Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Respiratory infections: Your prevention guide | Sanitas Medical Center

  https://www.mysanitas.com/en/blog/respiratory-infections-your-prevention-guide

  Learn how to protect yourself against respiratory infections, distinguish between illnesses caused by viruses or bacteria, and discover preventive measures. […] While preventing every minor illness may not be feasible, we can collectively strive to shield ourselves and vulnerable community members from potentially life-threatening illnesses. […] Distinguishing between these respiratory infections is crucial, as their treatments differ significantly. […] Let’s break it down into simple steps you can take to safeguard your health: […] One of the simplest yet most effective ways to prevent respiratory infections is by washing your hands regularly with soap and water for at least 20 seconds – the approximate length of the Happy Birthday song. […] Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your elbow when you cough or sneeze to prevent the spread of respiratory droplets.

• #2 Respiratory tract infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_tract_infection

  Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are infectious diseases involving the lower or upper respiratory tract. […] A combination of topical and systematic antibiotics taken prophylactically can prevent infection and improve adults’ overall mortality in the ICU for adult patients receiving mechanical ventilation for at least 48 hours, and topical antibiotic prophylaxis probably reduces respiratory infections but not mortality. […] There is no sufficient evidence to recommend that antibiotics be used to prevent complications from an RTI of unknown cause in children under the age of 5 years old. […] High-quality clinical research in the form of randomized controlled trials assessed the effectiveness of Vitamin D, another review of poorer quality RCTs addressed the effectiveness of immunostimulants for preventing respiratory tract infections.

• #3

  https://ajhponline.com/index.php/journal/article/view/80

  Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) pose a significant global health burden, contributing to substantial morbidity and mortality. […] This comprehensive review explores the various strategic approaches to managing RTI risk factors, encompassing both individual and population-level interventions. […] Through an analysis of current literature, this review highlights the importance of vaccination, hygiene practices, antimicrobial stewardship, environmental interventions, and lifestyle modifications in mitigating the impact of RTIs. […] Furthermore, it examines emerging technologies and innovative interventions that hold promise in enhancing RTI prevention and management. […] By synthesizing evidence-based practices and future directions, this review provides insights into optimizing strategies for combating RTIs and reducing their burden on public health.

• #4 Respiratory tract infections (RTIs)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/respiratory-tract-infection/

  How to avoid spreading a respiratory tract infection […] Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are often spread in the coughs and sneezes of someone with an infection. To reduce the chance of passing an RTI on to others: […] How to avoid getting a respiratory tract infection […] If you keep getting respiratory tract infections or you’re at a high risk of getting one (for example, because you’re over the age of 65 or have a serious long-term health condition), you should: […] ask if you should have the pneumococcal vaccine this helps prevent pneumonia

• #5 Respiratory infections: Your prevention guide | Sanitas Medical Center

  https://www.mysanitas.com/en/blog/respiratory-infections-your-prevention-guide

  Learn how to protect yourself against respiratory infections, distinguish between illnesses caused by viruses or bacteria, and discover preventive measures. […] While preventing every minor illness may not be feasible, we can collectively strive to shield ourselves and vulnerable community members from potentially life-threatening illnesses. […] Distinguishing between these respiratory infections is crucial, as their treatments differ significantly. […] Let’s break it down into simple steps you can take to safeguard your health: […] One of the simplest yet most effective ways to prevent respiratory infections is by washing your hands regularly with soap and water for at least 20 seconds – the approximate length of the Happy Birthday song. […] Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your elbow when you cough or sneeze to prevent the spread of respiratory droplets.

• #6 Respiratory infections: Your prevention guide | Sanitas Medical Center

  https://www.mysanitas.com/en/blog/respiratory-infections-your-prevention-guide

  Learn how to protect yourself against respiratory infections, distinguish between illnesses caused by viruses or bacteria, and discover preventive measures. […] While preventing every minor illness may not be feasible, we can collectively strive to shield ourselves and vulnerable community members from potentially life-threatening illnesses. […] Distinguishing between these respiratory infections is crucial, as their treatments differ significantly. […] Let’s break it down into simple steps you can take to safeguard your health: […] One of the simplest yet most effective ways to prevent respiratory infections is by washing your hands regularly with soap and water for at least 20 seconds – the approximate length of the Happy Birthday song. […] Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your elbow when you cough or sneeze to prevent the spread of respiratory droplets.

• #7 Respiratory Hygiene and Infections – Fit for Travel

  https://www.fitfortravel.nhs.uk/advice/disease-prevention-advice/respiratory-hygiene-and-infections

  Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) may affect the upper respiratory tract or the lower respiratory tract. […] All travellers, whatever the destination, are potentially at risk of developing RTIs. The risk of infection is increased wherever there is crowding of people such as in airports, aircraft cabins or public transport; at mass gatherings; hotels, bars and clubs or on cruise ships. […] If you are prone to developing chest infections (for example if you have a condition such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) then you should discuss your travel plans with your doctor or nurse before travel to ensure that your condition is stable. […] Reduce your risk of catching RTIs. […] Maintain good hand hygiene at all times: Washing your hands thoroughly with soap and water for at least 20 seconds; or by using an alcohol based hand sanitiser containing at least 60% alcohol if soap and water is not immediately available.

• #8 Respiratory infections: Your prevention guide | Sanitas Medical Center

  https://www.mysanitas.com/en/blog/respiratory-infections-your-prevention-guide

  Learn how to protect yourself against respiratory infections, distinguish between illnesses caused by viruses or bacteria, and discover preventive measures. […] While preventing every minor illness may not be feasible, we can collectively strive to shield ourselves and vulnerable community members from potentially life-threatening illnesses. […] Distinguishing between these respiratory infections is crucial, as their treatments differ significantly. […] Let’s break it down into simple steps you can take to safeguard your health: […] One of the simplest yet most effective ways to prevent respiratory infections is by washing your hands regularly with soap and water for at least 20 seconds – the approximate length of the Happy Birthday song. […] Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your elbow when you cough or sneeze to prevent the spread of respiratory droplets.

• #9 Respiratory tract infections

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/respiratory-tract-infections/

  How to avoid getting an RTI […] You may be at high risk of getting an RTI. For example, because you’re over the age of 65 or have a serious long-term health condition. […] If you keep getting RTIs or you’re at high risk of getting one, you should: […] ask your GP about the annual flu vaccine […] ask if you should have the pneumococcal vaccine this helps prevent pneumonia […] stop smoking if you smoke […] drink less alcohol […] How to avoid passing RTIs on to others […] RTIs are often spread in the coughs and sneezes of someone with an infection. To protect others: […] cover your mouth when you cough or sneeze […] wash your hands regularly […] throw away used tissues immediately

• #10 Acute Respiratory Infection: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/acute-respiratory-disease

  Most causes of an acute respiratory infection arent treatable. Therefore, prevention is the best method to ward off harmful respiratory infections. […] Getting the MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) and pertussis vaccine will substantially lower your risk of getting a respiratory infection. You may also benefit from influenza vaccination and pneumovax. Talk to your doctor about getting these. […] Practice good hygiene: […] Wash your hands frequently, especially after youve been in a public place. […] Always sneeze into the arm of your shirt or in a tissue. Although this may not ease your own symptoms, it will prevent you from spreading infectious diseases. […] Avoid touching your face, especially your eyes and mouth, to prevent introducing germs into your system. […] You should also avoid smoking and make sure you include plenty of vitamins in your diet, such as vitamin C, which helps boost your immune system. Vitamin C is maintained in immune cells, and a deficiency has been linked to higher susceptibility to infection. While research is unclear if Vitamin C can prevent an acute respiratory infection, there is evidence that it can shorten the length of time and or severity of some infections.

• #11 Prevention of Respiratory Tract Infection – LYMA Supplement

  https://lyma.life/en-us/blogs/how-to/what-you-can-do-to-protect-yourself-against-respiratory-tract-infections-this-winter

  Wash your hands regularly and thoroughly with soap and hot water […] If you need to cough, cover your mouth […] If you need to sneeze, cover your nose […] Avoid touching your face – particularly your eyes, nose and mouth […] Wipe down objects such as phones or keyboards before and after you’ve used them […] Avoid contact with other people to prevent the spread of the RTI if you’re the one who’s unwell. […] What supplements should you take to protect yourself against respiratory tract infections this winter? […] Both vitamin D3 and vitamin K2 are extremely difficult to obtain through dietary sources alone and so supplementing is heavily advised if you want to keep your immune system functioning smoothly and efficiently this winter. […] Washing your hands regularly, staying alert and supplementing with a world-leading supplement like LYMA are the best tools we have at our disposal right now.

• #12 Respiratory infections: Your prevention guide | Sanitas Medical Center

  https://www.mysanitas.com/en/blog/respiratory-infections-your-prevention-guide

  Learn how to protect yourself against respiratory infections, distinguish between illnesses caused by viruses or bacteria, and discover preventive measures. […] While preventing every minor illness may not be feasible, we can collectively strive to shield ourselves and vulnerable community members from potentially life-threatening illnesses. […] Distinguishing between these respiratory infections is crucial, as their treatments differ significantly. […] Let’s break it down into simple steps you can take to safeguard your health: […] One of the simplest yet most effective ways to prevent respiratory infections is by washing your hands regularly with soap and water for at least 20 seconds – the approximate length of the Happy Birthday song. […] Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your elbow when you cough or sneeze to prevent the spread of respiratory droplets.

• #13 Respiratory Hygiene and Infections – Fit for Travel

  https://www.fitfortravel.nhs.uk/advice/disease-prevention-advice/respiratory-hygiene-and-infections

  Avoid close contact with anyone else who is suffering from a respiratory illness where possible and avoid sharing any of their personal items such as towels or mobile phones. […] Maintain hand hygiene (as above) even if you have no symptoms. […] If you develop an acute respiratory illness (upper or lower) during travel you should: stay indoors and avoid contact with others to minimise spread of infection. […] There are no available vaccines that protect against all RTIs. However, there are vaccines available that protect against some specific RTIs, for example flu (influenza), COVID-19 and pneumococcal pneumonia vaccines. […] Practising good respiratory hygiene helps protect you from infection.

• #14 Respiratory Tract Infection: Causes, Symptoms, Prevention, and Treatment – Lagos Health Hub: Expert Tips, Nutrition Guidance, and Wellness from Mascot Healthcare, Akoka, Yaba

  https://mascothealthcare.com/blog/2023/09/10/respiratory-tract-infection-causes-symptoms-prevention-and-treatment/

  Good Respiratory Etiquette: Wear a mask in crowded or indoor settings to reduce the risk of spreading respiratory infections. […] Stay Home When Sick: If you are unwell with respiratory symptoms, it’s important to stay home to prevent the spread of illness to others. […] Prevention through vaccination, good hygiene practices, and respiratory etiquette is crucial in reducing the risk of infection.

• #15 Upper Respiratory Infection: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4022-upper-respiratory-infection

  You can reduce your risk of getting or spreading upper respiratory infections by: […] Getting all recommended vaccinations […] Washing your hands frequently […] Disinfecting surfaces […] Not sharing food, utensils or cups […] Wearing a mask if you must be around people when you’re sick.

• #16 Why Do You Keep Getting Respiratory Infections?

  https://www.webmd.com/lung/copd/keep-getting-infections

  Get a flu vaccine. […] If you’re the one with the virus: Cover your mouth with a tissue when you cough or sneeze. If you have no tissue, cover your mouth with an elbow rather than your hand. […] Throw used tissues in the trash. Don’t leave them lying around. […] Wash your hands often, especially after coughing or sneezing. […] Avoid shaking hands, hugging, or kissing others. […] Stay home when you’re sick. […] If possible, open the windows in your home or car to decrease the amount of the virus in the air, by allowing outdoor air in.

• #17 Bacterial Respiratory Tract Infection Diagnosis & Treatment — The Lung Docs

  https://www.thelungdocs.com/services/respiratory-infections

  Both viral and bacterial respiratory tract infections are contagious and spread from person to person through respiratory droplets emitted by coughing or sneezing. Transmission of these infections can also occur by touching the mouth or nose by hand, or by touching another object exposed to the virus or bacteria. The best ways to prevent the spread of a bacterial respiratory tract infection are: […] Avoiding close contact with sick people […] Wiping down objects: remotes, phones, doorknobs, surfaces, etc. […] Cover your mouth and nose (especially when coughing) […] Stay at home if you are sick.

• #18 Respiratory infections: Your prevention guide | Sanitas Medical Center

  https://www.mysanitas.com/en/blog/respiratory-infections-your-prevention-guide

  Learn how to protect yourself against respiratory infections, distinguish between illnesses caused by viruses or bacteria, and discover preventive measures. […] While preventing every minor illness may not be feasible, we can collectively strive to shield ourselves and vulnerable community members from potentially life-threatening illnesses. […] Distinguishing between these respiratory infections is crucial, as their treatments differ significantly. […] Let’s break it down into simple steps you can take to safeguard your health: […] One of the simplest yet most effective ways to prevent respiratory infections is by washing your hands regularly with soap and water for at least 20 seconds – the approximate length of the Happy Birthday song. […] Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your elbow when you cough or sneeze to prevent the spread of respiratory droplets.

• #19 Lower respiratory tract infection: Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324413

  A person can take many steps to prevent getting a lower respiratory tract infection, including: […] washing their hands frequently […] avoiding touching the face with unwashed hands […] staying away from people with respiratory symptoms […] cleaning and disinfecting surfaces regularly […] getting vaccines, such as the pneumococcal vaccine and MMR vaccine […] getting a flu shot every year […] avoiding known irritants, such as chemicals, fumes, and tobacco.

• #20 Prevention of Respiratory Tract Infection – LYMA Supplement

  https://lyma.life/en-us/blogs/how-to/what-you-can-do-to-protect-yourself-against-respiratory-tract-infections-this-winter

  Wash your hands regularly and thoroughly with soap and hot water […] If you need to cough, cover your mouth […] If you need to sneeze, cover your nose […] Avoid touching your face – particularly your eyes, nose and mouth […] Wipe down objects such as phones or keyboards before and after you’ve used them […] Avoid contact with other people to prevent the spread of the RTI if you’re the one who’s unwell. […] What supplements should you take to protect yourself against respiratory tract infections this winter? […] Both vitamin D3 and vitamin K2 are extremely difficult to obtain through dietary sources alone and so supplementing is heavily advised if you want to keep your immune system functioning smoothly and efficiently this winter. […] Washing your hands regularly, staying alert and supplementing with a world-leading supplement like LYMA are the best tools we have at our disposal right now.

• #21 Post-Travel Respiratory Infections | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/posttravel-evaluation/respiratory-infections

  Vaccines are available to prevent or reduce severity of a number of respiratory diseases, including COVID-19, diphtheria, H. influenzae type b (in young children), influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, pertussis, pneumococcal disease, varicella, and respiratory syncytial virus. Unless contraindicated, travelers should be up to date with COVID-19 and influenza vaccines and other routine immunizations, especially against S. pneumoniae, RSV, and measles. […] Preventing respiratory illness while traveling might not be possible, but travelers can follow common-sense measures, including adhering to current recommendations regarding advisability of travel and any indicated precautions (e.g., mask wearing, physical distancing); minimizing close contact with people who are coughing or sneezing; avoiding live animal markets; frequently washing hands, either with soap and water or alcohol-based hand sanitizers containing 60% alcohol when soap and water are not available; and, if the traveler has a preexisting eustachian tube dysfunction, using a vasoconstricting nasal spray immediately before air travel, which might decrease the likelihood of otitis or barotrauma. […] Healthcare workers should use recommended infection-control measures while managing any patient with a respiratory infection.

• #22 Respiratory Tract Infections: A Comprehensive Guide to Management and Prevention – Sumathi Publications

  https://journals.sumathipublications.com/respiratory-tract-infections-a-comprehensive-guide-to-management-and-prevention/

  Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are a prevalent health concern affecting millions worldwide. […] This comprehensive guide provides an in-depth understanding of respiratory tract infections, emphasizing the importance of timely management and accurate diagnosis. […] Understanding the nature of these infections, including how they spread, manifest, and impact the body, is crucial in developing effective treatment and prevention strategies. […] Timely management of respiratory tract infections is critical. Early intervention can alleviate symptoms, prevent complications, and reduce the spread of infection. […] Understanding when and how to seek medical attention and treatment can significantly influence recovery times and overall outcomes. […] Vaccines remain the most effective tool in preventing respiratory tract infections, particularly for influenza, pneumococcal pneumonia, and whooping cough.

• #23 Upper Respiratory Tract Infections | University Health Services

  https://uhs.princeton.edu/health-resources/upper-respiratory-tract-infections

  If a vaccine is available and appropriate for you, get vaccinated. (Note: it can take about 2 weeks to reach full immunity.) […] Wash hands with soap and water frequently. Use hand sanitizer when you are unable to wash. […] Avoid contact with someone who is sick or if contact is unavoidable, wear a mask around them. […] Avoid using alcohol, which can impair your immune system. […] Avoid smoking tobacco or cannabis, which can increase lung inflammation and susceptibility to illnesses, as well as exacerbate respiratory illness symptoms.

• #24 Overview of Viral Respiratory Tract Infections in Children – Children’s Health Issues – MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/common-viral-infections-in-infants-and-children/overview-of-viral-respiratory-tract-infections-in-children

  Good hygiene is the best way to prevent these infections, and routine vaccination can help prevent influenza. […] The best preventive measure is practicing good hygiene. An ill child and the people in the household should wash their hands frequently. […] Influenza and COVID-19 are preventable by vaccination. All people 6 months of age and older should receive yearly influenza vaccination. […] Vaccination is particularly important for children and adults who have certain disorders, such as heart or lung disease (including cystic fibrosis and asthma), diabetes, kidney failure, and sickle cell disease. Additionally, children who have a weakened immune system, including children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and those undergoing chemotherapy, should receive the vaccine.

• #25 Respiratory tract infections

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/respiratory-tract-infections/

  How to avoid getting an RTI […] You may be at high risk of getting an RTI. For example, because you’re over the age of 65 or have a serious long-term health condition. […] If you keep getting RTIs or you’re at high risk of getting one, you should: […] ask your GP about the annual flu vaccine […] ask if you should have the pneumococcal vaccine this helps prevent pneumonia […] stop smoking if you smoke […] drink less alcohol […] How to avoid passing RTIs on to others […] RTIs are often spread in the coughs and sneezes of someone with an infection. To protect others: […] cover your mouth when you cough or sneeze […] wash your hands regularly […] throw away used tissues immediately

• #26 Respiratory tract infections (RTIs)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/respiratory-tract-infection/

  How to avoid spreading a respiratory tract infection […] Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are often spread in the coughs and sneezes of someone with an infection. To reduce the chance of passing an RTI on to others: […] How to avoid getting a respiratory tract infection […] If you keep getting respiratory tract infections or you’re at a high risk of getting one (for example, because you’re over the age of 65 or have a serious long-term health condition), you should: […] ask if you should have the pneumococcal vaccine this helps prevent pneumonia

• #27 Upper Respiratory Tract Infections | University Health Services

  https://uhs.princeton.edu/health-resources/upper-respiratory-tract-infections

  In March, 2024, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) created universal recommendations for respiratory viruses, including the SARS-CoV-2 virus (COVID), Influenza virus (Flu), and other respiratory viruses. Review this information, which is based on the CDC guidance for people with respiratory viruses with some specific information for Princeton undergraduates on symptom management, test availability and precautions to avoid the spread of illness to others. […] Upper respiratory tract infections are caused by viruses. Common respiratory tract infection include common cold or flu, and common symptoms are fever, cough, runny nose, sore throat. These may occur year round or seasonally (fall and winter). […] Learn more about: […] Good hygiene practices […] Illness prevention tips […] To lower your risk of contracting an illness, try these general tips:

• #28 Post-Travel Respiratory Infections | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/posttravel-evaluation/respiratory-infections

  Vaccines are available to prevent or reduce severity of a number of respiratory diseases, including COVID-19, diphtheria, H. influenzae type b (in young children), influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, pertussis, pneumococcal disease, varicella, and respiratory syncytial virus. Unless contraindicated, travelers should be up to date with COVID-19 and influenza vaccines and other routine immunizations, especially against S. pneumoniae, RSV, and measles. […] Preventing respiratory illness while traveling might not be possible, but travelers can follow common-sense measures, including adhering to current recommendations regarding advisability of travel and any indicated precautions (e.g., mask wearing, physical distancing); minimizing close contact with people who are coughing or sneezing; avoiding live animal markets; frequently washing hands, either with soap and water or alcohol-based hand sanitizers containing 60% alcohol when soap and water are not available; and, if the traveler has a preexisting eustachian tube dysfunction, using a vasoconstricting nasal spray immediately before air travel, which might decrease the likelihood of otitis or barotrauma. […] Healthcare workers should use recommended infection-control measures while managing any patient with a respiratory infection.

• #29 Post-Travel Respiratory Infections | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/posttravel-evaluation/respiratory-infections

  Vaccines are available to prevent or reduce severity of a number of respiratory diseases, including COVID-19, diphtheria, H. influenzae type b (in young children), influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, pertussis, pneumococcal disease, varicella, and respiratory syncytial virus. Unless contraindicated, travelers should be up to date with COVID-19 and influenza vaccines and other routine immunizations, especially against S. pneumoniae, RSV, and measles. […] Preventing respiratory illness while traveling might not be possible, but travelers can follow common-sense measures, including adhering to current recommendations regarding advisability of travel and any indicated precautions (e.g., mask wearing, physical distancing); minimizing close contact with people who are coughing or sneezing; avoiding live animal markets; frequently washing hands, either with soap and water or alcohol-based hand sanitizers containing 60% alcohol when soap and water are not available; and, if the traveler has a preexisting eustachian tube dysfunction, using a vasoconstricting nasal spray immediately before air travel, which might decrease the likelihood of otitis or barotrauma. […] Healthcare workers should use recommended infection-control measures while managing any patient with a respiratory infection.

• #30 Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Epiglottitis, Laryngotracheitis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/302460-treatment

  To prevent the spread of pertussis, patients should be isolated for 5 days. All close contacts should receive an antibiotic active against pertussis, such as azithromycin, erythromycin, or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, regardless of their age or vaccination status. […] Vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae type b has dramatically reduced rates of epiglottitis. Immunization against diphtheria and pertussis is recommended for nonimmunized patients. […] Complementary and alternative therapies and folk remedies are used by some to prevent URIs. Common choices include zinc, echinacea preparations, and vitamin C. However, conclusive evidence that these strategies reduce URI infection is inconsistent.

• #31 Acute Respiratory Infection: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/acute-respiratory-disease

  Most causes of an acute respiratory infection arent treatable. Therefore, prevention is the best method to ward off harmful respiratory infections. […] Getting the MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) and pertussis vaccine will substantially lower your risk of getting a respiratory infection. You may also benefit from influenza vaccination and pneumovax. Talk to your doctor about getting these. […] Practice good hygiene: […] Wash your hands frequently, especially after youve been in a public place. […] Always sneeze into the arm of your shirt or in a tissue. Although this may not ease your own symptoms, it will prevent you from spreading infectious diseases. […] Avoid touching your face, especially your eyes and mouth, to prevent introducing germs into your system. […] You should also avoid smoking and make sure you include plenty of vitamins in your diet, such as vitamin C, which helps boost your immune system. Vitamin C is maintained in immune cells, and a deficiency has been linked to higher susceptibility to infection. While research is unclear if Vitamin C can prevent an acute respiratory infection, there is evidence that it can shorten the length of time and or severity of some infections.

• #32 Overview of Viral Respiratory Tract Infections in Children – Children’s Health Issues – MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/common-viral-infections-in-infants-and-children/overview-of-viral-respiratory-tract-infections-in-children

  Good hygiene is the best way to prevent these infections, and routine vaccination can help prevent influenza. […] The best preventive measure is practicing good hygiene. An ill child and the people in the household should wash their hands frequently. […] Influenza and COVID-19 are preventable by vaccination. All people 6 months of age and older should receive yearly influenza vaccination. […] Vaccination is particularly important for children and adults who have certain disorders, such as heart or lung disease (including cystic fibrosis and asthma), diabetes, kidney failure, and sickle cell disease. Additionally, children who have a weakened immune system, including children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and those undergoing chemotherapy, should receive the vaccine.

• #33 Upper Respiratory Tract Infections | University Health Services

  https://uhs.princeton.edu/health-resources/upper-respiratory-tract-infections

  If a vaccine is available and appropriate for you, get vaccinated. (Note: it can take about 2 weeks to reach full immunity.) […] Wash hands with soap and water frequently. Use hand sanitizer when you are unable to wash. […] Avoid contact with someone who is sick or if contact is unavoidable, wear a mask around them. […] Avoid using alcohol, which can impair your immune system. […] Avoid smoking tobacco or cannabis, which can increase lung inflammation and susceptibility to illnesses, as well as exacerbate respiratory illness symptoms.

• #34 Patient perceptions of vulnerability to recurrent respiratory tract infections and prevention strategies: a qualitative study | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/4/e055565

  Participants wanted to prevent RTIs and were taking steps to try to protect themselves. […] Many RTI prevention strategies were long-term habits, often learnt in childhood (eg, hand and respiratory hygiene). […] Participants also described their repertoire of RTI prevention behaviours as evolving over time, with new products and strategies adopted following recommendations from family, friends and healthcare professionals. […] Most participants described hygiene measures to prevent germs getting into their system. […] A key prevention strategy our participants adopted was avoiding symptomatic people. […] Many participants described undertaking health-enhancing behaviours such as eating healthily, taking vitamins, keeping physically fit, nurturing psychological well-being, not smoking, alcohol avoidance and staying hydrated.

• #35 Respiratory infections: Your prevention guide | Sanitas Medical Center

  https://www.mysanitas.com/en/blog/respiratory-infections-your-prevention-guide

  A strong immune system is your body’s first line of defense against infections. […] Vaccinations are a vital tool in preventing respiratory infections such as influenza and pneumonia. […] If possible, steer clear of individuals who are exhibiting symptoms of respiratory infections. […] Frequently disinfect commonly touched surfaces in your home and workplace, such as doorknobs, light switches, countertops, and electronic devices. […] If you develop symptoms of a respiratory infection, such as fever, cough, sore throat, or difficulty breathing, seek medical care promptly. […] You can significantly reduce your risk of contracting and spreading respiratory infections by incorporating these preventive measures into your daily life.

• #36 Acute Respiratory Infection: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/acute-respiratory-disease

  Most causes of an acute respiratory infection arent treatable. Therefore, prevention is the best method to ward off harmful respiratory infections. […] Getting the MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) and pertussis vaccine will substantially lower your risk of getting a respiratory infection. You may also benefit from influenza vaccination and pneumovax. Talk to your doctor about getting these. […] Practice good hygiene: […] Wash your hands frequently, especially after youve been in a public place. […] Always sneeze into the arm of your shirt or in a tissue. Although this may not ease your own symptoms, it will prevent you from spreading infectious diseases. […] Avoid touching your face, especially your eyes and mouth, to prevent introducing germs into your system. […] You should also avoid smoking and make sure you include plenty of vitamins in your diet, such as vitamin C, which helps boost your immune system. Vitamin C is maintained in immune cells, and a deficiency has been linked to higher susceptibility to infection. While research is unclear if Vitamin C can prevent an acute respiratory infection, there is evidence that it can shorten the length of time and or severity of some infections.

• #37

  https://journals.lww.com/joms/fulltext/2021/41030/vitamin_d_supplementation_in_the_prevention_of.4.aspx

  Children with Vitamin D deficiency are at an increased risk for acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs). […] The aim was to study the effect of Vitamin D supplementation in the prevention of recurrent ARTIs in under-five children. […] The active form of Vitamin D (cholecalciferol) has anti-inflammatory effects on the acquired immune system by shifting CD4+ T-cells pool from a T-helper cell 1/T-helper cell 17 response to a regulatory T-cell/T-helper cell 2-dominated response. […] A randomized controlled trial reported that a single high dose of Vitamin D in children with severe pneumonia reduced its recurrence. […] In our study, a significant reduction in the recurrence of ARTI was observed in patients who received Vitamin D with seven times better recovery rate (OR: 6.97, CI: 3.513.8; P 0.0001) compared to controls, indicating that Vitamin D is effective in the prevention of ARTI in children.

• #38 Respiratory tract infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_tract_infection

  Despite some uncertainty due to small study sizes, there is some evidence that exercise may reduce severity of symptoms but had no impact on number of episodes or number of symptom days per episode. […] Viruses that cause RTI are more transmissible at very high or low relative humidity; ideal humidity for indoor spaces is between 40 and 60%. Therefore, relative humidity in this range can help lessen the risk of aerosol transmission.

• #39 Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Epiglottitis, Laryngotracheitis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/302460-treatment

  Several measures can reduce susceptibility to URIs. In newborns, the practice of breastfeeding transfers protective antibodies through the mother’s milk, providing passive immunization against numerous pathogens. […] Lifestyle measures such as smoking cessation and reduction of exposure to secondhand smoke may reduce the incidence of URIs. Regular, moderate exercise may reduce susceptibility to URIs, whereas intensive training in high-performance endurance athletes may increase susceptibility. […] Handwashing is the mainstay for reducing the risk of contracting a URI. Wash the hands for 20 seconds with ordinary soap and water; include all surfaces of the hands, such as in between the fingers and around the nail bed where debris may accumulate. […] To prevent the spread of epiglottitis, consider rifampin prophylaxis for close contacts of a patient with epiglottitis, especially when unvaccinated young children are among the contacts.

• #40 Are Upper Respiratory Infections Contagious? – Healthcare Associates of Texas

  https://healthcareassociates.com/are-upper-respiratory-infections-contagious/

  Preventing upper respiratory infections requires a multi-faceted approach that includes practicing good hygiene, such as regular handwashing, using tissues when sneezing or coughing, and avoiding touching the face. […] Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, and adequate sleep, can strengthen the immune system and reduce the risk of infections. […] Vaccinations are also available for specific viral infections like flu, RSV, and COVID-19. These are helpful in specific populations to protect the most vulnerable.

• #41 Upper Respiratory Tract Infections | University Health Services

  https://uhs.princeton.edu/health-resources/upper-respiratory-tract-infections

  If a vaccine is available and appropriate for you, get vaccinated. (Note: it can take about 2 weeks to reach full immunity.) […] Wash hands with soap and water frequently. Use hand sanitizer when you are unable to wash. […] Avoid contact with someone who is sick or if contact is unavoidable, wear a mask around them. […] Avoid using alcohol, which can impair your immune system. […] Avoid smoking tobacco or cannabis, which can increase lung inflammation and susceptibility to illnesses, as well as exacerbate respiratory illness symptoms.

• #42 Respiratory tract infections

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/respiratory-tract-infections/

  How to avoid getting an RTI […] You may be at high risk of getting an RTI. For example, because you’re over the age of 65 or have a serious long-term health condition. […] If you keep getting RTIs or you’re at high risk of getting one, you should: […] ask your GP about the annual flu vaccine […] ask if you should have the pneumococcal vaccine this helps prevent pneumonia […] stop smoking if you smoke […] drink less alcohol […] How to avoid passing RTIs on to others […] RTIs are often spread in the coughs and sneezes of someone with an infection. To protect others: […] cover your mouth when you cough or sneeze […] wash your hands regularly […] throw away used tissues immediately

• #43 Respiratory tract infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_tract_infection

  Despite some uncertainty due to small study sizes, there is some evidence that exercise may reduce severity of symptoms but had no impact on number of episodes or number of symptom days per episode. […] Viruses that cause RTI are more transmissible at very high or low relative humidity; ideal humidity for indoor spaces is between 40 and 60%. Therefore, relative humidity in this range can help lessen the risk of aerosol transmission.

• #44 Respiratory Tract Infections: A Comprehensive Guide to Management and Prevention – Sumathi Publications

  https://journals.sumathipublications.com/respiratory-tract-infections-a-comprehensive-guide-to-management-and-prevention/

  Public health campaigns play a crucial role in educating communities about the importance of vaccinations and preventive measures. […] Simple daily actions can significantly reduce the risk of RTIs. Regular handwashing, covering coughs and sneezes, avoiding close contact with sick individuals, and staying home when unwell are all effective strategies. […] Good indoor air quality and proper ventilation reduce the concentration of pathogens and the risk of respiratory infections. […] The future of RTI management is promising, with ongoing research in vaccine development, treatment innovations, and public health strategies.

• #45 Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Children and Adults: Burden and Management – European Medical Journal

  https://www.emjreviews.com/respiratory/symposium/upper-respiratory-tract-infections-in-children-and-adults-burden-and-management/

  The vast majority (90%) of RTI are caused by viruses. […] Prophylactic antibiotic use for RTI is only appropriate in exceptional circumstances and decreased use of antibiotics is an urgent priority. […] Effective management of URTI is a priority due to the significant individual and broader socioeconomic impact. […] The use of immunomodulators to bolster the defensive capacity of the immune system offers an additional prophylactic strategy available to adults suffering chronic URTI. […] Knowledge and detection of risk factors is the first step in the prevention of RRTI. Education of parents, reduced exposure to environmental pollutants, active immunisation, and the use of immunomodulators may all improve RRTI prevention. […] OM-85 prophylaxis was assessed in a 6-month study of children aged 3-5 years with a history of RRTI and subnormal IgG subclasses (N=54).

• #46 Diagnosis and Management of Recurrent Respiratory Tract Infections in Children: A Practical Guide

  https://brieflands.com/articles/apid-20283.html

  Raising awareness among parents of the modifiable risk factors for recurrent RTIs can play a large role in prevention. […] The ultimate goal of vaccination is to provide effective, active immunization against a specific pathogen. […] For recurrent RTIs, preventive strategies are a cornerstone of clinical management, as these provide a means to interrupt the vicious cycle of microbial infection, repeated mucosal inflammation due to the interaction between microbes and the hosts first-line immune defense, and defective immune response. […] Immunostimulants (also known as immunomodulators or immune enhancers) are effective complementary measures that can be used alongside vaccines to enhance or modulate the patients innate immune response. […] The use of bacterial lysates (immunomodulators) to enhance non-specific immunity is shifting to the forefront of preventive strategies for recurrent RTIs.

• #47

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2016/08020/probiotics_for_prevention_and_treatment_of.90.aspx

  Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) represent one of the main health problems in children. Accumulating evidence suggests that probiotic consumption may decrease the incidence of or modify RTIs. […] Based on the available data and taking into account the safety profile of RCTs, probiotic consumption appears to be a feasible way to decrease the incidence of RTIs in children. […] Probiotics may exert a wide range of beneficial effects, such as balancing the host gut microbiota and interacting with the innate and adaptive immune system, which may promote resistance against pathogens. […] Studies evaluating the effect of probiotics on RTI infection suggested that probiotic consumption may decrease the incidence of RTIs in children. […] Pooled data analysis showed that probiotic supplementation significantly decreased the number of subjects with at least 1 RTI episode. We also found that children supplemented with probiotics had fewer numbers of days of RTIs per person, and had fewer numbers of days absent from day care/school compared with children who had taken a placebo. […] Taken together, the present systematic review and meta-analysis suggested that probiotic consumption may decrease the incidence and illness duration of RTI episode.

• #48 Probiotics and vitamin C for the prevention of respiratory tract infections in children attending preschool: a randomised controlled pilot study | European Journal of Clinical Nutrition

  https://www.nature.com/articles/ejcn2014174

  This pilot study investigates the efficacy of a probiotic consortium (Lab4) in combination with vitamin C on the prevention of respiratory tract infections in children attending preschool facilities. […] Significant reductions in the incidence rate of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI; 33%, P=0.002), the number of days with URTI symptoms (mean difference: 21.0, 95% confidence interval (CI):35.9, 6.0, P=0.006) and the incidence rate of absence from preschool (30%, P=0.007) were observed in the active group compared with the placebo. […] Supplementation with a probiotic/vitamin C combination may be beneficial in the prevention and management of URTIs. […] Evidence suggests that supplementation with probiotics may prevent upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs). […] The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of a probiotic consortium in combination with vitamin C on both the incidence and duration of RTIs and assess any associated immunological and metabolic changes in children.

• #49

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2016/08020/probiotics_for_prevention_and_treatment_of.90.aspx

  Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) represent one of the main health problems in children. Accumulating evidence suggests that probiotic consumption may decrease the incidence of or modify RTIs. […] Based on the available data and taking into account the safety profile of RCTs, probiotic consumption appears to be a feasible way to decrease the incidence of RTIs in children. […] Probiotics may exert a wide range of beneficial effects, such as balancing the host gut microbiota and interacting with the innate and adaptive immune system, which may promote resistance against pathogens. […] Studies evaluating the effect of probiotics on RTI infection suggested that probiotic consumption may decrease the incidence of RTIs in children. […] Pooled data analysis showed that probiotic supplementation significantly decreased the number of subjects with at least 1 RTI episode. We also found that children supplemented with probiotics had fewer numbers of days of RTIs per person, and had fewer numbers of days absent from day care/school compared with children who had taken a placebo. […] Taken together, the present systematic review and meta-analysis suggested that probiotic consumption may decrease the incidence and illness duration of RTI episode.

• #50 Flu-Like Respiratory Tract Infections: Cost Reduction and Socioec

  https://www.iomcworld.org/open-access/flulike-respiratory-tract-infections-cost-reduction-and-socioeconomic-impacts-of-probiotics-96369.html

  Viral-based acute Respiratory Tract Infections (RTIs) put a significant strain on society and the health care system. Probiotics have been shown in randomised controlled trials to improve clinical outcomes in several frequently occurring RTIs. […] Probiotics showed an added effect in at-risk groups according to subgroup analyses, which may be relevant for targeted interventions. […] Probiotic use as a prophylactic measure compared to placebo has been examined in two significant meta-analyses. […] The results revealed that probiotics significantly decreased RTI episode duration. […] In healthy individuals of all ages, the Cochrane Collaboration evaluated the effectiveness of probiotics, in comparison to a placebo, in the prevention of acute upper RTIs and found that probiotics decreased RTI incidence and antibiotic prescription rate.

• #51 Probiotics and vitamin C for the prevention of respiratory tract infections in children attending preschool: a randomised controlled pilot study | European Journal of Clinical Nutrition

  https://www.nature.com/articles/ejcn2014174

  Children supplemented with a combination of the Lab4 probiotic consortium and vitamin C for 6 months attending preschool facilities showed a reduced incidence and duration of URTI symptoms. […] Children receiving the Lab4/vitamin C combination had fewer days of absence from preschool and unscheduled visits to the paediatric physician, suggesting that combined supplementation may reduce the severity of infections. […] Supplementation with a probiotic consortium comprising L. acidophilus CUL21 and CUL60, Bifidobacterium bifidum CUL20, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis CUL34 and vitamin C may provide a strategy to reduce the incidence of URTIs in 36 year old children attending preschool facilities.

• #52 Probiotics in the Management of Respiratory Tract Infections

  https://www.metagenicsinstitute.com/blogs/probiotics-immune-defense/

  As indicated by several systematic reviews, substantial evidence exists to support probiotic therapy in the prevention and management of RTIs. […] Two separate meta-analyses suggest a 47% reduction in RTI incidence in probiotic groups compared to placebo, along with a shorter duration of RTIs by 1-2 days. […] Considering the current climate, along with substantial evidence to support their use, probiotic supplementation may be an essential therapeutic consideration in the prevention and management of a range of immune-related concerns, including respiratory tract infections.

• #53 Flu-Like Respiratory Tract Infections: Cost Reduction and Socioec

  https://www.iomcworld.org/open-access/flulike-respiratory-tract-infections-cost-reduction-and-socioeconomic-impacts-of-probiotics-96369.html

  Improved patient outcomes resulted in significant cost savings for society as a whole. These findings imply that suggesting daily probiotic use may be appropriate for certain at-risk populations, such as kids or those living in a communal indoor space, where this study demonstrates a higher incremental benefit.

• #54

  https://journal.ppcr.org/index.php/ppcrjournal/article/view/345

  Background: Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are a common cause of illness and health care visits in children. Probiotics have shown promising results in reducing the incidence and duration of RTIs. […] The findings of the present review confirm the potential of probiotics to reduce the occurrence of RTIs in children, especially LGG strains in day care centers. However, the wide range of probiotic strains and administration schedules emphasizes the need for further research to find the most effective strains and establish standardized guidelines for using them to prevent RTIs in children.

• #55 Echinacea reduces antibiotic usage in children through respiratory tract infection prevention: a randomized, blinded, controlled clinical trial | European Journal of Medical Research | Full Text

  https://eurjmedres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40001-021-00499-6

  In children, up to 30% of viral respiratory tract infections (RTIs) develop into bacterial complications associated with pneumonia, sinusitis or otitis media to trigger a tremendous need for antibiotics. This study investigated the efficacy of Echinacea for the prevention of viral RTIs, for the prevention of secondary bacterial complications and for reducing rates of antibiotic prescriptions in children. […] Our results support the use of Echinacea for the prevention of RTIs and reduction of associated antibiotic usage in children. […] Hence, the present study investigated the efficacy of Echinacea for the prevention of viral RTIs, for the prevention of secondary bacterial complications of these viral RTIs and for reducing rates of antibiotic prescriptions in children. […] We report that use of Echinacea, compared to our control of vitamin C resulted in significant prevention of cold days and respiratory tract infections by up to 32.5%.

• #56 Echinacea purpurea for the Long-term Prevention of Viral Respiratory Tract Infections during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Randomized, Open, Controlled, Exploratory Clinical Study | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.10.21267582v1.full-text

  Echinacea purpurea demonstrated strong antiviral activity against enveloped viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. […] This exploratory study aimed to determine antiviral effects of EF during the Covid-19 pandemic and found that the extract potently reduced SARS-CoV-2 infections and viral loads as part of an overall effect on viral respiratory tract infections. […] EF exhibited antiviral effects and reduced the risk of viral RTIs, including SARS-CoV-2. By substantially reducing virus loads in infected subjects, EF offers a supportive addition to existing mandated treatments like vaccinations. […] The results of this study provide further evidence for antiviral effects of Echinaforce extract (EF) against respiratory viruses, including SARS-CoV2, despite the relatively small sample size and exploratory design.

• #57 Echinacea purpurea for the Long-term Prevention of Viral Respiratory Tract Infections during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Randomized, Open, Controlled, Exploratory Clinical Study | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.10.21267582v1.full-text

  Echinacea purpurea demonstrated strong antiviral activity against enveloped viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. […] This exploratory study aimed to determine antiviral effects of EF during the Covid-19 pandemic and found that the extract potently reduced SARS-CoV-2 infections and viral loads as part of an overall effect on viral respiratory tract infections. […] EF exhibited antiviral effects and reduced the risk of viral RTIs, including SARS-CoV-2. By substantially reducing virus loads in infected subjects, EF offers a supportive addition to existing mandated treatments like vaccinations. […] The results of this study provide further evidence for antiviral effects of Echinaforce extract (EF) against respiratory viruses, including SARS-CoV2, despite the relatively small sample size and exploratory design.

• #58 Echinacea purpurea for the Long-term Prevention of Viral Respiratory Tract Infections during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Randomized, Open, Controlled, Exploratory Clinical Study | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.10.21267582v1.full-text

  5 months EF prevention resulted in a 25% infection reduction with any respiratory virus that increased to 43% for enveloped viruses and to 48% for coronaviruses. Interestingly, the strongest risk reduction (63%) was found for infection with SARS-CoV2 viruses, pointing towards a specificity against enveloped viruses overall. […] Our findings demonstrate that EF treatment during acute RTI episodes significantly reduced virus loads (all viruses and SARS-CoV-2) by more than 99%. […] A commercial preparation of Echinacea purpurea in the licensed dosage (Echinaforce extract), represents a safe, easy-to-use and widely available cost-efficient antiviral with effects in preventing respiratory tract infections, including SARS-CoV2 and reducing virus load. It may add well to existing counter measures in the current COVID-19 pandemic like vaccinations, social distancing and wearing protective facemasks. Future confirmatory studies are warranted.

• #59 Echinacea reduces antibiotic usage in children through respiratory tract infection prevention: a randomized, blinded, controlled clinical trial | European Journal of Medical Research | Full Text

  https://eurjmedres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40001-021-00499-6

  In children, up to 30% of viral respiratory tract infections (RTIs) develop into bacterial complications associated with pneumonia, sinusitis or otitis media to trigger a tremendous need for antibiotics. This study investigated the efficacy of Echinacea for the prevention of viral RTIs, for the prevention of secondary bacterial complications and for reducing rates of antibiotic prescriptions in children. […] Our results support the use of Echinacea for the prevention of RTIs and reduction of associated antibiotic usage in children. […] Hence, the present study investigated the efficacy of Echinacea for the prevention of viral RTIs, for the prevention of secondary bacterial complications of these viral RTIs and for reducing rates of antibiotic prescriptions in children. […] We report that use of Echinacea, compared to our control of vitamin C resulted in significant prevention of cold days and respiratory tract infections by up to 32.5%.

• #60 Echinacea reduces antibiotic usage in children through respiratory tract infection prevention: a randomized, blinded, controlled clinical trial | European Journal of Medical Research | Full Text

  https://eurjmedres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40001-021-00499-6

  RTI complications were reduced by 65% and lastly, antibiotic prescriptions were reduced by up to 76.3% or by 171 treatment days, which for 103 children taking Echinacea for 4 months, equates to a reduction in days of antibiotic therapy of 4.98 days per child per year. […] Overall results on preventive benefits of Echinacea are highly heterogenous, which has been explained by quality variation between investigated products. […] Our results strongly suggest the use of Echinacea (i.e., Echinaforce Junior tablets) for the long-term prevention of RTIs, cold days, influenza and other enveloped virus infections, RTI complication and antibiotic usage in children 4-12 years.

• #61 Echinacea reduces antibiotic usage in children through respiratory tract infection prevention: a randomized, blinded, controlled clinical trial | European Journal of Medical Research | Full Text

  https://eurjmedres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40001-021-00499-6

  RTI complications were reduced by 65% and lastly, antibiotic prescriptions were reduced by up to 76.3% or by 171 treatment days, which for 103 children taking Echinacea for 4 months, equates to a reduction in days of antibiotic therapy of 4.98 days per child per year. […] Overall results on preventive benefits of Echinacea are highly heterogenous, which has been explained by quality variation between investigated products. […] Our results strongly suggest the use of Echinacea (i.e., Echinaforce Junior tablets) for the long-term prevention of RTIs, cold days, influenza and other enveloped virus infections, RTI complication and antibiotic usage in children 4-12 years.

• #62 Respiratory Tract Infections and the Role of Biologically Active Polysaccharides in Their Management and Prevention

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/9/7/779

  Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are the most common form of infections in every age category. […] Their rational management should aim at excluding other severe chronic diseases associated with increased morbidity (e.g., primary immunodeficiency syndromes, cystic fibrosis, and ciliary dyskinesia) and at supporting maturity of the mucosal immune system. […] Biologically active polysaccharides (e.g., β-glucans) are one of the most studied natural immunomodulators with a pluripotent mode of action and biological activity. […] According to many studies, they possess immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and anti-infectious activities and therefore could be suggested as an effective part of treating and preventing RTIs. […] Based on published studies, the application of β-glucans was proven as a possible therapeutic and preventive approach in managing and preventing recurrent respiratory tract infections in children (especially β-glucans from Pleurotus ostreatus), adults (mostly the studies with yeast-derived β-glucans), and in elite athletes (studies with β-glucans from Pleurotus ostreatus or yeast).

• #63 Respiratory Tract Infections and the Role of Biologically Active Polysaccharides in Their Management and Prevention

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/9/7/779

  Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are the most common form of infections in every age category. […] Their rational management should aim at excluding other severe chronic diseases associated with increased morbidity (e.g., primary immunodeficiency syndromes, cystic fibrosis, and ciliary dyskinesia) and at supporting maturity of the mucosal immune system. […] Biologically active polysaccharides (e.g., β-glucans) are one of the most studied natural immunomodulators with a pluripotent mode of action and biological activity. […] According to many studies, they possess immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and anti-infectious activities and therefore could be suggested as an effective part of treating and preventing RTIs. […] Based on published studies, the application of β-glucans was proven as a possible therapeutic and preventive approach in managing and preventing recurrent respiratory tract infections in children (especially β-glucans from Pleurotus ostreatus), adults (mostly the studies with yeast-derived β-glucans), and in elite athletes (studies with β-glucans from Pleurotus ostreatus or yeast).

• #64 Respiratory Tract Infections and the Role of Biologically Active Polysaccharides in Their Management and Prevention

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/9/7/779

  Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are the most common form of infections in every age category. […] Their rational management should aim at excluding other severe chronic diseases associated with increased morbidity (e.g., primary immunodeficiency syndromes, cystic fibrosis, and ciliary dyskinesia) and at supporting maturity of the mucosal immune system. […] Biologically active polysaccharides (e.g., β-glucans) are one of the most studied natural immunomodulators with a pluripotent mode of action and biological activity. […] According to many studies, they possess immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and anti-infectious activities and therefore could be suggested as an effective part of treating and preventing RTIs. […] Based on published studies, the application of β-glucans was proven as a possible therapeutic and preventive approach in managing and preventing recurrent respiratory tract infections in children (especially β-glucans from Pleurotus ostreatus), adults (mostly the studies with yeast-derived β-glucans), and in elite athletes (studies with β-glucans from Pleurotus ostreatus or yeast).

• #65 Respiratory Tract Infections and the Role of Biologically Active Polysaccharides in Their Management and Prevention

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/9/7/779

  Immunomodulation represents one of the possible and accepted approaches in managing and preventing RRTIs at every age or patient category. […] Biologically active polysaccharides (BAPs) are one of the most studied natural immunomodulators and due to their confirmed complex mode of action, they can be named as biological responses modifiers. […] Studies have shown that β-glucans possess many biological activities. […] β-glucans are characterized by pluripotent biological properties which can be useful in managing various immune-mediated conditions and infectious diseases, e.g., RRTIs. […] The positive and preventive effects of pleuran supplementation on respiratory morbidity were also confirmed in two double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter randomized trials (DBPCRT). […] The preventive potential of β-glucans in RRTIs was confirmed especially for insoluble β-glucans isolated from Pleurotus ostreatus and until now, only one DBPCRT, which showed a preventive effect in RRTIs in children, was published.

• #66 Respiratory Tract Infections and the Role of Biologically Active Polysaccharides in Their Management and Prevention

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/9/7/779

  The studies with yeast β-glucans reported especially some effects on the incidence of upper respiratory symptoms, but clear preventive effect was not observed. […] In athletes, the prevention of post-exercise immune suppression and decreased incidence of RTIs was also confirmed. […] Preventive application of β-glucans may decrease the frequency of various forms of respiratory tract infection, support protective immune mechanisms, and possibly yield other beneficial effects (increased well-being, decreased missed days from school or work, decreased use of other symptomatic or antibiotic therapy).

• #67 Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Children and Adults: Burden and Management – European Medical Journal

  https://www.emjreviews.com/respiratory/symposium/upper-respiratory-tract-infections-in-children-and-adults-burden-and-management/

  The vast majority (90%) of RTI are caused by viruses. […] Prophylactic antibiotic use for RTI is only appropriate in exceptional circumstances and decreased use of antibiotics is an urgent priority. […] Effective management of URTI is a priority due to the significant individual and broader socioeconomic impact. […] The use of immunomodulators to bolster the defensive capacity of the immune system offers an additional prophylactic strategy available to adults suffering chronic URTI. […] Knowledge and detection of risk factors is the first step in the prevention of RRTI. Education of parents, reduced exposure to environmental pollutants, active immunisation, and the use of immunomodulators may all improve RRTI prevention. […] OM-85 prophylaxis was assessed in a 6-month study of children aged 3-5 years with a history of RRTI and subnormal IgG subclasses (N=54).

• #68 Diagnosis and Management of Recurrent Respiratory Tract Infections in Children: A Practical Guide

  https://brieflands.com/articles/apid-20283.html

  Raising awareness among parents of the modifiable risk factors for recurrent RTIs can play a large role in prevention. […] The ultimate goal of vaccination is to provide effective, active immunization against a specific pathogen. […] For recurrent RTIs, preventive strategies are a cornerstone of clinical management, as these provide a means to interrupt the vicious cycle of microbial infection, repeated mucosal inflammation due to the interaction between microbes and the hosts first-line immune defense, and defective immune response. […] Immunostimulants (also known as immunomodulators or immune enhancers) are effective complementary measures that can be used alongside vaccines to enhance or modulate the patients innate immune response. […] The use of bacterial lysates (immunomodulators) to enhance non-specific immunity is shifting to the forefront of preventive strategies for recurrent RTIs.

• #69 Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Children and Adults: Burden and Management – European Medical Journal

  https://www.emjreviews.com/respiratory/symposium/upper-respiratory-tract-infections-in-children-and-adults-burden-and-management/

  OM-85 prophylaxis resulted in a lower use of antibiotics from Month 2 onwards, including during the winter months when extreme weather was prevalent, which was mirrored by a reduction in the number of RTI. […] The bacterial lysate immunomodulator OM-85 has the most robust and consistent evidence base. In RRTI, OM-85 has been shown to reduce incidence, convalescence, and the use of antibiotics, as well as being more effective in children with risk factors, such as those who attend nurseries or live in orphanages.

• #70

  https://mrmjournal.org/index.php/mrm/article/view/510

  Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are a leading cause of morbidity and also represent a cause of death in some parts of the world. […] In this context the prevention of infections is absolutely required. […] The use of OM-85 could be efficacious in reducing exacerbation frequency of RTIs in children and adults at risk. However further high-quality studies are needed to better explain the mechanism of action and confirm the beneficial results of OM85.

• #71 Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Children and Adults: Burden and Management – European Medical Journal

  https://www.emjreviews.com/respiratory/symposium/upper-respiratory-tract-infections-in-children-and-adults-burden-and-management/

  OM-85 prophylaxis resulted in a lower use of antibiotics from Month 2 onwards, including during the winter months when extreme weather was prevalent, which was mirrored by a reduction in the number of RTI. […] The bacterial lysate immunomodulator OM-85 has the most robust and consistent evidence base. In RRTI, OM-85 has been shown to reduce incidence, convalescence, and the use of antibiotics, as well as being more effective in children with risk factors, such as those who attend nurseries or live in orphanages.

• #72 Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Children and Adults: Burden and Management – European Medical Journal

  https://www.emjreviews.com/respiratory/symposium/upper-respiratory-tract-infections-in-children-and-adults-burden-and-management/

  OM-85 prophylaxis resulted in a lower use of antibiotics from Month 2 onwards, including during the winter months when extreme weather was prevalent, which was mirrored by a reduction in the number of RTI. […] The bacterial lysate immunomodulator OM-85 has the most robust and consistent evidence base. In RRTI, OM-85 has been shown to reduce incidence, convalescence, and the use of antibiotics, as well as being more effective in children with risk factors, such as those who attend nurseries or live in orphanages.

• #73

  https://journals.lww.com/joms/fulltext/2021/41030/vitamin_d_supplementation_in_the_prevention_of.4.aspx

  Children with Vitamin D deficiency are at an increased risk for acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs). […] The aim was to study the effect of Vitamin D supplementation in the prevention of recurrent ARTIs in under-five children. […] The active form of Vitamin D (cholecalciferol) has anti-inflammatory effects on the acquired immune system by shifting CD4+ T-cells pool from a T-helper cell 1/T-helper cell 17 response to a regulatory T-cell/T-helper cell 2-dominated response. […] A randomized controlled trial reported that a single high dose of Vitamin D in children with severe pneumonia reduced its recurrence. […] In our study, a significant reduction in the recurrence of ARTI was observed in patients who received Vitamin D with seven times better recovery rate (OR: 6.97, CI: 3.513.8; P 0.0001) compared to controls, indicating that Vitamin D is effective in the prevention of ARTI in children.

• #74 Scholarly Commons – Research & Creativity Showcase: Effect of Vitamin D supplementation on the prevention of respiratory tract infections: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

  https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/rcs/2025/events/106/

  Vitamin D also has been suggested to prevent respiratory tract infections (RTIs) through studies of COVID-19 cases which hinted relations between vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency to the severity of RTIs. […] To evaluate the overall effect of Vitamin D supplementation on the prevention of respiratory tract infections (RTIs) and serum 25(OH)D concentration before and after intervention based on clinical studies published from 2009 to 2019, in order to propose interventions that can reduce the risk, severity, and mortality of RTIs. […] Vitamin D supplementation significantly reduces the risk of RTIs, particularly in Vitamin D deficient populations. Findings suggest that addressing vitamin D deficiency through supplementation could be an effective public health strategy to reduce RTIs incidence. Further studies are needed to determine optimal dosing and target populations.

• #75 Acute Respiratory Infection: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/acute-respiratory-disease

  Most causes of an acute respiratory infection arent treatable. Therefore, prevention is the best method to ward off harmful respiratory infections. […] Getting the MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) and pertussis vaccine will substantially lower your risk of getting a respiratory infection. You may also benefit from influenza vaccination and pneumovax. Talk to your doctor about getting these. […] Practice good hygiene: […] Wash your hands frequently, especially after youve been in a public place. […] Always sneeze into the arm of your shirt or in a tissue. Although this may not ease your own symptoms, it will prevent you from spreading infectious diseases. […] Avoid touching your face, especially your eyes and mouth, to prevent introducing germs into your system. […] You should also avoid smoking and make sure you include plenty of vitamins in your diet, such as vitamin C, which helps boost your immune system. Vitamin C is maintained in immune cells, and a deficiency has been linked to higher susceptibility to infection. While research is unclear if Vitamin C can prevent an acute respiratory infection, there is evidence that it can shorten the length of time and or severity of some infections.

• #76 Probiotics and vitamin C for the prevention of respiratory tract infections in children attending preschool: a randomised controlled pilot study | European Journal of Clinical Nutrition

  https://www.nature.com/articles/ejcn2014174

  This pilot study investigates the efficacy of a probiotic consortium (Lab4) in combination with vitamin C on the prevention of respiratory tract infections in children attending preschool facilities. […] Significant reductions in the incidence rate of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI; 33%, P=0.002), the number of days with URTI symptoms (mean difference: 21.0, 95% confidence interval (CI):35.9, 6.0, P=0.006) and the incidence rate of absence from preschool (30%, P=0.007) were observed in the active group compared with the placebo. […] Supplementation with a probiotic/vitamin C combination may be beneficial in the prevention and management of URTIs. […] Evidence suggests that supplementation with probiotics may prevent upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs). […] The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of a probiotic consortium in combination with vitamin C on both the incidence and duration of RTIs and assess any associated immunological and metabolic changes in children.

• #77 Analyzing Zinc for Preventing and Treating Viral Respiratory Tract Infections

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/analyzing-zinc-for-preventing-and-treating-viral-respiratory-tract-infections

  Zinc has a role in immunity, preventing inflammation, hemostasis, ACE 2 activity, and tissue response to hypoxia, and it also possesses antiviral activity. […] To address these concerns, researchers conducted a rapid systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials to evaluate the benefits and risks of zinc formulations compared with controls for the prevention or treatment of acute viral RTIs in adults. […] Prophylactic dosages of oral zinc for community-acquired infections were either 15 mg or 45 mg for 7 to 12 months, whereas dosages of topical zinc to prevent or treat community-acquired infections were 0.9 mg/day to 2.6 mg/day. […] Among the findings from the prevention studies, oral or topical nasal zinc had moderate certainty/quality evidence for a 32% reduction in developing mild-to-moderate symptoms consistent with a viral RTI.

• #78 Analyzing Zinc for Preventing and Treating Viral Respiratory Tract Infections

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/analyzing-zinc-for-preventing-and-treating-viral-respiratory-tract-infections

  There was no evidence of serious adverse events in the prophylaxis studies, although the levels of certainty and quality were low. […] If zinc sublingual or topical therapy was initiated during the first week of symptoms, patients were 1.8 times more likely to recover sooner than those on placebo, but the evidence was of low quality and certainty. […] Very low certainty and quality evidence showed that zinc reduced the mean duration of symptoms by 2 days. […] Although no serious adverse events were associated with zinc, zinc use increased the risk of nonserious adverse events compared with placebo.

• #79 Topical antibiotic prophylaxis to reduce respiratory tract infections and mortality in adults receiving mechanical ventilation – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33481250/

  Patients treated with mechanical ventilation in intensive care units (ICUs) have a high risk of developing respiratory tract infections (RTIs). […] Selective digestive decontamination (SDD), which consists of the topical application of non-absorbable antimicrobial agents to the oropharynx and gastroenteric tract during the whole period of mechanical ventilation, is often used to reduce the risk of VAP. […] Topical plus systemic antibiotic prophylaxis reduces overall mortality compared with placebo or no treatment (risk ratio (RR) 0.84, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.73 to 0.96; 18 studies; 5290 participants; high-certainty evidence). […] Topical plus systemic antibiotic prophylaxis probably reduces RTIs (RR 0.43, 95% CI 0.35 to 0.53; 17 studies; 2951 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). […] Treatments based on topical prophylaxis probably reduce respiratory infections, but not mortality, in adult patients receiving mechanical ventilation for at least 48 hours, whereas a combination of topical and systemic prophylactic antibiotics reduces both overall mortality and RTIs.

• #80 Antibiotic prophylaxis to reduce respiratory tract infections and mortality in adults receiving intensive care – D’Amico, R – 2009 | Cochrane Library

  https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000022.pub3/abstract

  To assess the effects of prophylactic antibiotic regimens, such as selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD) for the prevention of respiratory tract infections (RTIs) and overall mortality in adults receiving intensive care. […] A combination of topical and systemic prophylactic antibiotics reduces RTIs and overall mortality in adult patients receiving intensive care. Treatment based on the use of topical prophylaxis alone reduces respiratory infections but not mortality. […] Infections acquired in intensive care units (ICUs) are important complications of the treatment of patients with very severe diseases who need ventilation (mechanical breathing support). Some people will die because of these infections. Considerable efforts have been made to evaluate methods for reducing this problem; one of these involves the use of antibiotics administered as preventative intervention, usually referred to as selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD). This review includes 36 studies involving 6914 patients treated in ICUs to investigate whether the administration of antibiotics prevents the development of infections. Antibiotics were administered in two different ways. In some studies antibiotics were applied both directly to the oropharynx via a nasogastric tube (topical) and intravenously (systemic). In other studies they were applied only topically. Our results show that when patients received the combination of topical plus systemic antibiotics there were less infections and deaths. When patients received only topical treatment there were less infections but the number of deaths was not changed. Although this treatment seems to work it is not widely used in clinical practice because there is concern about the possible development of antibiotic resistance (that is, bacteria become unresponsive to drugs).

• #81 Topical antibiotic prophylaxis to reduce respiratory tract infections and mortality in adults receiving mechanical ventilation – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33481250/

  Patients treated with mechanical ventilation in intensive care units (ICUs) have a high risk of developing respiratory tract infections (RTIs). […] Selective digestive decontamination (SDD), which consists of the topical application of non-absorbable antimicrobial agents to the oropharynx and gastroenteric tract during the whole period of mechanical ventilation, is often used to reduce the risk of VAP. […] Topical plus systemic antibiotic prophylaxis reduces overall mortality compared with placebo or no treatment (risk ratio (RR) 0.84, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.73 to 0.96; 18 studies; 5290 participants; high-certainty evidence). […] Topical plus systemic antibiotic prophylaxis probably reduces RTIs (RR 0.43, 95% CI 0.35 to 0.53; 17 studies; 2951 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). […] Treatments based on topical prophylaxis probably reduce respiratory infections, but not mortality, in adult patients receiving mechanical ventilation for at least 48 hours, whereas a combination of topical and systemic prophylactic antibiotics reduces both overall mortality and RTIs.

• #82 Antibiotic prophylaxis to reduce respiratory tract infections and mortality in adults receiving intensive care – D’Amico, R – 2009 | Cochrane Library

  https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000022.pub3/abstract

  To assess the effects of prophylactic antibiotic regimens, such as selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD) for the prevention of respiratory tract infections (RTIs) and overall mortality in adults receiving intensive care. […] A combination of topical and systemic prophylactic antibiotics reduces RTIs and overall mortality in adult patients receiving intensive care. Treatment based on the use of topical prophylaxis alone reduces respiratory infections but not mortality. […] Infections acquired in intensive care units (ICUs) are important complications of the treatment of patients with very severe diseases who need ventilation (mechanical breathing support). Some people will die because of these infections. Considerable efforts have been made to evaluate methods for reducing this problem; one of these involves the use of antibiotics administered as preventative intervention, usually referred to as selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD). This review includes 36 studies involving 6914 patients treated in ICUs to investigate whether the administration of antibiotics prevents the development of infections. Antibiotics were administered in two different ways. In some studies antibiotics were applied both directly to the oropharynx via a nasogastric tube (topical) and intravenously (systemic). In other studies they were applied only topically. Our results show that when patients received the combination of topical plus systemic antibiotics there were less infections and deaths. When patients received only topical treatment there were less infections but the number of deaths was not changed. Although this treatment seems to work it is not widely used in clinical practice because there is concern about the possible development of antibiotic resistance (that is, bacteria become unresponsive to drugs).

• #83 Topical antibiotic prophylaxis to reduce respiratory tract infections and mortality in adults receiving mechanical ventilation – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33481250/

  Patients treated with mechanical ventilation in intensive care units (ICUs) have a high risk of developing respiratory tract infections (RTIs). […] Selective digestive decontamination (SDD), which consists of the topical application of non-absorbable antimicrobial agents to the oropharynx and gastroenteric tract during the whole period of mechanical ventilation, is often used to reduce the risk of VAP. […] Topical plus systemic antibiotic prophylaxis reduces overall mortality compared with placebo or no treatment (risk ratio (RR) 0.84, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.73 to 0.96; 18 studies; 5290 participants; high-certainty evidence). […] Topical plus systemic antibiotic prophylaxis probably reduces RTIs (RR 0.43, 95% CI 0.35 to 0.53; 17 studies; 2951 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). […] Treatments based on topical prophylaxis probably reduce respiratory infections, but not mortality, in adult patients receiving mechanical ventilation for at least 48 hours, whereas a combination of topical and systemic prophylactic antibiotics reduces both overall mortality and RTIs.

• #84 Respiratory tract infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_tract_infection

  Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are infectious diseases involving the lower or upper respiratory tract. […] A combination of topical and systematic antibiotics taken prophylactically can prevent infection and improve adults’ overall mortality in the ICU for adult patients receiving mechanical ventilation for at least 48 hours, and topical antibiotic prophylaxis probably reduces respiratory infections but not mortality. […] There is no sufficient evidence to recommend that antibiotics be used to prevent complications from an RTI of unknown cause in children under the age of 5 years old. […] High-quality clinical research in the form of randomized controlled trials assessed the effectiveness of Vitamin D, another review of poorer quality RCTs addressed the effectiveness of immunostimulants for preventing respiratory tract infections.

• #85 Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Children and Adults: Burden and Management – European Medical Journal

  https://www.emjreviews.com/respiratory/symposium/upper-respiratory-tract-infections-in-children-and-adults-burden-and-management/

  The vast majority (90%) of RTI are caused by viruses. […] Prophylactic antibiotic use for RTI is only appropriate in exceptional circumstances and decreased use of antibiotics is an urgent priority. […] Effective management of URTI is a priority due to the significant individual and broader socioeconomic impact. […] The use of immunomodulators to bolster the defensive capacity of the immune system offers an additional prophylactic strategy available to adults suffering chronic URTI. […] Knowledge and detection of risk factors is the first step in the prevention of RRTI. Education of parents, reduced exposure to environmental pollutants, active immunisation, and the use of immunomodulators may all improve RRTI prevention. […] OM-85 prophylaxis was assessed in a 6-month study of children aged 3-5 years with a history of RRTI and subnormal IgG subclasses (N=54).

• #86 Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Epiglottitis, Laryngotracheitis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/302460-treatment

  To prevent the spread of pertussis, patients should be isolated for 5 days. All close contacts should receive an antibiotic active against pertussis, such as azithromycin, erythromycin, or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, regardless of their age or vaccination status. […] Vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae type b has dramatically reduced rates of epiglottitis. Immunization against diphtheria and pertussis is recommended for nonimmunized patients. […] Complementary and alternative therapies and folk remedies are used by some to prevent URIs. Common choices include zinc, echinacea preparations, and vitamin C. However, conclusive evidence that these strategies reduce URI infection is inconsistent.

• #87 Long-term Effects of Reduced Antibiotic Use for RTIs Far Outweigh Potential Short-term Consequences

  https://www.contagionlive.com/view/longterm-effects-of-reduced-antibiotic-use-for-rtis-far-outweigh-potential-shortterm-consequences

  The belief that patients may face increased risks of complications following reduced antibiotic use after experiencing self-limiting respiratory tract infections (RTIs) may not be well-founded. […] However, there is no good evidence that such treatment is efficacious, and therefore the high prescription rate in primary care settings heavily implies unnecessary antibiotic prescription and use. […] Despite the fervor for lowering antibiotic prescription rates post RTI in the primary care setting, it is unclear if such a strategy would actually have any impact on patient safety with regard to subsequent risk for complications including pneumonia, peritonsillar abscess, mastoiditis, empyema, meningitis, intracranial abscess, and Lemierres syndrome. […] Current treatment recommendations are to avoid antibiotics for self-limiting respiratory infections. Our results suggest that, if antibiotics are not taken, this should carry no increased risk of more serious complications. General practices prescribing less antibiotics may have slightly higher rates of pneumonia and peritonsillar abscess but even a substantial reduction in antibiotic prescribing may be associated with only a small increase in the numbers of cases observed. Both these complications can be readily treated once identified.

• #88 Respiratory tract infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_tract_infection

  Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are infectious diseases involving the lower or upper respiratory tract. […] A combination of topical and systematic antibiotics taken prophylactically can prevent infection and improve adults’ overall mortality in the ICU for adult patients receiving mechanical ventilation for at least 48 hours, and topical antibiotic prophylaxis probably reduces respiratory infections but not mortality. […] There is no sufficient evidence to recommend that antibiotics be used to prevent complications from an RTI of unknown cause in children under the age of 5 years old. […] High-quality clinical research in the form of randomized controlled trials assessed the effectiveness of Vitamin D, another review of poorer quality RCTs addressed the effectiveness of immunostimulants for preventing respiratory tract infections.

• #89 Topical antibiotic prophylaxis to reduce respiratory tract infections and mortality in adults receiving mechanical ventilation – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33481250/

  Patients treated with mechanical ventilation in intensive care units (ICUs) have a high risk of developing respiratory tract infections (RTIs). […] Selective digestive decontamination (SDD), which consists of the topical application of non-absorbable antimicrobial agents to the oropharynx and gastroenteric tract during the whole period of mechanical ventilation, is often used to reduce the risk of VAP. […] Topical plus systemic antibiotic prophylaxis reduces overall mortality compared with placebo or no treatment (risk ratio (RR) 0.84, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.73 to 0.96; 18 studies; 5290 participants; high-certainty evidence). […] Topical plus systemic antibiotic prophylaxis probably reduces RTIs (RR 0.43, 95% CI 0.35 to 0.53; 17 studies; 2951 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). […] Treatments based on topical prophylaxis probably reduce respiratory infections, but not mortality, in adult patients receiving mechanical ventilation for at least 48 hours, whereas a combination of topical and systemic prophylactic antibiotics reduces both overall mortality and RTIs.

• #90 Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Epiglottitis, Laryngotracheitis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/302460-treatment

  Several measures can reduce susceptibility to URIs. In newborns, the practice of breastfeeding transfers protective antibodies through the mother’s milk, providing passive immunization against numerous pathogens. […] Lifestyle measures such as smoking cessation and reduction of exposure to secondhand smoke may reduce the incidence of URIs. Regular, moderate exercise may reduce susceptibility to URIs, whereas intensive training in high-performance endurance athletes may increase susceptibility. […] Handwashing is the mainstay for reducing the risk of contracting a URI. Wash the hands for 20 seconds with ordinary soap and water; include all surfaces of the hands, such as in between the fingers and around the nail bed where debris may accumulate. […] To prevent the spread of epiglottitis, consider rifampin prophylaxis for close contacts of a patient with epiglottitis, especially when unvaccinated young children are among the contacts.

• #91 Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Epiglottitis, Laryngotracheitis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/302460-treatment

  To prevent the spread of pertussis, patients should be isolated for 5 days. All close contacts should receive an antibiotic active against pertussis, such as azithromycin, erythromycin, or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, regardless of their age or vaccination status. […] Vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae type b has dramatically reduced rates of epiglottitis. Immunization against diphtheria and pertussis is recommended for nonimmunized patients. […] Complementary and alternative therapies and folk remedies are used by some to prevent URIs. Common choices include zinc, echinacea preparations, and vitamin C. However, conclusive evidence that these strategies reduce URI infection is inconsistent.

• #92 Antibiotics for the prevention of lower respiratory tract infections in children at high risk aged 12 years and under | Cochrane

  https://www.cochrane.org/CD011530/ARI_antibiotics-prevention-lower-respiratory-tract-infections-children-high-risk-aged-12-years-and-under

  We reviewed the evidence for antibiotics to prevent bacterial lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in children aged 12 years and under who are at increased chance of contracting such infections. […] Using antibiotics to prevent LRTI in high-risk children aged 12 years and under may be beneficial. […] There is inconclusive evidence that antibiotic prophylaxis in certain groups of high-risk children can reduce pneumonia, exacerbations, hospital admission and mortality in certain conditions. However, limitations in the evidence base mean more clinical trials assessing the effectiveness of antibiotics for preventing LRTIs in children at high risk should be conducted. […] Antibiotics could be beneficial in preventing LRTIs in high-risk children, and may also help prevent school absenteeism and work days missed by children and/or carers. […] To assess the effectiveness and safety of antibiotic prophylaxis in the prevention of bacterial LRTIs in high-risk children aged 12 years and under.

• #93 MV130 in the Prevention of Recurrent Respiratory Tract Infections: A Retrospective Real-World Study in Children and Adults

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/2/172

  Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are among the most common and important problems in clinical medicine, making antibiotics the gold standard therapeutic option regardless of their frequent viral etiology. […] Prevention is the ideal alternative, but specific vaccines targeting a wide range of respiratory pathogens are scarce. MV130 is a sublingual bacterial vaccine that induces trained immunity and provides non-specific protection against respiratory pathogens in various clinical settings according to the concept of TIbV (Trained Immunity-based Vaccine). […] This RWS showed that MV130 is an effective strategy for the prevention of respiratory infections and the reduction of associated antibiotic consumption. […] Prevention strategies for RTIs are limited due to the high number of pathogens causing them and the restricted availability of pathogen-specific vaccines.

• #94 MV130 in the Prevention of Recurrent Respiratory Tract Infections: A Retrospective Real-World Study in Children and Adu…

  https://ouci.dntb.gov.ua/en/works/7Wv2bQD9/

  Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are among the most common and important problems in clinical medicine, making antibiotics the gold standard therapeutic option regardless of their frequent viral etiology. […] Prevention is the ideal alternative, but specific vaccines targeting a wide range of respiratory pathogens are scarce. […] This RWS showed that MV130 is an effective strategy for the prevention of respiratory infections and the reduction of associated antibiotic consumption.

• #95 MV130 in the Prevention of Recurrent Respiratory Tract Infections: A Retrospective Real-World Study in Children and Adults

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/2/172

  Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are among the most common and important problems in clinical medicine, making antibiotics the gold standard therapeutic option regardless of their frequent viral etiology. […] Prevention is the ideal alternative, but specific vaccines targeting a wide range of respiratory pathogens are scarce. MV130 is a sublingual bacterial vaccine that induces trained immunity and provides non-specific protection against respiratory pathogens in various clinical settings according to the concept of TIbV (Trained Immunity-based Vaccine). […] This RWS showed that MV130 is an effective strategy for the prevention of respiratory infections and the reduction of associated antibiotic consumption. […] Prevention strategies for RTIs are limited due to the high number of pathogens causing them and the restricted availability of pathogen-specific vaccines.

• #96 MV130 in the Prevention of Recurrent Respiratory Tract Infections: A Retrospective Real-World Study in Children and Adults

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/2/172

  In this regard, mucosal immunization with MV130 has been shown to boost cellular and humoral responses in the airways. MV130 prevents RTIs in specific clinical settings and in randomized controlled trials. […] The results indicate that MV130 prophylaxis effectively reduced the frequency of most respiratory infections in all age groups. […] The results in this RWS also show a remarkable decrease in antibiotic consumption (above 85% reduction) following prophylaxis with MV130. […] Since there is a strong recommendation to reduce antibiotic use to prevent the selection of resistant bacteria and avoid potential adverse reactions, treatments that prevent respiratory infections through antibiotic-free approaches offer additional benefits.

• #97 MV130 in the Prevention of Recurrent Respiratory Tract Infections: A Retrospective Real-World Study in Children and Adults

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/2/172

  In this regard, mucosal immunization with MV130 has been shown to boost cellular and humoral responses in the airways. MV130 prevents RTIs in specific clinical settings and in randomized controlled trials. […] The results indicate that MV130 prophylaxis effectively reduced the frequency of most respiratory infections in all age groups. […] The results in this RWS also show a remarkable decrease in antibiotic consumption (above 85% reduction) following prophylaxis with MV130. […] Since there is a strong recommendation to reduce antibiotic use to prevent the selection of resistant bacteria and avoid potential adverse reactions, treatments that prevent respiratory infections through antibiotic-free approaches offer additional benefits.

• #98 Respiratory Hygiene and Infections – Fit for Travel

  https://www.fitfortravel.nhs.uk/advice/disease-prevention-advice/respiratory-hygiene-and-infections

  Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) may affect the upper respiratory tract or the lower respiratory tract. […] All travellers, whatever the destination, are potentially at risk of developing RTIs. The risk of infection is increased wherever there is crowding of people such as in airports, aircraft cabins or public transport; at mass gatherings; hotels, bars and clubs or on cruise ships. […] If you are prone to developing chest infections (for example if you have a condition such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) then you should discuss your travel plans with your doctor or nurse before travel to ensure that your condition is stable. […] Reduce your risk of catching RTIs. […] Maintain good hand hygiene at all times: Washing your hands thoroughly with soap and water for at least 20 seconds; or by using an alcohol based hand sanitiser containing at least 60% alcohol if soap and water is not immediately available.

• #99 Predisposing factors to acquisition of acute respiratory tract infections in the community: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-021-06954-3

  Preventing respiratory tract infections (RTIs) could have profound effects on quality of life, primary care workload, antibiotic prescribing and stewardship. […] We identified several modifiable risk factors associated with increased likelihood of acquiring RTIs in the community, including low BMI, contact with children and pets. Modification of risk factors and increased awareness of vulnerable groups could reduce morbidity, mortality and antibiotic use associated with RTIs. […] This systematic review identifies several modifiable factors which an individual might consider in relation to their personal likelihood of acquiring RTIs, and which clinicians, policy makers and those responsible for antimicrobial stewardship might wish to consider in relation to public health messaging, either stand-alone in relation to infection acquisition, or as part of existing public health measures. Interventions known to reduce the spread of RTI, such as handwashing, could be targeted at at risk groups such as ex-smokers, people with chronic liver disease, and people who work with children and animals.

• #100 Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Epiglottitis, Laryngotracheitis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/302460-treatment

  Several measures can reduce susceptibility to URIs. In newborns, the practice of breastfeeding transfers protective antibodies through the mother’s milk, providing passive immunization against numerous pathogens. […] Lifestyle measures such as smoking cessation and reduction of exposure to secondhand smoke may reduce the incidence of URIs. Regular, moderate exercise may reduce susceptibility to URIs, whereas intensive training in high-performance endurance athletes may increase susceptibility. […] Handwashing is the mainstay for reducing the risk of contracting a URI. Wash the hands for 20 seconds with ordinary soap and water; include all surfaces of the hands, such as in between the fingers and around the nail bed where debris may accumulate. […] To prevent the spread of epiglottitis, consider rifampin prophylaxis for close contacts of a patient with epiglottitis, especially when unvaccinated young children are among the contacts.

• #101 Patterns of respiratory tract infections in children under 5 years of age in a low–middle-income country | Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association | Full Text

  https://jepha.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s42506-022-00118-0

  Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are among the most commonly encountered major public health problems, with a higher prevalence of lower RTIs among children and more generally the poor. […] The nutritional status of infants and young children should be improved by encouraging exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 months of life and strengthening the healthcare and nutritional counseling available for vulnerable children, particularly in rural regions. […] Pneumonia can be caused by different bacterial, viral, or fungal agents, but only a third of children with bacterial pneumonia have access to life-saving antibiotics. Preventive strategies include adequate nutrition and healthy environmental conditions as well as immunization. […] Exclusive breastfeeding is unrivaled throughout the first 6 months of life to improve immunity, health, growth, and development and should be continued until the child reaches the age of two.

• #102 Overview of Viral Respiratory Tract Infections in Children – Children’s Health Issues – MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/common-viral-infections-in-infants-and-children/overview-of-viral-respiratory-tract-infections-in-children

  Good hygiene is the best way to prevent these infections, and routine vaccination can help prevent influenza. […] The best preventive measure is practicing good hygiene. An ill child and the people in the household should wash their hands frequently. […] Influenza and COVID-19 are preventable by vaccination. All people 6 months of age and older should receive yearly influenza vaccination. […] Vaccination is particularly important for children and adults who have certain disorders, such as heart or lung disease (including cystic fibrosis and asthma), diabetes, kidney failure, and sickle cell disease. Additionally, children who have a weakened immune system, including children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and those undergoing chemotherapy, should receive the vaccine.

• #103 Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Epiglottitis, Laryngotracheitis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/302460-treatment

  Several measures can reduce susceptibility to URIs. In newborns, the practice of breastfeeding transfers protective antibodies through the mother’s milk, providing passive immunization against numerous pathogens. […] Lifestyle measures such as smoking cessation and reduction of exposure to secondhand smoke may reduce the incidence of URIs. Regular, moderate exercise may reduce susceptibility to URIs, whereas intensive training in high-performance endurance athletes may increase susceptibility. […] Handwashing is the mainstay for reducing the risk of contracting a URI. Wash the hands for 20 seconds with ordinary soap and water; include all surfaces of the hands, such as in between the fingers and around the nail bed where debris may accumulate. […] To prevent the spread of epiglottitis, consider rifampin prophylaxis for close contacts of a patient with epiglottitis, especially when unvaccinated young children are among the contacts.

• #104 Probiotics and vitamin C for the prevention of respiratory tract infections in children attending preschool: a randomised controlled pilot study | European Journal of Clinical Nutrition

  https://www.nature.com/articles/ejcn2014174

  Children supplemented with a combination of the Lab4 probiotic consortium and vitamin C for 6 months attending preschool facilities showed a reduced incidence and duration of URTI symptoms. […] Children receiving the Lab4/vitamin C combination had fewer days of absence from preschool and unscheduled visits to the paediatric physician, suggesting that combined supplementation may reduce the severity of infections. […] Supplementation with a probiotic consortium comprising L. acidophilus CUL21 and CUL60, Bifidobacterium bifidum CUL20, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis CUL34 and vitamin C may provide a strategy to reduce the incidence of URTIs in 36 year old children attending preschool facilities.

• #105

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2016/08020/probiotics_for_prevention_and_treatment_of.90.aspx

  Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) represent one of the main health problems in children. Accumulating evidence suggests that probiotic consumption may decrease the incidence of or modify RTIs. […] Based on the available data and taking into account the safety profile of RCTs, probiotic consumption appears to be a feasible way to decrease the incidence of RTIs in children. […] Probiotics may exert a wide range of beneficial effects, such as balancing the host gut microbiota and interacting with the innate and adaptive immune system, which may promote resistance against pathogens. […] Studies evaluating the effect of probiotics on RTI infection suggested that probiotic consumption may decrease the incidence of RTIs in children. […] Pooled data analysis showed that probiotic supplementation significantly decreased the number of subjects with at least 1 RTI episode. We also found that children supplemented with probiotics had fewer numbers of days of RTIs per person, and had fewer numbers of days absent from day care/school compared with children who had taken a placebo. […] Taken together, the present systematic review and meta-analysis suggested that probiotic consumption may decrease the incidence and illness duration of RTI episode.

• #106 Respiratory tract infections

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/respiratory-tract-infections/

  How to avoid getting an RTI […] You may be at high risk of getting an RTI. For example, because you’re over the age of 65 or have a serious long-term health condition. […] If you keep getting RTIs or you’re at high risk of getting one, you should: […] ask your GP about the annual flu vaccine […] ask if you should have the pneumococcal vaccine this helps prevent pneumonia […] stop smoking if you smoke […] drink less alcohol […] How to avoid passing RTIs on to others […] RTIs are often spread in the coughs and sneezes of someone with an infection. To protect others: […] cover your mouth when you cough or sneeze […] wash your hands regularly […] throw away used tissues immediately

• #107 Respiratory tract infections (RTIs)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/respiratory-tract-infection/

  How to avoid spreading a respiratory tract infection […] Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are often spread in the coughs and sneezes of someone with an infection. To reduce the chance of passing an RTI on to others: […] How to avoid getting a respiratory tract infection […] If you keep getting respiratory tract infections or you’re at a high risk of getting one (for example, because you’re over the age of 65 or have a serious long-term health condition), you should: […] ask if you should have the pneumococcal vaccine this helps prevent pneumonia

• #108 Respiratory tract infections

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/respiratory-tract-infections/

  How to avoid getting an RTI […] You may be at high risk of getting an RTI. For example, because you’re over the age of 65 or have a serious long-term health condition. […] If you keep getting RTIs or you’re at high risk of getting one, you should: […] ask your GP about the annual flu vaccine […] ask if you should have the pneumococcal vaccine this helps prevent pneumonia […] stop smoking if you smoke […] drink less alcohol […] How to avoid passing RTIs on to others […] RTIs are often spread in the coughs and sneezes of someone with an infection. To protect others: […] cover your mouth when you cough or sneeze […] wash your hands regularly […] throw away used tissues immediately

• #109 Respiratory Hygiene and Infections – Fit for Travel

  https://www.fitfortravel.nhs.uk/advice/disease-prevention-advice/respiratory-hygiene-and-infections

  Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) may affect the upper respiratory tract or the lower respiratory tract. […] All travellers, whatever the destination, are potentially at risk of developing RTIs. The risk of infection is increased wherever there is crowding of people such as in airports, aircraft cabins or public transport; at mass gatherings; hotels, bars and clubs or on cruise ships. […] If you are prone to developing chest infections (for example if you have a condition such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) then you should discuss your travel plans with your doctor or nurse before travel to ensure that your condition is stable. […] Reduce your risk of catching RTIs. […] Maintain good hand hygiene at all times: Washing your hands thoroughly with soap and water for at least 20 seconds; or by using an alcohol based hand sanitiser containing at least 60% alcohol if soap and water is not immediately available.

• #110 Respiratory Hygiene and Infections – Fit for Travel

  https://www.fitfortravel.nhs.uk/advice/disease-prevention-advice/respiratory-hygiene-and-infections

  Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) may affect the upper respiratory tract or the lower respiratory tract. […] All travellers, whatever the destination, are potentially at risk of developing RTIs. The risk of infection is increased wherever there is crowding of people such as in airports, aircraft cabins or public transport; at mass gatherings; hotels, bars and clubs or on cruise ships. […] If you are prone to developing chest infections (for example if you have a condition such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) then you should discuss your travel plans with your doctor or nurse before travel to ensure that your condition is stable. […] Reduce your risk of catching RTIs. […] Maintain good hand hygiene at all times: Washing your hands thoroughly with soap and water for at least 20 seconds; or by using an alcohol based hand sanitiser containing at least 60% alcohol if soap and water is not immediately available.

• #111 Patient perceptions of vulnerability to recurrent respiratory tract infections and prevention strategies: a qualitative study | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/4/e055565

  Several participants discussed the influenza vaccination (with mixed uptake and views on efficacy and safety). […] Participants with asthma or COPD described keeping on top of their medications, monitoring indicators of health conditions or having a medication escalation regime in place. […] Participants often discussed how a balance between RTI prevention and quality of life must be achieved. […] Participants perceptions of RTIs and prevention behaviours were influenced by the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. […] Participants recognised similarities in transmission mechanisms between COVID-19 and non-pandemic RTIs and described developing better understandings about spread of infections and increasing insight into how to stop transmission, particularly hygiene measures. […] The current heightened concern and awareness about infections may be fertile ground for introducing prevention approaches for non-pandemic infections, at least in populations who already perceive themselves to be badly affected or vulnerable.

• #112 Predisposing factors to acquisition of acute respiratory tract infections in the community: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-021-06954-3

  Preventing respiratory tract infections (RTIs) could have profound effects on quality of life, primary care workload, antibiotic prescribing and stewardship. […] We identified several modifiable risk factors associated with increased likelihood of acquiring RTIs in the community, including low BMI, contact with children and pets. Modification of risk factors and increased awareness of vulnerable groups could reduce morbidity, mortality and antibiotic use associated with RTIs. […] This systematic review identifies several modifiable factors which an individual might consider in relation to their personal likelihood of acquiring RTIs, and which clinicians, policy makers and those responsible for antimicrobial stewardship might wish to consider in relation to public health messaging, either stand-alone in relation to infection acquisition, or as part of existing public health measures. Interventions known to reduce the spread of RTI, such as handwashing, could be targeted at at risk groups such as ex-smokers, people with chronic liver disease, and people who work with children and animals.

• #113 Predisposing factors to acquisition of acute respiratory tract infections in the community: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-021-06954-3

  We identified several risk factors associated with increased likelihood of individuals acquiring RTIs in the community, including chronic liver disease, low BMI, and contact with children and pets. Modification of risk factors and targeting prevention to vulnerable groups could reduce morbidity, mortality and antibiotic use associated with RTI, the most common type of infection worldwide.

• #114 Overview of Viral Respiratory Tract Infections in Children – Children’s Health Issues – MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/common-viral-infections-in-infants-and-children/overview-of-viral-respiratory-tract-infections-in-children

  Good hygiene is the best way to prevent these infections, and routine vaccination can help prevent influenza. […] The best preventive measure is practicing good hygiene. An ill child and the people in the household should wash their hands frequently. […] Influenza and COVID-19 are preventable by vaccination. All people 6 months of age and older should receive yearly influenza vaccination. […] Vaccination is particularly important for children and adults who have certain disorders, such as heart or lung disease (including cystic fibrosis and asthma), diabetes, kidney failure, and sickle cell disease. Additionally, children who have a weakened immune system, including children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and those undergoing chemotherapy, should receive the vaccine.

• #115 Post-Travel Respiratory Infections | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/posttravel-evaluation/respiratory-infections

  Vaccines are available to prevent or reduce severity of a number of respiratory diseases, including COVID-19, diphtheria, H. influenzae type b (in young children), influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, pertussis, pneumococcal disease, varicella, and respiratory syncytial virus. Unless contraindicated, travelers should be up to date with COVID-19 and influenza vaccines and other routine immunizations, especially against S. pneumoniae, RSV, and measles. […] Preventing respiratory illness while traveling might not be possible, but travelers can follow common-sense measures, including adhering to current recommendations regarding advisability of travel and any indicated precautions (e.g., mask wearing, physical distancing); minimizing close contact with people who are coughing or sneezing; avoiding live animal markets; frequently washing hands, either with soap and water or alcohol-based hand sanitizers containing 60% alcohol when soap and water are not available; and, if the traveler has a preexisting eustachian tube dysfunction, using a vasoconstricting nasal spray immediately before air travel, which might decrease the likelihood of otitis or barotrauma. […] Healthcare workers should use recommended infection-control measures while managing any patient with a respiratory infection.

• #116 Respiratory infections: Your prevention guide | Sanitas Medical Center

  https://www.mysanitas.com/en/blog/respiratory-infections-your-prevention-guide

  Learn how to protect yourself against respiratory infections, distinguish between illnesses caused by viruses or bacteria, and discover preventive measures. […] While preventing every minor illness may not be feasible, we can collectively strive to shield ourselves and vulnerable community members from potentially life-threatening illnesses. […] Distinguishing between these respiratory infections is crucial, as their treatments differ significantly. […] Let’s break it down into simple steps you can take to safeguard your health: […] One of the simplest yet most effective ways to prevent respiratory infections is by washing your hands regularly with soap and water for at least 20 seconds – the approximate length of the Happy Birthday song. […] Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your elbow when you cough or sneeze to prevent the spread of respiratory droplets.

• #117 Post-Travel Respiratory Infections | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/posttravel-evaluation/respiratory-infections

  Vaccines are available to prevent or reduce severity of a number of respiratory diseases, including COVID-19, diphtheria, H. influenzae type b (in young children), influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, pertussis, pneumococcal disease, varicella, and respiratory syncytial virus. Unless contraindicated, travelers should be up to date with COVID-19 and influenza vaccines and other routine immunizations, especially against S. pneumoniae, RSV, and measles. […] Preventing respiratory illness while traveling might not be possible, but travelers can follow common-sense measures, including adhering to current recommendations regarding advisability of travel and any indicated precautions (e.g., mask wearing, physical distancing); minimizing close contact with people who are coughing or sneezing; avoiding live animal markets; frequently washing hands, either with soap and water or alcohol-based hand sanitizers containing 60% alcohol when soap and water are not available; and, if the traveler has a preexisting eustachian tube dysfunction, using a vasoconstricting nasal spray immediately before air travel, which might decrease the likelihood of otitis or barotrauma. […] Healthcare workers should use recommended infection-control measures while managing any patient with a respiratory infection.

• #118 Improving Antimicrobial Stewardship for Respiratory Tract Infections | Pioneering Diagnostics

  https://www.biomerieux.com/us/en/education/resource-hub/solution-education/antimicrobial-resistance/improving-antimicrobial-stewardship-for-respiratory-tract-infections.html

  The treatment of respiratory tract infections (RTI), both upper respiratory tract (URTI) and lower respiratory tract (LRTI) infections, presents a significant opportunity to improve antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) efforts. […] Rapid diagnostics solutions can help providers quickly determine the causative pathogen and inform appropriate patient care while also supporting AMS. […] Recent studies estimate that antibiotics are incorrectly prescribed for respiratory infections 40-50% of the time in US hospitals. […] Increased inappropriate antibiotic prescribing contributes to the rise in multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO) and other difficult-to-treat infections as a result of growing antimicrobial resistance (AMR). […] In light of continuing COVID-related cases and the presence of seasonal viruses, rapidly determining the etiological pathogen of a respiratory infection matters now more than ever.

• #119 Lower Respiratory Tract Infection | Riley Children’s Health

  https://www.rileychildrens.org/health-info/lower-respiratory-tract-infection

  Riley Children’s Health has implemented hospital inpatient visitor restrictions to protect patients and help prevent the spread of respiratory viruses. […] If your child has a lower RTI caused by a virus, the doctor will make the following recommendations: Drink plenty of clear fluids, Get plenty of rest, Control the fever with acetaminophen or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen (as directed by your child’s pediatrician based on age and medical history). […] If your child has a lower RTI caused by bacteria, the doctor will likely prescribe antibiotics to fight the infection. […] Treatment for a lower RTI caused by a virus includes drinking plenty of fluids and getting plenty of rest while the virus runs its course. […] If the infection is caused by bacteria, antibiotics may be prescribed.

• #120 Post-Travel Respiratory Infections | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/posttravel-evaluation/respiratory-infections

  Vaccines are available to prevent or reduce severity of a number of respiratory diseases, including COVID-19, diphtheria, H. influenzae type b (in young children), influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, pertussis, pneumococcal disease, varicella, and respiratory syncytial virus. Unless contraindicated, travelers should be up to date with COVID-19 and influenza vaccines and other routine immunizations, especially against S. pneumoniae, RSV, and measles. […] Preventing respiratory illness while traveling might not be possible, but travelers can follow common-sense measures, including adhering to current recommendations regarding advisability of travel and any indicated precautions (e.g., mask wearing, physical distancing); minimizing close contact with people who are coughing or sneezing; avoiding live animal markets; frequently washing hands, either with soap and water or alcohol-based hand sanitizers containing 60% alcohol when soap and water are not available; and, if the traveler has a preexisting eustachian tube dysfunction, using a vasoconstricting nasal spray immediately before air travel, which might decrease the likelihood of otitis or barotrauma. […] Healthcare workers should use recommended infection-control measures while managing any patient with a respiratory infection.

• #121 Diagnosing upper and lower respiratory tract infections | Medical Laboratory Observer

  https://www.mlo-online.com/continuing-education/article/21292505/diagnosing-upper-and-lower-respiratory-tract-infections

  Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are among the most common reasons why patients visit their physicians. […] Though the majority of respiratory tract infections are caused by viruses, some bacteria and fungi can also cause respiratory tract infections. […] Proper diagnosis to determine the causative organism is very important for proper patient management. […] Benefits of early detection and initiation of appropriate patient management are as follows: Rapid recovery of the patient; Check transmission of the infectious agent especially in case of highly infectious viruses; Curtail unnecessary use of antibiotics and prevent antibiotic resistance when the infection is found to be of viral origin, as antibiotics are known to be ineffective against viruses.

• #122 Respiratory tract infections

  https://diagnostics.roche.com/be/en/article-listing/health-topics/infectious-diseases/respiratory-tract-infections.html

  Acute respiratory infections are one of the leading causes of death and disability in the world. […] To address the prevalence, complexity, and variety of respiratory tract infections, Roche offers a range of tests and technologies to support the detection and management of respiratory disease for example, with the worlds first commercial PCR test to detect SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19) and its respective antibody test. […] As respiratory infections continue to pose a global challenge, Roche remains committed to supporting laboratories and testing centers around the world with innovative solutions that enable them to provide patients and their clinicians with a reliable diagnosis when and where it is needed most.

• #123 Improving Antimicrobial Stewardship for Respiratory Tract Infections | Pioneering Diagnostics

  https://www.biomerieux.com/us/en/education/resource-hub/solution-education/antimicrobial-resistance/improving-antimicrobial-stewardship-for-respiratory-tract-infections.html

  One of the best ways to maximize the benefits of antibiotic use while minimizing the risk of increased resistance and adverse effects is through tailored, individualized prescribing as part of an antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP). […] Enhancing clinical utilization of diagnostics, monitoring of antimicrobial susceptibility trend data, and departmental collaboration on antimicrobial stewardship efforts can help combat the growing public health crisis of AMR. […] Many hospitals have answered the call and have taken steps to reduce the AMR burden through antimicrobial stewardship programs and quality improvement measures.

• #124

  https://bpac.org.nz/2019/rti.aspx

  Discussion should cover: what illness they are likely to have, the expected duration of symptoms; a medical certificate may be required, the role of antibiotics in RTI; most infections are viral and self-limiting, antibiotics will not help their symptoms and may cause harm, e.g. adverse effects, antibiotic resistance […] Specific scenarios where antibiotic treatment is indicated or should be considered for people presenting with a suspected or confirmed bacterial RTI or associated condition are outlined in Table 1.

• #125 Patient perceptions of vulnerability to recurrent respiratory tract infections and prevention strategies: a qualitative study | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/4/e055565

  Patients who experience frequent or severe RTIs are likely to welcome and benefit from advice and support regarding RTI prevention. […] To engage people effectively, those developing interventions or delivering health services must consider their beliefs and concerns about susceptibility and prevention. […] A wide range of medical and behavioural RTI prevention approaches have been investigated including; hand hygiene, vaccination, social distancing, mask-wearing, vitamins and supplements, gargling, nasal rinses and nasal sprays, exercise and mindfulness meditation. […] However, in addition to efficacy, prevention interventions must be acceptable to the target population; they must feel personally relevant, feasible and make sense in the context of peoples experiences. […] Therefore, gaining insight into how people understand and experience RTIs and RTI prevention is a vital step in the development and implementation of successful prevention interventions.

• #126 Respiratory Tract Infections: A Comprehensive Guide to Management and Prevention – Sumathi Publications

  https://journals.sumathipublications.com/respiratory-tract-infections-a-comprehensive-guide-to-management-and-prevention/

  Public health campaigns play a crucial role in educating communities about the importance of vaccinations and preventive measures. […] Simple daily actions can significantly reduce the risk of RTIs. Regular handwashing, covering coughs and sneezes, avoiding close contact with sick individuals, and staying home when unwell are all effective strategies. […] Good indoor air quality and proper ventilation reduce the concentration of pathogens and the risk of respiratory infections. […] The future of RTI management is promising, with ongoing research in vaccine development, treatment innovations, and public health strategies.

• #127 Patient perceptions of vulnerability to recurrent respiratory tract infections and prevention strategies: a qualitative study | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/4/e055565

  Objectives Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are extremely common, usually self-limiting, but responsible for considerable work sickness absence, reduced quality of life, inappropriate antibiotic prescribing and healthcare costs. […] We explored how these patients experience and perceive their RTIs to understand how best to engage them in prevention behaviours. […] Participants understandings of their susceptibility to RTIs were multifactorial and included both transmission via others and personal vulnerabilities. […] They engaged in various approaches to try to prevent infections or alter their progression yet perceived they had limited personal control. […] The COVID-19 pandemic had improved their understanding of transmission, heightened their concern and motivation to avoid RTIs and extended their repertoire of protective behaviours.

• #128 What causes Respiratory Tract Infections (RTIs)? – Acare Global

  https://acare.abbott.com/en/respiratory-health/understanding-the-disease-respiratory-health/causes-respiratory-tract-infections/

  RTIs can be spread from person to person through the coughs and sneezes of someone with an infection or through direct or indirect contact. […] This means a very efficient way to prevent spreading infections is to practice good hygiene. […] Do not hesitate to consult your doctor if you want to learn more about the causes of the RTI or for practical advice on how to limit risks of getting one.

• #129 Post-consultation acute respiratory tract infection recovery: a latent class-informed analysis of individual patient data | British Journal of General Practice

  https://bjgp.org/content/73/728/e196

  There is a lack of evidence regarding post-consultation symptom trajectories for patients with respiratory tract infections (RTIs) and whether patient characteristics can be used to predict illness duration. […] For patients with RTI with cough, one in two patients will recover within 6 days of presentation, with the rest taking up to 1 month. Four trajectory groups were identified, two faster and two slower; for clinical utility, these could be grouped into faster and slower recovery. Slower recovery was associated with older age, higher baseline severity, prior illness duration 7 days, and presence of lung disease. These characteristics can be easily assessed in primary care and could be used to provide more accurate prognostic information with patients and parents, and to manage expectations.

• #130 Post-consultation acute respiratory tract infection recovery: a latent class-informed analysis of individual patient data | British Journal of General Practice

  https://bjgp.org/content/73/728/e196

  Clinicians can advise patients with severe baseline severity, prior illness duration lasting 7 days, cough, or lung disease that they are likely to experience longer duration of symptoms (10 days and up to 28 days) and should be alerted to the higher risk of admission to hospital. […] Patients presenting with more severe and longer pre-consultation symptoms and chronic lung disease should be advised they are more likely to experience longer post-consultation illness durations, which can last up to 28 days, and that overall recovery rates are similar with and without antibiotics.

• #131 Respiratory Tract Infections: A Comprehensive Guide to Management and Prevention – Sumathi Publications

  https://journals.sumathipublications.com/respiratory-tract-infections-a-comprehensive-guide-to-management-and-prevention/

  Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are a prevalent health concern affecting millions worldwide. […] This comprehensive guide provides an in-depth understanding of respiratory tract infections, emphasizing the importance of timely management and accurate diagnosis. […] Understanding the nature of these infections, including how they spread, manifest, and impact the body, is crucial in developing effective treatment and prevention strategies. […] Timely management of respiratory tract infections is critical. Early intervention can alleviate symptoms, prevent complications, and reduce the spread of infection. […] Understanding when and how to seek medical attention and treatment can significantly influence recovery times and overall outcomes. […] Vaccines remain the most effective tool in preventing respiratory tract infections, particularly for influenza, pneumococcal pneumonia, and whooping cough.

• #132 How French general practitioners manage and prevent recurrent respirat | IJGM

  https://www.dovepress.com/how-french-general-practitioners-manage-and-prevent-recurrent-respirat-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IJGM

  Recurrent respiratory tract infections (RRTIs) are the most common reason for children’s visits to primary care physicians in France; however, little is known about general practitioners (GPs) opinions and expectations concerning the management and prevention of these common and recurrent pathologies. […] More than 85% thought that prevention of RRTIs is possible. Smoking cessation, vaccination, allergen avoidance and hygiene were identified as the main preventive measures. […] Around 63% of GPs agreed with the proposition that RTIs are treated with antibiotics too often, and that it would be better to prevent their recurrence. […] More than 85% of GPs believe it is possible to prevent RRTIs. Cessation of smoking, vaccination against H. influenza and Streptococcus pneumoniae, allergen avoidance and hygiene (hand washing) were quoted as the most important preventive measures to implement.

• #133 Foods To Eat And Foods To Avoid For Preventing Respiratory Infections | MrMed

  https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/respiratory-disorder/prevent-respiratory-infections-foods-to-eat-and-avoid?srsltid=AfmBOoo1JZoxMrrEibBFrpDcm5OT1rVWq4qATTSKU2Lrqc3wcvF0qHvz

  When dealing with respiratory infections, certain foods can worsen symptoms or hinder recovery. […] Regularly washing your hands, maintaining personal hygiene, ensuring good sanitation, wearing face masks, practising social distancing, and getting vaccinated can all help protect you from respiratory infections. Remember, prevention is better than cure.

• #134 Post-Travel Respiratory Infections | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/posttravel-evaluation/respiratory-infections

  Vaccines are available to prevent or reduce severity of a number of respiratory diseases, including COVID-19, diphtheria, H. influenzae type b (in young children), influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, pertussis, pneumococcal disease, varicella, and respiratory syncytial virus. Unless contraindicated, travelers should be up to date with COVID-19 and influenza vaccines and other routine immunizations, especially against S. pneumoniae, RSV, and measles. […] Preventing respiratory illness while traveling might not be possible, but travelers can follow common-sense measures, including adhering to current recommendations regarding advisability of travel and any indicated precautions (e.g., mask wearing, physical distancing); minimizing close contact with people who are coughing or sneezing; avoiding live animal markets; frequently washing hands, either with soap and water or alcohol-based hand sanitizers containing 60% alcohol when soap and water are not available; and, if the traveler has a preexisting eustachian tube dysfunction, using a vasoconstricting nasal spray immediately before air travel, which might decrease the likelihood of otitis or barotrauma. […] Healthcare workers should use recommended infection-control measures while managing any patient with a respiratory infection.

• #135 Respiratory Tract Infection: Causes, Symptoms, Prevention, and Treatment – Lagos Health Hub: Expert Tips, Nutrition Guidance, and Wellness from Mascot Healthcare, Akoka, Yaba

  https://mascothealthcare.com/blog/2023/09/10/respiratory-tract-infection-causes-symptoms-prevention-and-treatment/

  Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are common illnesses that affect the airways and lungs. […] Preventing RTIs is essential for overall health. Strategies for prevention include: […] Vaccination: Vaccines are available to protect against certain respiratory infections, including the flu, pneumonia, and COVID-19. Getting vaccinated is one of the most effective ways to prevent these diseases. […] Hand Hygiene: Regularly wash your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, especially before eating and after being in public places. […] Respiratory Hygiene: Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your elbow when you cough or sneeze to prevent the spread of germs. […] Avoid Close Contact: Stay away from individuals who are sick, and if you are ill, try to maintain some distance from others to prevent transmission.

• #136 Respiratory infections: Your prevention guide | Sanitas Medical Center

  https://www.mysanitas.com/en/blog/respiratory-infections-your-prevention-guide

  Learn how to protect yourself against respiratory infections, distinguish between illnesses caused by viruses or bacteria, and discover preventive measures. […] While preventing every minor illness may not be feasible, we can collectively strive to shield ourselves and vulnerable community members from potentially life-threatening illnesses. […] Distinguishing between these respiratory infections is crucial, as their treatments differ significantly. […] Let’s break it down into simple steps you can take to safeguard your health: […] One of the simplest yet most effective ways to prevent respiratory infections is by washing your hands regularly with soap and water for at least 20 seconds – the approximate length of the Happy Birthday song. […] Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your elbow when you cough or sneeze to prevent the spread of respiratory droplets.

• #137 Why Do You Keep Getting Respiratory Infections?

  https://www.webmd.com/lung/copd/keep-getting-infections

  Respiratory Infections Prevention: Cold and flu viruses spread easily. When someone who’s ill coughs or sneezes, the droplets with the virus enter the air where someone else might inhale them. Viruses are also spread by touching objects such as a doorknob or staircase railing touched by an infected person and then touching your face. Shaking hands or hugging someone who is ill poses a risk as well. Protect yourself from these viruses by doing the following: […] Wash your hands frequently, with soap for at least 20 seconds. You don’t need antibacterial soap. Rinse under running water. […] Make sure your kids wash their hands properly too. […] Don’t touch your face with your hands. If you’ve just touched someone with these germs, you’re more likely to give yourself the illness. […] Don’t drink out of cups or glasses that others have used. Wash them first.

• #138 Acute Respiratory Infection: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/acute-respiratory-disease

  Most causes of an acute respiratory infection arent treatable. Therefore, prevention is the best method to ward off harmful respiratory infections. […] Getting the MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) and pertussis vaccine will substantially lower your risk of getting a respiratory infection. You may also benefit from influenza vaccination and pneumovax. Talk to your doctor about getting these. […] Practice good hygiene: […] Wash your hands frequently, especially after youve been in a public place. […] Always sneeze into the arm of your shirt or in a tissue. Although this may not ease your own symptoms, it will prevent you from spreading infectious diseases. […] Avoid touching your face, especially your eyes and mouth, to prevent introducing germs into your system. […] You should also avoid smoking and make sure you include plenty of vitamins in your diet, such as vitamin C, which helps boost your immune system. Vitamin C is maintained in immune cells, and a deficiency has been linked to higher susceptibility to infection. While research is unclear if Vitamin C can prevent an acute respiratory infection, there is evidence that it can shorten the length of time and or severity of some infections.

• #139 Upper Respiratory Tract Infections | University Health Services

  https://uhs.princeton.edu/health-resources/upper-respiratory-tract-infections

  If a vaccine is available and appropriate for you, get vaccinated. (Note: it can take about 2 weeks to reach full immunity.) […] Wash hands with soap and water frequently. Use hand sanitizer when you are unable to wash. […] Avoid contact with someone who is sick or if contact is unavoidable, wear a mask around them. […] Avoid using alcohol, which can impair your immune system. […] Avoid smoking tobacco or cannabis, which can increase lung inflammation and susceptibility to illnesses, as well as exacerbate respiratory illness symptoms.

• #140 Why Do You Keep Getting Respiratory Infections?

  https://www.webmd.com/lung/copd/keep-getting-infections

  Get a flu vaccine. […] If you’re the one with the virus: Cover your mouth with a tissue when you cough or sneeze. If you have no tissue, cover your mouth with an elbow rather than your hand. […] Throw used tissues in the trash. Don’t leave them lying around. […] Wash your hands often, especially after coughing or sneezing. […] Avoid shaking hands, hugging, or kissing others. […] Stay home when you’re sick. […] If possible, open the windows in your home or car to decrease the amount of the virus in the air, by allowing outdoor air in.

• #141 Bacterial Respiratory Tract Infection Diagnosis & Treatment — The Lung Docs

  https://www.thelungdocs.com/services/respiratory-infections

  Both viral and bacterial respiratory tract infections are contagious and spread from person to person through respiratory droplets emitted by coughing or sneezing. Transmission of these infections can also occur by touching the mouth or nose by hand, or by touching another object exposed to the virus or bacteria. The best ways to prevent the spread of a bacterial respiratory tract infection are: […] Avoiding close contact with sick people […] Wiping down objects: remotes, phones, doorknobs, surfaces, etc. […] Cover your mouth and nose (especially when coughing) […] Stay at home if you are sick.

• #142 Respiratory infections: Your prevention guide | Sanitas Medical Center

  https://www.mysanitas.com/en/blog/respiratory-infections-your-prevention-guide

  A strong immune system is your body’s first line of defense against infections. […] Vaccinations are a vital tool in preventing respiratory infections such as influenza and pneumonia. […] If possible, steer clear of individuals who are exhibiting symptoms of respiratory infections. […] Frequently disinfect commonly touched surfaces in your home and workplace, such as doorknobs, light switches, countertops, and electronic devices. […] If you develop symptoms of a respiratory infection, such as fever, cough, sore throat, or difficulty breathing, seek medical care promptly. […] You can significantly reduce your risk of contracting and spreading respiratory infections by incorporating these preventive measures into your daily life.

• #143 Respiratory tract infections

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/respiratory-tract-infections/

  How to avoid getting an RTI […] You may be at high risk of getting an RTI. For example, because you’re over the age of 65 or have a serious long-term health condition. […] If you keep getting RTIs or you’re at high risk of getting one, you should: […] ask your GP about the annual flu vaccine […] ask if you should have the pneumococcal vaccine this helps prevent pneumonia […] stop smoking if you smoke […] drink less alcohol […] How to avoid passing RTIs on to others […] RTIs are often spread in the coughs and sneezes of someone with an infection. To protect others: […] cover your mouth when you cough or sneeze […] wash your hands regularly […] throw away used tissues immediately

• #144 Diagnosis and Management of Recurrent Respiratory Tract Infections in Children: A Practical Guide

  https://brieflands.com/articles/apid-20283.html

  Raising awareness among parents of the modifiable risk factors for recurrent RTIs can play a large role in prevention. […] The ultimate goal of vaccination is to provide effective, active immunization against a specific pathogen. […] For recurrent RTIs, preventive strategies are a cornerstone of clinical management, as these provide a means to interrupt the vicious cycle of microbial infection, repeated mucosal inflammation due to the interaction between microbes and the hosts first-line immune defense, and defective immune response. […] Immunostimulants (also known as immunomodulators or immune enhancers) are effective complementary measures that can be used alongside vaccines to enhance or modulate the patients innate immune response. […] The use of bacterial lysates (immunomodulators) to enhance non-specific immunity is shifting to the forefront of preventive strategies for recurrent RTIs.

• #145 How French general practitioners manage and prevent recurrent respirat | IJGM

  https://www.dovepress.com/how-french-general-practitioners-manage-and-prevent-recurrent-respirat-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IJGM

  Overall, 84% of GPs prescribed products for the prevention of RRTIs; mostly trace elements, pre/probiotics, homeopathy and vitamins. […] More than 90% of GPs said that they would prescribe a product stimulating or modulating immunity if its efficacy and tolerability had been proven and if its efficacy had been confirmed in their daily practice.

• #146 Respiratory tract infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_tract_infection

  Despite some uncertainty due to small study sizes, there is some evidence that exercise may reduce severity of symptoms but had no impact on number of episodes or number of symptom days per episode. […] Viruses that cause RTI are more transmissible at very high or low relative humidity; ideal humidity for indoor spaces is between 40 and 60%. Therefore, relative humidity in this range can help lessen the risk of aerosol transmission.

• #147 Respiratory infections: Your prevention guide | Sanitas Medical Center

  https://www.mysanitas.com/en/blog/respiratory-infections-your-prevention-guide

  Learn how to protect yourself against respiratory infections, distinguish between illnesses caused by viruses or bacteria, and discover preventive measures. […] While preventing every minor illness may not be feasible, we can collectively strive to shield ourselves and vulnerable community members from potentially life-threatening illnesses. […] Distinguishing between these respiratory infections is crucial, as their treatments differ significantly. […] Let’s break it down into simple steps you can take to safeguard your health: […] One of the simplest yet most effective ways to prevent respiratory infections is by washing your hands regularly with soap and water for at least 20 seconds – the approximate length of the Happy Birthday song. […] Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your elbow when you cough or sneeze to prevent the spread of respiratory droplets.

• #148 Respiratory Tract Infection: Causes, Symptoms, Prevention, and Treatment – Lagos Health Hub: Expert Tips, Nutrition Guidance, and Wellness from Mascot Healthcare, Akoka, Yaba

  https://mascothealthcare.com/blog/2023/09/10/respiratory-tract-infection-causes-symptoms-prevention-and-treatment/

  Good Respiratory Etiquette: Wear a mask in crowded or indoor settings to reduce the risk of spreading respiratory infections. […] Stay Home When Sick: If you are unwell with respiratory symptoms, it’s important to stay home to prevent the spread of illness to others. […] Prevention through vaccination, good hygiene practices, and respiratory etiquette is crucial in reducing the risk of infection.

• #149 Respiratory infections: Your prevention guide | Sanitas Medical Center

  https://www.mysanitas.com/en/blog/respiratory-infections-your-prevention-guide

  A strong immune system is your body’s first line of defense against infections. […] Vaccinations are a vital tool in preventing respiratory infections such as influenza and pneumonia. […] If possible, steer clear of individuals who are exhibiting symptoms of respiratory infections. […] Frequently disinfect commonly touched surfaces in your home and workplace, such as doorknobs, light switches, countertops, and electronic devices. […] If you develop symptoms of a respiratory infection, such as fever, cough, sore throat, or difficulty breathing, seek medical care promptly. […] You can significantly reduce your risk of contracting and spreading respiratory infections by incorporating these preventive measures into your daily life.

• #150 Patient perceptions of vulnerability to recurrent respiratory tract infections and prevention strategies: a qualitative study | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/4/e055565

  Patients who experience frequent or severe RTIs are likely to welcome and benefit from advice and support regarding RTI prevention. […] To engage people effectively, those developing interventions or delivering health services must consider their beliefs and concerns about susceptibility and prevention. […] A wide range of medical and behavioural RTI prevention approaches have been investigated including; hand hygiene, vaccination, social distancing, mask-wearing, vitamins and supplements, gargling, nasal rinses and nasal sprays, exercise and mindfulness meditation. […] However, in addition to efficacy, prevention interventions must be acceptable to the target population; they must feel personally relevant, feasible and make sense in the context of peoples experiences. […] Therefore, gaining insight into how people understand and experience RTIs and RTI prevention is a vital step in the development and implementation of successful prevention interventions.

Zobacz więcej