Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Respiratory Tract Infections and Laboratory Diagnostic Methods: A Review with A Focus on Syndromic Panel-Based Assays

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9504108/

  Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are the focus of developments in public health, given their widespread distribution and the high morbidity and mortality rates reported worldwide. […] Rapidity is required in diagnostics to provide adequate and prompt management of patients. […] The current algorithm for the laboratory diagnosis of RTIs relies on multiple approaches including gold-standard conventional methods, among which the traditional culture is the most used, and innovative ones such as molecular methods, mostly used to detect viruses and atypical bacteria. […] The implementation of molecular methods with syndromic panels has the potential to be a powerful decision-making tool for patient management despite requiring appropriate use of the test in different patient populations.

• #1 Respiratory Infections Tests and Diagnostics | Pioneering Diagnostics

  https://www.biomerieux.com/corp/en/our-offer/hospital-laboratory/patient-condition/respiratory-infections-tests-and-diagnostics.html

  Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) could be classified into two categories, based on the location of the infection: upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract. […] Upper respiratory tract infections are the leading cause of disease incidence worldwide. […] Despite a decrease in mortality, lower respiratory tract infections are the leading cause of death from infectious disease. […] Taken as a whole, respiratory diseases are responsible for 2.377 million deaths worldwide each year. […] Although very frequent, RTIs remain a challenge for clinicians as they have various clinical presentations / severities and are caused by numerous microbiological agents (bacteria, virus, fungus, parasite). […] The clinical assessment is frequently not sufficient to predict the etiological agent, for LRTI. Timely and accurate diagnosis is critical to select the appropriate therapy.

• #1 Diagnosing upper and lower respiratory tract infections | Medical Laboratory Observer

  https://www.mlo-online.com/continuing-education/article/21292505/diagnosing-upper-and-lower-respiratory-tract-infections

  1. Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are among the most common reasons why patients visit their physicians. […] 2. RTIs can be classified as upper and lower respiratory tract infections depending on the site of the infection in the respiratory system. […] 3. Upper respiratory tract infections (URIs) affect the respiratory tract above the lungs including the nose, throat, nasopharynx, sinus, larynx, epiglottis, or trachea causing rhinitis, pharyngitis, nasopharyngitis, sinusitis, laryngitis, epiglottitis or tracheitis respectively. […] 4. They account for an estimated 10 million outpatient appointments annually. […] 5. URIs are caused by viruses in approximately 90 to 98 percent of cases. […] 6. Lower respiratory tract infections (LRIs) are infections in the lungs or below the larynx, a major killer globally.

• #1 Respiratory Tract Infections and Laboratory Diagnostic Methods: A Review with A Focus on Syndromic Panel-Based Assays

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/9/1856

  In this context, the introduction of syndromic panels broke new ground in the field of diagnostic microbiology, since they provide a highly powerful tool capable of detecting a broad array of pathogens that, collectively, could cause a single clinical syndrome; this was achieved by meeting the needs of accuracy and of the shortening of time-to-result. […] The diagnostic workflow of RTIs historically relies on many tools to determine the microbial and viral etiology of these infections, such as microscopic examination, conventional culture, traditional cell cultures, antigen detection, and serology. […] The implementation of new analytical approaches such as molecular methods allows researchers to broadly maximize the direct detection of respiratory pathogens, especially those hardly detectable and for which the conventional culture is not a feasible identification method.

• #1 Diagnosing upper and lower respiratory tract infections | Medical Laboratory Observer

  https://www.mlo-online.com/continuing-education/article/21292505/diagnosing-upper-and-lower-respiratory-tract-infections

  7. These include pneumonia, bronchitis, and tuberculosis. […] 8. LRIs can be caused by viruses, bacteria, and fungi. […] 9. Proper diagnosis to determine the causative organism is very important for proper patient management. […] 10. There are several methods for detecting and identifying respiratory viruses and bacteria and every method has its pros and cons. […] 11. Culture has been considered the gold standard for both viruses and bacteria for decades. […] 12. Rapid immunoassays (RIAs) can deliver test results in less than 30 minutes even when the patient is at the doctors office, enabling early patient management and treatment. […] 13. Direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) testing of nasopharyngeal wash specimens is considered a rapid and reliable method for detecting respiratory viral infections.

• #1 Diagnosing upper and lower respiratory tract infections | Medical Laboratory Observer

  https://www.mlo-online.com/continuing-education/article/21292505/diagnosing-upper-and-lower-respiratory-tract-infections

  14. Serological tests can successfully identify antibodies to most respiratory pathogens such as RSV, adenovirus, influenza A and B, parainfluenza 1-3 virus, etc. […] 15. A wide variety of nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) for the detection of respiratory pathogens are commercially available. […] 16. As respiratory tract infections exhibiting similar symptoms may be caused by different pathogens with varying prognosis, it is necessary to accurately identify the causative pathogen at the earliest point possible. […] 17. Benefits of early detection and initiation of appropriate patient management are as follows: Rapid recovery of the patient; Check transmission of the infectious agent especially in case of highly infectious viruses; Curtail unnecessary use of antibiotics and prevent antibiotic resistance when the infection is found to be of viral origin, as antibiotics are known to be ineffective against viruses.

• #1 Respiratory Infections Tests and Diagnostics | Pioneering Diagnostics

  https://www.biomerieux.com/corp/en/our-offer/hospital-laboratory/patient-condition/respiratory-infections-tests-and-diagnostics.html

  Identification of the pathogen(s) and accuracy of the diagnosis is critical. […] The syndromic approach marks a significant breakthrough in improving patient care and facilitating appropriate antibiotic treatments. […] Conventional microbiology continues to play a crucial role in optimizing therapy and monitoring resistance over time. […] The first step is to assess the risk, collect the culture, and administer empiric therapy. […] In conjunction with initial clinical assessments, bioMrieux provides the right respiratory tract infection diagnostic tools to aid in the accuracy of early diagnosis and enable more appropriate clinical decisions. […] After initial risk assessment and administration of empiric therapy, pathogen detection, identification, and susceptibility testing provide critical information about whether the initial therapy needs to be adjusted. […] It is critically important that clinicians assess when to discontinue antibiotics.

• #1 Molecular Testing for Respiratory Pathogens | Thermo Fisher Scientific – PL

  https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/clinical/clinical-genomics/molecular-diagnostics/respiratory-diseases.html

  Multiplex testing assays allow laboratories to test for multiple infectious disease targets in a single reaction. […] Diagnostic PCR (molecular) testing is considered the gold standard for pathogen detection and accuracy of results. […] The superior sensitivity of a molecular test can detect low pathogen loads. […] Molecular testing also has the benefit of scalability. […] Multiplex testing simultaneously differentiates respiratory diseases and helps identify cases of co-infection. […] The experience of molecular testing during the COVID-19 pandemic has experts looking at using the technology in other disease areas that are the subject of viral and bacterial infections.

• #1 Novel Diagnostics to Improve Antimicrobial Stewardship for Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in Resource-Limited Settings

  https://globalhealth.duke.edu/projects/novel-diagnostics-improve-antimicrobial-stewardship-acute-respiratory-tract-infections

  Acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) are a leading cause of antibiotic overuse worldwide. Rapid, accurate identification of a pathogen can reduce antibiotic overuse for ARTIs, but is not always possible with available diagnostics. […] In low- or middle-income countries (LMICs), ARTI diagnosis is further complicated by limited laboratory infrastructure. […] This project in Sri Lanka will […] refine a novel host-based gene expression assay that differentiates between viral and bacterial ARTIs. […] determine the performance characteristics of procalcitonin and gene signatures at differentiating between viral and bacterial ARTIs.

• #1 Identifying and testing for RTIs | Medical Laboratory Observer

  https://www.mlo-online.com/continuing-education/article/13017090/identifying-and-testing-for-rtis

  Respiratory tract infections (RTI) or infections in the respiratory tract are divided into upper respiratory tract infections (URI/URTI) and lower respiratory tract infections (LRI/LRTI). […] Hence, early detection of the causative organism is essential for proper patient management. […] The various diagnostic tests for viruses and bacteria, including their pros and cons, are listed below. […] Proper diagnosis to determine the causative organism is very important for proper patient management. […] The various diagnostic tests, along with their pros and cons are listed, below. […] Commercial RTI tests that identify multiple viruses and/or bacteria using multiplex PCR technology offer convenient method of detection and are highly sensitive and specific.

• #1 Respiratory Tract Infections and Laboratory Diagnostic Methods: A Review with A Focus on Syndromic Panel-Based Assays

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/9/1856

  In particular, respiratory syndromic panel-based assays allow the simultaneous detection and identification of multiple pathogens associated with the most severe respiratory syndromes. […] The spectrum of available diagnostic methods for viral and microbial diagnosis is wide, and the knowledge of their associated advantages, limitations, and time-to-results is crucial to better interpret the results and to appropriately integrate the findings into their clinical management. […] The implementation of syndromic panels in the respiratory infection diagnostic algorithm has the potential to be a powerful decision-making tool for patient management, especially in emergency departments, despite requiring the appropriate use of the test in different patient populations. […] In conclusion, the use of syndromic panels for the detection of respiratory pathogens is associated with a radically reduced time-to-results and, in parallel, to increased detection of clinically relevant pathogens compared to the standard methods.

• #1 Respiratory Tract Infection- Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

  https://www.careinsurance.com/blog/health-insurance-articles/check-if-you-have-respiratory-tract-infection-rti

  An upper respiratory infection affects the upper part of your respiratory system, consisting of the nose, sinuses, mouth, throat, pharynx, and larynx (voice box) in the upper part of the respiratory system. […] Viruses and bacteria cause upper respiratory tract infection and is contagious. When someone is infected with the URTI, coughs and sneezes, the droplets of saliva may contaminate surfaces that other people touch and then touch their eyes, nose, or mouth, which may develop the infection. […] While there are different types of viral upper respiratory tract infection, there are a few common symptoms that many people experience- […] Discomfort in nasal passages […] Coughing and sneezing […] A mild fever […] Runny nose and nasal congestion […] Pressure or pain in the face […] Sore throat

• #1 Bacterial Respiratory Tract Infection Diagnosis & Treatment — The Lung Docs

  https://www.thelungdocs.com/services/respiratory-infections

  Bacterial Respiratory Tract Infection Diagnosis: If a respiratory tract infection is suspected, your doctor may perform the following tests to provide the best diagnosis and treatment plan possible: […] Throat swab: your physician will take a sterile cotton swab and swipe it across the back of your throat. The swab will collect a sample of secretions that are being produced in the back of your throat. They will then be tested in a lab to determine whether you have a bacterial infection in your throat. […] Lateral neck x-ray: your doctor may order a lateral neck x-ray to rule out epiglottitis, especially if you’ve been having difficulty breathing. […] Chest x-ray: if pneumonia is suspected, your doctor may order a chest x-ray. […] CT scan: CT scans are often used to diagnose sinusitis.

• #1 Understanding Respiratory tract infection: From Risk Factors to Home Remedies – The Kingsley Clinic

  https://thekingsleyclinic.com/both-upper-and-lower-airway/understanding-respiratory-tract-infection-from-risk-factors-to-home-remedies/

  Blood tests, conducted in approximately 30% of respiratory tract infections, can help determine the severity of the infection and how the body is responding to it. […] Nasal swabs are commonly used to diagnose upper respiratory tract infections. […] A throat swab, used in diagnosing upper respiratory tract infections, collects a sample from the back of your throat. […] A pulmonary function test measures how well your lungs work, including how well you’re able to breathe and how effective your lungs are in bringing oxygen to the rest of your body. […] If all tests are negative but symptoms continue, it’s important not to ignore your symptoms. Other conditions can mimic respiratory tract infections, so further investigation may be needed. […] Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial in managing these infections effectively and preventing complications.

• #1 Acute Respiratory Infection: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/acute-respiratory-disease

  How is acute respiratory infection diagnosed? […] In a respiratory exam, the doctor focuses on your breathing. They will check for fluid and inflammation in the lungs by listening for abnormal sounds in your lungs when you breathe. The doctor may peer into your nose and ears, and check your throat. […] If your doctor believes the infection is in the lower respiratory tract, an X-ray or CT scan may be necessary to check the condition of the lungs. […] Lung function tests have been useful as diagnostic tools. Pulse oximetry, also known as pulse ox, can check how much oxygen gets into the lungs. A doctor may also take a swab from your nose or mouth, or ask you to cough up a sample of sputum (material coughed up from the lungs) to check for the type of virus or bacteria causing the disease.

• #1 Lower respiratory tract infection: Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324413

  Lower respiratory tract infections are any infections in the lungs or below the voice box. […] A doctor will usually diagnose a lower respiratory infection during an exam and after discussing the symptoms a person has and how long they have been present. […] The doctor may order tests to help diagnose the problem, such as: pulse oximetry to find how much oxygen is in the blood, chest X-rays to check for pneumonia, blood tests to check for bacteria and viruses, mucus samples to look for bacteria and viruses. […] In some cases, a person may need to visit the hospital to receive IV fluids, antibiotics, or breathing support. […] Doctors can also recommend similar treatment for people of 65 years of age and above or those individuals with weakened immune systems.

• #1 Lower Respiratory Tract Infection | Riley Children’s Health

  https://www.rileychildrens.org/health-info/lower-respiratory-tract-infection

  Blood test. The doctor may use a blood test to check for signs of inflammation or signs that your child’s body is fighting an infection. […] Bronchoscopy. If your child has a chronic health condition or has had repeated cases of pneumonia, the doctor may plan for a procedure called flexible bronchoscopy. Your child will be sedated and a thin, flexible scope (tube) will be passed through the nose into the lower airway to evaluate the major lung branches and obtain a mucus sample. This sample will help identify the cause of the pneumonia or respiratory tract infection. […] A lower RTI occurs when there is an infection in the lower airways. […] Common lower RTIs in infants and young children include the flu, viral bronchiolitis and pneumonia. […] The main symptoms of a lower RTI are a persistent cough, fever and sometimes difficulty breathing. […] Treatment for a lower RTI caused by a virus includes drinking plenty of fluids and getting plenty of rest while the virus runs its course. […] If the infection is caused by bacteria, antibiotics may be prescribed.

• #1 Host-response biomarkers for the diagnosis of bacterial respiratory tract infections

  https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/cclm-2018-0682/html

  Improving diagnostic tools and biomarkers to support the diagnosis of bacterial RTIs is therefore highly relevant. […] Host- or immune-response biomarkers measured in blood and other biofluids are of interest as they may support rapid discrimination between bacterial and viral etiology in RTIs. While host-response biomarkers are unlikely to differentiate between pathogens at the level of specificity such as PCR, they may support discrimination of bacteria vs. viral infections and potentially large classes (e.g. Gram-negative or Gram-positive), which can thus support rapid elimination of antibiotic use when no bacterial etiology is present. […] The current evidence does not support MR-proANP as a biomarker of bacterial RTIs. However, different study populations may have caused variation of MR-proANP levels among the studies as MR-proANP is also affected by age and heart conditions.

• #1 Host-response biomarkers for the diagnosis of bacterial respiratory tract infections

  https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/cclm-2018-0682/html

  Appropriate antibiotic treatment for respiratory tract infections (RTIs) necessitates rapid and accurate diagnosis of microbial etiology, which remains challenging despite recent innovations. Several host response-based biomarkers due to infection have been suggested to allow discrimination of bacterial and non-bacterial microbial RTI etiology. This review provides an overview of clinical studies that investigated the diagnostic performance of host-response proteomic biomarkers to identify RTI microbial etiology. Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein have been studied most extensively; whereof procalcitonin has demonstrated the strongest diagnostic performance compared to other biomarkers. Proadrenomedullin, soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1, neopterin and pentraxin-3 need more studies to confirm their diagnostic value. For syndecan-4 and lipocalin-2 currently insufficient evidence exists.

• #1 Host-response biomarkers for the diagnosis of bacterial respiratory tract infections

  https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/cclm-2018-0682/html

  Several host-response protein-based biomarkers have been investigated in the last decade to discriminate between bacterial and non-bacterial RTIs. Procalcitonin and CRP have been studied most extensively. Procalcitonin may have the strongest performance compared to other biomarkers. Proadrenomedullin, neopterin, sTREM-1 and pentraxin-3 warrant future studies to confirm their diagnostic value. The available evidence does not support the use of syndecan-4 and lipocalin-2 as biomarkers of bacterial or viral RTIs. […] The characterization of the sources of variation in individual biomarker concentrations will be crucial to improve diagnostic performance. This could be done through characterization of the effects of patient-specific factors such as age, gender, organ function and drug treatment and may be relevant to improve the current level of variation that may impair diagnostic performance.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/whitepaper/20210630/Rapid-Respiratory-Tract-Infection-Diagnostics-A-Test-Case.aspx

  It is well-established that, in the absence of rapid diagnostics, prescribing is often done empirically, contributing to AMR development. […] Few rapid diagnostic tests are available for use at POC and in community settings. […] More accessible options are, however, beginning to emerge. Point-of-care (POC) tests are increasingly recognised as an important tool that can bring an accurate diagnosis quickly, enabling the opportunity for faster diagnosis and therefore appropriate treatment. […] C-Reactive Protein (CRP) is widely used as a biomarker for systemic inflammation and tissue injury in such things as heart attacks, cancers, and infections. […] Medical diagnostics companies are playing their part in the fight against AMR related to RTIs. […] Academic institutions are adding know-how across diagnostic device development with a view to reducing antibiotic prescribing in primary care through the use of rapid microbiological POC testing to diagnose respiratory infections.

• #1 C-reactive protein point-of-care testing for respiratory-tract infections in primary care

  https://acutecaretesting.org/en/articles/c-reactive-protein-point-of-care-testing-for-respiratory-tract-infections-in-primary-care

  Differentiating self-limiting from serious lower-respiratory-tract infections (LRTI) based on medical history and physical examination is challenging in primary care. […] The use of C-reactive protein (CRP) point-of-care testing as an additional diagnostic tool can enable FPs decrease antibiotics prescribing, without compromising patient recovery. […] A cut-off value of 20 mg/L can be used to withhold antibiotics treatment in most patients with a low value (75 % of LRTI patients in primary care). […] Patients with a CRP value higher than 100 mg/L (~5 % of LRTI patients) should receive antibiotics, while patients with intermediately elevated values between 21 and 99 mg/L (20 % of patients) should be carefully assessed based on the combination of medical history, physical examination and CRP value, and a delayed prescription for antibiotics can be considered in selected cases.

• #1 Respiratory Tract Infections and Laboratory Diagnostic Methods: A Review with A Focus on Syndromic Panel-Based Assays

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/9/1856

  Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are the focus of developments in public health, given their widespread distribution and the high morbidity and mortality rates reported worldwide. […] Rapidity is required in diagnostics to provide adequate and prompt management of patients. The current algorithm for the laboratory diagnosis of RTIs relies on multiple approaches including gold-standard conventional methods, among which the traditional culture is the most used, and innovative ones such as molecular methods, mostly used to detect viruses and atypical bacteria. […] A prompt and rapid laboratory diagnosis of RTIs is required to support and to guide clinical decisions in favor of appropriate patient management, while also avoiding the inappropriate use of antimicrobials. […] Important technological advances have been made over the years to provide new tools for the detection of both bacterial and viral respiratory infections, resulting in the development of accurate, fast, and easy-to-use diagnostic methods.

• #1 Respiratory Infections in Children: An Updated Review of Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, Biochemical Aspects, and Nursing Interventions

  https://www.jmchemsci.com/article_211142.html

  Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are among the most common and significant health concerns in children, contributing to substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), respiratory infections such as pneumonia are a leading cause of death in children under five, emphasizing the critical need for effective prevention, diagnosis, and management strategies. […] Advances in diagnostic technologies, including molecular assays and imaging techniques, have improved the accuracy of diagnosing respiratory infections. However, challenges remain in resource-limited settings, where access to these tools is often restricted. […] Effective management of RTIs in children requires a multifaceted approach, incorporating antimicrobial or antiviral therapy, supportive care, and preventive measures such as vaccination and hygiene promotion. Nursing interventions play a pivotal role in monitoring and managing these infections, particularly in ensuring early detection of complications and providing family-centered care.

• #1 Lower Respiratory Tract Infection | Riley Children’s Health

  https://www.rileychildrens.org/health-info/lower-respiratory-tract-infection

  A lower respiratory tract infection (RTI) occurs when there is an infection of the lungs, specifically in the lower airways. This infection is usually caused by a virus, but it can also be caused by bacteria or other less common organisms. […] Doctors at Riley at IU Health may use one or more of the following exams and tests to diagnose a lower RTI: […] Medical history and physical exam. The doctor will review your child’s medical history and conduct a complete physical exam to check for the various signs, symptoms and physical findings of a lower RTI. […] Nose swab. The doctor may swab your child’s nose to check for the flu or other viruses. Remember that if your child has a viral infection, antibiotics will not be helpful. […] X-ray. If your child’s doctor suspects pneumonia, he or she might order an X-ray of the chest to check for this condition.

• #1 Diagnosis and Management of Recurrent Respiratory Tract Infections in Children: A Practical Guide

  https://brieflands.com/articles/apid-20283.html

  The majority of RTIs affect the upper respiratory tract, presenting as the common cold, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, rhinosinusitis, and otitis media. […] Another difficulty is that there is no universal consensus on the definition of recurrent childhood RTIs. […] The most widely accepted definition is the occurrence of eight or more documented airway infections per year in preschool-aged children, or of six or more in children older than three years of age, in the absence of any underlying pathological condition. […] It is estimated that 10% – 15% of children experience recurrent RTIs. […] Recurrent infections of the respiratory tissues may result in virus-induced immune dysfunction and can lead to a vicious cycle of recurrent RTIs with bacterial super-infections, exacerbation of cough, and increased risk of asthma development.

• #1 Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) in primary care: narrative review of C reactive protein (CRP) point-of-care testing (POCT) and antibacterial use in patients who present with symptoms of RTI | BMJ Open Respiratory Research

  https://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/content/7/1/e000624

  Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) continues to be a global problem and continues to be addressed through national strategies to improve diagnostics, develop new antimicrobials and promote antimicrobial stewardship. […] A narrative review of the literature was undertaken to ascertain the value of C reactive protein (CRP) point-of-care testing (POCT) to guide antibacterial prescribing in adult patients presenting to general practitioner (GP) practices with symptoms of RTI. […] An overwhelming number of studies demonstrated that the use of CRP tests in patients presenting with RTI symptoms reduces index antibacterial prescribing. […] GPs and patients report a good acceptability for a CRP POCT and economic evaluations show cost-effectiveness of CRP POCT over existing RTI management in primary care.

• #1 Respiratory Tract Infection- Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

  https://www.careinsurance.com/blog/health-insurance-articles/check-if-you-have-respiratory-tract-infection-rti

  Not as common as viral and bacterial infections, fungal infections like pneumocystis jirovecii can harm the lower respiratory tract, especially in people with weak immune systems. […] A few LRTIs can be caused by unusual pathogens, such as mycobacterium tuberculosis (causing tuberculosis) and many parasites. […] Once exposed to pollutants, toxic gases or irritants, you become more prone to LRTIs. […] However, it’s important to know that the particular cause of an LRTI may vary, and the severity and treatment of the infection may differ depending on the microorganism. Proper diagnosis and appropriate medical care are essential for managing these infections. […] Lower respiratory infection symptoms may vary according to the severity of one’s condition. Here are the symptoms of both less severe and more severe conditions-

• #1 Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Medication: Penicillins, Natural, Penicillins, Amino, Cephalosporins, First Generation, Cephalosporins, Second Generation, Cephalosporins, Third Generation, Macrolides, Analgesics, Other, NSAIDs, Anticholinergics, Respira

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/302460-medication

  Therapy addressing specific symptoms is the mainstay for most upper respiratory infections (URIs). […] Recognizing viral and bacterial diseases for which specific therapy is available is important. Awareness of local trends in prevalent organisms and local resistance patterns is key. Antibacterial therapy is appropriate for patients with any of the following: Group A streptococcal pharyngitis, Bacterial sinusitis, Epiglottitis, Pertussis, Diphtheria. […] Patients with herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection or gonococcal upper airway disease also benefit from specific treatment. In immunocompromised patients, treatment of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and cytomegalovirus infections may be appropriate, especially if lower airway disease is suspected. […] In general, antivirals do not provide clinical benefits in persons with viral pharyngitis. However, in patients who are immunocompromised, antivirals have a role in treating illness that might progress.

• #1 Advanced RTI Diagnosis Solutions for Benelux Labs | Analis

  https://www.analis.com/respiratory-tract-infection-rti-diagnosis

  Respiratory tract infections is one of the most difficult period of the year for the laboratories. […] Point-of-Care Testing (POCT) plays a vital role in diagnosing RTIs quickly and accurately. Our POCT solutions help healthcare providers make informed decisions, leading to better patient outcomes and reduced antibiotic misuse. […] FlashDx PCR POCT Solutions […] POC Immunochromatographic Rapid Tests.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/whitepaper/20210630/Rapid-Respiratory-Tract-Infection-Diagnostics-A-Test-Case.aspx

  An emerging alternative approach being applied by many researchers and SMEs is to undertake diagnostics via breath analysis. […] The Breathspec device has been developed as a new, rapid diagnostic measure for RTI to provide clinicians with rapid, accurate, accessible, acceptable, and affordable diagnostics to quickly identify whether an infectious agent is bacterial or viral in nature and to prescribe the appropriate treatment. […] For new RTI diagnostics, tests need to be quick, accurate, and well-evidenced to ensure clinicians are confident to use them. […] A diagnostics-focused approach could potentially reduce the levels of inappropriate prescribing, but who pays and therefore whose budget impact is improved – is an ongoing question. […] Research has shown that confirmed costs and lack of central government funding are as important, if not more so, than physical and operational constraints barriers, even in the presence of advanced training and local AMR champions as enablers. […] Adopting systems that markedly reduce antibiotic consumption would be a win-win-win solution for governments and health systems that are struggling to address the rise in AMR and for patients.

• #1 Respiratory tract infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_tract_infection

  Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are infectious diseases involving the lower or upper respiratory tract. An infection of this type usually is further classified as an upper respiratory tract infection (URI or URTI) or a lower respiratory tract infection (LRI or LRTI). Lower respiratory infections, such as pneumonia, tend to be far more severe than upper respiratory infections, such as the common cold. […] Pulmonary Function Testing (PFT) allows for the evaluation and assessment of airways, lung function, as well as specific benchmarks to diagnose an array of respiratory tract infections. […] A 2014 systematic review of clinical trials does not support routine rapid viral testing to decrease antibiotic use for children in emergency departments. […] It is unclear if rapid viral testing in the emergency department for children with acute febrile respiratory infections reduces the rates of antibiotic use, blood testing, or urine testing. […] In 2013 researchers developed a breath tester that can promptly diagnose lung infections.

• #1 IOS Press Ebooks – Rapid Diagnosis of Respiratory Tract Infections Using a Point-of-Care Platform Incorporating a Clinical Decision Support Algorithm

  https://ebooks.iospress.nl/volumearticle/55450

  Respiratory Tract Infections (RTIs) are among the top reasons for visiting a General Practitioner (GP) and the main cause of unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions. […] The goal of the Eurostars project Respiotic is to develop a new point-of-care (POC) platform based on the centrifugal microfluidic LabDisk that will detect the main responsible viruses and bacteria for community-acquired RTIs, including associated resistances and host biomarkers. […] The diagnostic platform will use a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and an immunoassay cartridge on the same instrument and provide the combined analysis within less than 1 h. […] An electronic clinical algorithm will co-assess the test results and act as a decision support tool for the GPs patient management and prescriptions.

• #1 Clinical diagnosis and treatment of common respiratory tract infections in relation to microbiological profiles in rural health facilities in China: implications for antibiotic stewardship | BMC Primary Care | Full Text

  https://bmcprimcare.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12875-021-01448-2

  The excessive antibiotics prescriptions mostly occur in treating common RTIs. […] Most rural and township physicians in China have to distinguish bacterial or virus infection based on patient-reported symptoms because microbiological facilities are not available at most front-line health care settings. […] The study aimed to recruit 1,000 patients presenting with respiratory infection. […] Antibiotics were prescribed for 88% of all recruited patients and 36% of these prescriptions contained two or more types of antibiotics. […] The most common clinical diagnosis were respiratory tract infection(31%), bronchitis/tracheitis (23%), pharyngitis(11%), common cold(8%), pneumonia/bronchopneumonia (5%) and tonsillitis(4%). […] Of all the specimens tested, 329 (31%) were isolated with pathogenic bacteria or asymptomatic carrier.

• #1 Clinical presentation and microbiological diagnosis in paediatric respiratory tract infection: a systematic review | British Journal of General Practice

  https://bjgp.org/content/65/631/e69

  Background Antibiotic prescribing decisions for respiratory tract infection (RTI) in primary care could be improved if clinicians could target bacterial infections. However, there are currently no evidence-based diagnostic rules to identify microbial aetiology in children presenting with acute RTIs. […] No diagnostic or prognostic rule has been developed to distinguish bacterial from viral RTI that would be expected to respond to antibiotics. In the absence of this information, a diagnostic gap exists between the presentation of RTI and the appropriate management. […] No diagnostic test is routinely available to help clinicians distinguish bacterial from viral respiratory tract infections (RTIs) in children in primary care. Using symptoms and signs to identify the microbiological aetiology of RTI could improve appropriate use of antibiotics. This systematic review reports an absence of evidence for the relationship between clinical symptoms or signs and upper respiratory tract pathogens in children with RTI.

• #1 Respiratory tract infections

  https://diagnostics.roche.com/us/en/article-listing/health-topics/infectious-diseases/respiratory-tract-infections.html

  Identifying and differentiating respiratory pathogens is critical to effective infection management. […] Acute lower respiratory infections are one of the leading causes of death and disability in the world. […] Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) include both upper tract infections, like the common cold, and lower tract infections, such as pneumonia and bronchitis. […] An early and accurate diagnosis is essential to identifying the cause of a respiratory infection and ensuring appropriate antimicrobial therapy. […] To optimize time-to-treatment, the diagnosis of acute respiratory tract infections cannot always rely on the traditional method of culture alone. […] Therefore, other methods for antibody and antigen detection, and especially nucleic acid amplification techniques (NAAT), have been developed in order to improve sensitivity, specificity, and detection time of pathogens causing RTIs.

• #1 Management of respiratory tract infections in children | NRR

  https://www.dovepress.com/management-of-respiratory-tract-infections-in-children-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-NRR

  Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) in children are one of the most common reasons for parents consulting health professionals. […] Diagnosis can usually be made from the history and presenting symptoms such as cough, wheeze, tachypnea, fever, or stridor. […] It is important that health professionals assessing children with a RTI identify any red flags, as this will enable them to plan the necessary management of the child at an appropriate level. […] Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is defined as an inflammatory condition of the lungs resulting from an infection acquired in the community (ie, outside the hospital environment). […] It is important to note that antibiotics are only effective in treating bacterial infections, and in viral chest infections, use of antibiotics will not cure or shorten the length of the illness.

• #1 Respiratory tract infections

  https://diagnostics.roche.com/us/en/article-listing/health-topics/infectious-diseases/respiratory-tract-infections.html

  Delivering timely and reliable results empowers healthcare professionals to make more informed treatment decisions while elevating the overall value provided by testing locations. […] To address the prevalence, complexity, and variety of respiratory tract infections, Roche offers a range of tests and technologies to support the detection and aid in the management of respiratory disease from the worlds first commercial PCR test to detect SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19) and its respective antibody test, to molecular point-of-care multiplex assays that can differentiate common viral agents, such as influenza A, influenza B, and RSV, in a single test.

• #2 Respiratory Tract Infections and Laboratory Diagnostic Methods: A Review with A Focus on Syndromic Panel-Based Assays

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9504108/

  Their use radically reduces time-to-results and increases the detection of clinically relevant pathogens compared to conventional methods. […] A prompt and rapid laboratory diagnosis of RTIs is required to support and to guide clinical decisions in favor of appropriate patient management, while also avoiding the inappropriate use of antimicrobials. […] The diagnostic workflow of RTIs historically relies on many tools to determine the microbial and viral etiology of these infections, such as microscopic examination, conventional culture, traditional cell cultures, antigen detection, and serology. […] The implementation of syndromic panels in the respiratory infection diagnostic algorithm has the potential to be a powerful decision-making tool for patient management, especially in emergency departments, despite requiring the appropriate use of the test in different patient populations. […] In conclusion, the use of syndromic panels for the detection of respiratory pathogens is associated with a radically reduced time-to-results and, in parallel, to increased detection of clinically relevant pathogens compared to the standard methods.

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