV mAb or vaccine.

• #16 Acute viral bronchiolitis in South Africa : viral aetiology and clinical epidemiology

  https://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/52862

  Bronchiolitis is a viral-induced lower respiratory tract infection that occurs predominantly in children 2 years of age, particularly infants. Many viruses have been proven or attributed to cause bronchiolitis, including and most commonly the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and rhinovirus. […] In South Africa, the peak in the RSV season varies only slightly by province, with onset in February, and lasting until June. The important implication of these new seasonality findings is that where prophylaxis is possible, as in the case of RSV, it should be commenced in January of each year.

• #17 Bronchiolitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441959/

  Bronchiolitis is most common in children less than 2 years of age. During the first year of life, the incidence has been reported to be about 11% to 15%. Depending on the severity of the infection, there are at least 5 hospitalizations for every 1000 children younger than 2 years of age. Bronchiolitis is classically a seasonal disorder that is most common during autumn and winter, but sporadic cases may occur throughout the year. Some of the risk factors that have been identified for severe infections include the following: […] Risk factors include: […] Bronchiolitis is a common presentation to clinicians and adds significantly to the cost of healthcare. To lower morbidity, the diagnosis and management of bronchiolitis are best done with an interprofessional team that includes the emergency department physician, nurse practitioner, pediatrician, primary caregiver, and infectious disease consultant. The diagnosis is clinical, and in most cases, the treatment is supportive. […] About 1% to 3% of children with bronchiolitis may require admission for more aggressive respiratory support.

• #18 Clinical epidemiology and disease burden of bronchiolitis in hospitalized children in China: a national cross-sectional study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9933022/

  The incidence and prevalence of bronchiolitis have clear seasonal characteristics. […] The hospitalization rate of bronchiolitis was the highest in East China. Overall, the number of hospitalizations from 2017 to 2020 showed a decreasing trend from that in 2016. Seasonally, the peak hospitalizations for bronchiolitis occurred in winter. […] The results for the bronchiolitis hospitalization rate, among children under 3 years, 1500 children per 100,000 total hospitalizations and 5310 children per 100,000 ALRTI hospitalizations were hospitalized for bronchiolitis, suggesting a large group in China. […] Our data also revealed that the hospitalization rate for bronchiolitis decreased over time between 2017 and 2020, with the most significant decreases observed in 2019 and 2020. […] The incidence of bronchiolitis exhibits obvious seasonality. Our data indicated that hospitalizations for bronchiolitis begin to increase in autumn, peak in winter, and then gradually decrease, consistent with data from 2016 to 2020.

• #19 Epidemiology of Bronchiolitis and Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Analysis of Length of Stay from 2015 to 2022: Retrospective Observational Study of Hospital Discharge Records from an Italian Southern Province before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic

  https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9721/12/1/17

  Bronchiolitis represents an important cause of hospitalization among patients aged less than 6 years. The incidence was particularly increased during the winter seasons in years 2021 and 2022. […] During the study period, 31,837 admissions were reported among patients aged less than 6 years. Of those, 520 hospitalizations were referred for bronchiolitis. Monthly admission rates highlighted the seasonality of bronchiolitis admissions, with higher rates in the months from December to March in all study years included. The winter seasons of years 2021 and 2022 reported a surge in bronchiolitis incidence, with a rate of 4.0/1000 (95% CI 2.964–5.146) in December 2021 and 4.0 (95% CI 2.891–5.020) in December 2022. […] The epidemiology of RSV depends also on geographic location and climate characteristics. In Italy usually, the virus typically spreads during the period from October/November to March/April. The peak incidence occurs in January/February, partially coinciding with the flu season.

• #20 Respiratory syncytial virus infection: Clinical features and diagnosis in infants and children – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/respiratory-syncytial-virus-infection-clinical-features-and-diagnosis-in-infants-and-children

  EPIDEMIOLOGY […] ●Seasonality – RSV typically causes seasonal outbreaks throughout the world. In the northern hemisphere, these usually occur from October or November to April or May, with a peak in January or February. In the southern hemisphere, wintertime epidemics occur from May to September, with a peak in May, June, or July. In tropical and semitropical climates, the seasonal outbreaks usually are associated with the rainy season. The epidemic peaks are not as sharp as in temperate climates, and in some settings RSV can be isolated in as many as eight months of the year. […] Disruption of the typical seasonal pattern of RSV may result in off-season outbreaks. For example, during the height of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the infection control measures that were used (social distancing, masks) substantially decreased the circulation of RSV and other respiratory viruses during the fall and winter months of 2020 through the summer of 2021. However, during the subsequent two RSV seasons (2021 and 2022), there were intense spikes in RSV infections and other respiratory viruses that occurred earlier in the season than is usual such that two severe RSV outbreaks occurred over three years, 16 to 18 months apart. The 2023 to 2024 RSV seasonal outbreak in the United States returned to the timing that was typical prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the timing of future seasonal patterns is not yet known. […] ●Morbidity and mortality in children – RSV causes acute respiratory tract illness in persons of all ages. Almost all children are infected by two years of age, and reinfection is common.

• #21 Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Children | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/0115/p141.html

  Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an RNA virus that causes respiratory tract infections in children. In the Northern Hemisphere, the peak infection season is November through April. By two years of age, most children will have had an RSV infection. Bronchiolitis, a lower respiratory tract infection, is often caused by RSV. […] In the Northern Hemisphere, RSV infections usually occur from November through April, except in parts of Florida, where the infection season begins as early as July. Based on population estimates, 2.1 million children younger than five years will require medical attention annually for an RSV infection. […] An RSV infection can occur and recur at any age. By two years of age, most children will have had an initial RSV infection. Previous infection does not protect children against reinfection. In most previously healthy children, an RSV infection is self-limited and responds to supportive care. Children with unrepaired cardiac disease or chronic lung disease are at increased risk of severe RSV infection. […] RSV infections lead to more than 90,000 hospitalizations each year, as well as an estimated 372 respiratory- and cardiovascular-related deaths in children, with 90 percent occurring in those younger than one year.

• #22 Epidemiology of Bronchiolitis and Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Analysis of Length of Stay from 2015 to 2022: Retrospective Observational Study of Hospital Discharge Records from an Italian Southern Province before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic

  https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9721/12/1/17

  Bronchiolitis represents an important cause of hospitalization among patients aged less than 6 years. The incidence was particularly increased during the winter seasons in years 2021 and 2022. […] During the study period, 31,837 admissions were reported among patients aged less than 6 years. Of those, 520 hospitalizations were referred for bronchiolitis. Monthly admission rates highlighted the seasonality of bronchiolitis admissions, with higher rates in the months from December to March in all study years included. The winter seasons of years 2021 and 2022 reported a surge in bronchiolitis incidence, with a rate of 4.0/1000 (95% CI 2.964–5.146) in December 2021 and 4.0 (95% CI 2.891–5.020) in December 2022. […] The epidemiology of RSV depends also on geographic location and climate characteristics. In Italy usually, the virus typically spreads during the period from October/November to March/April. The peak incidence occurs in January/February, partially coinciding with the flu season.

• #23 Surveillance of RSV | RSV | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/rsv/php/surveillance/index.html

  Each year in the United States, RSV leads to approximately 58,000-80,000 hospitalizations among children younger than 5 years old. […] CDC collects RSV laboratory test results performed in the United States using the National Respiratory and Enteric Virus Surveillance System (NREVSS). […] Through NREVSS, participating laboratories report the total number of weekly RSV tests performed to detect the virus and the number of those tests that were positive. […] In most regions of the United States and other areas with similar climates, the RSV season typically starts during the fall and peaks in the winter. […] RSV season onset ranged from mid-September to mid-November. […] RSV season peak ranged from late December to mid-February. […] RSV season offset ranged from mid-April to mid-May.

• #24 Respiratory syncytial virus infection: Clinical features and diagnosis in infants and children – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/respiratory-syncytial-virus-infection-clinical-features-and-diagnosis-in-infants-and-children

  EPIDEMIOLOGY […] ●Seasonality – RSV typically causes seasonal outbreaks throughout the world. In the northern hemisphere, these usually occur from October or November to April or May, with a peak in January or February. In the southern hemisphere, wintertime epidemics occur from May to September, with a peak in May, June, or July. In tropical and semitropical climates, the seasonal outbreaks usually are associated with the rainy season. The epidemic peaks are not as sharp as in temperate climates, and in some settings RSV can be isolated in as many as eight months of the year. […] Disruption of the typical seasonal pattern of RSV may result in off-season outbreaks. For example, during the height of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the infection control measures that were used (social distancing, masks) substantially decreased the circulation of RSV and other respiratory viruses during the fall and winter months of 2020 through the summer of 2021. However, during the subsequent two RSV seasons (2021 and 2022), there were intense spikes in RSV infections and other respiratory viruses that occurred earlier in the season than is usual such that two severe RSV outbreaks occurred over three years, 16 to 18 months apart. The 2023 to 2024 RSV seasonal outbreak in the United States returned to the timing that was typical prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the timing of future seasonal patterns is not yet known. […] ●Morbidity and mortality in children – RSV causes acute respiratory tract illness in persons of all ages. Almost all children are infected by two years of age, and reinfection is common.

• #25 Respiratory syncytial virus infection: Clinical features and diagnosis in infants and children – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/respiratory-syncytial-virus-infection-clinical-features-and-diagnosis-in-infants-and-children

  EPIDEMIOLOGY […] ●Seasonality – RSV typically causes seasonal outbreaks throughout the world. In the northern hemisphere, these usually occur from October or November to April or May, with a peak in January or February. In the southern hemisphere, wintertime epidemics occur from May to September, with a peak in May, June, or July. In tropical and semitropical climates, the seasonal outbreaks usually are associated with the rainy season. The epidemic peaks are not as sharp as in temperate climates, and in some settings RSV can be isolated in as many as eight months of the year. […] Disruption of the typical seasonal pattern of RSV may result in off-season outbreaks. For example, during the height of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the infection control measures that were used (social distancing, masks) substantially decreased the circulation of RSV and other respiratory viruses during the fall and winter months of 2020 through the summer of 2021. However, during the subsequent two RSV seasons (2021 and 2022), there were intense spikes in RSV infections and other respiratory viruses that occurred earlier in the season than is usual such that two severe RSV outbreaks occurred over three years, 16 to 18 months apart. The 2023 to 2024 RSV seasonal outbreak in the United States returned to the timing that was typical prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the timing of future seasonal patterns is not yet known. […] ●Morbidity and mortality in children – RSV causes acute respiratory tract illness in persons of all ages. Almost all children are infected by two years of age, and reinfection is common.

• #26

  https://journals.lww.com/pidj/fulltext/2022/11000/changes_in_bronchiolitis_incidence_during_the_last.1.aspx

  Bronchiolitis, a lower respiratory tract infection, causes a remarkable number of hospitalizations globally. The epidemiology follows the same pattern as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), the most common pathogen in bronchiolitis. Epidemics have typically followed a biannual pattern in Nordic countriesfirst, a small epidemic during spring, followed by a higher peak the next autumn. […] The epidemiological pattern of bronchiolitis changed during the study period; incidence peaks were higher and have shifted toward spring in recent years. […] The epidemiology of bronchiolitis in Nordic countries has historically followed a typical biannual pattern: First, a smaller epidemic occurs during spring, which subsides in summer. During the following autumn, a new epidemic season begins and lasts until the next summer with a higher peak than the earlier epidemic season.

• #27

  https://journals.lww.com/pidj/fulltext/2022/11000/changes_in_bronchiolitis_incidence_during_the_last.1.aspx

  The peak incidence shifted during the study period: during the early years, in 20002006, the highest IRRs were in December, January and February, and after that (in 20072019), February, March and April had the highest IRRs, when compared to July, August and September. […] In conclusion, a changed pattern of bronchiolitis incidence was found during the last 2 decades; the epidemic peak was higher and occurred later in the spring, toward the end of the study period.

• #28

  https://journals.lww.com/pidj/fulltext/2022/11000/changes_in_bronchiolitis_incidence_during_the_last.1.aspx

  The peak incidence shifted during the study period: during the early years, in 20002006, the highest IRRs were in December, January and February, and after that (in 20072019), February, March and April had the highest IRRs, when compared to July, August and September. […] In conclusion, a changed pattern of bronchiolitis incidence was found during the last 2 decades; the epidemic peak was higher and occurred later in the spring, toward the end of the study period.

• #29 Bronchiolitis, epidemiological changes during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-022-07041-x

  Bronchiolitis is the most common viral infection of the lower respiratory tract in infants under 2 years of age. The aim of this study was to analyze and compare the seasonal bronchiolitis peaks before and during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. […] The COVID-19 pandemic outbreak has led to a clearly observable epidemiological change regarding acute bronchiolitis, which should be studied in detail. […] There is scarce data about the impact of SARS-CoV-2 regarding acute severe bronchiolitis, with little information available either on bronchiolitis caused by SARS-CoV-2 or on other bronchiolitis viral etiologies being crowded out. […] The pre- and post-pandemic periods were compared. There were statistically significant differences regarding the following variables: age, 47 days (IQR 2697) vs. 73 (IQR 33163), p=0.006; PICU LOS, 6 days (IQR 411) vs. 5 (IQR 39), p=0.024; hospital LOS, 12 days (IQR 819) vs. 10 days (IQR 713), p=0.001; and etiology, p=0.031.

• #30 Bronchiolitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchiolitis

  Bronchiolitis typically affects infants and children younger than two years, principally during the autumn and winter. It is the leading cause of hospital admission for respiratory disease among infants in the United States and accounts for one out of every 13 primary care visits. Bronchiolitis accounts for 3% of emergency department visits for children under 2 years old. Bronchiolitis is the most frequent lower respiratory tract infection and hospitalization in infants worldwide. […] The COVID-19 pandemic rapidly changed the transmission and presentation starting in late 2019. During the pandemic, there was a sharp decrease in cases of bronchiolitis and other respiratory illness, which is likely due to social distancing and other precautions. After social distancing and other precautions were lifted, there was increases in the cases of RSV and bronchiolitis worldwide to varying degrees. There is unclear evidence on how COVID-19 will affect bronchiolitis moving forward. Recent evidence suggests that bronchiolitis still poses a large disease burden to both primary care providers and emergency departments.

• #31

  https://smw.ch/index.php/smw/article/view/3768

  BACKGROUND: Non-pharmaceutical interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic caused an unusual epidemiology in bronchiolitis hospitalisations, with a peak in the summer seasons of 2020 and 2021. […] AIM: The aim of this study was to analyse data from a 5-year period (20182022) at Hpital du Jura in Delmont, Switzerland, regarding bronchiolitis hospitalisations before, during and towards the end of the COVID-19 pandemic in order to prepare for future changes in bronchiolitis epidemiology. […] RESULTS: A clear shift in the peak of bronchiolitis is seen in 2021 compared to the three previous years. Starting in spring 2022, the trend begins to mimic pre-pandemic years. […] CONCLUSIONS: The non-pharmacological interventions implemented during 2020 and early 2021 did not cause a long-lasting seasonal shift in bronchiolitis. In 2022, when the non-pharmacological interventions were no longer in place in the non-hospital setting, the peak of bronchiolitis hospitalisations is seen once again in the winter months. We predict that hospitalisation patterns will gradually revert to those of pre-pandemic years.

• #32 Respiratory syncytial virus infection: Clinical features and diagnosis in infants and children – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/respiratory-syncytial-virus-infection-clinical-features-and-diagnosis-in-infants-and-children

  EPIDEMIOLOGY […] ●Seasonality – RSV typically causes seasonal outbreaks throughout the world. In the northern hemisphere, these usually occur from October or November to April or May, with a peak in January or February. In the southern hemisphere, wintertime epidemics occur from May to September, with a peak in May, June, or July. In tropical and semitropical climates, the seasonal outbreaks usually are associated with the rainy season. The epidemic peaks are not as sharp as in temperate climates, and in some settings RSV can be isolated in as many as eight months of the year. […] Disruption of the typical seasonal pattern of RSV may result in off-season outbreaks. For example, during the height of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the infection control measures that were used (social distancing, masks) substantially decreased the circulation of RSV and other respiratory viruses during the fall and winter months of 2020 through the summer of 2021. However, during the subsequent two RSV seasons (2021 and 2022), there were intense spikes in RSV infections and other respiratory viruses that occurred earlier in the season than is usual such that two severe RSV outbreaks occurred over three years, 16 to 18 months apart. The 2023 to 2024 RSV seasonal outbreak in the United States returned to the timing that was typical prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the timing of future seasonal patterns is not yet known. […] ●Morbidity and mortality in children – RSV causes acute respiratory tract illness in persons of all ages. Almost all children are infected by two years of age, and reinfection is common.

• #33 Respiratory syncytial virus infection: Clinical features and diagnosis in infants and children – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/respiratory-syncytial-virus-infection-clinical-features-and-diagnosis-in-infants-and-children

  EPIDEMIOLOGY […] ●Seasonality – RSV typically causes seasonal outbreaks throughout the world. In the northern hemisphere, these usually occur from October or November to April or May, with a peak in January or February. In the southern hemisphere, wintertime epidemics occur from May to September, with a peak in May, June, or July. In tropical and semitropical climates, the seasonal outbreaks usually are associated with the rainy season. The epidemic peaks are not as sharp as in temperate climates, and in some settings RSV can be isolated in as many as eight months of the year. […] Disruption of the typical seasonal pattern of RSV may result in off-season outbreaks. For example, during the height of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the infection control measures that were used (social distancing, masks) substantially decreased the circulation of RSV and other respiratory viruses during the fall and winter months of 2020 through the summer of 2021. However, during the subsequent two RSV seasons (2021 and 2022), there were intense spikes in RSV infections and other respiratory viruses that occurred earlier in the season than is usual such that two severe RSV outbreaks occurred over three years, 16 to 18 months apart. The 2023 to 2024 RSV seasonal outbreak in the United States returned to the timing that was typical prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the timing of future seasonal patterns is not yet known. […] ●Morbidity and mortality in children – RSV causes acute respiratory tract illness in persons of all ages. Almost all children are infected by two years of age, and reinfection is common.

• #34 Surveillance of RSV | RSV | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/rsv/php/surveillance/index.html

  CDC maintains multiple systems to monitor respiratory diseases, including RSV, across the United States. […] CDC has several systems that focus on monitoring and describing seasonal trends, clinical risk factors, rates of illness and hospitalization, and demographics of patients seeking care for illness associated with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). […] The RSV Hospitalization Surveillance Network (RSV-NET) is a population-based surveillance system for RSV-associated hospitalizations in the U.S. among children and adults. […] The RSV Surveillance in Native American Persons (RSV SuNA) collaboration monitors for RSV-associated hospitalizations and outpatient visits among Alaska Native and American Indian persons and is conducted on the Navajo Nation, White Mountain Apache Tribal Lands, and in Alaska.

• #35 Meeting reports

  https://www.who.int/teams/global-influenza-programme/global-respiratory-syncytial-virus-surveillance

  The WHO has implemented the RSV surveillance strategy based on GISRS since 2015. […] A standardized and robust global Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) surveillance system is important to better understand the seasonality of RSV infections. […] Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading viral cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections in infants and young children in whom this virus.

• #36 Meeting reports

  https://www.who.int/teams/global-influenza-programme/global-respiratory-syncytial-virus-surveillance

  The WHO has implemented the RSV surveillance strategy based on GISRS since 2015. […] A standardized and robust global Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) surveillance system is important to better understand the seasonality of RSV infections. […] Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading viral cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections in infants and young children in whom this virus.

• #37

  https://www.who.int/teams/global-influenza-programme/global-respiratory-syncytial-virus-surveillance/case-definitions

  The lack of a global uniform surveillance case definition for RSV complicates the interpretation of surveillance data. A significant fraction (often 50%) of RSV-infected young children and elderly patients present without fever. Furthermore, RSV infection often presents with signs of apnea and / or sepsis in infants less than 6 months age. […] In the WHO RSV surveillance pilot, the use of an extended SARI or an ARI case definition substantially increased the number of RSV infections detected. These definitions do not require fever to identify a suspect case. This is also important when surveillance data are used to estimate disease burden. […] WHO launches phase II of the Global Respiratory Syncytial Virus Surveillance. The 3-year extension phase (Nov 2018 Oct 2021) aims to consolidate the achievements of the original investment and proposes to enhance the surveillance in infants and young children less than 2y, focus on the more severe disease requiring hospitalization, widen virologic monitoring to differentiate virus types and to identify genetic groups, and generate a robust understanding of the seasonality, risk groups and disease burden particularly RSV-associated hospitalization burden in LMICs with a wider geographic representation in all WHO Regions.

• #38

  https://www.who.int/teams/global-influenza-programme/global-respiratory-syncytial-virus-surveillance/case-definitions

  The lack of a global uniform surveillance case definition for RSV complicates the interpretation of surveillance data. A significant fraction (often 50%) of RSV-infected young children and elderly patients present without fever. Furthermore, RSV infection often presents with signs of apnea and / or sepsis in infants less than 6 months age. […] In the WHO RSV surveillance pilot, the use of an extended SARI or an ARI case definition substantially increased the number of RSV infections detected. These definitions do not require fever to identify a suspect case. This is also important when surveillance data are used to estimate disease burden. […] WHO launches phase II of the Global Respiratory Syncytial Virus Surveillance. The 3-year extension phase (Nov 2018 Oct 2021) aims to consolidate the achievements of the original investment and proposes to enhance the surveillance in infants and young children less than 2y, focus on the more severe disease requiring hospitalization, widen virologic monitoring to differentiate virus types and to identify genetic groups, and generate a robust understanding of the seasonality, risk groups and disease burden particularly RSV-associated hospitalization burden in LMICs with a wider geographic representation in all WHO Regions.

• #39 Surveillance of RSV | RSV | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/rsv/php/surveillance/index.html

  CDC maintains multiple systems to monitor respiratory diseases, including RSV, across the United States. […] CDC has several systems that focus on monitoring and describing seasonal trends, clinical risk factors, rates of illness and hospitalization, and demographics of patients seeking care for illness associated with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). […] The RSV Hospitalization Surveillance Network (RSV-NET) is a population-based surveillance system for RSV-associated hospitalizations in the U.S. among children and adults. […] The RSV Surveillance in Native American Persons (RSV SuNA) collaboration monitors for RSV-associated hospitalizations and outpatient visits among Alaska Native and American Indian persons and is conducted on the Navajo Nation, White Mountain Apache Tribal Lands, and in Alaska.

• #40 Surveillance of RSV | RSV | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/rsv/php/surveillance/index.html

  CDC maintains multiple systems to monitor respiratory diseases, including RSV, across the United States. […] CDC has several systems that focus on monitoring and describing seasonal trends, clinical risk factors, rates of illness and hospitalization, and demographics of patients seeking care for illness associated with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). […] The RSV Hospitalization Surveillance Network (RSV-NET) is a population-based surveillance system for RSV-associated hospitalizations in the U.S. among children and adults. […] The RSV Surveillance in Native American Persons (RSV SuNA) collaboration monitors for RSV-associated hospitalizations and outpatient visits among Alaska Native and American Indian persons and is conducted on the Navajo Nation, White Mountain Apache Tribal Lands, and in Alaska.

• #41 Surveillance of RSV | RSV | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/rsv/php/surveillance/index.html

  Each year in the United States, RSV leads to approximately 58,000-80,000 hospitalizations among children younger than 5 years old. […] CDC collects RSV laboratory test results performed in the United States using the National Respiratory and Enteric Virus Surveillance System (NREVSS). […] Through NREVSS, participating laboratories report the total number of weekly RSV tests performed to detect the virus and the number of those tests that were positive. […] In most regions of the United States and other areas with similar climates, the RSV season typically starts during the fall and peaks in the winter. […] RSV season onset ranged from mid-September to mid-November. […] RSV season peak ranged from late December to mid-February. […] RSV season offset ranged from mid-April to mid-May.

• #42 Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Statistics – Immunisation Coalition

  https://www.immunisationcoalition.org.au/news-data/respiratory-syncytial-virus-rsv-statistics/

  RSV surveillance began in Australia through the National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System (NNDSS) in 2021. […] RSV became a notifiable disease in Australia in 2021 and confirmed cases are now recorded in the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS). […] There have been 41,349 notifications of RSV reported to the NNDSS in the year to 5 May 2025. […] RSV is at a high level of activity. […] Count of RSV notification during week ending 26 April 2025: 86. […] Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) activity is currently low and at inter-seasonal levels. […] The number of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) cases notified to the Department of Health remained stable at 72 cases in the past week.

• #43 Factsheet – Health Protection Surveillance Centre

  https://www.hpsc.ie/a-z/respiratory/respiratorysyncytialvirus/factsheet/

  RSV has been a notifiable disease in Ireland since January 2012. RSV activity in Ireland is monitored by the HSE-Health Protection Surveillance Centre (HPSC). […] Explore a weekly epidemiological summary of RSV data in Ireland in the Respiratory Virus Notification Data Hub. The latest surveillance reports on RSV and other seasonal respiratory viruses, including influenza, are available on the HPSC website. RSV notifications are also reported in the National Notifiable Disease Hub, and RSV outbreaks are reported in the Weekly Outbreak Report.

• #44 Respiratory syncytial virus: Canadian respiratory virus surveillance report (FluWatch+) — Canada.ca

  https://health-infobase.canada.ca/respiratory-virus-surveillance/rsv.html

  Laboratory data are collected through the Respiratory Virus Detection Surveillance System (RVDSS). RVDSS is a long-standing laboratory surveillance system consisting of provincial, territorial, and regional public health laboratories and some hospital laboratories. There are reporting laboratories in all provinces and territories, but not all respiratory virus testing in Canada is captured through RVDSS. […] Outbreaks of laboratory-confirmed RSV in high-risk settings (long-term care facilities, acute care facilities, retirement facilities, remote and/or isolated communities, and other settings) are reported from provincial and territorial public health departments. The distribution of outbreaks by setting provides a timely, sensitive measure of early RSV activity that is scalable from a local to national level. It provides evidence of the burden of RSV within various closed settings and at-risk populations. […] Hospitalizations, ICU admissions, and deaths associated with RSV, by age or age group, are reported from provincial and territorial public health departments.

• #45

  https://www.oregon.gov/oha/ph/diseasesconditions/communicabledisease/diseasesurveillancedata/pages/respiratorysyncytialvirussurveillancedata.aspx

  In Oregon, RSV is not a mandatory reporting disease. Test results reported via this surveillance project are based upon 23 active, voluntary sentinel laboratories reporting for 36 hospitals. […] Surveillance begins the first week of October of each year and continues until RSV activity has dissipated. […] As defined by CDC, the RSV season onset is the first of 2 consecutive weeks during which the mean percentage of specimens testing positive for RSV antigen is 10%, or the mean percentage of specimens testing positive for RSV by PCR is 3%, whichever occurs first. RSV season offset is the last of 2 consecutive weeks during which the mean percentage of positive specimens by antigen is 10%, or the mean percentage of positive specimens by PCR is 3%, whichever occurs last.

• #46 Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) | Georgia Department of Public Health

  https://dph.georgia.gov/epidemiology/acute-disease-epidemiology/viral-respiratory-diseases/respiratory-syncytial-virus-rsv

  Seasonal epidemics of RSV occur yearly in Georgia and other temperate areas, during the fall and winter months. The Georgia Department of Public Health (DPH) tracks RSV trends through laboratory reporting to the National Respiratory and Enteric Virus Surveillance System (NREVSS). In this system, each week, participating medical laboratories statewide report the number of RSV tests performed and the number of positive tests, providing useful information for RSV prevention. […] To be consistent with the CDC, DPH has modified the RSV surveillance definition to reflect changes made to the calculation of RSV season onset and end. Season onset is defined as the first week of two consecutive weeks when the percent positive of ALL laboratory-confirmed tests are greater than or equal a certain threshold. The end is defined as the first week of two consecutive weeks when the percent positive of ALL laboratory-confirmed tests are less than a certain threshold. For antigen-based testing, the threshold is 10% and for PCR the threshold is 3%.

• #47

  https://www.oregon.gov/oha/ph/diseasesconditions/communicabledisease/diseasesurveillancedata/pages/respiratorysyncytialvirussurveillancedata.aspx

  In Oregon, RSV is not a mandatory reporting disease. Test results reported via this surveillance project are based upon 23 active, voluntary sentinel laboratories reporting for 36 hospitals. […] Surveillance begins the first week of October of each year and continues until RSV activity has dissipated. […] As defined by CDC, the RSV season onset is the first of 2 consecutive weeks during which the mean percentage of specimens testing positive for RSV antigen is 10%, or the mean percentage of specimens testing positive for RSV by PCR is 3%, whichever occurs first. RSV season offset is the last of 2 consecutive weeks during which the mean percentage of positive specimens by antigen is 10%, or the mean percentage of positive specimens by PCR is 3%, whichever occurs last.

• #48

  https://www.oregon.gov/oha/ph/diseasesconditions/communicabledisease/diseasesurveillancedata/pages/respiratorysyncytialvirussurveillancedata.aspx

  In Oregon, RSV is not a mandatory reporting disease. Test results reported via this surveillance project are based upon 23 active, voluntary sentinel laboratories reporting for 36 hospitals. […] Surveillance begins the first week of October of each year and continues until RSV activity has dissipated. […] As defined by CDC, the RSV season onset is the first of 2 consecutive weeks during which the mean percentage of specimens testing positive for RSV antigen is 10%, or the mean percentage of specimens testing positive for RSV by PCR is 3%, whichever occurs first. RSV season offset is the last of 2 consecutive weeks during which the mean percentage of positive specimens by antigen is 10%, or the mean percentage of positive specimens by PCR is 3%, whichever occurs last.

• #49 Bronchiolitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441959/

  Bronchiolitis is most common in children less than 2 years of age. During the first year of life, the incidence has been reported to be about 11% to 15%. Depending on the severity of the infection, there are at least 5 hospitalizations for every 1000 children younger than 2 years of age. Bronchiolitis is classically a seasonal disorder that is most common during autumn and winter, but sporadic cases may occur throughout the year. Some of the risk factors that have been identified for severe infections include the following: […] Risk factors include: […] Bronchiolitis is a common presentation to clinicians and adds significantly to the cost of healthcare. To lower morbidity, the diagnosis and management of bronchiolitis are best done with an interprofessional team that includes the emergency department physician, nurse practitioner, pediatrician, primary caregiver, and infectious disease consultant. The diagnosis is clinical, and in most cases, the treatment is supportive. […] About 1% to 3% of children with bronchiolitis may require admission for more aggressive respiratory support.

• #50 Epidemiology and Risk Factor Analysis of Children with Bronchiolitis Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit at a Tertiary Care Center in Saudi Arabia

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/10/4/646

  Literature comparing epidemiology and risk factors between general ward and PICU admission of children affected with acute bronchiolitis is scarce. […] The seasonal epidemic pattern of bronchiolitis admissions showed a remarkable increase in the period between September and March, with a spike of cases during December. […] During the COVID-19 era between November 2019 to February 2020 (pre-pandemic) and November 2020 to February 2021 (pandemic), the number of bronchiolitis hospitalizations declined dramatically. […] The results of the multivariate analysis suggest that some clinical characteristics and risk factors were independently associated with high odds of severe bronchiolitis, leading to PICU admission. […] Bronchiolitis is still one of the leading causes of PICU admission. Particular attention should be paid to preventive measures, especially in the post-COVID-19 era, targeting high-risk groups. National guidelines for diagnosis, management, and prevention should consider locally published data concerning seasonality and risk factor analyses. National multi-center active surveillance of acute lower respiratory tract illness is recommended.

• #51 Epidemiology and Risk Factor Analysis of Children with Bronchiolitis Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit at a Tertiary Care Center in Saudi Arabia

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/10/4/646

  Literature comparing epidemiology and risk factors between general ward and PICU admission of children affected with acute bronchiolitis is scarce. […] The seasonal epidemic pattern of bronchiolitis admissions showed a remarkable increase in the period between September and March, with a spike of cases during December. […] During the COVID-19 era between November 2019 to February 2020 (pre-pandemic) and November 2020 to February 2021 (pandemic), the number of bronchiolitis hospitalizations declined dramatically. […] The results of the multivariate analysis suggest that some clinical characteristics and risk factors were independently associated with high odds of severe bronchiolitis, leading to PICU admission. […] Bronchiolitis is still one of the leading causes of PICU admission. Particular attention should be paid to preventive measures, especially in the post-COVID-19 era, targeting high-risk groups. National guidelines for diagnosis, management, and prevention should consider locally published data concerning seasonality and risk factor analyses. National multi-center active surveillance of acute lower respiratory tract illness is recommended.

• #52 EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS ANALYSIS OF CHILDREN WITH BRONCHIOLITIS ADMITTED TO NICU OF MARDAN MEDICAL COMPLEX | Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology

  https://jptcp.com/index.php/jptcp/article/view/3347

  Bronchiolitis stands as a prominent reason for hospitalization globally among children under the age of 2 years. The present study aimed to determine the epidemiological and risk factors analysis of children with bronchiolitis admitted to NICU. This retrospective study was carried out on 216 children diagnosed of bronchiolitis in the Pediatric Department of Mardan Medical Complex, Mardan from January 2020 to December 2022. The incidence of bronchiolitis cases rose during the winter-spring season. Several risk factors, including age (6 months), preterm birth, early weaning, low birth weight, and exposure to cigarette smoke, were associated with an increased possibility of developing severe disease. The study observed that bronchiolitis remains a prominent cause of admission to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). […] Age, exposure to cigarette smoking, preterm birth, low birth weight, undergoing cesarean section, history of mechanical ventilation, breastfeeding 6 months, and substandard living conditions are different risk factors associated with severe bronchiolitis caused by RSV.

• #53 EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS ANALYSIS OF CHILDREN WITH BRONCHIOLITIS ADMITTED TO NICU OF MARDAN MEDICAL COMPLEX | Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology

  https://www.jptcp.com/index.php/jptcp/article/view/3347

  Bronchiolitis stands as a prominent reason for hospitalization globally among children under the age of 2 years. The present study aimed to determine the epidemiological and risk factors analysis of children with bronchiolitis admitted to NICU. The incidence of bronchiolitis cases rose during the winter-spring season. Several risk factors, including age (6 months), preterm birth, early weaning, low birth weight, and exposure to cigarette smoke, were associated with an increased possibility of developing severe disease. The study observed that bronchiolitis remains a prominent cause of admission to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). […] Age, exposure to cigarette smoking, preterm birth, low birth weight, undergoing cesarean section, history of mechanical ventilation, breastfeeding 6 months, and substandard living conditions are different risk factors associated with severe bronchiolitis caused by RSV.

• #54 EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS ANALYSIS OF CHILDREN WITH BRONCHIOLITIS ADMITTED TO NICU OF MARDAN MEDICAL COMPLEX | Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology

  https://jptcp.com/index.php/jptcp/article/view/3347

  Bronchiolitis stands as a prominent reason for hospitalization globally among children under the age of 2 years. The present study aimed to determine the epidemiological and risk factors analysis of children with bronchiolitis admitted to NICU. This retrospective study was carried out on 216 children diagnosed of bronchiolitis in the Pediatric Department of Mardan Medical Complex, Mardan from January 2020 to December 2022. The incidence of bronchiolitis cases rose during the winter-spring season. Several risk factors, including age (6 months), preterm birth, early weaning, low birth weight, and exposure to cigarette smoke, were associated with an increased possibility of developing severe disease. The study observed that bronchiolitis remains a prominent cause of admission to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). […] Age, exposure to cigarette smoking, preterm birth, low birth weight, undergoing cesarean section, history of mechanical ventilation, breastfeeding 6 months, and substandard living conditions are different risk factors associated with severe bronchiolitis caused by RSV.

• #55 EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS ANALYSIS OF CHILDREN WITH BRONCHIOLITIS ADMITTED TO NICU OF MARDAN MEDICAL COMPLEX | Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology

  https://www.jptcp.com/index.php/jptcp/article/view/3347

  Bronchiolitis stands as a prominent reason for hospitalization globally among children under the age of 2 years. The present study aimed to determine the epidemiological and risk factors analysis of children with bronchiolitis admitted to NICU. The incidence of bronchiolitis cases rose during the winter-spring season. Several risk factors, including age (6 months), preterm birth, early weaning, low birth weight, and exposure to cigarette smoke, were associated with an increased possibility of developing severe disease. The study observed that bronchiolitis remains a prominent cause of admission to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). […] Age, exposure to cigarette smoking, preterm birth, low birth weight, undergoing cesarean section, history of mechanical ventilation, breastfeeding 6 months, and substandard living conditions are different risk factors associated with severe bronchiolitis caused by RSV.

• #56 EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS ANALYSIS OF CHILDREN WITH BRONCHIOLITIS ADMITTED TO NICU OF MARDAN MEDICAL COMPLEX | Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology

  https://jptcp.com/index.php/jptcp/article/view/3347

  Bronchiolitis stands as a prominent reason for hospitalization globally among children under the age of 2 years. The present study aimed to determine the epidemiological and risk factors analysis of children with bronchiolitis admitted to NICU. This retrospective study was carried out on 216 children diagnosed of bronchiolitis in the Pediatric Department of Mardan Medical Complex, Mardan from January 2020 to December 2022. The incidence of bronchiolitis cases rose during the winter-spring season. Several risk factors, including age (6 months), preterm birth, early weaning, low birth weight, and exposure to cigarette smoke, were associated with an increased possibility of developing severe disease. The study observed that bronchiolitis remains a prominent cause of admission to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). […] Age, exposure to cigarette smoking, preterm birth, low birth weight, undergoing cesarean section, history of mechanical ventilation, breastfeeding 6 months, and substandard living conditions are different risk factors associated with severe bronchiolitis caused by RSV.

• #57 EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS ANALYSIS OF CHILDREN WITH BRONCHIOLITIS ADMITTED TO NICU OF MARDAN MEDICAL COMPLEX | Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology

  https://www.jptcp.com/index.php/jptcp/article/view/3347

  Bronchiolitis stands as a prominent reason for hospitalization globally among children under the age of 2 years. The present study aimed to determine the epidemiological and risk factors analysis of children with bronchiolitis admitted to NICU. The incidence of bronchiolitis cases rose during the winter-spring season. Several risk factors, including age (6 months), preterm birth, early weaning, low birth weight, and exposure to cigarette smoke, were associated with an increased possibility of developing severe disease. The study observed that bronchiolitis remains a prominent cause of admission to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). […] Age, exposure to cigarette smoking, preterm birth, low birth weight, undergoing cesarean section, history of mechanical ventilation, breastfeeding 6 months, and substandard living conditions are different risk factors associated with severe bronchiolitis caused by RSV.

• #58 EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS ANALYSIS OF CHILDREN WITH BRONCHIOLITIS ADMITTED TO NICU OF MARDAN MEDICAL COMPLEX | Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology

  https://jptcp.com/index.php/jptcp/article/view/3347

  Bronchiolitis stands as a prominent reason for hospitalization globally among children under the age of 2 years. The present study aimed to determine the epidemiological and risk factors analysis of children with bronchiolitis admitted to NICU. This retrospective study was carried out on 216 children diagnosed of bronchiolitis in the Pediatric Department of Mardan Medical Complex, Mardan from January 2020 to December 2022. The incidence of bronchiolitis cases rose during the winter-spring season. Several risk factors, including age (6 months), preterm birth, early weaning, low birth weight, and exposure to cigarette smoke, were associated with an increased possibility of developing severe disease. The study observed that bronchiolitis remains a prominent cause of admission to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). […] Age, exposure to cigarette smoking, preterm birth, low birth weight, undergoing cesarean section, history of mechanical ventilation, breastfeeding 6 months, and substandard living conditions are different risk factors associated with severe bronchiolitis caused by RSV.

• #59 EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS ANALYSIS OF CHILDREN WITH BRONCHIOLITIS ADMITTED TO NICU OF MARDAN MEDICAL COMPLEX | Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology

  https://www.jptcp.com/index.php/jptcp/article/view/3347

  Bronchiolitis stands as a prominent reason for hospitalization globally among children under the age of 2 years. The present study aimed to determine the epidemiological and risk factors analysis of children with bronchiolitis admitted to NICU. The incidence of bronchiolitis cases rose during the winter-spring season. Several risk factors, including age (6 months), preterm birth, early weaning, low birth weight, and exposure to cigarette smoke, were associated with an increased possibility of developing severe disease. The study observed that bronchiolitis remains a prominent cause of admission to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). […] Age, exposure to cigarette smoking, preterm birth, low birth weight, undergoing cesarean section, history of mechanical ventilation, breastfeeding 6 months, and substandard living conditions are different risk factors associated with severe bronchiolitis caused by RSV.

• #60 EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS ANALYSIS OF CHILDREN WITH BRONCHIOLITIS ADMITTED TO NICU OF MARDAN MEDICAL COMPLEX | Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology

  https://jptcp.com/index.php/jptcp/article/view/3347

  Bronchiolitis stands as a prominent reason for hospitalization globally among children under the age of 2 years. The present study aimed to determine the epidemiological and risk factors analysis of children with bronchiolitis admitted to NICU. This retrospective study was carried out on 216 children diagnosed of bronchiolitis in the Pediatric Department of Mardan Medical Complex, Mardan from January 2020 to December 2022. The incidence of bronchiolitis cases rose during the winter-spring season. Several risk factors, including age (6 months), preterm birth, early weaning, low birth weight, and exposure to cigarette smoke, were associated with an increased possibility of developing severe disease. The study observed that bronchiolitis remains a prominent cause of admission to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). […] Age, exposure to cigarette smoking, preterm birth, low birth weight, undergoing cesarean section, history of mechanical ventilation, breastfeeding 6 months, and substandard living conditions are different risk factors associated with severe bronchiolitis caused by RSV.

• #61 EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS ANALYSIS OF CHILDREN WITH BRONCHIOLITIS ADMITTED TO NICU OF MARDAN MEDICAL COMPLEX | Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology

  https://www.jptcp.com/index.php/jptcp/article/view/3347

  Bronchiolitis stands as a prominent reason for hospitalization globally among children under the age of 2 years. The present study aimed to determine the epidemiological and risk factors analysis of children with bronchiolitis admitted to NICU. The incidence of bronchiolitis cases rose during the winter-spring season. Several risk factors, including age (6 months), preterm birth, early weaning, low birth weight, and exposure to cigarette smoke, were associated with an increased possibility of developing severe disease. The study observed that bronchiolitis remains a prominent cause of admission to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). […] Age, exposure to cigarette smoking, preterm birth, low birth weight, undergoing cesarean section, history of mechanical ventilation, breastfeeding 6 months, and substandard living conditions are different risk factors associated with severe bronchiolitis caused by RSV.

• #62 EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS ANALYSIS OF CHILDREN WITH BRONCHIOLITIS ADMITTED TO NICU OF MARDAN MEDICAL COMPLEX | Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology

  https://www.jptcp.com/index.php/jptcp/article/view/3347

  Bronchiolitis stands as a prominent reason for hospitalization globally among children under the age of 2 years. The present study aimed to determine the epidemiological and risk factors analysis of children with bronchiolitis admitted to NICU. The incidence of bronchiolitis cases rose during the winter-spring season. Several risk factors, including age (6 months), preterm birth, early weaning, low birth weight, and exposure to cigarette smoke, were associated with an increased possibility of developing severe disease. The study observed that bronchiolitis remains a prominent cause of admission to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). […] Age, exposure to cigarette smoking, preterm birth, low birth weight, undergoing cesarean section, history of mechanical ventilation, breastfeeding 6 months, and substandard living conditions are different risk factors associated with severe bronchiolitis caused by RSV.

• #63 EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS ANALYSIS OF CHILDREN WITH BRONCHIOLITIS ADMITTED TO NICU OF MARDAN MEDICAL COMPLEX | Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology

  https://www.jptcp.com/index.php/jptcp/article/view/3347

  Bronchiolitis stands as a prominent reason for hospitalization globally among children under the age of 2 years. The present study aimed to determine the epidemiological and risk factors analysis of children with bronchiolitis admitted to NICU. The incidence of bronchiolitis cases rose during the winter-spring season. Several risk factors, including age (6 months), preterm birth, early weaning, low birth weight, and exposure to cigarette smoke, were associated with an increased possibility of developing severe disease. The study observed that bronchiolitis remains a prominent cause of admission to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). […] Age, exposure to cigarette smoking, preterm birth, low birth weight, undergoing cesarean section, history of mechanical ventilation, breastfeeding 6 months, and substandard living conditions are different risk factors associated with severe bronchiolitis caused by RSV.

• #64 EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS ANALYSIS OF CHILDREN WITH BRONCHIOLITIS ADMITTED TO NICU OF MARDAN MEDICAL COMPLEX | Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology

  https://www.jptcp.com/index.php/jptcp/article/view/3347

  Bronchiolitis stands as a prominent reason for hospitalization globally among children under the age of 2 years. The present study aimed to determine the epidemiological and risk factors analysis of children with bronchiolitis admitted to NICU. The incidence of bronchiolitis cases rose during the winter-spring season. Several risk factors, including age (6 months), preterm birth, early weaning, low birth weight, and exposure to cigarette smoke, were associated with an increased possibility of developing severe disease. The study observed that bronchiolitis remains a prominent cause of admission to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). […] Age, exposure to cigarette smoking, preterm birth, low birth weight, undergoing cesarean section, history of mechanical ventilation, breastfeeding 6 months, and substandard living conditions are different risk factors associated with severe bronchiolitis caused by RSV.

• #65 Bronchiolitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441959/

  Bronchiolitis is most common in children less than 2 years of age. During the first year of life, the incidence has been reported to be about 11% to 15%. Depending on the severity of the infection, there are at least 5 hospitalizations for every 1000 children younger than 2 years of age. Bronchiolitis is classically a seasonal disorder that is most common during autumn and winter, but sporadic cases may occur throughout the year. Some of the risk factors that have been identified for severe infections include the following: […] Risk factors include: […] Bronchiolitis is a common presentation to clinicians and adds significantly to the cost of healthcare. To lower morbidity, the diagnosis and management of bronchiolitis are best done with an interprofessional team that includes the emergency department physician, nurse practitioner, pediatrician, primary caregiver, and infectious disease consultant. The diagnosis is clinical, and in most cases, the treatment is supportive. […] About 1% to 3% of children with bronchiolitis may require admission for more aggressive respiratory support.

• #66 Surveillance of RSV | RSV | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/rsv/php/surveillance/index.html

  Each year in the United States, RSV leads to approximately 58,000-80,000 hospitalizations among children younger than 5 years old. […] CDC collects RSV laboratory test results performed in the United States using the National Respiratory and Enteric Virus Surveillance System (NREVSS). […] Through NREVSS, participating laboratories report the total number of weekly RSV tests performed to detect the virus and the number of those tests that were positive. […] In most regions of the United States and other areas with similar climates, the RSV season typically starts during the fall and peaks in the winter. […] RSV season onset ranged from mid-September to mid-November. […] RSV season peak ranged from late December to mid-February. […] RSV season offset ranged from mid-April to mid-May.

• #67 Bronchiolitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441959/

  Bronchiolitis is most common in children less than 2 years of age. During the first year of life, the incidence has been reported to be about 11% to 15%. Depending on the severity of the infection, there are at least 5 hospitalizations for every 1000 children younger than 2 years of age. Bronchiolitis is classically a seasonal disorder that is most common during autumn and winter, but sporadic cases may occur throughout the year. Some of the risk factors that have been identified for severe infections include the following: […] Risk factors include: […] Bronchiolitis is a common presentation to clinicians and adds significantly to the cost of healthcare. To lower morbidity, the diagnosis and management of bronchiolitis are best done with an interprofessional team that includes the emergency department physician, nurse practitioner, pediatrician, primary caregiver, and infectious disease consultant. The diagnosis is clinical, and in most cases, the treatment is supportive. […] About 1% to 3% of children with bronchiolitis may require admission for more aggressive respiratory support.

• #68 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) FAQs | NCIRS

  https://ncirs.org.au/ncirs-fact-sheets-faqs-and-other-resources/respiratory-syncytial-virus-rsv-frequently-asked

  Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common virus that can cause a range of respiratory illnesses from mild upper respiratory colds to severe lower respiratory conditions such as bronchiolitis (in infants) and pneumonia. […] The RSV-associated hospitalisation rate is highest in infants under 6 months of age and generally declines sharply with age from early childhood. Hospitalisation rates then increase again in late adulthood. […] Between 2016 and 2019, there were more than 115,000 hospitalisations with an RSV diagnosis in Australia, of which approximately 75% were of children aged less than 5 years. Most of these children were otherwise healthy. For infants aged less than 6 months, the annual RSV hospitalisation rate over this period was approximately 6,200 per 100,000 population, with the highest rates in infants aged 0-2 months (approximately 7,200 per 100,000 population).

• #69 Bronchiolitis: two French studies demonstrate the effectiveness of Beyfortus® in preventing serious illness and reducing hospital admissions among infants | Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/press-area/press-documents/bronchiolitis-two-french-studies-demonstrate-effectiveness-beyfortusr-preventing-serious-illness-and

  After a 2022/2023 season marked by a severe epidemic of bronchiolitis due to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), in particular in terms of emergency department visits and hospital admissions, on September 15, 2023 the French Government launched a preventive immunization campaign, administering nirsevimab (Beyfortus), to protect infants and reduce the circulation of the virus. […] Every year, Sant publique France monitors epidemiological trends in bronchiolitis. For the 2023/2024 season, a pilot surveillance program for severe cases of bronchiolitis in children under the age of two was set up in cooperation with the PICURe (Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Registry) network, with the participation of pediatric and neonatal intensive care units that volunteered to take part. The surveillance program is run in each region by the regional units of Sant publique France. […] In France, it is estimated that bronchiolitis affects almost 30% of infants under two years of age every winter, i.e. some 480,000 cases a year. 2%-3% of infants under one year of age are thought to be hospitalized each year with more severe bronchiolitis.

• #70 Respiratory Syncytial Virus | Florida Department of Health

  https://www.floridahealth.gov/diseases-and-conditions/respiratory-illness/respiratory-syncytial-virus/

  Surveillance is conducted to support clinical decision-making for prophylaxis of premature infants. The determination of unique seasonal and geographic trends in RSV activity in Florida has important implications for prescribing patterns for initiating prophylaxis to children at high risk for complications from RSV infection. The American Academy of Pediatrics currently recommends pre-approval for prophylactic treatment be made based on state surveillance data. […] The Florida Department of Health will continue to make updates on the trends presented in this report as needed.

• #71 Respiratory Syncytial Virus | Florida Department of Health

  https://www.floridahealth.gov/diseases-and-conditions/respiratory-illness/respiratory-syncytial-virus/

  Surveillance is conducted to support clinical decision-making for prophylaxis of premature infants. The determination of unique seasonal and geographic trends in RSV activity in Florida has important implications for prescribing patterns for initiating prophylaxis to children at high risk for complications from RSV infection. The American Academy of Pediatrics currently recommends pre-approval for prophylactic treatment be made based on state surveillance data. […] The Florida Department of Health will continue to make updates on the trends presented in this report as needed.

• #72

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00431-022-04698-z

  Infections with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can cause severe disease. […] Understanding the true burden of childhood RSV disease will become very important to support public health authorities and policy makers in the assessment of new therapeutic opportunities against RSV disease. […] A systematic literature search was performed to map local data on the burden of RSV disease and to evaluate available RSV surveillance systems. […] The current Belgian RSV surveillance system was evaluated and found to be insufficient. Knowledge gaps are highlighted and future perspectives and priorities offered. […] The Belgian population-based RSV surveillance should be improved, and a hospital-led reporting system should be put in place to enable the evaluation of the true burden of RSV disease in Belgium and to improve disease management in the future. […] This expert opinion summarizes knowledge gaps and offers insights that allow improvement of local surveillance systems in order to establish a future-proof RSV surveillance system.

• #73 WHO SARI & RSV Surveillance in Australia

  https://www.thekids.org.au/projects/who-sari–rsv-surveillance-in-australia/

  Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is one of the most common childhood infections, which often presents as bronchiolitis. […] Since November 2020 Western Australia has seen a significant spike in RSV cases. […] A recent Australian randomised trial of bronchiolitis treatment in hospitalised paediatric patients, found that 56-61% of bronchiolitis cases were RSV positive. […] There is a need to develop a global evidence-base on RSV epidemiology to inform health policy, vaccine development and potential introduction of an RSV vaccine in Australia. […] The current global lack of RSV epidemiological data led the WHO to establish an RSV network. […] This surveillance system utilised the well-established WHO influenza centres, including the Australian centre, based at the Doherty Institute, University Melbourne which is the lead site for the current study.

• #74 Serval – Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the epidemiology of bronchiolitis at Hôpital du Jura in Delémont, Switzerland: a retrospective observational study.

  https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:ch:serval-BIB_05AB8D49872C5?siteLang=fr

  Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the epidemiology of bronchiolitis at Hpital du Jura in Delmont, Switzerland: a retrospective observational study. […] Non-pharmaceutical interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic caused an unusual epidemiology in bronchiolitis hospitalisations, with a peak in the summer seasons of 2020 and 2021. […] The aim of this study was to analyse data from a 5-year period (2018-2022) at Hpital du Jura in Delmont, Switzerland, regarding bronchiolitis hospitalisations before, during and towards the end of the COVID-19 pandemic in order to prepare for future changes in bronchiolitis epidemiology. […] A clear shift in the peak of bronchiolitis is seen in 2021 compared to the three previous years. […] For respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis hospitalisations specifically, an important peak in hospitalisations is seen in the summer months of 2021, with over 20 admissions, compared to zero admissions in the previous years.

• #75 PROMISE: preparing for RSV immunisation and surveillance in Europe | Nivel

  https://www.nivel.nl/nl/project/promise-preparing-rsv-immunisation-and-surveillance-europe

  RSV is associated with substantial disease burden in young children and the elderly. […] The objective of PROMISE (Preparing for RSV Immunisation and Surveillance in Europe), an IMI (Innovative Medicines Initiative) project is taking a major leap forward in the fight against Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) in Europe and worldwide. […] To achieve our aims, we will develop a robust surveillance network on RSV disease, that aims to strengthen epidemiological and virological surveillance in Europe, share this data among public health institutes and disclose surveillance data to the community. This will contribute to widening knowledge on respiratory infections in the community and guide therapeutics in the long term.

• #76 Bronchiolitis, epidemiological changes during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-022-07041-x

  Bronchiolitis is the most common viral infection of the lower respiratory tract in infants under 2 years of age. The aim of this study was to analyze and compare the seasonal bronchiolitis peaks before and during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. […] The COVID-19 pandemic outbreak has led to a clearly observable epidemiological change regarding acute bronchiolitis, which should be studied in detail. […] There is scarce data about the impact of SARS-CoV-2 regarding acute severe bronchiolitis, with little information available either on bronchiolitis caused by SARS-CoV-2 or on other bronchiolitis viral etiologies being crowded out. […] The pre- and post-pandemic periods were compared. There were statistically significant differences regarding the following variables: age, 47 days (IQR 2697) vs. 73 (IQR 33163), p=0.006; PICU LOS, 6 days (IQR 411) vs. 5 (IQR 39), p=0.024; hospital LOS, 12 days (IQR 819) vs. 10 days (IQR 713), p=0.001; and etiology, p=0.031.

• #77

  https://smw.ch/index.php/smw/article/view/3768

  BACKGROUND: Non-pharmaceutical interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic caused an unusual epidemiology in bronchiolitis hospitalisations, with a peak in the summer seasons of 2020 and 2021. […] AIM: The aim of this study was to analyse data from a 5-year period (20182022) at Hpital du Jura in Delmont, Switzerland, regarding bronchiolitis hospitalisations before, during and towards the end of the COVID-19 pandemic in order to prepare for future changes in bronchiolitis epidemiology. […] RESULTS: A clear shift in the peak of bronchiolitis is seen in 2021 compared to the three previous years. Starting in spring 2022, the trend begins to mimic pre-pandemic years. […] CONCLUSIONS: The non-pharmacological interventions implemented during 2020 and early 2021 did not cause a long-lasting seasonal shift in bronchiolitis. In 2022, when the non-pharmacological interventions were no longer in place in the non-hospital setting, the peak of bronchiolitis hospitalisations is seen once again in the winter months. We predict that hospitalisation patterns will gradually revert to those of pre-pandemic years.

• #78 Bronchiolitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchiolitis

  Bronchiolitis typically affects infants and children younger than two years, principally during the autumn and winter. It is the leading cause of hospital admission for respiratory disease among infants in the United States and accounts for one out of every 13 primary care visits. Bronchiolitis accounts for 3% of emergency department visits for children under 2 years old. Bronchiolitis is the most frequent lower respiratory tract infection and hospitalization in infants worldwide. […] The COVID-19 pandemic rapidly changed the transmission and presentation starting in late 2019. During the pandemic, there was a sharp decrease in cases of bronchiolitis and other respiratory illness, which is likely due to social distancing and other precautions. After social distancing and other precautions were lifted, there was increases in the cases of RSV and bronchiolitis worldwide to varying degrees. There is unclear evidence on how COVID-19 will affect bronchiolitis moving forward. Recent evidence suggests that bronchiolitis still poses a large disease burden to both primary care providers and emergency departments.

• #79 Bronchiolitis, epidemiological changes during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-022-07041-x

  Bronchiolitis is the most common viral infection of the lower respiratory tract in infants under 2 years of age. The aim of this study was to analyze and compare the seasonal bronchiolitis peaks before and during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. […] The COVID-19 pandemic outbreak has led to a clearly observable epidemiological change regarding acute bronchiolitis, which should be studied in detail. […] There is scarce data about the impact of SARS-CoV-2 regarding acute severe bronchiolitis, with little information available either on bronchiolitis caused by SARS-CoV-2 or on other bronchiolitis viral etiologies being crowded out. […] The pre- and post-pandemic periods were compared. There were statistically significant differences regarding the following variables: age, 47 days (IQR 2697) vs. 73 (IQR 33163), p=0.006; PICU LOS, 6 days (IQR 411) vs. 5 (IQR 39), p=0.024; hospital LOS, 12 days (IQR 819) vs. 10 days (IQR 713), p=0.001; and etiology, p=0.031.

• #80

  https://smw.ch/index.php/smw/article/view/3768

  BACKGROUND: Non-pharmaceutical interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic caused an unusual epidemiology in bronchiolitis hospitalisations, with a peak in the summer seasons of 2020 and 2021. […] AIM: The aim of this study was to analyse data from a 5-year period (20182022) at Hpital du Jura in Delmont, Switzerland, regarding bronchiolitis hospitalisations before, during and towards the end of the COVID-19 pandemic in order to prepare for future changes in bronchiolitis epidemiology. […] RESULTS: A clear shift in the peak of bronchiolitis is seen in 2021 compared to the three previous years. Starting in spring 2022, the trend begins to mimic pre-pandemic years. […] CONCLUSIONS: The non-pharmacological interventions implemented during 2020 and early 2021 did not cause a long-lasting seasonal shift in bronchiolitis. In 2022, when the non-pharmacological interventions were no longer in place in the non-hospital setting, the peak of bronchiolitis hospitalisations is seen once again in the winter months. We predict that hospitalisation patterns will gradually revert to those of pre-pandemic years.

• #81 Serval – Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the epidemiology of bronchiolitis at Hôpital du Jura in Delémont, Switzerland: a retrospective observational study.

  https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:ch:serval-BIB_05AB8D49872C5?siteLang=fr

  Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the epidemiology of bronchiolitis at Hpital du Jura in Delmont, Switzerland: a retrospective observational study. […] Non-pharmaceutical interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic caused an unusual epidemiology in bronchiolitis hospitalisations, with a peak in the summer seasons of 2020 and 2021. […] The aim of this study was to analyse data from a 5-year period (2018-2022) at Hpital du Jura in Delmont, Switzerland, regarding bronchiolitis hospitalisations before, during and towards the end of the COVID-19 pandemic in order to prepare for future changes in bronchiolitis epidemiology. […] A clear shift in the peak of bronchiolitis is seen in 2021 compared to the three previous years. […] For respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis hospitalisations specifically, an important peak in hospitalisations is seen in the summer months of 2021, with over 20 admissions, compared to zero admissions in the previous years.

• #82 Serval – Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the epidemiology of bronchiolitis at Hôpital du Jura in Delémont, Switzerland: a retrospective observational study.

  https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:ch:serval-BIB_05AB8D49872C5?siteLang=fr

  The non-pharmacological interventions implemented during 2020 and early 2021 did not cause a long-lasting seasonal shift in bronchiolitis. […] In 2022, when the non-pharmacological interventions were no longer in place in the non-hospital setting, the peak of bronchiolitis hospitalisations is seen once again in the winter months. […] We predict that hospitalisation patterns will gradually revert to those of pre-pandemic years.

• #83 Serval – Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the epidemiology of bronchiolitis at Hôpital du Jura in Delémont, Switzerland: a retrospective observational study.

  https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:ch:serval-BIB_05AB8D49872C5?siteLang=fr

  The non-pharmacological interventions implemented during 2020 and early 2021 did not cause a long-lasting seasonal shift in bronchiolitis. […] In 2022, when the non-pharmacological interventions were no longer in place in the non-hospital setting, the peak of bronchiolitis hospitalisations is seen once again in the winter months. […] We predict that hospitalisation patterns will gradually revert to those of pre-pandemic years.

• #84 Respiratory syncytial virus infection: Clinical features and diagnosis in infants and children – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/respiratory-syncytial-virus-infection-clinical-features-and-diagnosis-in-infants-and-children

  EPIDEMIOLOGY […] ●Seasonality – RSV typically causes seasonal outbreaks throughout the world. In the northern hemisphere, these usually occur from October or November to April or May, with a peak in January or February. In the southern hemisphere, wintertime epidemics occur from May to September, with a peak in May, June, or July. In tropical and semitropical climates, the seasonal outbreaks usually are associated with the rainy season. The epidemic peaks are not as sharp as in temperate climates, and in some settings RSV can be isolated in as many as eight months of the year. […] Disruption of the typical seasonal pattern of RSV may result in off-season outbreaks. For example, during the height of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the infection control measures that were used (social distancing, masks) substantially decreased the circulation of RSV and other respiratory viruses during the fall and winter months of 2020 through the summer of 2021. However, during the subsequent two RSV seasons (2021 and 2022), there were intense spikes in RSV infections and other respiratory viruses that occurred earlier in the season than is usual such that two severe RSV outbreaks occurred over three years, 16 to 18 months apart. The 2023 to 2024 RSV seasonal outbreak in the United States returned to the timing that was typical prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the timing of future seasonal patterns is not yet known. […] ●Morbidity and mortality in children – RSV causes acute respiratory tract illness in persons of all ages. Almost all children are infected by two years of age, and reinfection is common.

• #85 Epidemiology and Risk Factor Analysis of Children with Bronchiolitis Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit at a Tertiary Care Center in Saudi Arabia

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/10/4/646

  Literature comparing epidemiology and risk factors between general ward and PICU admission of children affected with acute bronchiolitis is scarce. […] The seasonal epidemic pattern of bronchiolitis admissions showed a remarkable increase in the period between September and March, with a spike of cases during December. […] During the COVID-19 era between November 2019 to February 2020 (pre-pandemic) and November 2020 to February 2021 (pandemic), the number of bronchiolitis hospitalizations declined dramatically. […] The results of the multivariate analysis suggest that some clinical characteristics and risk factors were independently associated with high odds of severe bronchiolitis, leading to PICU admission. […] Bronchiolitis is still one of the leading causes of PICU admission. Particular attention should be paid to preventive measures, especially in the post-COVID-19 era, targeting high-risk groups. National guidelines for diagnosis, management, and prevention should consider locally published data concerning seasonality and risk factor analyses. National multi-center active surveillance of acute lower respiratory tract illness is recommended.

• #86

  https://journals.lww.com/pidj/fulltext/9900/post_covid_19_epidemiology_of_bronchiolitis__we.1222.aspx

  In 2024, the Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal presented the findings of an Italian study analyzing how the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic influenced viral bronchiolitis characteristics. The authors recommended that hospitals maintain a high level of surveillance of epidemiological changes to ensure a prompt response and proper allocation of resources. […] Considering the profound impact of bronchiolitis epidemiology modifications in our setting, these observations prompted us to monitor bronchiolitis admissions during the 20232024 epidemic season to continue describing the epidemiological trends of bronchiolitis that we have already reported since before the start of the pandemic. […] Close surveillance and monitoring of the impact of bronchiolitis remains crucial to fully understand the long-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and to assess the hopefully significant impact of universal prophylaxis.

• #87

  https://journals.lww.com/pidj/fulltext/9900/post_covid_19_epidemiology_of_bronchiolitis__we.1222.aspx

  In 2024, the Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal presented the findings of an Italian study analyzing how the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic influenced viral bronchiolitis characteristics. The authors recommended that hospitals maintain a high level of surveillance of epidemiological changes to ensure a prompt response and proper allocation of resources. […] Considering the profound impact of bronchiolitis epidemiology modifications in our setting, these observations prompted us to monitor bronchiolitis admissions during the 20232024 epidemic season to continue describing the epidemiological trends of bronchiolitis that we have already reported since before the start of the pandemic. […] Close surveillance and monitoring of the impact of bronchiolitis remains crucial to fully understand the long-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and to assess the hopefully significant impact of universal prophylaxis.

• #88

  https://journals.lww.com/pidj/fulltext/9900/post_covid_19_epidemiology_of_bronchiolitis__we.1222.aspx

  In 2024, the Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal presented the findings of an Italian study analyzing how the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic influenced viral bronchiolitis characteristics. The authors recommended that hospitals maintain a high level of surveillance of epidemiological changes to ensure a prompt response and proper allocation of resources. […] Considering the profound impact of bronchiolitis epidemiology modifications in our setting, these observations prompted us to monitor bronchiolitis admissions during the 20232024 epidemic season to continue describing the epidemiological trends of bronchiolitis that we have already reported since before the start of the pandemic. […] Close surveillance and monitoring of the impact of bronchiolitis remains crucial to fully understand the long-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and to assess the hopefully significant impact of universal prophylaxis.

• #89 COVID-19 Surveillance Strategies Prove Useful for RSV

  https://www.pharmacytimes.com/view/covid-19-surveillance-strategies-prove-useful-for-rsv

  Investigators noted that it is important for RSV surveillance to be integrated within a broader respiratory surveillance framework for better efficiency and sustainability. […] Investigators suggested year-round surveillance for all countries based on the uncertainty of how fast a typical seasonal pattern will be restored. […] Surveillance for RSV is typically more useful if the data are collected in a timely fashion, investigators said. […] Further guidelines should be provided, especially because children aged younger than 2 years are most affected by RSV. […] Investigators recommended that data on the major respiratory pathogens, which include influenza, SARS-CoV-2, and RSV, should be included with both negative and positive test results. […] It was suggested that because a large number of children not being admitted to the hospital, they should be assessed at the emergency department for all bronchiolitis cases, which has been in use in France and initiated in the United Kingdom. […] New surveillance systems used for the COVID-19 pandemic, such as wastewater surveillance, could also be beneficial.

• #90

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00431-022-04698-z

  Infections with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can cause severe disease. […] Understanding the true burden of childhood RSV disease will become very important to support public health authorities and policy makers in the assessment of new therapeutic opportunities against RSV disease. […] A systematic literature search was performed to map local data on the burden of RSV disease and to evaluate available RSV surveillance systems. […] The current Belgian RSV surveillance system was evaluated and found to be insufficient. Knowledge gaps are highlighted and future perspectives and priorities offered. […] The Belgian population-based RSV surveillance should be improved, and a hospital-led reporting system should be put in place to enable the evaluation of the true burden of RSV disease in Belgium and to improve disease management in the future. […] This expert opinion summarizes knowledge gaps and offers insights that allow improvement of local surveillance systems in order to establish a future-proof RSV surveillance system.

• #91 Epidemiology of Bronchiolitis and Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Analysis of Length of Stay from 2015 to 2022: Retrospective Observational Study of Hospital Discharge Records from an Italian Southern Province before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic

  https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9721/12/1/17

  Although the World Health Organization (WHO) has started a global effort in developing international standards for RSV surveillance, actually in the EU area, surveillance systems are fragmentary, involving only 20 out of 27 member states, with heterogeneity in the modality of collecting data. Italy improved the surveillance system for influenza-like illnesses (ILI) during flu season, including also other lower respiratory tract illnesses (LRTI) such as RSV only from season 2022. This surveillance system actually integrates the epidemiological data with virological test results, aiming to evaluate the spread of respiratory tract pathogens. It can be helpful to evaluate the RSV burden of diseases but, on the other hand, is not able to give information on previous years, and it lacks in the evaluation of patients’ outcomes.

• #92 Epidemiology of Bronchiolitis and Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Analysis of Length of Stay from 2015 to 2022: Retrospective Observational Study of Hospital Discharge Records from an Italian Southern Province before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic

  https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9721/12/1/17

  Although the World Health Organization (WHO) has started a global effort in developing international standards for RSV surveillance, actually in the EU area, surveillance systems are fragmentary, involving only 20 out of 27 member states, with heterogeneity in the modality of collecting data. Italy improved the surveillance system for influenza-like illnesses (ILI) during flu season, including also other lower respiratory tract illnesses (LRTI) such as RSV only from season 2022. This surveillance system actually integrates the epidemiological data with virological test results, aiming to evaluate the spread of respiratory tract pathogens. It can be helpful to evaluate the RSV burden of diseases but, on the other hand, is not able to give information on previous years, and it lacks in the evaluation of patients’ outcomes.

• #93

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00431-022-04698-z

  Infections with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can cause severe disease. […] Understanding the true burden of childhood RSV disease will become very important to support public health authorities and policy makers in the assessment of new therapeutic opportunities against RSV disease. […] A systematic literature search was performed to map local data on the burden of RSV disease and to evaluate available RSV surveillance systems. […] The current Belgian RSV surveillance system was evaluated and found to be insufficient. Knowledge gaps are highlighted and future perspectives and priorities offered. […] The Belgian population-based RSV surveillance should be improved, and a hospital-led reporting system should be put in place to enable the evaluation of the true burden of RSV disease in Belgium and to improve disease management in the future. […] This expert opinion summarizes knowledge gaps and offers insights that allow improvement of local surveillance systems in order to establish a future-proof RSV surveillance system.

• #94 Bronchiolitis: two French studies demonstrate the effectiveness of Beyfortus® in preventing serious illness and reducing hospital admissions among infants | Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/press-area/press-documents/bronchiolitis-two-french-studies-demonstrate-effectiveness-beyfortusr-preventing-serious-illness-and

  After a 2022/2023 season marked by a severe epidemic of bronchiolitis due to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), in particular in terms of emergency department visits and hospital admissions, on September 15, 2023 the French Government launched a preventive immunization campaign, administering nirsevimab (Beyfortus), to protect infants and reduce the circulation of the virus. […] Every year, Sant publique France monitors epidemiological trends in bronchiolitis. For the 2023/2024 season, a pilot surveillance program for severe cases of bronchiolitis in children under the age of two was set up in cooperation with the PICURe (Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Registry) network, with the participation of pediatric and neonatal intensive care units that volunteered to take part. The surveillance program is run in each region by the regional units of Sant publique France. […] In France, it is estimated that bronchiolitis affects almost 30% of infants under two years of age every winter, i.e. some 480,000 cases a year. 2%-3% of infants under one year of age are thought to be hospitalized each year with more severe bronchiolitis.

• #95 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) FAQs | NCIRS

  https://ncirs.org.au/ncirs-fact-sheets-faqs-and-other-resources/respiratory-syncytial-virus-rsv-frequently-asked

  While there are currently limited data on the RSV disease burden in adults in Australia, between 2016 and 2019 the hospitalisation rate in adults aged 65 years and older was estimated at 123 per 100,000 population. The rate was greater in those aged 75 years and over (194 per 100,000 population) compared to those aged 50-64 years (26 per 100,000 population). […] The risk of severe RSV disease is higher among older adults (with the risk increasing with age), adults with medical risk conditions, and First Nations adults. […] The Abrysvo vaccine is now (as of 3 February 2025) being funded under the NIP for pregnant women. […] In 2025, state- and territory-funded programs will also provide free monoclonal antibody product (Beyfortus [nirsevimab]) for infants who are not protected through maternal vaccination and at-risk infants and children.

• #96 COVID-19 Surveillance Strategies Prove Useful for RSV

  https://www.pharmacytimes.com/view/covid-19-surveillance-strategies-prove-useful-for-rsv

  Investigators noted that it is important for RSV surveillance to be integrated within a broader respiratory surveillance framework for better efficiency and sustainability. […] Investigators suggested year-round surveillance for all countries based on the uncertainty of how fast a typical seasonal pattern will be restored. […] Surveillance for RSV is typically more useful if the data are collected in a timely fashion, investigators said. […] Further guidelines should be provided, especially because children aged younger than 2 years are most affected by RSV. […] Investigators recommended that data on the major respiratory pathogens, which include influenza, SARS-CoV-2, and RSV, should be included with both negative and positive test results. […] It was suggested that because a large number of children not being admitted to the hospital, they should be assessed at the emergency department for all bronchiolitis cases, which has been in use in France and initiated in the United Kingdom. […] New surveillance systems used for the COVID-19 pandemic, such as wastewater surveillance, could also be beneficial.

• #97 COVID-19 Surveillance Strategies Prove Useful for RSV

  https://www.pharmacytimes.com/view/covid-19-surveillance-strategies-prove-useful-for-rsv

  Investigators noted that it is important for RSV surveillance to be integrated within a broader respiratory surveillance framework for better efficiency and sustainability. […] Investigators suggested year-round surveillance for all countries based on the uncertainty of how fast a typical seasonal pattern will be restored. […] Surveillance for RSV is typically more useful if the data are collected in a timely fashion, investigators said. […] Further guidelines should be provided, especially because children aged younger than 2 years are most affected by RSV. […] Investigators recommended that data on the major respiratory pathogens, which include influenza, SARS-CoV-2, and RSV, should be included with both negative and positive test results. […] It was suggested that because a large number of children not being admitted to the hospital, they should be assessed at the emergency department for all bronchiolitis cases, which has been in use in France and initiated in the United Kingdom. […] New surveillance systems used for the COVID-19 pandemic, such as wastewater surveillance, could also be beneficial.

• #98 COVID-19 Surveillance Strategies Prove Useful for RSV

  https://www.pharmacytimes.com/view/covid-19-surveillance-strategies-prove-useful-for-rsv

  Investigators noted that it is important for RSV surveillance to be integrated within a broader respiratory surveillance framework for better efficiency and sustainability. […] Investigators suggested year-round surveillance for all countries based on the uncertainty of how fast a typical seasonal pattern will be restored. […] Surveillance for RSV is typically more useful if the data are collected in a timely fashion, investigators said. […] Further guidelines should be provided, especially because children aged younger than 2 years are most affected by RSV. […] Investigators recommended that data on the major respiratory pathogens, which include influenza, SARS-CoV-2, and RSV, should be included with both negative and positive test results. […] It was suggested that because a large number of children not being admitted to the hospital, they should be assessed at the emergency department for all bronchiolitis cases, which has been in use in France and initiated in the United Kingdom. […] New surveillance systems used for the COVID-19 pandemic, such as wastewater surveillance, could also be beneficial.

• #99 COVID-19 Surveillance Strategies Prove Useful for RSV

  https://www.pharmacytimes.com/view/covid-19-surveillance-strategies-prove-useful-for-rsv

  Investigators noted that it is important for RSV surveillance to be integrated within a broader respiratory surveillance framework for better efficiency and sustainability. […] Investigators suggested year-round surveillance for all countries based on the uncertainty of how fast a typical seasonal pattern will be restored. […] Surveillance for RSV is typically more useful if the data are collected in a timely fashion, investigators said. […] Further guidelines should be provided, especially because children aged younger than 2 years are most affected by RSV. […] Investigators recommended that data on the major respiratory pathogens, which include influenza, SARS-CoV-2, and RSV, should be included with both negative and positive test results. […] It was suggested that because a large number of children not being admitted to the hospital, they should be assessed at the emergency department for all bronchiolitis cases, which has been in use in France and initiated in the United Kingdom. […] New surveillance systems used for the COVID-19 pandemic, such as wastewater surveillance, could also be beneficial.

• #100 COVID-19 Surveillance Strategies Prove Useful for RSV

  https://www.pharmacytimes.com/view/covid-19-surveillance-strategies-prove-useful-for-rsv

  Investigators noted that it is important for RSV surveillance to be integrated within a broader respiratory surveillance framework for better efficiency and sustainability. […] Investigators suggested year-round surveillance for all countries based on the uncertainty of how fast a typical seasonal pattern will be restored. […] Surveillance for RSV is typically more useful if the data are collected in a timely fashion, investigators said. […] Further guidelines should be provided, especially because children aged younger than 2 years are most affected by RSV. […] Investigators recommended that data on the major respiratory pathogens, which include influenza, SARS-CoV-2, and RSV, should be included with both negative and positive test results. […] It was suggested that because a large number of children not being admitted to the hospital, they should be assessed at the emergency department for all bronchiolitis cases, which has been in use in France and initiated in the United Kingdom. […] New surveillance systems used for the COVID-19 pandemic, such as wastewater surveillance, could also be beneficial.

• #101 Bronchiolitis: two French studies demonstrate the effectiveness of Beyfortus® in preventing serious illness and reducing hospital admissions among infants | Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/press-area/press-documents/bronchiolitis-two-french-studies-demonstrate-effectiveness-beyfortusr-preventing-serious-illness-and

  After a 2022/2023 season marked by a severe epidemic of bronchiolitis due to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), in particular in terms of emergency department visits and hospital admissions, on September 15, 2023 the French Government launched a preventive immunization campaign, administering nirsevimab (Beyfortus), to protect infants and reduce the circulation of the virus. […] Every year, Sant publique France monitors epidemiological trends in bronchiolitis. For the 2023/2024 season, a pilot surveillance program for severe cases of bronchiolitis in children under the age of two was set up in cooperation with the PICURe (Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Registry) network, with the participation of pediatric and neonatal intensive care units that volunteered to take part. The surveillance program is run in each region by the regional units of Sant publique France. […] In France, it is estimated that bronchiolitis affects almost 30% of infants under two years of age every winter, i.e. some 480,000 cases a year. 2%-3% of infants under one year of age are thought to be hospitalized each year with more severe bronchiolitis.

• #102 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) FAQs | NCIRS

  https://ncirs.org.au/ncirs-fact-sheets-faqs-and-other-resources/respiratory-syncytial-virus-rsv-frequently-asked

  While there are currently limited data on the RSV disease burden in adults in Australia, between 2016 and 2019 the hospitalisation rate in adults aged 65 years and older was estimated at 123 per 100,000 population. The rate was greater in those aged 75 years and over (194 per 100,000 population) compared to those aged 50-64 years (26 per 100,000 population). […] The risk of severe RSV disease is higher among older adults (with the risk increasing with age), adults with medical risk conditions, and First Nations adults. […] The Abrysvo vaccine is now (as of 3 February 2025) being funded under the NIP for pregnant women. […] In 2025, state- and territory-funded programs will also provide free monoclonal antibody product (Beyfortus [nirsevimab]) for infants who are not protected through maternal vaccination and at-risk infants and children.

• #103 Bronchiolitis: two French studies demonstrate the effectiveness of Beyfortus® in preventing serious illness and reducing hospital admissions among infants | Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/press-area/press-documents/bronchiolitis-two-french-studies-demonstrate-effectiveness-beyfortusr-preventing-serious-illness-and

  After a 2022/2023 season marked by a severe epidemic of bronchiolitis due to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), in particular in terms of emergency department visits and hospital admissions, on September 15, 2023 the French Government launched a preventive immunization campaign, administering nirsevimab (Beyfortus), to protect infants and reduce the circulation of the virus. […] Every year, Sant publique France monitors epidemiological trends in bronchiolitis. For the 2023/2024 season, a pilot surveillance program for severe cases of bronchiolitis in children under the age of two was set up in cooperation with the PICURe (Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Registry) network, with the participation of pediatric and neonatal intensive care units that volunteered to take part. The surveillance program is run in each region by the regional units of Sant publique France. […] In France, it is estimated that bronchiolitis affects almost 30% of infants under two years of age every winter, i.e. some 480,000 cases a year. 2%-3% of infants under one year of age are thought to be hospitalized each year with more severe bronchiolitis.

• #104 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) FAQs | NCIRS

  https://ncirs.org.au/ncirs-fact-sheets-faqs-and-other-resources/respiratory-syncytial-virus-rsv-frequently-asked

  While there are currently limited data on the RSV disease burden in adults in Australia, between 2016 and 2019 the hospitalisation rate in adults aged 65 years and older was estimated at 123 per 100,000 population. The rate was greater in those aged 75 years and over (194 per 100,000 population) compared to those aged 50-64 years (26 per 100,000 population). […] The risk of severe RSV disease is higher among older adults (with the risk increasing with age), adults with medical risk conditions, and First Nations adults. […] The Abrysvo vaccine is now (as of 3 February 2025) being funded under the NIP for pregnant women. […] In 2025, state- and territory-funded programs will also provide free monoclonal antibody product (Beyfortus [nirsevimab]) for infants who are not protected through maternal vaccination and at-risk infants and children.

• #105 Characterization of circulating RSV strains among subjects in the OUTSMART-RSV surveillance program during the 2016-17 winter viral season in the United States | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0200319

  The OUTSMART RSV surveillance program characterizes circulating RSV strains and monitors their temporal and geographic evolution in the U.S. to help inform the development of anti-RSV mAbs and vaccines. RSV surveillance is also important in providing timely information to physicians for the administration of Palivizumab to eligible high-risk infants. […] The OUTSMART program was generally representative of the U.S. RSV infection experience in terms of age, gender distribution and seasonality compared to national data. […] The OUTSMART RSV program is designed to run for several years to monitor temporal and regional differences in predominant subtype, specifically in the southeastern U.S. where the RSV season typically begins earlier and lasts longer than in other areas of the country. […] This study, which characterized both G and F genotypes, along with surveillance data from these other networks can help inform timing of administration of a mAb or vaccine in clinical trials and provide a baseline for molecular heterogeneity of viruses currently in circulation prior to testing and licensure of an RSV mAb or vaccine.

• #106

  https://journals.lww.com/pidj/fulltext/9900/post_covid_19_epidemiology_of_bronchiolitis__we.1222.aspx

  In 2024, the Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal presented the findings of an Italian study analyzing how the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic influenced viral bronchiolitis characteristics. The authors recommended that hospitals maintain a high level of surveillance of epidemiological changes to ensure a prompt response and proper allocation of resources. […] Considering the profound impact of bronchiolitis epidemiology modifications in our setting, these observations prompted us to monitor bronchiolitis admissions during the 20232024 epidemic season to continue describing the epidemiological trends of bronchiolitis that we have already reported since before the start of the pandemic. […] Close surveillance and monitoring of the impact of bronchiolitis remains crucial to fully understand the long-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and to assess the hopefully significant impact of universal prophylaxis.

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