Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Respiratory Tract Infections and Laboratory Diagnostic Methods: A Review with A Focus on Syndromic Panel-Based Assays

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9504108/

  Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are the focus of developments in public health, given their widespread distribution and the high morbidity and mortality rates reported worldwide. […] The epidemiology of RTIs is continually evolving following rapid sociodemographic changes and certainly climate change. […] In addition, new epidemiological data highlight the considerable impact of RTIs on the quality and the expectancy of life, as well as the severe threat to populations and global public health. […] The epidemiological study of RTIs must keep up with the rapid changes in sociodemographic and climate dynamics and needs continuous updating in order to provide important tools for health policies of control and prevention. […] RTIs are the deadliest diseases of infectious etiology, and the fourth leading cause of mortality worldwide, with 2,603,913 deaths globally reported in 2019.

• #2 Respiratory Tract Infections and Laboratory Diagnostic Methods: A Review with A Focus on Syndromic Panel-Based Assays

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/9/1856

  Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are the focus of developments in public health, given their widespread distribution and the high morbidity and mortality rates reported worldwide. […] The epidemiology of RTIs is continually evolving following rapid sociodemographic changes and certainly climate change. […] In addition, new epidemiological data highlight the considerable impact of RTIs on the quality and the expectancy of life, as well as the severe threat to populations and global public health. […] The epidemiological study of RTIs must keep up with the rapid changes in sociodemographic and climate dynamics and needs continuous updating in order to provide important tools for health policies of control and prevention. […] RTIs are the deadliest diseases of infectious etiology, and the fourth leading cause of mortality worldwide, with 2,603,913 deaths globally reported in 2019.

• #3 Respiratory Tract Infections | Fortress Diagnostics

  https://www.fortressdiagnostics.com/news/2023/december/respiratory-tract-infections

  The winter season is now upon us here in the northern hemisphere. As with each winter season, respiratory tract infections (RTIs) have begun to emerge. RTIs are the leading cause of death in childhood and the fourth most common cause of death in adults. They truly are a global health concern. […] According to the World Health Organization, RTIs account for 6% of the global disease burden. The prevalence of these infections are notably high, and for susceptible populations (the young, elderly and immunocompromised), they can indeed lead to severe, and sometimes fatal consequences. […] Countries such as Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, and Nepal collectively contribute significantly to the global burden of ARIs, accounting for about 40% of the total ARI mortality. These areas often face challenges related to healthcare access, sanitation, and socioeconomic factors, which exacerbate the impact of respiratory infections.

• #4 Epidemiological trends of respiratory tract pathogens detected via mPCR in Australian adult patients before COVID-19 | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-023-08750-7

  Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are a major global health burden due to their high morbidity and mortality. This retrospective study described the epidemiology of respiratory pathogens in adults over a 5-year period at an Australian tertiary healthcare network. […] The high rates of pathogen detection and hospitalisation in this real-world study highlights the significant burden of RTIs, and the urgent need for an improved understanding of the pathogenicity as well as preventative and treatment options of RTIs. […] Distinct trends of respiratory pathogens observed across seasons, age groups and sex contribute to a large burden of disease during the pre-COVID-19 era. […] In Australia, RTIs account for up to 7 million visits to general practitioners each year, with an average individual experiencing 2 to 5 episodes of infection per year.

• #5 Respiratory Tract Infections and Laboratory Diagnostic Methods: A Review with A Focus on Syndromic Panel-Based Assays

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9504108/

  The disease burden of RTIs shows an uneven distribution at both a demographical and geographical level and differs widely by age, gender, and among countries and regions. […] Both the pediatric and the elderly populations are shown to be the most vulnerable to RTIs worldwide in terms of mortality and loss of LE. […] Low-, and the middle-income countries and territories are more susceptible to RTIs, accounting for the highest mortality and DALY rates. […] It is worth noting that in high-income countries, many deaths associated with RTIs occur in aged care facilities and in nursing homes; this suggests a high rate of transmission of RTIs in such settings, with reported significant mortality rates and loss of LE for the elderly. […] The implementation of syndromic panels in the respiratory infection diagnostic algorithm has the potential to be a powerful decision-making tool for patient management, especially in emergency departments, despite requiring the appropriate use of the test in different patient populations. […] Syndromic panels for the detection of respiratory pathogens is associated with a radically reduced time-to-results and, in parallel, to increased detection of clinically relevant pathogens compared to the standard methods.

• #6 Respiratory Tract Infections and Laboratory Diagnostic Methods: A Review with A Focus on Syndromic Panel-Based Assays

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/9/1856

  The disease burden of RTIs shows an uneven distribution at both a demographical and geographical level and differs widely by age, gender, and among countries and regions. […] Both the pediatric and the elderly populations are shown to be the most vulnerable to RTIs worldwide in terms of mortality and loss of LE. […] Low-, and the middle-income countries and territories are more susceptible to RTIs, accounting for the highest mortality and DALY rates. […] It is worth noting that in high-income countries, many deaths associated with RTIs occur in aged care facilities and in nursing homes; this suggests a high rate of transmission of RTIs in such settings, with reported significant mortality rates and loss of LE for the elderly. […] The introduction of syndromic panels broke new ground in the field of diagnostic microbiology, since they provide a highly powerful tool capable of detecting a broad array of pathogens that, collectively, could cause a single clinical syndrome; this was achieved by meeting the needs of accuracy and of the shortening of time-to-result.

• #7 Respiratory Tract Infections and Laboratory Diagnostic Methods: A Review with A Focus on Syndromic Panel-Based Assays

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9504108/

  The disease burden of RTIs shows an uneven distribution at both a demographical and geographical level and differs widely by age, gender, and among countries and regions. […] Both the pediatric and the elderly populations are shown to be the most vulnerable to RTIs worldwide in terms of mortality and loss of LE. […] Low-, and the middle-income countries and territories are more susceptible to RTIs, accounting for the highest mortality and DALY rates. […] It is worth noting that in high-income countries, many deaths associated with RTIs occur in aged care facilities and in nursing homes; this suggests a high rate of transmission of RTIs in such settings, with reported significant mortality rates and loss of LE for the elderly. […] The implementation of syndromic panels in the respiratory infection diagnostic algorithm has the potential to be a powerful decision-making tool for patient management, especially in emergency departments, despite requiring the appropriate use of the test in different patient populations. […] Syndromic panels for the detection of respiratory pathogens is associated with a radically reduced time-to-results and, in parallel, to increased detection of clinically relevant pathogens compared to the standard methods.

• #8 Respiratory Tract Infections and Laboratory Diagnostic Methods: A Review with A Focus on Syndromic Panel-Based Assays

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/9/1856

  The disease burden of RTIs shows an uneven distribution at both a demographical and geographical level and differs widely by age, gender, and among countries and regions. […] Both the pediatric and the elderly populations are shown to be the most vulnerable to RTIs worldwide in terms of mortality and loss of LE. […] Low-, and the middle-income countries and territories are more susceptible to RTIs, accounting for the highest mortality and DALY rates. […] It is worth noting that in high-income countries, many deaths associated with RTIs occur in aged care facilities and in nursing homes; this suggests a high rate of transmission of RTIs in such settings, with reported significant mortality rates and loss of LE for the elderly. […] The introduction of syndromic panels broke new ground in the field of diagnostic microbiology, since they provide a highly powerful tool capable of detecting a broad array of pathogens that, collectively, could cause a single clinical syndrome; this was achieved by meeting the needs of accuracy and of the shortening of time-to-result.

• #9 Respiratory Tract Infections and Laboratory Diagnostic Methods: A Review with A Focus on Syndromic Panel-Based Assays

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9504108/

  The disease burden of RTIs shows an uneven distribution at both a demographical and geographical level and differs widely by age, gender, and among countries and regions. […] Both the pediatric and the elderly populations are shown to be the most vulnerable to RTIs worldwide in terms of mortality and loss of LE. […] Low-, and the middle-income countries and territories are more susceptible to RTIs, accounting for the highest mortality and DALY rates. […] It is worth noting that in high-income countries, many deaths associated with RTIs occur in aged care facilities and in nursing homes; this suggests a high rate of transmission of RTIs in such settings, with reported significant mortality rates and loss of LE for the elderly. […] The implementation of syndromic panels in the respiratory infection diagnostic algorithm has the potential to be a powerful decision-making tool for patient management, especially in emergency departments, despite requiring the appropriate use of the test in different patient populations. […] Syndromic panels for the detection of respiratory pathogens is associated with a radically reduced time-to-results and, in parallel, to increased detection of clinically relevant pathogens compared to the standard methods.

• #10 Respiratory Tract Infections and Laboratory Diagnostic Methods: A Review with A Focus on Syndromic Panel-Based Assays

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/9/1856

  The disease burden of RTIs shows an uneven distribution at both a demographical and geographical level and differs widely by age, gender, and among countries and regions. […] Both the pediatric and the elderly populations are shown to be the most vulnerable to RTIs worldwide in terms of mortality and loss of LE. […] Low-, and the middle-income countries and territories are more susceptible to RTIs, accounting for the highest mortality and DALY rates. […] It is worth noting that in high-income countries, many deaths associated with RTIs occur in aged care facilities and in nursing homes; this suggests a high rate of transmission of RTIs in such settings, with reported significant mortality rates and loss of LE for the elderly. […] The introduction of syndromic panels broke new ground in the field of diagnostic microbiology, since they provide a highly powerful tool capable of detecting a broad array of pathogens that, collectively, could cause a single clinical syndrome; this was achieved by meeting the needs of accuracy and of the shortening of time-to-result.

• #11 Respiratory Tract Infections | Fortress Diagnostics

  https://www.fortressdiagnostics.com/news/2023/december/respiratory-tract-infections

  The winter season is now upon us here in the northern hemisphere. As with each winter season, respiratory tract infections (RTIs) have begun to emerge. RTIs are the leading cause of death in childhood and the fourth most common cause of death in adults. They truly are a global health concern. […] According to the World Health Organization, RTIs account for 6% of the global disease burden. The prevalence of these infections are notably high, and for susceptible populations (the young, elderly and immunocompromised), they can indeed lead to severe, and sometimes fatal consequences. […] Countries such as Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, and Nepal collectively contribute significantly to the global burden of ARIs, accounting for about 40% of the total ARI mortality. These areas often face challenges related to healthcare access, sanitation, and socioeconomic factors, which exacerbate the impact of respiratory infections.

• #12 Respiratory Tract Infections and Laboratory Diagnostic Methods: A Review with A Focus on Syndromic Panel-Based Assays

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9504108/

  The disease burden of RTIs shows an uneven distribution at both a demographical and geographical level and differs widely by age, gender, and among countries and regions. […] Both the pediatric and the elderly populations are shown to be the most vulnerable to RTIs worldwide in terms of mortality and loss of LE. […] Low-, and the middle-income countries and territories are more susceptible to RTIs, accounting for the highest mortality and DALY rates. […] It is worth noting that in high-income countries, many deaths associated with RTIs occur in aged care facilities and in nursing homes; this suggests a high rate of transmission of RTIs in such settings, with reported significant mortality rates and loss of LE for the elderly. […] The implementation of syndromic panels in the respiratory infection diagnostic algorithm has the potential to be a powerful decision-making tool for patient management, especially in emergency departments, despite requiring the appropriate use of the test in different patient populations. […] Syndromic panels for the detection of respiratory pathogens is associated with a radically reduced time-to-results and, in parallel, to increased detection of clinically relevant pathogens compared to the standard methods.

• #13 Respiratory Tract Infections and Laboratory Diagnostic Methods: A Review with A Focus on Syndromic Panel-Based Assays

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/9/1856

  The disease burden of RTIs shows an uneven distribution at both a demographical and geographical level and differs widely by age, gender, and among countries and regions. […] Both the pediatric and the elderly populations are shown to be the most vulnerable to RTIs worldwide in terms of mortality and loss of LE. […] Low-, and the middle-income countries and territories are more susceptible to RTIs, accounting for the highest mortality and DALY rates. […] It is worth noting that in high-income countries, many deaths associated with RTIs occur in aged care facilities and in nursing homes; this suggests a high rate of transmission of RTIs in such settings, with reported significant mortality rates and loss of LE for the elderly. […] The introduction of syndromic panels broke new ground in the field of diagnostic microbiology, since they provide a highly powerful tool capable of detecting a broad array of pathogens that, collectively, could cause a single clinical syndrome; this was achieved by meeting the needs of accuracy and of the shortening of time-to-result.

• #14 Epidemiological trends of respiratory tract pathogens detected via mPCR in Australian adult patients before COVID-19 | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-023-08750-7

  The majority of RTIs are caused by viruses, followed by bacterial infections. […] An improved understanding of the epidemiology of RTIs pathogens may help manage seasonal outbreaks and individual patients more effectively. […] The objective of this retrospective study was to describe the overall prevalence of non-pneumococcal respiratory pathogens in Australian adults at a single healthcare network between 2014 to 2019, and identify variations in season, sex and age that were associated with ICU admission and IMW LOS. […] Our study has several limitations. […] Ultimately, our study has several limitations. […] The high rates of non-pneumococcal aetiology of RTI positivity obtained in this real-world study highlights the significant burden of infection, dominated by Picornavirus, influenza A and RSV, and the urgent need for preventative and treatment options.

• #15 The Epidemiological Features and Pathogen Spectrum of Respiratory Tract Infections, Istanbul, Türkiye, from 2021 to 2023

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11171886/

  Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) can lead to both recurrent seasonal epidemic outbreaks and devastating pandemics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiologic characteristics and pathogen spectrum of RTIs using a multiplex RT-PCR panel. A total of 9354 cases with suspected RTIs between February 2021 and July 2023 were included in this study. A total of 11,048 nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal samples from these patients were analyzed for 23 respiratory tract pathogens using multiplex RT-PCR. At least one pathogen was detected in 70.66% of the samples; viral pathogens were detected in 48.41% of the samples, bacterial pathogens were detected in 16.06% of the samples, and viral + bacterial pathogens were detected in 35.53% of the samples. This comprehensive study with a large sample size investigating RTI pathogens was the first in Trkiye. Understanding the current viral circulation using multiplex RT-PCR panels enables clinicians to predict the most likely pathogens affecting patients and contributes to patient management, in addition to anticipating potential threats.

• #16 The Epidemiological Features and Pathogen Spectrum of Respiratory Tract Infections, Istanbul, Türkiye, from 2021 to 2023

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11171886/

  Viruses were the most frequently detected pathogens in the respiratory tract samples. The rate of detection of viruses alone in the respiratory tract samples ranked first, at 48.41%. The rate of detection of viruses and bacteria together ranked second, at 35.53%, while the rate of detection of bacteria alone was 16.06%. The most frequently detected single pathogens were SARS-CoV-2, CoV NL63, and InfA, respectively. […] RTIs have a higher incidence in children, and this was also the case in this study. Similar to previous studies, RV/EV and RSV A/B were most frequently detected in children, while SARS-CoV-2 and RV/EV were most frequently detected in adults. […] RTIs were the highest in winter and the lowest in summer in this study, peaking in December but dropping significantly in August. Changes in the hosts immune response, nutrition, and behavioral patterns due to changing weather conditions or climate changes are thought to influence the seasonal distribution of respiratory tract pathogens.

• #17 Respiratory tract infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_tract_infection

  Of the viruses that cause respiratory infections in humans, most have seasonal variation in prevalence. Influenza, Human orthopneumovirus (RSV), and human coronaviruses are more prevalent in the winter. Human bocavirus and Human metapneumovirus occur year-round, rhinoviruses (which cause the common cold) occur mostly in the spring and fall, and human parainfluenza viruses have variable peaks depending on the specific strain. Enteroviruses, with the exception of rhinoviruses, tend to peak in the summer.

• #18 Respiratory tract infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_tract_infection

  Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are infectious diseases involving the lower or upper respiratory tract. An infection of this type usually is further classified as an upper respiratory tract infection (URI or URTI) or a lower respiratory tract infection (LRI or LRTI). Lower respiratory infections, such as pneumonia, tend to be far more severe than upper respiratory infections, such as the common cold. […] Respiratory infections often have strong seasonal patterns, with temperate climates more affected during the winter. Several factors explain winter peaks in respiratory infections, including environmental conditions and changes in human behaviors. Viruses that cause respiratory infections are affected by environmental conditions like relative humidity and temperature. Temperate climate winters have lower relative humidity, which is known to increase the transmission of influenza.

• #19 Respiratory tract infection – Wikiwand

  https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Respiratory_tract_infection

  Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are infectious diseases involving the lower or upper respiratory tract. […] Lower respiratory tract infections (LRIs) are generally more severe than upper respiratory infections. LRIs are the leading cause of death among all infectious diseases. […] Respiratory infections often have strong seasonal patterns, with temperate climates more affected during the winter. Several factors explain winter peaks in respiratory infections, including environmental conditions and changes in human behaviors. Viruses that cause respiratory infections are affected by environmental conditions like relative humidity and temperature. Temperate climate winters have lower relative humidity, which is known to increase the transmission of influenza. […] Of the viruses that cause respiratory infections in humans, most have seasonal variation in prevalence. Influenza, Human orthopneumovirus (RSV), and human coronaviruses are more prevalent in the winter. Human bocavirus and Human metapneumovirus occur year-round, rhinoviruses (which cause the common cold) occur mostly in the spring and fall, and human parainfluenza viruses have variable peaks depending on the specific strain. Enteroviruses, with the exception of rhinoviruses, tend to peak in the summer.

• #20 The Epidemiological Features and Pathogen Spectrum of Respiratory Tract Infections, Istanbul, Türkiye, from 2021 to 2023

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11171886/

  Viruses were the most frequently detected pathogens in the respiratory tract samples. The rate of detection of viruses alone in the respiratory tract samples ranked first, at 48.41%. The rate of detection of viruses and bacteria together ranked second, at 35.53%, while the rate of detection of bacteria alone was 16.06%. The most frequently detected single pathogens were SARS-CoV-2, CoV NL63, and InfA, respectively. […] RTIs have a higher incidence in children, and this was also the case in this study. Similar to previous studies, RV/EV and RSV A/B were most frequently detected in children, while SARS-CoV-2 and RV/EV were most frequently detected in adults. […] RTIs were the highest in winter and the lowest in summer in this study, peaking in December but dropping significantly in August. Changes in the hosts immune response, nutrition, and behavioral patterns due to changing weather conditions or climate changes are thought to influence the seasonal distribution of respiratory tract pathogens.

• #21 The Epidemiological Features and Pathogen Spectrum of Respiratory Tract Infections, Istanbul, Türkiye, from 2021 to 2023

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11171886/

  Viruses were the most frequently detected pathogens in the respiratory tract samples. The rate of detection of viruses alone in the respiratory tract samples ranked first, at 48.41%. The rate of detection of viruses and bacteria together ranked second, at 35.53%, while the rate of detection of bacteria alone was 16.06%. The most frequently detected single pathogens were SARS-CoV-2, CoV NL63, and InfA, respectively. […] RTIs have a higher incidence in children, and this was also the case in this study. Similar to previous studies, RV/EV and RSV A/B were most frequently detected in children, while SARS-CoV-2 and RV/EV were most frequently detected in adults. […] RTIs were the highest in winter and the lowest in summer in this study, peaking in December but dropping significantly in August. Changes in the hosts immune response, nutrition, and behavioral patterns due to changing weather conditions or climate changes are thought to influence the seasonal distribution of respiratory tract pathogens.

• #22 Upper Respiratory Tract Infection: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/302460-overview

  URIs are the most common infectious illness in the general population and are the leading cause of missed days at work or school. They represent the most frequent acute diagnosis in the office setting. […] The incidence of the common cold varies by age. Rates are highest in children younger than 5 years. Children who attend school or day care are a large reservoir for URIs, and they transfer infection to the adults who care for them. […] The occurrence of epiglottitis has decreased dramatically in the United States and other developed nations since the introduction of Hib vaccine. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the rate of Hib infections decreased from 0.1 per 100,000 population in 1997 to 0.02 per 100,000 population in 2018. […] The incidence of whooping cough in the United States has increased steadily since 2007, reaching a peak of 48,277 reported cases in 2012 before leveling off at 18,975 cases in 2019 prior to the start of the COVID-19 pandemic.

• #23 Rhinovirus (RV) Infection (Common Cold): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/227820-overview

  Internationally, rhinovirus is a significant cause of RTI, as well as a minor cause of bronchiolitis. […] Rhinoviruses have been found in all countries, even in remote areas such as the Kaluhi Islands and the Amazon. […] The incidence of the common cold is highest in preschool- and elementary school-aged children. […] Because antibodies to viral serotypes develop over time, the incidence of rhinovirus infection is highest in infants and young children and falls as children approach adulthood. […] Young children are more likely to have the frequent, close, personal contact necessary to transmit the virus; they commonly pass the infection to family members after acquiring the virus in nurseries, daycare facilities, and schools. […] Acute RTIs, predominantly rhinovirus infections, are estimated to cause 30-50% of time lost from work by adults and 60-80% of time lost from school by children.

• #24 Patterns of respiratory tract infections in children under 5 years of age in a low–middle-income country | Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association | Full Text

  https://jepha.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s42506-022-00118-0

  Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are among the most commonly encountered major public health problems, with a higher prevalence of lower RTIs among children and more generally the poor. The present study aimed to describe the pattern of respiratory tract infections in Egyptian children aged under 5 years and explore possible associations between socio-demographics and nutritional status and types of RTIs. […] The total number of children diagnosed with upper and lower respiratory infections was 611. Malnutrition was present in 12.4% of all children with upper and lower RTIs. Lower RTI and malnutrition were substantially more prevalent among children aged under 2 years. […] At our center, approximately one-third of infections in under-fives were lower RTI. Malnutrition was one of the significant risk factors for lower RTI in children below 2 years.

• #25 Patterns of respiratory tract infections in children under 5 years of age in a low–middle-income country | Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association | Full Text

  https://jepha.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s42506-022-00118-0

  The greatest predictor of lower RTI was revealed in children aged less than 2 years. […] Moreover, children under 2 years had the highest incidence of malnutrition. […] In the present study, malnourished patients with lower RTI were more likely to live in rural areas than nourished patients with lower RTI, indicating that lower socioeconomic status is a significant risk factor for both wasting and lower RTI. […] The younger age (under 2 years) is the main risk factor for lower RTIs and malnutrition.

• #26 Community paediatric respiratory infection surveillance study protocol: a feasibility, prospective inception cohort study | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/6/8/e013017

  A key element of the problem is uncertainty felt by parents and clinicians. […] The Chief Medical Officer’s 2011 Annual Report identifies a need for enhanced surveillance of infectious diseases, with a focus on tackling AMR and improving antibiotic stewardship, and recommends research to enhance infectious disease surveillance. […] Currently available UK healthcare-based infection surveillance information includes microbiology data presented in weekly laboratory reports from the Public Health England (PHE) based on swabs predominantly received from secondary care. […] There is an absence of matched microbiology and syndromic data, and an absence of community infection data of any kind, much less community paediatric RTI data. […] Improving the availability of surveillance data on community RTIs, including the microbiology matched with syndromic presentation, has the potential to reduce clinician uncertainty and improve the targeted use of antibiotics and appropriate secondary care referrals.

• #27 Screening, diagnosis, and surveillance of respiratory tract infections – Clinical Conversations

  https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/clinical-conversations/screening-diagnosis-and-surveillance-of-respiratory-tract-infections/

  The World Health Organization (WHO) reports respiratory tract infections as the leading cause of disease burden and lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) as the third leading cause of death worldwide. […] In the first presentation of the webinar Dr. Wolk discusses screening and diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infections and surveillance options. […] In general, surveillance can be active or passive, utilizing culture or molecular diagnostics. […] The webinar is available on-demand here to learn more about screening, diagnosis, and surveillance of respiratory tract infections as well as etiology, clinical manifestation, and antibiotic stewardship.

• #28 Respiratory Tract Infections | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/respiratory-tract-infections-156898550/156898550

  Respiratory tract infection (RTI) is defined by any infectious disease of upper or lower respiratory tract. […] Every year 3.9 million deaths occurs due to acute respiratory tract infections in young children in world. Among them 15%-30% deaths occurs in India. […] Respiratory tract infections are caused by viruses and bacteria that infect the upper or lower respiratory tract. The document defines respiratory tract infections and lists common types such as cold, flu, pneumonia. It describes symptoms, causes, and treatments for each type of infection. Risk factors include age, environment, and underlying health conditions. Treatment involves antibiotics, antivirals, and other drugs depending on whether the infection is bacterial or viral. […] Surveillance involves the systematic collection, analysis, and use of health data for decision-making. It serves as an early warning system and monitors the impact of interventions. There are different types of surveillance including community-based, hospital-based, and active/passive surveillance. Community-based surveillance engages community members to detect and report health events. Hospital-based surveillance relies on regular reporting from hospitals. Active surveillance actively seeks out cases, while passive surveillance waits for cases to be reported. The appropriate surveillance method depends on the context and challenges.

• #29 Respiratory Tract Infections | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/respiratory-tract-infections-156898550/156898550

  Respiratory tract infection (RTI) is defined by any infectious disease of upper or lower respiratory tract. […] Every year 3.9 million deaths occurs due to acute respiratory tract infections in young children in world. Among them 15%-30% deaths occurs in India. […] Respiratory tract infections are caused by viruses and bacteria that infect the upper or lower respiratory tract. The document defines respiratory tract infections and lists common types such as cold, flu, pneumonia. It describes symptoms, causes, and treatments for each type of infection. Risk factors include age, environment, and underlying health conditions. Treatment involves antibiotics, antivirals, and other drugs depending on whether the infection is bacterial or viral. […] Surveillance involves the systematic collection, analysis, and use of health data for decision-making. It serves as an early warning system and monitors the impact of interventions. There are different types of surveillance including community-based, hospital-based, and active/passive surveillance. Community-based surveillance engages community members to detect and report health events. Hospital-based surveillance relies on regular reporting from hospitals. Active surveillance actively seeks out cases, while passive surveillance waits for cases to be reported. The appropriate surveillance method depends on the context and challenges.

• #30 Community paediatric respiratory infection surveillance study protocol: a feasibility, prospective inception cohort study | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/6/8/e013017

  A key element of the problem is uncertainty felt by parents and clinicians. […] The Chief Medical Officer’s 2011 Annual Report identifies a need for enhanced surveillance of infectious diseases, with a focus on tackling AMR and improving antibiotic stewardship, and recommends research to enhance infectious disease surveillance. […] Currently available UK healthcare-based infection surveillance information includes microbiology data presented in weekly laboratory reports from the Public Health England (PHE) based on swabs predominantly received from secondary care. […] There is an absence of matched microbiology and syndromic data, and an absence of community infection data of any kind, much less community paediatric RTI data. […] Improving the availability of surveillance data on community RTIs, including the microbiology matched with syndromic presentation, has the potential to reduce clinician uncertainty and improve the targeted use of antibiotics and appropriate secondary care referrals.

• #31 Prevalence and contribution of respiratory viruses in the community to rates of emergency department visits and hospitalizations with respiratory tract infections, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0228544

  The individual and combined contribution of viral prevalence in the community to Emergency Department (ED) visits and hospitalizations with respiratory tract infections (RTIs), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma is unclear. […] The Canadian Respiratory Virus Detection Surveillance program consists of a network of laboratories, hospitals, physician offices and provincial and territorial ministries of health. The aim of the program is to detect and respond to outbreaks, use data on viruses to improve and inform health programs and policies, and to ensure information gathered in Canada supports international monitoring and is ready in case of any global threats and outbreaks. […] Therefore, the objective of this study was to retrospectively investigate the prevalence and contribution of respiratory viruses on daily ED visits and hospitalizations with RTIs, COPD and asthma in an unselected population in Ontario, Canada over a period of 11 years.

• #32 Antibiotic prescribing for respiratory tract infection across a national primary care network in 2019, CCDR 48(4) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/reports-publications/canada-communicable-disease-report-ccdr/monthly-issue/2022-48/issue-4-april-2022/antibiotic-prescribing-preceding-covid-19.html

  The Canadian Primary Care Sentinel Surveillance Network (CPCSSN) is a national network of primary care clinics representing over two million patients and 1,500 primary care clinicians across eight provinces and one territory. […] This study found that CPCSSN can provide highly accurate surveillance for five common RTI syndromes across primary care. The variability in antibiotic prescribing practices identified underscores the need for feedback to providers and quality improvement as part of Canada’s strategy to curb antimicrobial resistance. […] Our validation study confirmed that CPCSSN can provide this surveillance for RTI, which is the most common reason for antibiotic prescriptions in primary care.

• #33 Nursing Home RTI Surveillance Pilot Project | Emory School of Medicine

  https://med.emory.edu/departments/medicine/divisions/infectious-diseases/studies-programs/easil/rti-surveillance.html

  Partnering with Nursing Homes to improve surveillance for respiratory tract infections. […] CDC’s National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) is considering the addition of a surveillance module for 'Respiratory Tract Infections (RTI)’ in nursing homes. […] The purpose of this activity is to hear from nursing homes how to best perform this surveillance and to get feedback on how the forms, tools, and training material can be improved. […] A denominator form should be turned in EACH MONTH, regardless of whether or not there are any RTI infections. […] Appendix C is used to report daily census and prescriptions, and should be completed monthly regardless of whether there are any RTI events. […] This presentation covers the approach to the NHSN RTI Pilot Surveillance: how to track, what to track, and what to report. […] This video was created by the CDC to help train participating sites on how to use the forms.

• #34 Respiratory Tract Infections and Laboratory Diagnostic Methods: A Review with A Focus on Syndromic Panel-Based Assays

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9504108/

  The disease burden of RTIs shows an uneven distribution at both a demographical and geographical level and differs widely by age, gender, and among countries and regions. […] Both the pediatric and the elderly populations are shown to be the most vulnerable to RTIs worldwide in terms of mortality and loss of LE. […] Low-, and the middle-income countries and territories are more susceptible to RTIs, accounting for the highest mortality and DALY rates. […] It is worth noting that in high-income countries, many deaths associated with RTIs occur in aged care facilities and in nursing homes; this suggests a high rate of transmission of RTIs in such settings, with reported significant mortality rates and loss of LE for the elderly. […] The implementation of syndromic panels in the respiratory infection diagnostic algorithm has the potential to be a powerful decision-making tool for patient management, especially in emergency departments, despite requiring the appropriate use of the test in different patient populations. […] Syndromic panels for the detection of respiratory pathogens is associated with a radically reduced time-to-results and, in parallel, to increased detection of clinically relevant pathogens compared to the standard methods.

• #35 Respiratory Tract Infections and Laboratory Diagnostic Methods: A Review with A Focus on Syndromic Panel-Based Assays

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/9/1856

  The implementation of syndromic panels in the respiratory infection diagnostic algorithm has the potential to be a powerful decision-making tool for patient management, especially in emergency departments, despite requiring the appropriate use of the test in different patient populations. […] In conclusion, the use of syndromic panels for the detection of respiratory pathogens is associated with a radically reduced time-to-results and, in parallel, to increased detection of clinically relevant pathogens compared to the standard methods.

• #36 Respiratory Tract Infections and Laboratory Diagnostic Methods: A Review with A Focus on Syndromic Panel-Based Assays

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9504108/

  The disease burden of RTIs shows an uneven distribution at both a demographical and geographical level and differs widely by age, gender, and among countries and regions. […] Both the pediatric and the elderly populations are shown to be the most vulnerable to RTIs worldwide in terms of mortality and loss of LE. […] Low-, and the middle-income countries and territories are more susceptible to RTIs, accounting for the highest mortality and DALY rates. […] It is worth noting that in high-income countries, many deaths associated with RTIs occur in aged care facilities and in nursing homes; this suggests a high rate of transmission of RTIs in such settings, with reported significant mortality rates and loss of LE for the elderly. […] The implementation of syndromic panels in the respiratory infection diagnostic algorithm has the potential to be a powerful decision-making tool for patient management, especially in emergency departments, despite requiring the appropriate use of the test in different patient populations. […] Syndromic panels for the detection of respiratory pathogens is associated with a radically reduced time-to-results and, in parallel, to increased detection of clinically relevant pathogens compared to the standard methods.

• #37 Respiratory Tract Infections and Laboratory Diagnostic Methods: A Review with A Focus on Syndromic Panel-Based Assays

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/9/1856

  The implementation of syndromic panels in the respiratory infection diagnostic algorithm has the potential to be a powerful decision-making tool for patient management, especially in emergency departments, despite requiring the appropriate use of the test in different patient populations. […] In conclusion, the use of syndromic panels for the detection of respiratory pathogens is associated with a radically reduced time-to-results and, in parallel, to increased detection of clinically relevant pathogens compared to the standard methods.

• #38 The Epidemiological Features and Pathogen Spectrum of Respiratory Tract Infections, Istanbul, Türkiye, from 2021 to 2023

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/14/11/1071

  The multiplex RT-PCR assay, now a routine diagnostic test, is a good tool to understand current pathogen circulation and predict potential threats. The major strengths of this study were the large sample size and the use of a multiplex RT-PCR panel with a broad pathogen spectrum. […] Analyzing the detection rate of respiratory tract pathogens using multiplex RT-PCR panels is important for public health, clinical diagnosis, and treatment, as well as for the collection of epidemiological data.

• #39 The Epidemiological Features and Pathogen Spectrum of Respiratory Tract Infections, Istanbul, Türkiye, from 2021 to 2023

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/14/11/1071

  The multiplex RT-PCR assay, now a routine diagnostic test, is a good tool to understand current pathogen circulation and predict potential threats. The major strengths of this study were the large sample size and the use of a multiplex RT-PCR panel with a broad pathogen spectrum. […] Analyzing the detection rate of respiratory tract pathogens using multiplex RT-PCR panels is important for public health, clinical diagnosis, and treatment, as well as for the collection of epidemiological data.

• #40 The Epidemiological Features and Pathogen Spectrum of Respiratory Tract Infections, Istanbul, Türkiye, from 2021 to 2023

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/14/11/1071

  Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) can lead to both recurrent seasonal epidemic outbreaks and devastating pandemics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiologic characteristics and pathogen spectrum of RTIs using a multiplex RT-PCR panel. A total of 9354 cases with suspected RTIs between February 2021 and July 2023 were included in this study. […] The epidemiologic characteristics of the RTIs were also evaluated, including sex, age, and seasonal variations of different pathogens. The novelty of this study lies in its comprehensive investigation of RTI pathogens utilizing a large sample size, marking the first such endeavor in Türkiye. […] Understanding the current viral circulation using multiplex RT-PCR panels enables clinicians to predict the most likely pathogens affecting patients and contributes to patient management, in addition to anticipating potential threats.

• #41 The Epidemiological Features and Pathogen Spectrum of Respiratory Tract Infections, Istanbul, Türkiye, from 2021 to 2023

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11171886/

  Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) can lead to both recurrent seasonal epidemic outbreaks and devastating pandemics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiologic characteristics and pathogen spectrum of RTIs using a multiplex RT-PCR panel. A total of 9354 cases with suspected RTIs between February 2021 and July 2023 were included in this study. A total of 11,048 nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal samples from these patients were analyzed for 23 respiratory tract pathogens using multiplex RT-PCR. At least one pathogen was detected in 70.66% of the samples; viral pathogens were detected in 48.41% of the samples, bacterial pathogens were detected in 16.06% of the samples, and viral + bacterial pathogens were detected in 35.53% of the samples. This comprehensive study with a large sample size investigating RTI pathogens was the first in Trkiye. Understanding the current viral circulation using multiplex RT-PCR panels enables clinicians to predict the most likely pathogens affecting patients and contributes to patient management, in addition to anticipating potential threats.

• #42 Community paediatric respiratory infection surveillance study protocol: a feasibility, prospective inception cohort study | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/6/8/e013017

  A key element of the problem is uncertainty felt by parents and clinicians. […] The Chief Medical Officer’s 2011 Annual Report identifies a need for enhanced surveillance of infectious diseases, with a focus on tackling AMR and improving antibiotic stewardship, and recommends research to enhance infectious disease surveillance. […] Currently available UK healthcare-based infection surveillance information includes microbiology data presented in weekly laboratory reports from the Public Health England (PHE) based on swabs predominantly received from secondary care. […] There is an absence of matched microbiology and syndromic data, and an absence of community infection data of any kind, much less community paediatric RTI data. […] Improving the availability of surveillance data on community RTIs, including the microbiology matched with syndromic presentation, has the potential to reduce clinician uncertainty and improve the targeted use of antibiotics and appropriate secondary care referrals.

• #43 Community paediatric respiratory infection surveillance study protocol: a feasibility, prospective inception cohort study | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/6/8/e013017

  A key element of the problem is uncertainty felt by parents and clinicians. […] The Chief Medical Officer’s 2011 Annual Report identifies a need for enhanced surveillance of infectious diseases, with a focus on tackling AMR and improving antibiotic stewardship, and recommends research to enhance infectious disease surveillance. […] Currently available UK healthcare-based infection surveillance information includes microbiology data presented in weekly laboratory reports from the Public Health England (PHE) based on swabs predominantly received from secondary care. […] There is an absence of matched microbiology and syndromic data, and an absence of community infection data of any kind, much less community paediatric RTI data. […] Improving the availability of surveillance data on community RTIs, including the microbiology matched with syndromic presentation, has the potential to reduce clinician uncertainty and improve the targeted use of antibiotics and appropriate secondary care referrals.

• #44 Clinical Signs and Treatment for Common Respiratory Tract Infections

  https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/open-access/clinical-signs-and-treatment-for-common-respiratory-tract-infections-118080.html

  Among the illnesses that are most frequently treated with antibiotics in LTCFs are Respiratory Tract Infections (RTIs). The estimated peak incidence and prevalence rates of RTIs were 85.2% and 55.8%, respectively, according to a systematic evaluation of 26 publications. […] Antibiotic use in outbreak Long-Term Care Facilities (LTCFs) for respiratory infection has increased since 2020 during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. […] Most notably, it was determined that 90% of the antibiotics prescribed for RTIs were inappropriate, which aided in the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. […] Different estimates of the usage of antibiotics for RTIs in LTCFs were reported by a number of surveillance studies. […] A complete antibiotic specifically for LTCFs by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) included antibiotic surveillance as a key component. A major strategic objective of the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Global Action Plan to prevent antimicrobial resistance was to monitor antibiotic use. Therefore, monitoring the use of antibiotics for RTIs in LTCFs is considered to be a crucial duty in the battle against antimicrobial resistance.

• #45 Clinical Signs and Treatment for Common Respiratory Tract Infections

  https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/open-access/clinical-signs-and-treatment-for-common-respiratory-tract-infections-118080.html

  Among the illnesses that are most frequently treated with antibiotics in LTCFs are Respiratory Tract Infections (RTIs). The estimated peak incidence and prevalence rates of RTIs were 85.2% and 55.8%, respectively, according to a systematic evaluation of 26 publications. […] Antibiotic use in outbreak Long-Term Care Facilities (LTCFs) for respiratory infection has increased since 2020 during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. […] Most notably, it was determined that 90% of the antibiotics prescribed for RTIs were inappropriate, which aided in the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. […] Different estimates of the usage of antibiotics for RTIs in LTCFs were reported by a number of surveillance studies. […] A complete antibiotic specifically for LTCFs by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) included antibiotic surveillance as a key component. A major strategic objective of the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Global Action Plan to prevent antimicrobial resistance was to monitor antibiotic use. Therefore, monitoring the use of antibiotics for RTIs in LTCFs is considered to be a crucial duty in the battle against antimicrobial resistance.

• #46 An Overview of Common Respiratory Tract Infections | Ausmed

  https://www.ausmed.com/learn/articles/respiratory-tract-infections

  Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are various infections that affect parts of the respiratory system, such as the sinuses, throat, airway or lungs (NHS 2024a). […] Lower RTIs are generally longer-lasting and more serious (NHS 2024a). […] RTIs are generally transmitted by direct contact with a contaminated surface or an infected person expelling droplets into the air via coughing, sneezing or talking (SA Health 2022). […] According to the World Health Organisation (2022), pneumonia accounts for 14% of deaths of children aged under five years of age. In 2019, it contributed to the deaths of 740,180 children in total. […] As the immune system naturally weakens over time, older adults become more at risk of developing pneumonia as they age.

• #47 Diagnosis and Management of Recurrent Respiratory Tract Infections in Children: A Practical Guide

  https://brieflands.com/articles/apid-20283.html

  Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) affect children all over the world and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. […] Worldwide, acute infections of the respiratory airways are associated with significant morbidity and mortality among pediatric patients. Recurrent RTIs are especially common in young children; in developed countries, they affect up to 25% of children under one year of age and 18% of children one to four years of age. […] In developing countries, RTIs are a leading cause of childhood mortality, resulting in over two million deaths per year. Pediatric RTIs result in frequent complications that necessitate multiple medical visits. […] Despite the availability of healthcare in developed countries, RTIs nevertheless present a tremendous clinical and economic burden.

• #48 Diagnosis and Management of Recurrent Respiratory Tract Infections in Children: A Practical Guide

  https://brieflands.com/articles/apid-20283.html

  Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) affect children all over the world and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. […] Worldwide, acute infections of the respiratory airways are associated with significant morbidity and mortality among pediatric patients. Recurrent RTIs are especially common in young children; in developed countries, they affect up to 25% of children under one year of age and 18% of children one to four years of age. […] In developing countries, RTIs are a leading cause of childhood mortality, resulting in over two million deaths per year. Pediatric RTIs result in frequent complications that necessitate multiple medical visits. […] Despite the availability of healthcare in developed countries, RTIs nevertheless present a tremendous clinical and economic burden.

• #49 Diagnosis and Management of Recurrent Respiratory Tract Infections in Children: A Practical Guide

  https://brieflands.com/articles/apid-20283.html

  The main pathogens that trigger respiratory infections are viruses. Although viruses are often responsible for RTIs, bacterial super-infections commonly occur. […] Several characteristics of RTIs contribute to the burden of illness. First, RTIs tend to recur in pediatric patients. […] Another important consequence of pediatric RTIs stems from the fact that they are a leading cause of antibiotic prescriptions. […] The most commonly used definition of respiratory tract infection is any upper or lower respiratory disease and any respiratory illness associated with fever. […] The majority of RTIs affect the upper respiratory tract, presenting as the common cold, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, rhinosinusitis, and otitis media. […] It is estimated that 10% – 15% of children experience recurrent RTIs.

• #50 Diagnosis and Management of Recurrent Respiratory Tract Infections in Children: A Practical Guide

  https://brieflands.com/articles/apid-20283.html

  Compared to healthy adults, infants and young children are at increased risk of recurrent RTIs due to the relative immaturity of their immune system. […] Recurrent infections of the respiratory tissues may result in virus-induced immune dysfunction and can lead to a vicious cycle of recurrent RTIs with bacterial super-infections, exacerbation of cough, and increased risk of asthma development. […] In light of growing antibiotic resistance and limited efficacy of antibiotics as a long-term treatment option for patients with recurring RTIs, physicians have few options available to them. Preventive strategies are moving to the forefront as part of a holistic effort to minimize the incidence of RTIs and limit their sequelae. […] Well-established immunomodulators such as OM-85 could play a key role in augmenting the limited armamentarium for physicians regularly facing the problem of recurrent pediatric respiratory infections.

• #51 Diagnosis and Management of Recurrent Respiratory Tract Infections in Children: A Practical Guide

  https://brieflands.com/articles/apid-20283.html

  The main pathogens that trigger respiratory infections are viruses. Although viruses are often responsible for RTIs, bacterial super-infections commonly occur. […] Several characteristics of RTIs contribute to the burden of illness. First, RTIs tend to recur in pediatric patients. […] Another important consequence of pediatric RTIs stems from the fact that they are a leading cause of antibiotic prescriptions. […] The most commonly used definition of respiratory tract infection is any upper or lower respiratory disease and any respiratory illness associated with fever. […] The majority of RTIs affect the upper respiratory tract, presenting as the common cold, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, rhinosinusitis, and otitis media. […] It is estimated that 10% – 15% of children experience recurrent RTIs.

• #52 An Overview of Common Respiratory Tract Infections | Ausmed

  https://www.ausmed.com/learn/articles/respiratory-tract-infections

  Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are various infections that affect parts of the respiratory system, such as the sinuses, throat, airway or lungs (NHS 2024a). […] Lower RTIs are generally longer-lasting and more serious (NHS 2024a). […] RTIs are generally transmitted by direct contact with a contaminated surface or an infected person expelling droplets into the air via coughing, sneezing or talking (SA Health 2022). […] According to the World Health Organisation (2022), pneumonia accounts for 14% of deaths of children aged under five years of age. In 2019, it contributed to the deaths of 740,180 children in total. […] As the immune system naturally weakens over time, older adults become more at risk of developing pneumonia as they age.

• #53 Respiratory Tract Infections and Laboratory Diagnostic Methods: A Review with A Focus on Syndromic Panel-Based Assays

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9504108/

  The disease burden of RTIs shows an uneven distribution at both a demographical and geographical level and differs widely by age, gender, and among countries and regions. […] Both the pediatric and the elderly populations are shown to be the most vulnerable to RTIs worldwide in terms of mortality and loss of LE. […] Low-, and the middle-income countries and territories are more susceptible to RTIs, accounting for the highest mortality and DALY rates. […] It is worth noting that in high-income countries, many deaths associated with RTIs occur in aged care facilities and in nursing homes; this suggests a high rate of transmission of RTIs in such settings, with reported significant mortality rates and loss of LE for the elderly. […] The implementation of syndromic panels in the respiratory infection diagnostic algorithm has the potential to be a powerful decision-making tool for patient management, especially in emergency departments, despite requiring the appropriate use of the test in different patient populations. […] Syndromic panels for the detection of respiratory pathogens is associated with a radically reduced time-to-results and, in parallel, to increased detection of clinically relevant pathogens compared to the standard methods.

• #54 Respiratory Tract Infections and Laboratory Diagnostic Methods: A Review with A Focus on Syndromic Panel-Based Assays

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/9/1856

  The disease burden of RTIs shows an uneven distribution at both a demographical and geographical level and differs widely by age, gender, and among countries and regions. […] Both the pediatric and the elderly populations are shown to be the most vulnerable to RTIs worldwide in terms of mortality and loss of LE. […] Low-, and the middle-income countries and territories are more susceptible to RTIs, accounting for the highest mortality and DALY rates. […] It is worth noting that in high-income countries, many deaths associated with RTIs occur in aged care facilities and in nursing homes; this suggests a high rate of transmission of RTIs in such settings, with reported significant mortality rates and loss of LE for the elderly. […] The introduction of syndromic panels broke new ground in the field of diagnostic microbiology, since they provide a highly powerful tool capable of detecting a broad array of pathogens that, collectively, could cause a single clinical syndrome; this was achieved by meeting the needs of accuracy and of the shortening of time-to-result.

• #55 Rhinovirus (RV) Infection (Common Cold): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/227820-overview

  Rhinovirus is a predominant pathogen in lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in very low birth weight infants and shares predominance in LRTI among young infants with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). […] A retrospective analysis of a prospective cohort of 728 hospitalized elderly patients with rhinovirus infection in Hong Kong revealed a significantly higher 90-day mortality rate than their counterparts with influenza infection.

• #56 Post-Travel Respiratory Infections | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/posttravel-evaluation/respiratory-infections

  Respiratory infections are a major reason for returning travelers to seek medical care. […] Viral pathogens are the most common causes of respiratory infection in travelers. […] Outbreaks can occur after common-source exposures on cruise ships, in hotels, among tour groups, or during international mass gatherings. […] H. capsulatum, influenza virus, measles, Legionella species, and SARS-CoV-2 are some of the pathogens associated with respiratory tract outbreaks in travelers. […] Groups having a greater risk for respiratory tract infection include children, older adults, people with comorbid pulmonary conditions (e.g., asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD]), and immunosuppressed individuals. […] The air quality at many travel destinations might be poor, and exposure to carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter is associated with health risks, including respiratory tract inflammation, exacerbations of asthma or COPD, impaired lung function, bronchitis, and pneumonia.

• #57 Post-Travel Respiratory Infections | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/posttravel-evaluation/respiratory-infections

  Respiratory infections are a major reason for returning travelers to seek medical care. […] Viral pathogens are the most common causes of respiratory infection in travelers. […] Outbreaks can occur after common-source exposures on cruise ships, in hotels, among tour groups, or during international mass gatherings. […] H. capsulatum, influenza virus, measles, Legionella species, and SARS-CoV-2 are some of the pathogens associated with respiratory tract outbreaks in travelers. […] Groups having a greater risk for respiratory tract infection include children, older adults, people with comorbid pulmonary conditions (e.g., asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD]), and immunosuppressed individuals. […] The air quality at many travel destinations might be poor, and exposure to carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter is associated with health risks, including respiratory tract inflammation, exacerbations of asthma or COPD, impaired lung function, bronchitis, and pneumonia.

• #58 Post-Travel Respiratory Infections | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/posttravel-evaluation/respiratory-infections

  Transmission of respiratory pathogens during air travel can occur via several pathways, including direct droplet spread, direct physical contact, fomites, and suspended small particles (droplet nuclei). […] Despite this, COVID-19, influenza, measles, tuberculosis (TB), and other diseases have been transmitted on aircraft. […] The peak influenza season in the temperate Northern Hemisphere is during the winter months, typically December-February. […] Risk for TB infection among most travelers is low and correlates with the incidence of the disease in the destination country, behavior during travel, and length of stay. […] Most respiratory infections, especially those of the upper respiratory tract, are mild. […] Upper respiratory tract infections often cause pharyngitis or rhinorrhea.

• #59 Surveillance of Community Outbreaks of Respiratory Tract Infections Based on House-Call Visits in the Metropolitan Area of Athens, Greece | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0040310

  The traditional Serfling-type approach for influenza-like illness surveillance requires long historical time-series. We retrospectively evaluated the use of recent, short, historical time-series for recognizing the onset of community outbreaks of respiratory tract infections (RTIs). […] Community outbreaks of RTIs can be associated with considerable morbidity and mortality either due to the infection per se or due to the exacerbation of other diseases, such as those that affect the cardiovascular and respiratory system. […] The development of new methods for early recognition or prediction of community outbreaks or the improvement of the currently used methods is of increasing scientific and public health interest. […] We sought to establish optimal models for recognition of the onset of respiratory tract infection outbreaks in the metropolitan area of Athens, Greece, on the basis of short-term data from house-call visits, by applying either simple regression or CUSUM methods.

• #60 Community paediatric respiratory infection surveillance study protocol: a feasibility, prospective inception cohort study | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/6/8/e013017

  A key element of the problem is uncertainty felt by parents and clinicians. […] The Chief Medical Officer’s 2011 Annual Report identifies a need for enhanced surveillance of infectious diseases, with a focus on tackling AMR and improving antibiotic stewardship, and recommends research to enhance infectious disease surveillance. […] Currently available UK healthcare-based infection surveillance information includes microbiology data presented in weekly laboratory reports from the Public Health England (PHE) based on swabs predominantly received from secondary care. […] There is an absence of matched microbiology and syndromic data, and an absence of community infection data of any kind, much less community paediatric RTI data. […] Improving the availability of surveillance data on community RTIs, including the microbiology matched with syndromic presentation, has the potential to reduce clinician uncertainty and improve the targeted use of antibiotics and appropriate secondary care referrals.

• #61 Antibiotic prescribing for respiratory tract infection across a national primary care network in 2019, CCDR 48(4) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/reports-publications/canada-communicable-disease-report-ccdr/monthly-issue/2022-48/issue-4-april-2022/antibiotic-prescribing-preceding-covid-19.html

  The Canadian Primary Care Sentinel Surveillance Network (CPCSSN) is a national network of primary care clinics representing over two million patients and 1,500 primary care clinicians across eight provinces and one territory. […] This study found that CPCSSN can provide highly accurate surveillance for five common RTI syndromes across primary care. The variability in antibiotic prescribing practices identified underscores the need for feedback to providers and quality improvement as part of Canada’s strategy to curb antimicrobial resistance. […] Our validation study confirmed that CPCSSN can provide this surveillance for RTI, which is the most common reason for antibiotic prescriptions in primary care.

• #62 Respiratory Tract Infections and Laboratory Diagnostic Methods: A Review with A Focus on Syndromic Panel-Based Assays

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9504108/

  Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are the focus of developments in public health, given their widespread distribution and the high morbidity and mortality rates reported worldwide. […] The epidemiology of RTIs is continually evolving following rapid sociodemographic changes and certainly climate change. […] In addition, new epidemiological data highlight the considerable impact of RTIs on the quality and the expectancy of life, as well as the severe threat to populations and global public health. […] The epidemiological study of RTIs must keep up with the rapid changes in sociodemographic and climate dynamics and needs continuous updating in order to provide important tools for health policies of control and prevention. […] RTIs are the deadliest diseases of infectious etiology, and the fourth leading cause of mortality worldwide, with 2,603,913 deaths globally reported in 2019.

• #63 Respiratory Tract Infections and Laboratory Diagnostic Methods: A Review with A Focus on Syndromic Panel-Based Assays

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/9/1856

  Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are the focus of developments in public health, given their widespread distribution and the high morbidity and mortality rates reported worldwide. […] The epidemiology of RTIs is continually evolving following rapid sociodemographic changes and certainly climate change. […] In addition, new epidemiological data highlight the considerable impact of RTIs on the quality and the expectancy of life, as well as the severe threat to populations and global public health. […] The epidemiological study of RTIs must keep up with the rapid changes in sociodemographic and climate dynamics and needs continuous updating in order to provide important tools for health policies of control and prevention. […] RTIs are the deadliest diseases of infectious etiology, and the fourth leading cause of mortality worldwide, with 2,603,913 deaths globally reported in 2019.

• #64 Surveillance of Community Outbreaks of Respiratory Tract Infections Based on House-Call Visits in the Metropolitan Area of Athens, Greece | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0040310

  The traditional Serfling-type approach for influenza-like illness surveillance requires long historical time-series. We retrospectively evaluated the use of recent, short, historical time-series for recognizing the onset of community outbreaks of respiratory tract infections (RTIs). […] Community outbreaks of RTIs can be associated with considerable morbidity and mortality either due to the infection per se or due to the exacerbation of other diseases, such as those that affect the cardiovascular and respiratory system. […] The development of new methods for early recognition or prediction of community outbreaks or the improvement of the currently used methods is of increasing scientific and public health interest. […] We sought to establish optimal models for recognition of the onset of respiratory tract infection outbreaks in the metropolitan area of Athens, Greece, on the basis of short-term data from house-call visits, by applying either simple regression or CUSUM methods.

• #65 Surveillance of Community Outbreaks of Respiratory Tract Infections Based on House-Call Visits in the Metropolitan Area of Athens, Greece | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0040310

  The traditional Serfling-type approach for influenza-like illness surveillance requires long historical time-series. We retrospectively evaluated the use of recent, short, historical time-series for recognizing the onset of community outbreaks of respiratory tract infections (RTIs). […] Community outbreaks of RTIs can be associated with considerable morbidity and mortality either due to the infection per se or due to the exacerbation of other diseases, such as those that affect the cardiovascular and respiratory system. […] The development of new methods for early recognition or prediction of community outbreaks or the improvement of the currently used methods is of increasing scientific and public health interest. […] We sought to establish optimal models for recognition of the onset of respiratory tract infection outbreaks in the metropolitan area of Athens, Greece, on the basis of short-term data from house-call visits, by applying either simple regression or CUSUM methods.

• #66 Acute respiratory infections in the EU/EEA: epidemiological update and current public health recommendations

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/news-events/acute-respiratory-infections-eueea-epidemiological-update-and-current-public-health

  Several viral and bacterial respiratory pathogens are expected to continue co-circulating at variable levels during the coming months, and contribute to increased morbidity and mortality during this period. […] Primary care consultation rates for respiratory illness monitored through established sentinel surveillance systems have been gradually increasing as expected in the EU/EEA since September 2023. […] Rates of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) monitored through sentinel surveillance at hospital sites reported by six countries remain at or below rates observed at the same time last year. […] It remains essential for Member States to continue developing, strengthening and sustaining resilient population-based integrated surveillance systems, including genomic surveillance, for influenza, COVID-19, and potentially other respiratory virus infections (such as RSV or new viral diseases of public health concern).

• #67 Clinical Signs and Treatment for Common Respiratory Tract Infections

  https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/open-access/clinical-signs-and-treatment-for-common-respiratory-tract-infections-118080.html

  The specificities of respiratory epidemics were highlighted by validated sign/symptom monitoring. When identifying outbreaks, estimating outbreak mortality based on signs and symptoms, and increasing virological and epidemic investigations and infection control methods, this sort of surveillance may be a supplementary technique.

• #68 The Epidemiology of Respiratory Infections in Mobile Populations

  https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/258840/

  Respiratory Tract Infections (RTIs) in mobile populations such as travellers are prevalent and can escalate into severe illnesses. Timely identification and treatment of these conditions are imperative to prevent disease progression. This thesis aims to evaluate the epidemiology of RTIs in travellers and mobile populations using mobile applications.

• #69 Surveillance of Community Outbreaks of Respiratory Tract Infections Based on House-Call Visits in the Metropolitan Area of Athens, Greece | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0040310

  The traditional Serfling-type approach for influenza-like illness surveillance requires long historical time-series. We retrospectively evaluated the use of recent, short, historical time-series for recognizing the onset of community outbreaks of respiratory tract infections (RTIs). […] Community outbreaks of RTIs can be associated with considerable morbidity and mortality either due to the infection per se or due to the exacerbation of other diseases, such as those that affect the cardiovascular and respiratory system. […] The development of new methods for early recognition or prediction of community outbreaks or the improvement of the currently used methods is of increasing scientific and public health interest. […] We sought to establish optimal models for recognition of the onset of respiratory tract infection outbreaks in the metropolitan area of Athens, Greece, on the basis of short-term data from house-call visits, by applying either simple regression or CUSUM methods.

• #70 Emerging Trends in Respiratory Infectious Diseases: Stay Vigilant Ahead of Flu Season – Clinical Conversations

  https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/clinical-conversations/emerging-trends-respiratory-infectious-diseases-stay-vigilant-ahead-of-flu-season/

  The Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) issued an epidemiological alert, encouraging member states to strengthen pertussis surveillance activities and maintain constant monitoring of vaccination coverage in children under five years of age. […] As the preceding bullet points illustrate, there has been a significant increase in the surveillance and sequencing of respiratory pathogens. This helps in rapidly identifying new variants and understanding transmission patterns, particularly for viruses like seasonal influenza and SARS-CoV-2, which are known to produce variants with different transmission rates, vaccine efficacy and severity of illness. Surveillance methods for respiratory pathogens continue to evolve through advanced molecular techniques, real-time data collection (including wastewater and air sampling) and global collaboration.

• #71 Emerging Trends in Respiratory Infectious Diseases: Stay Vigilant Ahead of Flu Season – Clinical Conversations

  https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/clinical-conversations/emerging-trends-respiratory-infectious-diseases-stay-vigilant-ahead-of-flu-season/

  The Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) issued an epidemiological alert, encouraging member states to strengthen pertussis surveillance activities and maintain constant monitoring of vaccination coverage in children under five years of age. […] As the preceding bullet points illustrate, there has been a significant increase in the surveillance and sequencing of respiratory pathogens. This helps in rapidly identifying new variants and understanding transmission patterns, particularly for viruses like seasonal influenza and SARS-CoV-2, which are known to produce variants with different transmission rates, vaccine efficacy and severity of illness. Surveillance methods for respiratory pathogens continue to evolve through advanced molecular techniques, real-time data collection (including wastewater and air sampling) and global collaboration.

• #72 Emerging Trends in Respiratory Infectious Diseases: Stay Vigilant Ahead of Flu Season – Clinical Conversations

  https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/clinical-conversations/emerging-trends-respiratory-infectious-diseases-stay-vigilant-ahead-of-flu-season/

  Upper respiratory tract infections (upper RTIs), which affect the upper part of the respiratory system, including the nose, throat, sinuses and larynx, are among the most common illnesses worldwide. A recent analysis found that upper RTIs account for 43% of incident cases from all causes in the 2019 Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors Study, with fatal consequences occurring mostly in the elderly and children under five years old. […] Historically, most of those deaths are attributable to seasonal influenza which, according to the World Health Organization, sickens around a billion people annually, including three to five million cases of severe illness and 290,000-650,000 respiratory deaths. […] Given the significant disease burden of upper RTIs, it is critical to stay aware of emerging trends regarding respiratory infections. Understanding these global trends is vital for the early detection of outbreaks and can help guide public health responses and campaigns.

• #73 Respiratory Tract Infections and Laboratory Diagnostic Methods: A Review with A Focus on Syndromic Panel-Based Assays

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9504108/

  Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are the focus of developments in public health, given their widespread distribution and the high morbidity and mortality rates reported worldwide. […] The epidemiology of RTIs is continually evolving following rapid sociodemographic changes and certainly climate change. […] In addition, new epidemiological data highlight the considerable impact of RTIs on the quality and the expectancy of life, as well as the severe threat to populations and global public health. […] The epidemiological study of RTIs must keep up with the rapid changes in sociodemographic and climate dynamics and needs continuous updating in order to provide important tools for health policies of control and prevention. […] RTIs are the deadliest diseases of infectious etiology, and the fourth leading cause of mortality worldwide, with 2,603,913 deaths globally reported in 2019.

• #74 Respiratory Tract Infections and Laboratory Diagnostic Methods: A Review with A Focus on Syndromic Panel-Based Assays

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/9/1856

  Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are the focus of developments in public health, given their widespread distribution and the high morbidity and mortality rates reported worldwide. […] The epidemiology of RTIs is continually evolving following rapid sociodemographic changes and certainly climate change. […] In addition, new epidemiological data highlight the considerable impact of RTIs on the quality and the expectancy of life, as well as the severe threat to populations and global public health. […] The epidemiological study of RTIs must keep up with the rapid changes in sociodemographic and climate dynamics and needs continuous updating in order to provide important tools for health policies of control and prevention. […] RTIs are the deadliest diseases of infectious etiology, and the fourth leading cause of mortality worldwide, with 2,603,913 deaths globally reported in 2019.

• #75 Surveillance towards preventing paediatric incidence of respiratory syncytial virus attributable respiratory tract infection in primary and secondary/tertiary healthcare settings in Merseyside, Cheshire and Bristol, UK | BMJ Open Respiratory Research

  https://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/content/10/1/e001457

  The primary objective of this study is to estimate the incidence of laboratory-confirmed RSV over a 16-month period in children 3 years of age presenting to primary, secondary and tertiary care with RTI symptoms leading to health-seeking behaviour. […] To describe the incidence of laboratory-confirmed RSV-associated RTI in children 3 years in relation to the type of healthcare service provided (primary, secondary or tertiary care). […] To describe the healthcare utilisation and associated economic burden associated with RTI (with or without RSV) at recruiting sites. […] Given the increasing speed of development of preventative treatments for RSV, accurate and granular data on the burden of RSV disease in both hospitals and primary care are needed to inform public health policies and immunisation programmes for these vaccines.

• #76 Epidemiological trends of respiratory tract pathogens detected via mPCR in Australian adult patients before COVID-19 | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-023-08750-7

  Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are a major global health burden due to their high morbidity and mortality. This retrospective study described the epidemiology of respiratory pathogens in adults over a 5-year period at an Australian tertiary healthcare network. […] The high rates of pathogen detection and hospitalisation in this real-world study highlights the significant burden of RTIs, and the urgent need for an improved understanding of the pathogenicity as well as preventative and treatment options of RTIs. […] Distinct trends of respiratory pathogens observed across seasons, age groups and sex contribute to a large burden of disease during the pre-COVID-19 era. […] In Australia, RTIs account for up to 7 million visits to general practitioners each year, with an average individual experiencing 2 to 5 episodes of infection per year.

• #77 Respiratory Tract Infections and Laboratory Diagnostic Methods: A Review with A Focus on Syndromic Panel-Based Assays

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9504108/

  Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are the focus of developments in public health, given their widespread distribution and the high morbidity and mortality rates reported worldwide. […] The epidemiology of RTIs is continually evolving following rapid sociodemographic changes and certainly climate change. […] In addition, new epidemiological data highlight the considerable impact of RTIs on the quality and the expectancy of life, as well as the severe threat to populations and global public health. […] The epidemiological study of RTIs must keep up with the rapid changes in sociodemographic and climate dynamics and needs continuous updating in order to provide important tools for health policies of control and prevention. […] RTIs are the deadliest diseases of infectious etiology, and the fourth leading cause of mortality worldwide, with 2,603,913 deaths globally reported in 2019.

• #78 Respiratory Tract Infections and Laboratory Diagnostic Methods: A Review with A Focus on Syndromic Panel-Based Assays

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/9/1856

  Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are the focus of developments in public health, given their widespread distribution and the high morbidity and mortality rates reported worldwide. […] The epidemiology of RTIs is continually evolving following rapid sociodemographic changes and certainly climate change. […] In addition, new epidemiological data highlight the considerable impact of RTIs on the quality and the expectancy of life, as well as the severe threat to populations and global public health. […] The epidemiological study of RTIs must keep up with the rapid changes in sociodemographic and climate dynamics and needs continuous updating in order to provide important tools for health policies of control and prevention. […] RTIs are the deadliest diseases of infectious etiology, and the fourth leading cause of mortality worldwide, with 2,603,913 deaths globally reported in 2019.

• #79

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s15010-023-02085-w

  Following lockdown periods and restricting public health measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, respiratory tract infections (RTIs) rose significantly worldwide. This led to an increased burden on children’s hospitals compromising medical care of acutely and chronically ill children. We characterized changes in the epidemiological pattern of circulating respiratory viral infections. […] Compared to pre-pandemic years, we observed a dramatic increase in pediatric RTIs with an incrementing spectrum of viruses and a predominance in Rhino/Enterovirus infections leading to a high rate of hospital admissions, particularly in conjunction with other viruses. This caused an acute shortage in medical care and may also be followed by an increase of virus-triggered secondary chronic respiratory diseases like asthma rendering a burden on the health system.

• #80

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s15010-023-02085-w

  In this study, we aimed to illustrate the spectra of circulating viruses, patterns of coinfections and age and seasonality of RTIs in children from 2019 to 2022. We set out to provide a better understanding of pandemic-related changes in the epidemiology and the interaction of viral respiratory diseases whose impact has since increased drastically on the population and healthcare system. […] In this study, we observed a dramatic increase in pediatric RTIs with an incrementing spectrum of viruses and an astonishing rise in RV infections leading to a high rate of hospital admissions in 2022. Hospitalizations due to upper and lower respiratory tract infections were observed more frequently in the post-lockdown than in the pre-lockdown period. There were significant changes in the age of affected children and a notable variation in the association between virus infections with sex in 2021-2022 compared to the pre-pandemic year 2019. More female and older children were particularly affected. The annual numbers of coinfections changed markedly, especially in younger children infected with RV.

• #81

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s15010-023-02085-w

  In this study, we aimed to illustrate the spectra of circulating viruses, patterns of coinfections and age and seasonality of RTIs in children from 2019 to 2022. We set out to provide a better understanding of pandemic-related changes in the epidemiology and the interaction of viral respiratory diseases whose impact has since increased drastically on the population and healthcare system. […] In this study, we observed a dramatic increase in pediatric RTIs with an incrementing spectrum of viruses and an astonishing rise in RV infections leading to a high rate of hospital admissions in 2022. Hospitalizations due to upper and lower respiratory tract infections were observed more frequently in the post-lockdown than in the pre-lockdown period. There were significant changes in the age of affected children and a notable variation in the association between virus infections with sex in 2021-2022 compared to the pre-pandemic year 2019. More female and older children were particularly affected. The annual numbers of coinfections changed markedly, especially in younger children infected with RV.

• #82

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s15010-023-02085-w

  In this study, we aimed to illustrate the spectra of circulating viruses, patterns of coinfections and age and seasonality of RTIs in children from 2019 to 2022. We set out to provide a better understanding of pandemic-related changes in the epidemiology and the interaction of viral respiratory diseases whose impact has since increased drastically on the population and healthcare system. […] In this study, we observed a dramatic increase in pediatric RTIs with an incrementing spectrum of viruses and an astonishing rise in RV infections leading to a high rate of hospital admissions in 2022. Hospitalizations due to upper and lower respiratory tract infections were observed more frequently in the post-lockdown than in the pre-lockdown period. There were significant changes in the age of affected children and a notable variation in the association between virus infections with sex in 2021-2022 compared to the pre-pandemic year 2019. More female and older children were particularly affected. The annual numbers of coinfections changed markedly, especially in younger children infected with RV.

• #83

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s15010-023-02085-w

  In this study, we aimed to illustrate the spectra of circulating viruses, patterns of coinfections and age and seasonality of RTIs in children from 2019 to 2022. We set out to provide a better understanding of pandemic-related changes in the epidemiology and the interaction of viral respiratory diseases whose impact has since increased drastically on the population and healthcare system. […] In this study, we observed a dramatic increase in pediatric RTIs with an incrementing spectrum of viruses and an astonishing rise in RV infections leading to a high rate of hospital admissions in 2022. Hospitalizations due to upper and lower respiratory tract infections were observed more frequently in the post-lockdown than in the pre-lockdown period. There were significant changes in the age of affected children and a notable variation in the association between virus infections with sex in 2021-2022 compared to the pre-pandemic year 2019. More female and older children were particularly affected. The annual numbers of coinfections changed markedly, especially in younger children infected with RV.

• #84

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s15010-023-02085-w

  COVID-19 pandemic-related interventions caused a profound change in the epidemiology of viral RTIs in children, with an increasing spectrum of circulating viruses and an astonishing peak in RV infections leading to a high rate of hospital admissions in 2022. Compared to pre-pandemic years, infections occurred more frequently in female and older children. The annual number of coinfections changed markedly especially in younger children, predominantly in conjunction with RV. The underlying factors associated with the increase in cases, the peak in coinfections, and changes in the seasonal pattern of viral RTIs are not completely understood and remain the focus of further studies.

• #85 Clinical Signs and Treatment for Common Respiratory Tract Infections

  https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/open-access/clinical-signs-and-treatment-for-common-respiratory-tract-infections-118080.html

  Among the illnesses that are most frequently treated with antibiotics in LTCFs are Respiratory Tract Infections (RTIs). The estimated peak incidence and prevalence rates of RTIs were 85.2% and 55.8%, respectively, according to a systematic evaluation of 26 publications. […] Antibiotic use in outbreak Long-Term Care Facilities (LTCFs) for respiratory infection has increased since 2020 during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. […] Most notably, it was determined that 90% of the antibiotics prescribed for RTIs were inappropriate, which aided in the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. […] Different estimates of the usage of antibiotics for RTIs in LTCFs were reported by a number of surveillance studies. […] A complete antibiotic specifically for LTCFs by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) included antibiotic surveillance as a key component. A major strategic objective of the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Global Action Plan to prevent antimicrobial resistance was to monitor antibiotic use. Therefore, monitoring the use of antibiotics for RTIs in LTCFs is considered to be a crucial duty in the battle against antimicrobial resistance.

• #86 Emerging Trends in Respiratory Infectious Diseases: Stay Vigilant Ahead of Flu Season – Clinical Conversations

  https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/clinical-conversations/emerging-trends-respiratory-infectious-diseases-stay-vigilant-ahead-of-flu-season/

  The Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) issued an epidemiological alert, encouraging member states to strengthen pertussis surveillance activities and maintain constant monitoring of vaccination coverage in children under five years of age. […] As the preceding bullet points illustrate, there has been a significant increase in the surveillance and sequencing of respiratory pathogens. This helps in rapidly identifying new variants and understanding transmission patterns, particularly for viruses like seasonal influenza and SARS-CoV-2, which are known to produce variants with different transmission rates, vaccine efficacy and severity of illness. Surveillance methods for respiratory pathogens continue to evolve through advanced molecular techniques, real-time data collection (including wastewater and air sampling) and global collaboration.

• #87 Emerging Trends in Respiratory Infectious Diseases: Stay Vigilant Ahead of Flu Season – Clinical Conversations

  https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/clinical-conversations/emerging-trends-respiratory-infectious-diseases-stay-vigilant-ahead-of-flu-season/

  The Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) issued an epidemiological alert, encouraging member states to strengthen pertussis surveillance activities and maintain constant monitoring of vaccination coverage in children under five years of age. […] As the preceding bullet points illustrate, there has been a significant increase in the surveillance and sequencing of respiratory pathogens. This helps in rapidly identifying new variants and understanding transmission patterns, particularly for viruses like seasonal influenza and SARS-CoV-2, which are known to produce variants with different transmission rates, vaccine efficacy and severity of illness. Surveillance methods for respiratory pathogens continue to evolve through advanced molecular techniques, real-time data collection (including wastewater and air sampling) and global collaboration.

• #88 Respiratory Tract Infections | Fortress Diagnostics

  https://www.fortressdiagnostics.com/news/2023/december/respiratory-tract-infections

  Co-infection with COVID-19, influenza, and RSV is possible, particularly during seasons when these viruses are circulating. The simultaneous presence of these respiratory viruses in an individual can potentially lead to more severe illness, complications, exacerbation of underlying health conditions, or prolonged recovery times.

• #89 Acute respiratory infections in the EU/EEA: epidemiological update and current public health recommendations

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/news-events/acute-respiratory-infections-eueea-epidemiological-update-and-current-public-health

  Several viral and bacterial respiratory pathogens are expected to continue co-circulating at variable levels during the coming months, and contribute to increased morbidity and mortality during this period. […] Primary care consultation rates for respiratory illness monitored through established sentinel surveillance systems have been gradually increasing as expected in the EU/EEA since September 2023. […] Rates of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) monitored through sentinel surveillance at hospital sites reported by six countries remain at or below rates observed at the same time last year. […] It remains essential for Member States to continue developing, strengthening and sustaining resilient population-based integrated surveillance systems, including genomic surveillance, for influenza, COVID-19, and potentially other respiratory virus infections (such as RSV or new viral diseases of public health concern).

• #90

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s15010-023-02085-w

  COVID-19 pandemic-related interventions caused a profound change in the epidemiology of viral RTIs in children, with an increasing spectrum of circulating viruses and an astonishing peak in RV infections leading to a high rate of hospital admissions in 2022. Compared to pre-pandemic years, infections occurred more frequently in female and older children. The annual number of coinfections changed markedly especially in younger children, predominantly in conjunction with RV. The underlying factors associated with the increase in cases, the peak in coinfections, and changes in the seasonal pattern of viral RTIs are not completely understood and remain the focus of further studies.

• #91 Acute respiratory infections in the EU/EEA: epidemiological update and current public health recommendations

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/news-events/acute-respiratory-infections-eueea-epidemiological-update-and-current-public-health

  Medical consultation rates for respiratory illness have been increasing in primary care settings since September. […] Of 23 countries using the Moving Epidemic Method (MEM) thresholds to detect significant upsurges in week 48, ILI rates were above baseline levels in five countries (Belgium, Denmark, Greece, Latvia, Luxembourg) and ARI rates were above baseline levels in three countries (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania). […] An increase in pooled SARS-CoV-2 test positivity among SARI cases were observed between week 29 and week 44 in people aged 15-64 years and in those 65 years and above, with a mixed picture at the country level (six countries reporting data). […] Rates of SARI cases are comparable to those observed during the same period last year. […] The combination of increased hospital visits/admissions and high numbers of staff being infected with circulating viruses may exert enormous pressure on healthcare systems around Europe in the coming weeks.

• #92 The epidemiological features of respiratory tract infection using the multiplex panels detection during COVID-19 pandemic in Shandong province, China | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-33627-9

  The current study showed that from January 2020 to December 2021, the positive rate of respiratory pathogens was lower than that in 2019. The most common viruses in Jinan were HRV, RSV and MP with high incidence in recent years. During the epidemic of respiratory viruses, analyzing the prevalence of respiratory tract infection pathogens in Jinan is of great significance for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

• #93 The Epidemiological Features and Pathogen Spectrum of Respiratory Tract Infections, Istanbul, Türkiye, from 2021 to 2023

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/14/11/1071

  The multiplex RT-PCR assay, now a routine diagnostic test, is a good tool to understand current pathogen circulation and predict potential threats. The major strengths of this study were the large sample size and the use of a multiplex RT-PCR panel with a broad pathogen spectrum. […] Analyzing the detection rate of respiratory tract pathogens using multiplex RT-PCR panels is important for public health, clinical diagnosis, and treatment, as well as for the collection of epidemiological data.

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