Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Eating Disorders – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK567717/

  Eating disorders disrupt eating behavior with excessive concern about body weight that impairs physical health or psychosocial functioning. […] The etiology of eating disorders is heterogeneous, including biological, psychological, developmental, and socio-cultural. […] Genetics: Twin and adoption studies prove the hereditary role for eating disorders. There is a 50% chance of developing eating disorders if the other twin has it. […] Neurobiology: Serotonin plays a significant role in appetite and mood regulation. Serotonin may indirectly mediate its effects on the development of eating disorders. […] Psychological factors: Perfectionism, impulsivity, novelty-seeking, obsessive-compulsiveness, harm avoidance, and neuroticism are common personality traits often associated with eating disorders.

• #2 A critique of the literature on etiology of eating disorders

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4117136/

  The development of eating disorders including anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and atypical eating disorders that affect many young women and even men in the productive period of their lives is complex and varied. […] Despite the fact that a huge body of research has carefully examined the possible risk factors associated with the eating disorders, they have failed not only to uncover the exact etiology of eating disorders, but also to understand the interaction between different causes of eating disorders. […] In this review, some risk factors including biological, psychological, developmental, and sociocultural are discussed. […] Eating disorders are defined by disturbance in eating habits that may be either excessive or insufficient food intake. […] These complex disorders are believed to arise from interaction of multiple risk factors.

• #3 Common causes for eating disorders and risk factors

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/common-causes-for-eating-disorders

  Researchers have identified many different causes for eating disorders, ranging from genetic risk factors to the culture a person grows up in. […] However, no single factor causes all eating disorders. Instead, a group of factors elevate the risk. The more risk factors a person has, the higher their risk of disordered eating. […] A complex interaction of multiple factors can cause eating disorders. Some of the most significant include: […] While researchers have not identified a specific gene or group of genes that lead to eating disorders, these conditions tend to run in families. […] A 2023 article reports that if one identical twin has an eating disorder, the other twin has a 50% chance of developing one. This suggests that genetics may make some people more susceptible to these conditions.

• #4 What Are the Causes of Eating Disorders?

  https://www.verywellmind.com/what-causes-eating-disorders-4121047

  Identifying actual causal factors for a specific eating disorder is complicated. Determining whether these factors are present in an individual can be difficult. Also, the presence of these factors predicts higher risk but does not guarantee the development of an eating disorder. […] Eating disorders are likely the result of a complicated interplay of these factors. […] Even when a precipitating factor (such as a traumatic event) can be identified, there is almost always a combination of other contributing factors that play a role. […] The cause of eating disorders is too complex to attribute blame to any one person, event, or gene.

• #5 A critique of the literature on etiology of eating disorders

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4117136/

  The development of eating disorders including anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and atypical eating disorders that affect many young women and even men in the productive period of their lives is complex and varied. […] Despite the fact that a huge body of research has carefully examined the possible risk factors associated with the eating disorders, they have failed not only to uncover the exact etiology of eating disorders, but also to understand the interaction between different causes of eating disorders. […] In this review, some risk factors including biological, psychological, developmental, and sociocultural are discussed. […] Eating disorders are defined by disturbance in eating habits that may be either excessive or insufficient food intake. […] These complex disorders are believed to arise from interaction of multiple risk factors.

• #6 Why People Get Eating Disorders – National Centre for Eating Disorders

  https://eating-disorders.org.uk/information/why-people-get-eating-disorders/

  An eating disorder is something that creeps up on an individual, sometimes gradually and sometimes suddenly. The eating disorder often starts well before someone even knows that their relationship with food has become poor. It can change over time from one form – such as starving – into another form of distress such as overeating. Recovery is possible for everyone with the right kind of help. […] To understand why people get eating disorders, we first have to describe what an eating disorder actually is. Many people have odd eating habits but a true eating disorder is extreme shape and weight control behaviour which in turn is caused by excessive concerns about your weight. Most people with eating disorders have poor self worth and perfectionist opinions about how they should look and what they should weigh.

• #7 Eating Disorders – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK567717/

  Eating disorders disrupt eating behavior with excessive concern about body weight that impairs physical health or psychosocial functioning. […] The etiology of eating disorders is heterogeneous, including biological, psychological, developmental, and socio-cultural. […] Genetics: Twin and adoption studies prove the hereditary role for eating disorders. There is a 50% chance of developing eating disorders if the other twin has it. […] Neurobiology: Serotonin plays a significant role in appetite and mood regulation. Serotonin may indirectly mediate its effects on the development of eating disorders. […] Psychological factors: Perfectionism, impulsivity, novelty-seeking, obsessive-compulsiveness, harm avoidance, and neuroticism are common personality traits often associated with eating disorders.

• #8 Perceptions of the causes of eating disorders: a comparison of individuals with and without eating disorders | Journal of Eating Disorders | Full Text

  https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40337-015-0069-8

  Genetics and biology are individual factors that play a role in the development of eating disorders. […] Genetic contributions to the development of eating disorders have been suggested by twin studies, with heritability estimates ranging from 0.39 to 0.74, depending on the disorder. […] Body dissatisfaction has been commonly identified as an influential risk factor for eating disorders. […] Researchers have recognized perfectionism as a specific risk factor in the development of eating disorders, as this personality trait may lead to a persistent pursuit of the thin ideal. […] Sexual, physical, and emotional abuse have all received empirical support as risk factors for psychiatric difficulties, which can include eating disorders. […] Many sociocultural factors affect the development of eating disorders.

• #9 Common causes for eating disorders and risk factors

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/common-causes-for-eating-disorders

  Researchers have identified many different causes for eating disorders, ranging from genetic risk factors to the culture a person grows up in. […] However, no single factor causes all eating disorders. Instead, a group of factors elevate the risk. The more risk factors a person has, the higher their risk of disordered eating. […] A complex interaction of multiple factors can cause eating disorders. Some of the most significant include: […] While researchers have not identified a specific gene or group of genes that lead to eating disorders, these conditions tend to run in families. […] A 2023 article reports that if one identical twin has an eating disorder, the other twin has a 50% chance of developing one. This suggests that genetics may make some people more susceptible to these conditions.

• #10 What Causes Anorexia Nervosa?

  https://withinhealth.com/learn/articles/what-causes-anorexia-nervosa

  Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a complex mental health disorder involving an extreme fear of gaining weight and behaviors developed to continuously lose weight or maintain a low body weight. It’s caused by a number of genetic, psychological, and environmental factors. […] Rather, AN is the result of several interconnected factors. […] Several studies have found that aspects of anorexia nervosa are heritable, meaning they can be genetically passed down between generations. […] To further differentiate between nature and nurture, further studies were done on twins. These concluded that anywhere from 58%-76% of the risk of developing AN could be attributed to genes. […] It’s important to note that AN isn’t passed down from generation to generation. Certain traits, including specific responses to stress, are passed on, making people more susceptible to developing the condition.

• #11 Eating Disorder Causes: Risk Factors & Everything We Know

  https://breakbingeeating.com/eating-disorders/causes/

  Heritability estimates are as high as 76% for anorexia nervosa, 83% for bulimia nervosa, and 41% for binge-eating disorder, which means that less than half of the risk variation can be accounted for by non-genetic factors. […] Genes play a particularly influential role in eating disorder onset during puberty. […] Serotonin, a neurotransmitter primarily responsible for happiness and wellbeing, is another genetic risk factor for eating disorders. […] Abnormal serotonin levels, which may result from genetic components, could influence various personality and psychological traits (e.g., perfectionism, depression) that make one susceptible to developing an eating disorder. […] Psychological and social factors also play a role in the development of eating disorders. […] Many of these factors interact with each other to cause eating disorders.

• #12 Causes of Anorexia | Walden Eating Disorders

  https://www.waldeneatingdisorders.com/what-we-treat/anorexia/potential-causes-and-risk-factors-of-anorexia/

  Much attention has been placed on society and its promotion of a culture of thinness or the ideal body, often amplified through media and social networks. Further, pressures from home life, relationships with parents and/or peers or comments on body weight and appearance although sometimes unintentional can have a profound impact on individuals already susceptible to developing an eating disorder. Many with anorexia report experiencing harsh and extreme criticism related to their weight and appearance. […] There can be a strong correlation between anorexia and specific personality traits, including perfectionism, obsessive-compulsiveness, rigidity and vulnerability to peer pressure. […] Studies in recent years have shown a possible link between anorexia and genetics. While not everyone whose parent or sibling has or had anorexia will experience it, studies have shown that the heritability of anorexia can range from 28%-74%, according to a study published by the National Institute of Mental Health.

• #13 Eating Disorder Causes: Risk Factors & Everything We Know

  https://breakbingeeating.com/eating-disorders/causes/

  Heritability estimates are as high as 76% for anorexia nervosa, 83% for bulimia nervosa, and 41% for binge-eating disorder, which means that less than half of the risk variation can be accounted for by non-genetic factors. […] Genes play a particularly influential role in eating disorder onset during puberty. […] Serotonin, a neurotransmitter primarily responsible for happiness and wellbeing, is another genetic risk factor for eating disorders. […] Abnormal serotonin levels, which may result from genetic components, could influence various personality and psychological traits (e.g., perfectionism, depression) that make one susceptible to developing an eating disorder. […] Psychological and social factors also play a role in the development of eating disorders. […] Many of these factors interact with each other to cause eating disorders.

• #14 McCallum Place | Eating Disorder Risk Factors

  https://www.mccallumplace.com/eating-disorder/risk-factors-stats/

  There is some evidence to show that adolescents and teens with a history of childhood obesity are at risk for bulimia and binge eating disorder. […] Family discord, parental indifference, and overprotective parenting can be eating disorder risk factors. Additionally, the presence of psychological issues and a history of depression in a family can increase an individuals risk for developing an eating disorder. Finally, families that fail to embrace a positive body image or are overly concerned with physical appearance can also contribute to the development of eating disorders. […] There is evidence that shows individuals who have a close family member who suffered from an eating disorder or other mental illness are at a higher risk themselves of developing an eating disorder. Therefore, this suggests that there are genetic or biological eating disorder risk factors.

• #15 What Causes an Eating Disorder? – Toledo Center

  https://toledocenter.com/resources/what-causes-an-eating-disorder/

  There are various factors that contribute to the development of an eating disorder. The easiest way to categorize these factors is by using the Biopsychosocial Model. This model examines the interconnection between biology, psychology, and socio-environmental factors and how they influence diseases, including mental illnesses and eating disorders. […] The biology piece refers to any predisposing aspects of an individual’s DNA that could cause eating disorder behaviors. One example is genetics. People who have an immediate family member with a diagnosis of anorexia are eleven times more likely to also be diagnosed with anorexia. And individuals with an immediate family member who struggle with bulimia are four times more likely to be diagnosed with bulimia as well. These statistics prove that the hereditary component shouldn’t be overlooked.

• #16 Eating Disorders – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK567717/

  Eating disorders disrupt eating behavior with excessive concern about body weight that impairs physical health or psychosocial functioning. […] The etiology of eating disorders is heterogeneous, including biological, psychological, developmental, and socio-cultural. […] Genetics: Twin and adoption studies prove the hereditary role for eating disorders. There is a 50% chance of developing eating disorders if the other twin has it. […] Neurobiology: Serotonin plays a significant role in appetite and mood regulation. Serotonin may indirectly mediate its effects on the development of eating disorders. […] Psychological factors: Perfectionism, impulsivity, novelty-seeking, obsessive-compulsiveness, harm avoidance, and neuroticism are common personality traits often associated with eating disorders.

• #17 Common causes for eating disorders and risk factors

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/common-causes-for-eating-disorders

  Each persons own neurobiology may also play a role. For example, serotonin helps regulate appetite, and so biological conditions that affect serotonin, such as depression, may elevate the risk of eating disorders. […] Certain psychological traits correlate with a higher risk of disordered eating. […] People are also more at risk of developing an eating disorder if they have a personal history of other mental health conditions, such as depression or substance use disorder. […] Early childhood trauma, especially sexual abuse, may also increase the risk of eating disorders, as well as other eating disorder risk factors, such as anxiety. […] A cultural emphasis on thinness can increase the risk of restrictive eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa. […] Exposure to media emphasizing thinness also plays an important role.

• #18 A critique of the literature on etiology of eating disorders

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4117136/

  A growing body of twin studies confirmed that there is an undeniable link between genetic factors and eating disorders. […] Although some of the twin studies believe that contributions of shared environmental effects (the same family environment in which twins grow up), and non-shared environmental effects (negative life events) are often small but these effects were also included in the reported twin studies. […] Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamin, 5HT) is believed to participate not only in appetite regulation but also in mood regulation. […] Although exact cause of 5-HT dysfunction in eating disorders is unknown, but several studies presumed that alteration of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptor activities, the 5-HTT (5-HT transporter), and CSF 5-HIAA levels can be involved in patients with eating disorders.

• #19 McCallum Place | Eating Disorder Causes

  https://www.mccallumplace.com/eating-disorder/causes-effects/

  There is strong evidence that points to biological factors, including genetics and brain chemistry, as main causes of eating disorders. Additionally, eating disorders, especially anorexia and bulimia, tend to run in families. Therefore, individuals who have a biological relative that suffered from an eating disorder are 10 times more likely to develop an eating disorder themselves. […] Another biological cause of eating disorders may relate to differences in reward pathways in the brain. Individuals suffering from eating disorders also tend to have higher levels of cortisol, which is a hormone that helps control and regulate stress, and vasopressin, a chemical that is also high in clients suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder. Abnormalities in the hypothamitic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which controls the production and release of many of these chemicals, may be one of the causes of eating disorders.

• #20 McCallum Place | Eating Disorder Causes

  https://www.mccallumplace.com/eating-disorder/causes-effects/

  There is strong evidence that points to biological factors, including genetics and brain chemistry, as main causes of eating disorders. Additionally, eating disorders, especially anorexia and bulimia, tend to run in families. Therefore, individuals who have a biological relative that suffered from an eating disorder are 10 times more likely to develop an eating disorder themselves. […] Another biological cause of eating disorders may relate to differences in reward pathways in the brain. Individuals suffering from eating disorders also tend to have higher levels of cortisol, which is a hormone that helps control and regulate stress, and vasopressin, a chemical that is also high in clients suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder. Abnormalities in the hypothamitic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which controls the production and release of many of these chemicals, may be one of the causes of eating disorders.

• #21 Causes of Anorexia | Walden Eating Disorders

  https://www.waldeneatingdisorders.com/what-we-treat/anorexia/potential-causes-and-risk-factors-of-anorexia/

  There is no sole cause of anorexia. For most who are impacted, a combination of several contributing factors mainly biological, genetic and environmental can influence the development of anorexia and associated symptoms. The exact root of the disorder is different for every person. […] Many experts view anorexia as a biological illness of starvation, in which the starvation leads to malnutrition, which then results in the psychological symptoms associated with the disorder. Additional studies hint at deeper biological roots. Gray matter deficits in brain areas involved in emotion, motivation and goal-directed behavior have been reported. Other evidence shows the restricting behaviors associated with anorexia may stem from an imbalance between inhibitory and reward systems, which can lead to a shift in compulsive behavior.

• #22 Eating Disorder Risk Factors- National Eating Disorders Association

  https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/risk-factors/

  Low energy availability (LEA) is a state in which the body does not have enough energy to support all of its functions because the individual is expending more energy than they are taking in through foods and liquids. […] Research has found that up to 39% of women and 15% of men with type one diabetes will develop an eating disorder. […] One of the strongest risk factors for an eating disorder is perfectionism, especially a type of perfectionism called self-oriented perfectionism, which involves setting unrealistically high expectations for yourself. […] Difficulty with going back and forth between different tasks or mental states has been found to be a risk factor for the development of anorexia nervosa. […] Being prone to impulsivity or taking actions without consideration of the consequences, especially when experiencing negative emotions, has been linked to an increased risk of binge/purge types of eating disorders (i.e. anorexia nervosa/binge purge subtype or bulimia nervosa).

• #23 Risk factors for eating disorders: findings from a rapid review | Journal of Eating Disorders | Full Text

  https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40337-022-00717-4

  Genetic susceptibility to AN was explored in a landmark meta-analysis of 33 datasets from international genome-wide association studies. […] The role of gut microbiota and immune system reactions in the development and perpetuation of EDs is an emerging field, however is receiving growing attention. […] Exposure to childhood trauma has been linked to polymorphisms in genes expressed in the glucocorticoid receptor pathway which are associated with increased risk of developing BN, binge eating, and loss of control over eating. […] Experience of childhood trauma and abuse has been consistently identified as a non-specific risk factor for the development of EDs, although these experiences are more strongly associated with binge-purge type disorders such as BN, BED, and AN-BP.

• #24 Causes of Eating Disorders: Understanding Anorexia

  https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/causes-of-eating-disorders-biological-factors

  Dysregulated leptin levels may also contribute to the ongoing cycle of anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders. […] Ghrelin has a central role in stimulating appetite and food intake. […] As you might expect, people suffering from anorexia nervosa have increased levels of cortisol in the body, resulting from the additional stress applied to the body. […] Research has shown that individuals who have eating disorders have a unique microbiome. […] Eating disorders can have a significant impact on the normal function of an individual’s metabolism. […] Metabolic abnormalities in anorexia nervosa result from the body’s response to a state of starvation. […] Understanding the biological factors of eating disorders is vital for identifying the causes and triggers of these conditions. […] A wide range of novel treatment approaches have been theorized based on the biological influences of eating disorders.

• #25 Eating Disorders – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK567717/

  Eating disorders disrupt eating behavior with excessive concern about body weight that impairs physical health or psychosocial functioning. […] The etiology of eating disorders is heterogeneous, including biological, psychological, developmental, and socio-cultural. […] Genetics: Twin and adoption studies prove the hereditary role for eating disorders. There is a 50% chance of developing eating disorders if the other twin has it. […] Neurobiology: Serotonin plays a significant role in appetite and mood regulation. Serotonin may indirectly mediate its effects on the development of eating disorders. […] Psychological factors: Perfectionism, impulsivity, novelty-seeking, obsessive-compulsiveness, harm avoidance, and neuroticism are common personality traits often associated with eating disorders.

• #26 A critique of the literature on etiology of eating disorders

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4117136/

  Body cachexia, the degree of body satisfaction and dissatisfaction is believed to be an integral part of self-esteem. […] Individuals assess their bodies by measuring them against ideal body type of culture. […] Role of personality disorders in the development of eating disorders has been the center of attention for many researchers. […] Several studies have found that personality traits such as impulsivity, novelty seeking, stress reactivity, harm avoidance, perfectionism, and other personality traits are common in patients with eating disorders. […] Despite the fact that childhood sexual (CSA) abuse as a risk factor for eating disorders has been a source of debate among clinicians and researchers. […] While some studies showed strong relationship between CSA and eating disorders, some other studies strongly refuse to accept this relationship.

• #27 Eating Disorder Risk Factors- National Eating Disorders Association

  https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/risk-factors/

  Low energy availability (LEA) is a state in which the body does not have enough energy to support all of its functions because the individual is expending more energy than they are taking in through foods and liquids. […] Research has found that up to 39% of women and 15% of men with type one diabetes will develop an eating disorder. […] One of the strongest risk factors for an eating disorder is perfectionism, especially a type of perfectionism called self-oriented perfectionism, which involves setting unrealistically high expectations for yourself. […] Difficulty with going back and forth between different tasks or mental states has been found to be a risk factor for the development of anorexia nervosa. […] Being prone to impulsivity or taking actions without consideration of the consequences, especially when experiencing negative emotions, has been linked to an increased risk of binge/purge types of eating disorders (i.e. anorexia nervosa/binge purge subtype or bulimia nervosa).

• #28 Eating Disorder Risk Factors- National Eating Disorders Association

  https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/risk-factors/

  Research has found that having difficulty regulating emotions or having a lack of emotional awareness is a risk factor for all types of eating disorders. […] The tendency to avoid thinking, feeling or doing things that are distressing or that may lead to punishment are associated with elevated rates of eating disorders compared to people who do not have a tendency to engage in this type of behavior. […] Body image encompasses how you feel both about and in your body. […] Research has shown that a significant subset of people with eating disorders experience mood disorders like depression and anxiety disorders (including generalized anxiety, social phobia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder) before the onset of their eating disorder. […] Studies have found that a significant subset of people with eating disorders have experienced past trauma, such as physical, sexual, or emotional abuse and that childhood trauma can be a risk factor for the development of all types of eating disorders.

• #29 Eating Disorder Risk Factors- National Eating Disorders Association

  https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/risk-factors/

  Research has found that having difficulty regulating emotions or having a lack of emotional awareness is a risk factor for all types of eating disorders. […] The tendency to avoid thinking, feeling or doing things that are distressing or that may lead to punishment are associated with elevated rates of eating disorders compared to people who do not have a tendency to engage in this type of behavior. […] Body image encompasses how you feel both about and in your body. […] Research has shown that a significant subset of people with eating disorders experience mood disorders like depression and anxiety disorders (including generalized anxiety, social phobia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder) before the onset of their eating disorder. […] Studies have found that a significant subset of people with eating disorders have experienced past trauma, such as physical, sexual, or emotional abuse and that childhood trauma can be a risk factor for the development of all types of eating disorders.

• #30 Eating Disorder Risk Factors- National Eating Disorders Association

  https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/risk-factors/

  Low energy availability (LEA) is a state in which the body does not have enough energy to support all of its functions because the individual is expending more energy than they are taking in through foods and liquids. […] Research has found that up to 39% of women and 15% of men with type one diabetes will develop an eating disorder. […] One of the strongest risk factors for an eating disorder is perfectionism, especially a type of perfectionism called self-oriented perfectionism, which involves setting unrealistically high expectations for yourself. […] Difficulty with going back and forth between different tasks or mental states has been found to be a risk factor for the development of anorexia nervosa. […] Being prone to impulsivity or taking actions without consideration of the consequences, especially when experiencing negative emotions, has been linked to an increased risk of binge/purge types of eating disorders (i.e. anorexia nervosa/binge purge subtype or bulimia nervosa).

• #31 Perceptions of the causes of eating disorders: a comparison of individuals with and without eating disorders | Journal of Eating Disorders | Full Text

  https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40337-015-0069-8

  Genetics and biology are individual factors that play a role in the development of eating disorders. […] Genetic contributions to the development of eating disorders have been suggested by twin studies, with heritability estimates ranging from 0.39 to 0.74, depending on the disorder. […] Body dissatisfaction has been commonly identified as an influential risk factor for eating disorders. […] Researchers have recognized perfectionism as a specific risk factor in the development of eating disorders, as this personality trait may lead to a persistent pursuit of the thin ideal. […] Sexual, physical, and emotional abuse have all received empirical support as risk factors for psychiatric difficulties, which can include eating disorders. […] Many sociocultural factors affect the development of eating disorders.

• #32 A critique of the literature on etiology of eating disorders

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4117136/

  Body cachexia, the degree of body satisfaction and dissatisfaction is believed to be an integral part of self-esteem. […] Individuals assess their bodies by measuring them against ideal body type of culture. […] Role of personality disorders in the development of eating disorders has been the center of attention for many researchers. […] Several studies have found that personality traits such as impulsivity, novelty seeking, stress reactivity, harm avoidance, perfectionism, and other personality traits are common in patients with eating disorders. […] Despite the fact that childhood sexual (CSA) abuse as a risk factor for eating disorders has been a source of debate among clinicians and researchers. […] While some studies showed strong relationship between CSA and eating disorders, some other studies strongly refuse to accept this relationship.

• #33 Eating Disorder Risk Factors- National Eating Disorders Association

  https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/risk-factors/

  Research has found that having difficulty regulating emotions or having a lack of emotional awareness is a risk factor for all types of eating disorders. […] The tendency to avoid thinking, feeling or doing things that are distressing or that may lead to punishment are associated with elevated rates of eating disorders compared to people who do not have a tendency to engage in this type of behavior. […] Body image encompasses how you feel both about and in your body. […] Research has shown that a significant subset of people with eating disorders experience mood disorders like depression and anxiety disorders (including generalized anxiety, social phobia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder) before the onset of their eating disorder. […] Studies have found that a significant subset of people with eating disorders have experienced past trauma, such as physical, sexual, or emotional abuse and that childhood trauma can be a risk factor for the development of all types of eating disorders.

• #34 Types of Eating Disorders: Symptoms, Causes and Effects

  https://www.snhu.edu/about-us/newsroom/health/types-of-eating-disorders

  Sometimes a history of dieting can lead to the development of binge eating or bulimia. […] A need to eat only the perfect foods or to look perfect can lead to disorders like anorexia, bulimia, diabulimia, orthorexia, or even rumination disorder. […] Many people with eating disorders also have depression and/or anxiety. It is also possible for the person to have other mental health issues like bipolar, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or schizophrenia. It is estimated that 33-50% of those with anorexia have a comorbid mood disorder and about 50% have an anxiety disorder. […] Being teased or bullied about weight is becoming a common reason for people to develop an eating disorder. […] A history of trauma or abuse can lead to the development of an eating disorder. […] Some people have reported turning to eating disorders, particularly binging and purging, after feeling bored.

• #35 Common causes for eating disorders and risk factors

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/common-causes-for-eating-disorders

  Each persons own neurobiology may also play a role. For example, serotonin helps regulate appetite, and so biological conditions that affect serotonin, such as depression, may elevate the risk of eating disorders. […] Certain psychological traits correlate with a higher risk of disordered eating. […] People are also more at risk of developing an eating disorder if they have a personal history of other mental health conditions, such as depression or substance use disorder. […] Early childhood trauma, especially sexual abuse, may also increase the risk of eating disorders, as well as other eating disorder risk factors, such as anxiety. […] A cultural emphasis on thinness can increase the risk of restrictive eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa. […] Exposure to media emphasizing thinness also plays an important role.

• #36 A critique of the literature on etiology of eating disorders

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4117136/

  Body cachexia, the degree of body satisfaction and dissatisfaction is believed to be an integral part of self-esteem. […] Individuals assess their bodies by measuring them against ideal body type of culture. […] Role of personality disorders in the development of eating disorders has been the center of attention for many researchers. […] Several studies have found that personality traits such as impulsivity, novelty seeking, stress reactivity, harm avoidance, perfectionism, and other personality traits are common in patients with eating disorders. […] Despite the fact that childhood sexual (CSA) abuse as a risk factor for eating disorders has been a source of debate among clinicians and researchers. […] While some studies showed strong relationship between CSA and eating disorders, some other studies strongly refuse to accept this relationship.

• #37 Eating Disorder Risk Factors- National Eating Disorders Association

  https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/risk-factors/

  Research has found that having difficulty regulating emotions or having a lack of emotional awareness is a risk factor for all types of eating disorders. […] The tendency to avoid thinking, feeling or doing things that are distressing or that may lead to punishment are associated with elevated rates of eating disorders compared to people who do not have a tendency to engage in this type of behavior. […] Body image encompasses how you feel both about and in your body. […] Research has shown that a significant subset of people with eating disorders experience mood disorders like depression and anxiety disorders (including generalized anxiety, social phobia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder) before the onset of their eating disorder. […] Studies have found that a significant subset of people with eating disorders have experienced past trauma, such as physical, sexual, or emotional abuse and that childhood trauma can be a risk factor for the development of all types of eating disorders.

• #38 Overlooked Causes of Eating Disorders: Inflammation & Infections – SURUCHI CHANDRA M.D.

  https://chandramd.com/eating-disorders-causes-infection/

  In some cases, the immune response after an infection can result in widespread inflammation and even autoimmunity to the brain, where the body produces antibodies that attack itself. […] In one clinical study, researchers found that 52% of children with eating disorders also met the criteria for PANS or PANDAS diagnosis, meaning many patients with eating disorders may have the same immune dysfunction or infectious triggers seen in children with PANS PANDAS. […] All patients struggling with eating disorders deserve to have the best chance of recovery, which means considering biological factors in their diagnostic evaluation and treatment. […] Many patients with eating disorders never fully recover even with current treatments. […] For patients with evidence of inflammation and infections, treating biological root causes can make all the difference in recovery.

• #39 Eating Disorders – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK567717/

  Developmental factors: The early perturbation in childhood development, like childhood sexual abuse, poses a significant risk in developing eating disorders. […] Socio-cultural factors: Cultural preferences for thinness, exposure to western culture that values a slim body for women, and exposure to media promoting such ideas play a major role in increasing eating disorders’ prevalence worldwide.

• #40 Risk factors for eating disorders: findings from a rapid review | Journal of Eating Disorders | Full Text

  https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40337-022-00717-4

  Genetic susceptibility to AN was explored in a landmark meta-analysis of 33 datasets from international genome-wide association studies. […] The role of gut microbiota and immune system reactions in the development and perpetuation of EDs is an emerging field, however is receiving growing attention. […] Exposure to childhood trauma has been linked to polymorphisms in genes expressed in the glucocorticoid receptor pathway which are associated with increased risk of developing BN, binge eating, and loss of control over eating. […] Experience of childhood trauma and abuse has been consistently identified as a non-specific risk factor for the development of EDs, although these experiences are more strongly associated with binge-purge type disorders such as BN, BED, and AN-BP.

• #41 Eating Disorder Causes: Risk Factors & Everything We Know

  https://breakbingeeating.com/eating-disorders/causes/

  Dieting is one of the strongest risk factors for eating disorders. […] Body dissatisfaction refers to the subjective negative appraisal one has on their body. […] The extent to which one buys into socially defined ideals of attractiveness (i.e., thin-ideal internalisation) is a major risk factor for developing an eating disorder. […] Eating makes us feel good; it helps us regulate our moods by temporarily blocking out any negative things we may be feeling. […] These risk factors form a logical sequence to collectively cause eating disorders. […] Theories of eating disorders propose that perceived socio-cultural pressures to be thin leads to the internalisation of the thin ideal. […] Body dissatisfaction then causes two other important risk factors: negative affect and dieting. […] Perfectionism (i.e., setting unrealistically high standards of the self) and low self-esteem (i.e., a global negative view of the self) work together to put people at risk for an eating disorder. […] Being teased or bullied about ones weight can put people at risk for an eating disorder. […] There are many reasons why childhood abuse puts people at risk for developing an eating disorder.

• #42 Anorexia Nervosa: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9794-anorexia-nervosa

  Anorexia is a complex condition that involves physical, behavioral and mental signs and symptoms. […] Anorexia is a complex condition. Theres no single cause. Research suggests that a combination of certain factors might be responsible, like: […] Research suggests that approximately 50% to 80% of the risk of developing an eating disorder is genetic. […] Changes in brain chemistry may play a role, particularly changes to your brains reward system and balance of neurotransmitters (chemical messengers). […] Many experts believe that eating disorders happen when someone attempts to cope with overwhelming feelings and painful emotions by having intense control over something else. […] Cultures that idealize a particular body type usually thin bodies can place unnecessary pressure on people to achieve unrealistic body standards. […] Experiencing teasing or bullying because of appearance or weight can contribute to the development of anorexia. […] Perfectionism, impulsive behavior and difficult relationships can all play a role in lowering your self-esteem and perceived self-worth.

• #43 Eating disorders | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/eating-disorders

  Major life changes or events may also contribute to the onset of an eating disorder, including: relationship difficulties, transition to new school or employment, pregnancy and childbirth, the death of a loved one. […] Contributing biological factors may include: adolescence and its associated physical changes, genetic or familial factors (for example, family history of an eating disorder). […] Contributing psychological factors may include: low self-esteem, negative body image, perfectionism, depression, anxiety or difficulty coping with stress, impulsivity, obsessive thinking, difficulties expressing emotions.

• #44 Causes of Eating Disorders – Recognising 4 Common Conditions

  https://midlandhealth.co.uk/2023/03/03/eating-disorder-causes/

  Life transitions and stressors such as puberty, starting college, or a traumatic event can trigger the onset of an eating disorder. These events can disrupt one’s sense of identity and contribute to feelings of anxiety and uncertainty. […] There is a genetic component to anorexia nervosa, and people with a family history of the disorder are more likely to develop it themselves. […] People with anorexia nervosa often have underlying psychological issues such as low self-esteem, depression, anxiety, and perfectionism. They may feel a sense of control or achievement in restricting their food intake. […] Societal and cultural pressures to achieve thinness and a certain body type can contribute to the development of anorexia nervosa. […] Life transitions and stressors such as puberty, a new job, or a traumatic event can trigger the onset of anorexia nervosa.

• #45 Eating disorders | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/eating-disorders

  Major life changes or events may also contribute to the onset of an eating disorder, including: relationship difficulties, transition to new school or employment, pregnancy and childbirth, the death of a loved one. […] Contributing biological factors may include: adolescence and its associated physical changes, genetic or familial factors (for example, family history of an eating disorder). […] Contributing psychological factors may include: low self-esteem, negative body image, perfectionism, depression, anxiety or difficulty coping with stress, impulsivity, obsessive thinking, difficulties expressing emotions.

• #46 What Causes Anorexia Nervosa?

  https://withinhealth.com/learn/articles/what-causes-anorexia-nervosa

  Puberty is considered a primary risk factor for developing a number of eating disorders, including anorexia nervosa. […] The most significant risk factor from a biological perspective is the enormous number of physical and physiological changes that take place during puberty. […] Anorexia nervosa may manifest in a very physical way, but the condition is, at its core, a mental health disorder. As such, a number of psychological factors can contribute to the development or maintenance of AN. […] A number of reports have found the way a person physiologically reacts to stress could contribute to disordered eating behaviors. […] These traits have been found to persist even after a patients recovery, leading those studies to conclude these traits may be fixed and are one of the direct anorexia nervosa causes.

• #47 What Are the Causes of Eating Disorders?

  https://www.verywellmind.com/what-causes-eating-disorders-4121047

  When a person gets sick, it’s natural to want to understand why. With eating disorders, which are associated with many myths and negative stereotypes, the question of causation can be incredibly confusing. […] In general, most experts agree that eating disorders are complicated illnesses that stem not from a single cause but from a complex interaction of biological, psychological, social, and environmental factors. […] Family dysfunction has long been cited as a cause of eating disorders. However, families don’t cause eating disorders in a simple, straightforward manner. […] Some research suggests that family functioning characterized by high levels of rigidity may be associated with a higher risk of disordered eating behavior. […] Scientists can’t say exactly what causes an eating disorder or predict who will develop an eating disorder. There are many different pathways to the development of an eating disorder.

• #48 What Are the Causes of Eating Disorders?

  https://www.verywellmind.com/what-causes-eating-disorders-4121047

  When a person gets sick, it’s natural to want to understand why. With eating disorders, which are associated with many myths and negative stereotypes, the question of causation can be incredibly confusing. […] In general, most experts agree that eating disorders are complicated illnesses that stem not from a single cause but from a complex interaction of biological, psychological, social, and environmental factors. […] Family dysfunction has long been cited as a cause of eating disorders. However, families don’t cause eating disorders in a simple, straightforward manner. […] Some research suggests that family functioning characterized by high levels of rigidity may be associated with a higher risk of disordered eating behavior. […] Scientists can’t say exactly what causes an eating disorder or predict who will develop an eating disorder. There are many different pathways to the development of an eating disorder.

• #49 What Causes an Eating Disorder? – Toledo Center

  https://toledocenter.com/resources/what-causes-an-eating-disorder/

  The psychology component of biopsychosocial refers to the distorted thinking patterns about our bodies and food that perpetuate eating disorder behaviors. It also refers to other psychological issues that sustain eating disorders like anxiety, depression, trauma, grief, and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). […] Finally, the socio-environmental component refers to the messages we receive from our environments about food as well as body shape and size expectations. This can be on a micro-level, including messages an individual receives at home about their appearance or their relationship with food. […] Two examples of harmful media are “Pro-ana” and “Pro-mia” sites, which are informal, unofficial collections of websites, blogs, social media accounts, and other online forums promoting the behaviors and faulty thinking associated with eating disorders like anorexia and bulimia. Pro-ana and Pro-mia sites normalize eating disorder thinking and behaviors as “just a way of life”. They even suggest that eating disorders are a “choice” and not a diagnosable mental health disorder. These sites are incredibly dangerous, especially for young, impressionable individuals.

• #50 McCallum Place | Eating Disorder Causes

  https://www.mccallumplace.com/eating-disorder/causes-effects/

  Additional risk factors and causes of eating disorders are also related to physical activities, age and gender, and body shape or size. Like other causes of eating disorders, these risk factors do not always result in an eating disorder, but do increase the risk. […] Families that provide less security, overly value success or physical appearance, are overly critical, or often tease or comment on physical appearance may be linked as one of the many causes of eating disorders. […] Many emotional disorders and mental health disorders can increase the risks for developing eating disorders. These disorders commonly linked to eating disorders include low self-esteem, obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety disorders, and depression. […] Occasionally what may begin as healthy dieting can be a cause of eating disorders, because as people lose weight and begin to receive comments about their changing appearance they may be driven to the more extreme and unhealthy weight loss methods seen in eating disorders.

• #51 McCallum Place | Eating Disorder Risk Factors

  https://www.mccallumplace.com/eating-disorder/risk-factors-stats/

  There is some evidence to show that adolescents and teens with a history of childhood obesity are at risk for bulimia and binge eating disorder. […] Family discord, parental indifference, and overprotective parenting can be eating disorder risk factors. Additionally, the presence of psychological issues and a history of depression in a family can increase an individuals risk for developing an eating disorder. Finally, families that fail to embrace a positive body image or are overly concerned with physical appearance can also contribute to the development of eating disorders. […] There is evidence that shows individuals who have a close family member who suffered from an eating disorder or other mental illness are at a higher risk themselves of developing an eating disorder. Therefore, this suggests that there are genetic or biological eating disorder risk factors.

• #52 Causes of eating disorders – Mental Health UK

  https://mentalhealth-uk.org/help-and-information/conditions/eating-disorders/causes/

  While its unclear why exactly someone develops an eating disorder, some people believe they stem from social pressures to be thin caused by social media and fashion magazines. […] Most specialists believe that eating disorders develop because of a combination of psychological, environmental and genetic factors. […] Psychological factors could be: Being vulnerable to depression and anxiety, Finding stress hard to manage, Worrying a lot about the future, Being a perfectionist, Controlling your emotions, Having obsessive or compulsive feelings, Fear of being labelled fat or overweight. […] Environmental factors could be: Pressure at school, Bullying or abuse, Criticism for your body shape or eating habits, Difficult family relationships, Having a job or hobby where being thin is seen as ideal. […] Genetic factors could be: Changes in your brain or hormone levels, Family history of eating disorders, depression or substance misuse.

• #53 What Causes an Eating Disorder? – Toledo Center

  https://toledocenter.com/resources/what-causes-an-eating-disorder/

  There are various factors that contribute to the development of an eating disorder. The easiest way to categorize these factors is by using the Biopsychosocial Model. This model examines the interconnection between biology, psychology, and socio-environmental factors and how they influence diseases, including mental illnesses and eating disorders. […] The biology piece refers to any predisposing aspects of an individual’s DNA that could cause eating disorder behaviors. One example is genetics. People who have an immediate family member with a diagnosis of anorexia are eleven times more likely to also be diagnosed with anorexia. And individuals with an immediate family member who struggle with bulimia are four times more likely to be diagnosed with bulimia as well. These statistics prove that the hereditary component shouldn’t be overlooked.

• #54 Causes of eating disorders – Mental Health UK

  https://mentalhealth-uk.org/help-and-information/conditions/eating-disorders/causes/

  While its unclear why exactly someone develops an eating disorder, some people believe they stem from social pressures to be thin caused by social media and fashion magazines. […] Most specialists believe that eating disorders develop because of a combination of psychological, environmental and genetic factors. […] Psychological factors could be: Being vulnerable to depression and anxiety, Finding stress hard to manage, Worrying a lot about the future, Being a perfectionist, Controlling your emotions, Having obsessive or compulsive feelings, Fear of being labelled fat or overweight. […] Environmental factors could be: Pressure at school, Bullying or abuse, Criticism for your body shape or eating habits, Difficult family relationships, Having a job or hobby where being thin is seen as ideal. […] Genetic factors could be: Changes in your brain or hormone levels, Family history of eating disorders, depression or substance misuse.

• #55 Eating Disorders Causes and Risk Factors | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/behavioral-health/eating-disorders/causes-and-risk-factors

  The causes of eating disorders are not completely known, although research has shown that eating disorders are often influenced or aggravated by a range of emotional and social factors, including: […] Certain factors can increase an individuals’ risk of developing an eating disorder, including: […] Women are far more likely to have an eating disorder than men. […] Eating disorders are most common in the late teens and early 20s. […] If you have a parent or sibling with an eating disorder, you are more likely to have one yourself. […] Eating disorders are more common among people with anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder or depression. […] Situations or relationships that cause stress can cause an eating disorder. […] Certain fields of interest place a higher value on staying slim and can contribute to the development of eating disorders, such as modeling, dance and athletics.

• #56 Causes of Anorexia | Walden Eating Disorders

  https://www.waldeneatingdisorders.com/what-we-treat/anorexia/potential-causes-and-risk-factors-of-anorexia/

  Other predisposing factors include trauma, substance abuse, and sexual or physical abuse. […] Anorexia is frequently seen in occupations that place a great emphasis on body shape, appearance and weight, such as modeling, acting and competitive sports. […] The presence of several co-occurring disorders can also lead to onset of anorexia, including mood and anxiety disorders, depression, obsessive compulsive disorder and others.

• #57 Eating Disorder Risk Factors- National Eating Disorders Association

  https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/risk-factors/

  Low energy availability (LEA) is a state in which the body does not have enough energy to support all of its functions because the individual is expending more energy than they are taking in through foods and liquids. […] Research has found that up to 39% of women and 15% of men with type one diabetes will develop an eating disorder. […] One of the strongest risk factors for an eating disorder is perfectionism, especially a type of perfectionism called self-oriented perfectionism, which involves setting unrealistically high expectations for yourself. […] Difficulty with going back and forth between different tasks or mental states has been found to be a risk factor for the development of anorexia nervosa. […] Being prone to impulsivity or taking actions without consideration of the consequences, especially when experiencing negative emotions, has been linked to an increased risk of binge/purge types of eating disorders (i.e. anorexia nervosa/binge purge subtype or bulimia nervosa).

• #58 Types of Eating Disorders: Symptoms, Causes and Effects

  https://www.snhu.edu/about-us/newsroom/health/types-of-eating-disorders

  Eating disorders are about more than just fad diets and vanity; they are a serious mental illness that could ultimately cause the end of someones life. […] Eating disorders are not caused by vanity and fad diets alone. Biological, psychological, and societal influences can all contribute to an eating disorder. […] Eating disorders do tend to run in families. While it is still debated if this is a situation where nature or nurture is the cause of this trend, there has been research done looking into the genetics of eating disorders. So far, the research has been promising in finding some substantial genetic influence. Currently, it is estimated that 50-80% of the risk for anorexia or bulimia is genetic. […] With approximately 38% of females and 16% of males with type 1 diabetes having disordered eating behaviors, including diabulimia, this becomes an important risk factor for developing an eating disorder.

• #59 Eating Disorders – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK567717/

  Developmental factors: The early perturbation in childhood development, like childhood sexual abuse, poses a significant risk in developing eating disorders. […] Socio-cultural factors: Cultural preferences for thinness, exposure to western culture that values a slim body for women, and exposure to media promoting such ideas play a major role in increasing eating disorders’ prevalence worldwide.

• #60 A critique of the literature on etiology of eating disorders

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4117136/

  Exposure to western culture that values slim body for women is presumed to play an important role in the increased eating disorders worldwide. […] Rate of eating disorders in countries such as Japan, Iran, and Singapore continues to increase among women who have been exposed to western culture through temporary living in western countries for education, or even short-time vacation, or through mass media. […] It has been hypothesized that eating disorders have multiple and often shared etiologies including biological, psychological, developmental, and sociocultural.

• #61

  https://www.rula.com/blog/eating-disorder-causes/

  Research finds a strong link between eating disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), anxiety, and depression. […] Psychological factors, like low self-esteem and poor body image, are thought to make teens more likely to develop an eating disorder. […] Participating in activities that focus on body shape and size, like ballet and wrestling, can increase your risk of eating disorders. […] Its easy to see how societys obsession with dieting, weight loss, and body image may contribute to unhealthy habits and ideals around weight and food. […] Family and friends can also influence the development of an eating disorder.

• #62 Eating disorders | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/eating-disorders

  Eating disorders are complex – there is no single cause of an eating disorder. […] Body dissatisfaction and dieting are two significant risk factors for the onset of an eating disorder. […] Eating disorders are complex there is no single cause of eating disorders. Social, psychological and biological factors all play a part, in varying degrees, for different people. […] Contributing social factors may include: sociocultural messages that focus on the 'ideal’ body size and shape, normalisation of dieting and weight loss to achieve this ideal body size and shape, pressure to achieve and succeed, peer pressure to be or behave in a certain way, a cultural tendency to judge people by their appearance, occupations or activities that emphasise a particular body shape and size for example, ballet, modelling, elite sports.

• #63 Risk factors for eating disorders: findings from a rapid review | Journal of Eating Disorders | Full Text

  https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40337-022-00717-4

  Risk factors represent a range of complex variables associated with the onset, development, and course of eating disorders. Understanding these risk factors is vital for the refinement of aetiological models, which may inform the development of targeted, evidence-based prevention, early intervention, and treatment programs. […] A substantial amount of research exists supporting the role of inherited genetic risk in the development of eating disorders, with biological risk factors, such as the role of gut microbiota in dysregulation of appetite, an area of emerging evidence. […] Higher education attainment, body image-related factors, and use of appearance-focused social media are also associated with increased risk of eating disorder symptoms. […] Eating disorders are associated with multiple risk factors. An extensive amount of research has been conducted in the field; however, further studies are required to assess the causal nature of the risk factors identified in the current review.

• #64 What Causes Eating Disorders?

  https://equip.health/articles/understanding-eds/eating-disorder-causes

  Social media is a major disseminator of diet culture, and has received increasing scrutiny for its role in aggravating body image concerns and harmful eating behaviors. […] Though eating disorders are often falsely perceived as affluent diseases, we know that food insecurity presents a significant risk factor for developing them. […] Systemic prejudice — such as weight stigma and racism — often targets people in marginalized bodies and increases risk of an eating disorder. […] Those who experience trauma and other adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) also have an increased chance. […] School-based bullying and teasing raise the risk for developing an eating disorder. […] The short answer? No. Lots of people diet and only a fraction of them will develop an eating disorder. For those who are otherwise predisposed to developing an eating disorder, however, dieting is probably the single biggest risk factor for triggering the disease.

• #65 Perceptions of the causes of eating disorders: a comparison of individuals with and without eating disorders | Journal of Eating Disorders | Full Text

  https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40337-015-0069-8

  Peer pressure to conform to cultural ideals has been consistently identified as an important factor associated with the development of disordered eating behaviors, especially among adolescents. […] The media has an influential, if often controversial, role in the development of eating behaviors due to its representation of the thin ideal. […] The public commonly places blame on individuals with eating disorders, suggesting that they have control over their self-inflicted illnesses. […] Of the individual factors associated with the development of eating disorders, the majority of people who do not have eating disorders identify psychological explanations such as emotional state, personality, and low self-esteem. […] Although sociocultural factors are less commonly identified as causal factors of eating disorders among the general public, a few factors have received support.

• #66 Eating Disorder Causes: Risk Factors & Everything We Know

  https://breakbingeeating.com/eating-disorders/causes/

  Dieting is one of the strongest risk factors for eating disorders. […] Body dissatisfaction refers to the subjective negative appraisal one has on their body. […] The extent to which one buys into socially defined ideals of attractiveness (i.e., thin-ideal internalisation) is a major risk factor for developing an eating disorder. […] Eating makes us feel good; it helps us regulate our moods by temporarily blocking out any negative things we may be feeling. […] These risk factors form a logical sequence to collectively cause eating disorders. […] Theories of eating disorders propose that perceived socio-cultural pressures to be thin leads to the internalisation of the thin ideal. […] Body dissatisfaction then causes two other important risk factors: negative affect and dieting. […] Perfectionism (i.e., setting unrealistically high standards of the self) and low self-esteem (i.e., a global negative view of the self) work together to put people at risk for an eating disorder. […] Being teased or bullied about ones weight can put people at risk for an eating disorder. […] There are many reasons why childhood abuse puts people at risk for developing an eating disorder.

• #67 Eating Disorder Causes: Risk Factors & Everything We Know

  https://breakbingeeating.com/eating-disorders/causes/

  Dieting is one of the strongest risk factors for eating disorders. […] Body dissatisfaction refers to the subjective negative appraisal one has on their body. […] The extent to which one buys into socially defined ideals of attractiveness (i.e., thin-ideal internalisation) is a major risk factor for developing an eating disorder. […] Eating makes us feel good; it helps us regulate our moods by temporarily blocking out any negative things we may be feeling. […] These risk factors form a logical sequence to collectively cause eating disorders. […] Theories of eating disorders propose that perceived socio-cultural pressures to be thin leads to the internalisation of the thin ideal. […] Body dissatisfaction then causes two other important risk factors: negative affect and dieting. […] Perfectionism (i.e., setting unrealistically high standards of the self) and low self-esteem (i.e., a global negative view of the self) work together to put people at risk for an eating disorder. […] Being teased or bullied about ones weight can put people at risk for an eating disorder. […] There are many reasons why childhood abuse puts people at risk for developing an eating disorder.

• #68 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/EatingDisorders/comments/35y23q/what_causes_an_eating_disorder_article/

  Even in healthy individuals without eating disorders, states of semi-starvation have been shown to trigger obsessive behavior around food, depression, anxiety and neuroticism that promote a continued cycle of starvation. […] Traumatic events such as physical or sexual abuse sometimes precipitate the development of an eating disorder. Victims of trauma often struggle with shame, guilt, body dissatisfaction and a feeling of a lack of control. […] Individuals with eating disorders are often lacking the skills to tolerate negative experiences. […] While stressful or chaotic family situations may intersect with other triggers to exacerbate or maintain the illness, they do not cause eating disorders. […] Our medias increased obsession with the thin-ideal and industry promotion of a perfect body may contribute to unrealistic body ideals in people with and without eating disorders. […] Dieting is the most common precipitating factor in the development of an eating disorder.

• #69 Eating Disorder Risk Factors- National Eating Disorders Association

  https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/risk-factors/

  Eating disorders are complex mental illnesses that affect people from diverse backgrounds. There is no single cause of an eating disorder. Rather, it is a complex combination of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors that converge and set off an individuals predisposed genetic vulnerability. […] Studies of families have found that having a first-degree relative (like a parent or sibling) with an eating disorder increases a persons risk of developing an eating disorder. […] Similarly, issues like anxiety, depression, and addiction can also run in families, and have also been found to increase the chances that a person will develop an eating disorder. […] Many people report that their disorder began with deliberate efforts to diet or restrict the amount and/or type of food they were eating.

• #70 ANRED: What causes eating disorders?

  https://anred.com/causes

  Perhaps the most common trigger of disordered eating is dieting. It is a bit simplistic, but nonetheless true, to say that if there were no dieting, there would be no anorexia nervosa. Neither would there be the bulimia that people create when they diet, make themselves chronically hungry, overeat in response to that hunger, and then, panicky about weight gain, vomit or otherwise purge to get rid of the calories. […] A panel at the 2004 International Conference on Eating Disorders in Orlando, Florida, suggested the following spectrum of risk factors. The more any one person has, the greater the probability of developing an eating disorder. High weight concerns before age 14, high level of perceived stress, behavior problems before age 14, history of dieting, mother diets and is concerned about appearance, siblings diet and are concerned about appearance, peers diet and are concerned about appearance, negative self-evaluation, perfectionism, no male friends, parental control, rivalry with one or more siblings, competitive with siblings shape and/or appearance, shy and/or anxious, distressed by parental arguments, distressed by life events occurring in the year before the illness develops, critical comments from family members about weight, shape and eating, teasing about weight, shape and appearance.

• #71 Eating Disorders: Understanding the Root Causes | Crosswinds Counseling

  https://crosswindscounseling.org/blog/eating-disorders-root-causes/

  Additionally, those with eating disorders often have difficulty regulating and expressing emotions, feel a general lack of control, have low self-esteem and feel inadequate, and are highly self-critical. […] Interpersonal factors are another main root of eating disorders. […] Often times, the eating disorder behaviors are a way to cope with these various difficult personal life events, and actually work short term to get through. […] Its obvious we live in a very toxic culture when it comes to food and body. […] What many people dont know is that almost every eating disorder (even binge eating) starts with dieting. […] Its a complex, multifaceted disorder, which is why recovery from this disorder can take a lot of time.

• #72 Causes and Risk Factors for Eating Disorders

  https://www.healthline.com/health/eating-disorders-causes-risk-factors

  Weight loss is often met with positive reinforcement. The need for affirmation can drive you to diet more severely, which can lead to an eating disorder. […] If you have an eating disorder, an underlying psychological or mental health problem may be contributing to it. These problems can include: low self-esteem, anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, troubled relationships, impulsive behavior. […] Certain life changes and events can cause emotional distress and anxiety, which can make you more susceptible to eating disorders. This is especially true if you’ve struggled with an eating disorder in the past. […] If you’re part of sports teams or artistic groups, you’re at an increased risk. The same is true for members of any community that’s driven by appearance as a symbol of social status, including athletes, actors, dancers, models, and television personalities.

• #73 Causes of Eating Disorders

  https://www.ed.org.nz/eating-disorders-explained/causes/

  Unfortunately, we still don’t fully understand what causes eating disorders. However latest research is revealing that a combination of genes and environment are involved. […] It is now known that although cultural and environmental factors have an impact, genetics play a significant role. Studies have shown that 50-80% of the risk for developing an eating disorder comes from genetics. […] Specialists now recognise that in vulnerable individuals an eating disorder is usually triggered by a period of the body receiving inadequate nutrition. This nutritional deficit may be deliberate, or unintentional for example dieting, illness, certain medications, sports training as well as trauma can be enough to trigger a disorder in a person with a genetic predisposition. […] For vulnerable individuals dieting is the „gateway drug” to an eating disorder. […] Fortunately, our understanding of eating disorders is improving all the time, thanks to research into environmental and genetic factors.

• #74 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/EatingDisorders/comments/35y23q/what_causes_an_eating_disorder_article/

  Even in healthy individuals without eating disorders, states of semi-starvation have been shown to trigger obsessive behavior around food, depression, anxiety and neuroticism that promote a continued cycle of starvation. […] Traumatic events such as physical or sexual abuse sometimes precipitate the development of an eating disorder. Victims of trauma often struggle with shame, guilt, body dissatisfaction and a feeling of a lack of control. […] Individuals with eating disorders are often lacking the skills to tolerate negative experiences. […] While stressful or chaotic family situations may intersect with other triggers to exacerbate or maintain the illness, they do not cause eating disorders. […] Our medias increased obsession with the thin-ideal and industry promotion of a perfect body may contribute to unrealistic body ideals in people with and without eating disorders. […] Dieting is the most common precipitating factor in the development of an eating disorder.

• #75 Types of Eating Disorders: Symptoms & Treatment | NEDA

  https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/what-are-eating-disorders/

  There is no single cause of an eating disorder. Rather, it is a complex combination of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors that converge and set off an individuals predisposed genetic vulnerability.

• #76 Understanding Eating Orders: Types, Symptoms, Causes & More – Aetna | What it’s Like Living With an Eating Disorder

  https://www.aetna.com/health-guide/understanding-eating-disorders.html

  Though often shrouded in secrecy, eating disorders are fairly common. This serious but treatable mental illness affects people of every age, sex, gender, race, ethnicity and socioeconomic group. According to the latest estimates, some 20 million women and 10 million men in America suffer from an eating disorder. Among the most common types are anorexia nervosa; bulimia nervosa; binge eating disorder; and OSFED (other specified feeding or eating disorder), which includes people who meet many but not all of the criteria for an eating disorder. […] While its not clear what causes eating disorders, experts believe biological, psychological and sociocultural factors play a part. In other words, people are born genetically predisposed to developing an eating disorder, but environmental factors act as the tipping point. Your genetics are a loaded gun and your environment pulls the trigger, says Dr. Shelley Doumani-Semino, a psychiatrist and senior behavioral health medical director for Aetna.

• #77 Eating Disorder Causes: Risk Factors & Everything We Know

  https://breakbingeeating.com/eating-disorders/causes/

  Dieting is one of the strongest risk factors for eating disorders. […] Body dissatisfaction refers to the subjective negative appraisal one has on their body. […] The extent to which one buys into socially defined ideals of attractiveness (i.e., thin-ideal internalisation) is a major risk factor for developing an eating disorder. […] Eating makes us feel good; it helps us regulate our moods by temporarily blocking out any negative things we may be feeling. […] These risk factors form a logical sequence to collectively cause eating disorders. […] Theories of eating disorders propose that perceived socio-cultural pressures to be thin leads to the internalisation of the thin ideal. […] Body dissatisfaction then causes two other important risk factors: negative affect and dieting. […] Perfectionism (i.e., setting unrealistically high standards of the self) and low self-esteem (i.e., a global negative view of the self) work together to put people at risk for an eating disorder. […] Being teased or bullied about ones weight can put people at risk for an eating disorder. […] There are many reasons why childhood abuse puts people at risk for developing an eating disorder.

• #78 Eating disorders: Overview of epidemiology, clinical features, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/eating-disorders-overview-of-epidemiology-clinical-features-and-diagnosis

  Eating disorders are characterized by a persistent disturbance of eating behavior that impairs health or psychosocial functioning. […] Sociocultural pressure for thinness may contribute to onset of eating disorders. However, these disorders are increasingly understood to have a biological basis arising from the interaction of individual genetic vulnerability and environmental factors. In addition, physiological consequences of starvation and of disordered eating behavior, disturbances in reward and appetitive neural circuits, and habitual and conditioned learning responses are recognized contributors to the compulsive nature of these disorders.

• #79 What Causes an Eating Disorder? – Los Angeles Outpatient Center

  https://laopcenter.com/mental-health/what-causes-an-eating-disorder/

  Social and environmental factors are another challenge. People who have particular emotional and psychological challenges such as reduced self-esteem, impulsive behaviors, complicated relationships, and a drive for perfectionism may see disordered eating as an outlet to manage the struggles caused by these emotions. […] Someone with a family history of eating disorders is at an increased risk for developing an eating disorder in their lifetime. Other mental health conditions like depression, anxiety disorders, or obsessive-compulsive disorder also increase eating disorder risk. […] Some research suggests many symptoms common to eating disorders might be linked to starvation. This is because when someone diets (or restricts calories) to the point of starvation, it changes the function of the brain.

• #80 Eating Disorders: Causes and Risk Factors | Psych Central

  https://psychcentral.com/eating-disorders/what-causes-eating-disorders

  There is no one cause of eating disorders. However, risk factors can include a combination of genetics and environmental factors. […] Eating disorders are complex psychiatric illnesses with several leading causes and risk factors. This means there is no single cause for someone’s eating disorder. Rather, psychological, biological, and sociocultural factors all contribute to someone’s likelihood of developing an eating disorder. […] Eating disorders are caused by a complex combination of biological and environmental factors. Having these factors doesn’t necessarily mean someone will experience an eating disorder. […] Causes include: Genetics: eating disorders may run in families, but this doesn’t mean everyone with a family history will develop an eating disorder; Environment: bullying, peer pressure, sociocultural thin-idealization; Epigenetics: how your environment influences or impacts your gene expression or the interplay between genetics and environment.

• #81 Eating Disorders – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK567717/

  Eating disorders disrupt eating behavior with excessive concern about body weight that impairs physical health or psychosocial functioning. […] The etiology of eating disorders is heterogeneous, including biological, psychological, developmental, and socio-cultural. […] Genetics: Twin and adoption studies prove the hereditary role for eating disorders. There is a 50% chance of developing eating disorders if the other twin has it. […] Neurobiology: Serotonin plays a significant role in appetite and mood regulation. Serotonin may indirectly mediate its effects on the development of eating disorders. […] Psychological factors: Perfectionism, impulsivity, novelty-seeking, obsessive-compulsiveness, harm avoidance, and neuroticism are common personality traits often associated with eating disorders.

• #82 Causes of Anorexia | Walden Eating Disorders

  https://www.waldeneatingdisorders.com/what-we-treat/anorexia/potential-causes-and-risk-factors-of-anorexia/

  Much attention has been placed on society and its promotion of a culture of thinness or the ideal body, often amplified through media and social networks. Further, pressures from home life, relationships with parents and/or peers or comments on body weight and appearance although sometimes unintentional can have a profound impact on individuals already susceptible to developing an eating disorder. Many with anorexia report experiencing harsh and extreme criticism related to their weight and appearance. […] There can be a strong correlation between anorexia and specific personality traits, including perfectionism, obsessive-compulsiveness, rigidity and vulnerability to peer pressure. […] Studies in recent years have shown a possible link between anorexia and genetics. While not everyone whose parent or sibling has or had anorexia will experience it, studies have shown that the heritability of anorexia can range from 28%-74%, according to a study published by the National Institute of Mental Health.

• #83 Causes of Eating Disorders – Recognising 4 Common Conditions

  https://midlandhealth.co.uk/2023/03/03/eating-disorder-causes/

  Life transitions and stressors such as puberty, starting college, or a traumatic event can trigger the onset of an eating disorder. These events can disrupt one’s sense of identity and contribute to feelings of anxiety and uncertainty. […] There is a genetic component to anorexia nervosa, and people with a family history of the disorder are more likely to develop it themselves. […] People with anorexia nervosa often have underlying psychological issues such as low self-esteem, depression, anxiety, and perfectionism. They may feel a sense of control or achievement in restricting their food intake. […] Societal and cultural pressures to achieve thinness and a certain body type can contribute to the development of anorexia nervosa. […] Life transitions and stressors such as puberty, a new job, or a traumatic event can trigger the onset of anorexia nervosa.

• #84 Causes of Anorexia | Walden Eating Disorders

  https://www.waldeneatingdisorders.com/what-we-treat/anorexia/potential-causes-and-risk-factors-of-anorexia/

  There is no sole cause of anorexia. For most who are impacted, a combination of several contributing factors mainly biological, genetic and environmental can influence the development of anorexia and associated symptoms. The exact root of the disorder is different for every person. […] Many experts view anorexia as a biological illness of starvation, in which the starvation leads to malnutrition, which then results in the psychological symptoms associated with the disorder. Additional studies hint at deeper biological roots. Gray matter deficits in brain areas involved in emotion, motivation and goal-directed behavior have been reported. Other evidence shows the restricting behaviors associated with anorexia may stem from an imbalance between inhibitory and reward systems, which can lead to a shift in compulsive behavior.

• #85 Causes of Anorexia | Walden Eating Disorders

  https://www.waldeneatingdisorders.com/what-we-treat/anorexia/potential-causes-and-risk-factors-of-anorexia/

  There is no sole cause of anorexia. For most who are impacted, a combination of several contributing factors mainly biological, genetic and environmental can influence the development of anorexia and associated symptoms. The exact root of the disorder is different for every person. […] Many experts view anorexia as a biological illness of starvation, in which the starvation leads to malnutrition, which then results in the psychological symptoms associated with the disorder. Additional studies hint at deeper biological roots. Gray matter deficits in brain areas involved in emotion, motivation and goal-directed behavior have been reported. Other evidence shows the restricting behaviors associated with anorexia may stem from an imbalance between inhibitory and reward systems, which can lead to a shift in compulsive behavior.

• #86 Eating Disorder Risk Factors- National Eating Disorders Association

  https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/risk-factors/

  Low energy availability (LEA) is a state in which the body does not have enough energy to support all of its functions because the individual is expending more energy than they are taking in through foods and liquids. […] Research has found that up to 39% of women and 15% of men with type one diabetes will develop an eating disorder. […] One of the strongest risk factors for an eating disorder is perfectionism, especially a type of perfectionism called self-oriented perfectionism, which involves setting unrealistically high expectations for yourself. […] Difficulty with going back and forth between different tasks or mental states has been found to be a risk factor for the development of anorexia nervosa. […] Being prone to impulsivity or taking actions without consideration of the consequences, especially when experiencing negative emotions, has been linked to an increased risk of binge/purge types of eating disorders (i.e. anorexia nervosa/binge purge subtype or bulimia nervosa).

• #87 Causes of Eating Disorders – Recognising 4 Common Conditions

  https://midlandhealth.co.uk/2023/03/03/eating-disorder-causes/

  There is evidence that genetic factors may play a role in the development of bulimia. Studies have shown that people with a family history of eating disorders, including bulimia, are more likely to develop the disorder themselves. […] Changes in brain chemistry, such as imbalances in neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine, may contribute to the development of bulimia. […] Psychological factors, such as low self-esteem, poor body image, and a history of trauma or abuse, can contribute to the development of bulimia. […] Dieting and restrictive eating patterns can also contribute to the development of bulimia. […] Environmental factors, such as a cultural emphasis on thinness and body size, can contribute to the development of bulimia. […] Binge eating disorder (BED) is a serious eating disorder characterised by recurrent episodes of binge eating, in which a person consumes a large amount of food in a short period of time and experiences a sense of loss of control.

• #88 Causes of Eating Disorders – Recognising 4 Common Conditions

  https://midlandhealth.co.uk/2023/03/03/eating-disorder-causes/

  There is evidence that genetic factors may play a role in the development of bulimia. Studies have shown that people with a family history of eating disorders, including bulimia, are more likely to develop the disorder themselves. […] Changes in brain chemistry, such as imbalances in neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine, may contribute to the development of bulimia. […] Psychological factors, such as low self-esteem, poor body image, and a history of trauma or abuse, can contribute to the development of bulimia. […] Dieting and restrictive eating patterns can also contribute to the development of bulimia. […] Environmental factors, such as a cultural emphasis on thinness and body size, can contribute to the development of bulimia. […] Binge eating disorder (BED) is a serious eating disorder characterised by recurrent episodes of binge eating, in which a person consumes a large amount of food in a short period of time and experiences a sense of loss of control.

• #89 Eating Disorder Risk Factors- National Eating Disorders Association

  https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/risk-factors/

  Low energy availability (LEA) is a state in which the body does not have enough energy to support all of its functions because the individual is expending more energy than they are taking in through foods and liquids. […] Research has found that up to 39% of women and 15% of men with type one diabetes will develop an eating disorder. […] One of the strongest risk factors for an eating disorder is perfectionism, especially a type of perfectionism called self-oriented perfectionism, which involves setting unrealistically high expectations for yourself. […] Difficulty with going back and forth between different tasks or mental states has been found to be a risk factor for the development of anorexia nervosa. […] Being prone to impulsivity or taking actions without consideration of the consequences, especially when experiencing negative emotions, has been linked to an increased risk of binge/purge types of eating disorders (i.e. anorexia nervosa/binge purge subtype or bulimia nervosa).

• #90 Risk factors for eating disorders: findings from a rapid review | Journal of Eating Disorders | Full Text

  https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40337-022-00717-4

  Genetic susceptibility to AN was explored in a landmark meta-analysis of 33 datasets from international genome-wide association studies. […] The role of gut microbiota and immune system reactions in the development and perpetuation of EDs is an emerging field, however is receiving growing attention. […] Exposure to childhood trauma has been linked to polymorphisms in genes expressed in the glucocorticoid receptor pathway which are associated with increased risk of developing BN, binge eating, and loss of control over eating. […] Experience of childhood trauma and abuse has been consistently identified as a non-specific risk factor for the development of EDs, although these experiences are more strongly associated with binge-purge type disorders such as BN, BED, and AN-BP.

• #91 Binge Eating Disorder Causes | Walden

  https://www.waldeneatingdisorders.com/what-we-treat/binge-eating-disorder/potential-causes-of-and-risk-factors-for-binge-eating-disorder/

  Binge Eating Disorder is often caused by a combination of biological, psychological, and environmental factors. There is rarely one singular cause or contributing factor. […] Research also hints at a possible connection between binge eating disorder, hormone irregularities, and genetic mutations. A Journal of Psychiatric Research study revealed a link between low levels of serotonin and binge eating behavior. […] Many individuals with binge eating disorder report an extensive history of dieting, often dating back to their adolescent years. Dieting and the restriction of food can trigger hunger cues, often leaving one vulnerable to a binge. […] An individual whose self-worth is easily dictated by external influences can be at increased risk of developing binge eating disorder. […] The pre-disposing personality factors for binge eating disorder arent as evidently clear as factors for anorexia and bulimia, but there is a link. […] There is evidence that binge eating disorder can run in families. […] Traumatic events, deaths, separation, physical illness, tragedy, sexual and/or physical abuse, and bullying can often lead to binge eating disorder.

• #92 Binge Eating Disorder Causes | Walden

  https://www.waldeneatingdisorders.com/what-we-treat/binge-eating-disorder/potential-causes-of-and-risk-factors-for-binge-eating-disorder/

  Binge Eating Disorder is often caused by a combination of biological, psychological, and environmental factors. There is rarely one singular cause or contributing factor. […] Research also hints at a possible connection between binge eating disorder, hormone irregularities, and genetic mutations. A Journal of Psychiatric Research study revealed a link between low levels of serotonin and binge eating behavior. […] Many individuals with binge eating disorder report an extensive history of dieting, often dating back to their adolescent years. Dieting and the restriction of food can trigger hunger cues, often leaving one vulnerable to a binge. […] An individual whose self-worth is easily dictated by external influences can be at increased risk of developing binge eating disorder. […] The pre-disposing personality factors for binge eating disorder arent as evidently clear as factors for anorexia and bulimia, but there is a link. […] There is evidence that binge eating disorder can run in families. […] Traumatic events, deaths, separation, physical illness, tragedy, sexual and/or physical abuse, and bullying can often lead to binge eating disorder.

• #93 McCallum Place | Eating Disorder Risk Factors

  https://www.mccallumplace.com/eating-disorder/risk-factors-stats/

  There is some evidence to show that adolescents and teens with a history of childhood obesity are at risk for bulimia and binge eating disorder. […] Family discord, parental indifference, and overprotective parenting can be eating disorder risk factors. Additionally, the presence of psychological issues and a history of depression in a family can increase an individuals risk for developing an eating disorder. Finally, families that fail to embrace a positive body image or are overly concerned with physical appearance can also contribute to the development of eating disorders. […] There is evidence that shows individuals who have a close family member who suffered from an eating disorder or other mental illness are at a higher risk themselves of developing an eating disorder. Therefore, this suggests that there are genetic or biological eating disorder risk factors.

• #94 Eating Disorder Causes: Risk Factors & Everything We Know

  https://breakbingeeating.com/eating-disorders/causes/

  Dieting is one of the strongest risk factors for eating disorders. […] Body dissatisfaction refers to the subjective negative appraisal one has on their body. […] The extent to which one buys into socially defined ideals of attractiveness (i.e., thin-ideal internalisation) is a major risk factor for developing an eating disorder. […] Eating makes us feel good; it helps us regulate our moods by temporarily blocking out any negative things we may be feeling. […] These risk factors form a logical sequence to collectively cause eating disorders. […] Theories of eating disorders propose that perceived socio-cultural pressures to be thin leads to the internalisation of the thin ideal. […] Body dissatisfaction then causes two other important risk factors: negative affect and dieting. […] Perfectionism (i.e., setting unrealistically high standards of the self) and low self-esteem (i.e., a global negative view of the self) work together to put people at risk for an eating disorder. […] Being teased or bullied about ones weight can put people at risk for an eating disorder. […] There are many reasons why childhood abuse puts people at risk for developing an eating disorder.

• #95 Causes of Eating Disorders – Recognising 4 Common Conditions

  https://midlandhealth.co.uk/2023/03/03/eating-disorder-causes/

  Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) is a relatively new eating disorder classification characterised by an extreme avoidance or restriction of certain foods or food groups due to sensory issues, fear of negative consequences, or a lack of interest in eating. ARFID can result in significant weight loss, malnutrition, and other physical health problems.

• #96 Causes of Eating Disorders – Recognising 4 Common Conditions

  https://midlandhealth.co.uk/2023/03/03/eating-disorder-causes/

  Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) is a relatively new eating disorder classification characterised by an extreme avoidance or restriction of certain foods or food groups due to sensory issues, fear of negative consequences, or a lack of interest in eating. ARFID can result in significant weight loss, malnutrition, and other physical health problems.

• #97 Risk factors for eating disorders: findings from a rapid review | Journal of Eating Disorders | Full Text

  https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40337-022-00717-4

  Risk factors represent a range of complex variables associated with the onset, development, and course of eating disorders. Understanding these risk factors is vital for the refinement of aetiological models, which may inform the development of targeted, evidence-based prevention, early intervention, and treatment programs. […] A substantial amount of research exists supporting the role of inherited genetic risk in the development of eating disorders, with biological risk factors, such as the role of gut microbiota in dysregulation of appetite, an area of emerging evidence. […] Higher education attainment, body image-related factors, and use of appearance-focused social media are also associated with increased risk of eating disorder symptoms. […] Eating disorders are associated with multiple risk factors. An extensive amount of research has been conducted in the field; however, further studies are required to assess the causal nature of the risk factors identified in the current review.

• #98 Risk factors for eating disorders: findings from a rapid review | Journal of Eating Disorders | Full Text

  https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40337-022-00717-4

  Understanding the range of risk factors and their potential contribution to onset of an ED is crucial to identifying at risk groups and providing effective screening and prevention programs, as well as targeted interventions. […] Identification of risk factors for EDs offers an opportunity for targeted education of health professionals to assist in distinguishing patterns of psychosocial, biological, and genetic vulnerabilities for disordered eating even in the absence of any overt weight or dietary concerns. […] Knowledge of the risk factors for EDs offers the opportunity for early identification of high-risk groups and in turn a timely and tailored response via avenues such as public policy development or initiation of targeted prevention programs. […] Genetic risk has been implicated in co-occurrence of EDs and other psychiatric diagnoses. Genetic associations have been found between Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and all EDs, with the strongest correlation to binge/purge-type ED behaviours.

• #99 Risk factors for eating disorders: findings from a rapid review | Journal of Eating Disorders | Full Text

  https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40337-022-00717-4

  Understanding the range of risk factors and their potential contribution to onset of an ED is crucial to identifying at risk groups and providing effective screening and prevention programs, as well as targeted interventions. […] Identification of risk factors for EDs offers an opportunity for targeted education of health professionals to assist in distinguishing patterns of psychosocial, biological, and genetic vulnerabilities for disordered eating even in the absence of any overt weight or dietary concerns. […] Knowledge of the risk factors for EDs offers the opportunity for early identification of high-risk groups and in turn a timely and tailored response via avenues such as public policy development or initiation of targeted prevention programs. […] Genetic risk has been implicated in co-occurrence of EDs and other psychiatric diagnoses. Genetic associations have been found between Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and all EDs, with the strongest correlation to binge/purge-type ED behaviours.

• #100 What Causes Eating Disorders?

  https://equip.health/articles/understanding-eds/eating-disorder-causes

  In fact, this very course of events — a diet essentially “switching on” an eating disorder — is what happened to Equip’s co-founder when she was 10. […] What’s even trickier today is that most people don’t use the term “dieting.” Diets today go by many different names, such as a “cleanse,” a “lifestyle change,” or even “healthy eating.” […] It’s common and understandable for patients and families to wonder about the “root cause” of an eating disorder. […] Research indicates that treating the symptoms of the eating disorder — rather than identifying an underlying cause — is the most important first step. […] One of the core principles of FBT is the “agnostic stance,” which means we don’t assume there is a knowable cause for the eating disorder, and blame is never placed on the patient or their family. […] This is the case with eating disorders. That may make recovery feel messier, but it doesn’t make it any less achievable.

• #101 What Causes Eating Disorders?

  https://equip.health/articles/understanding-eds/eating-disorder-causes

  In fact, this very course of events — a diet essentially “switching on” an eating disorder — is what happened to Equip’s co-founder when she was 10. […] What’s even trickier today is that most people don’t use the term “dieting.” Diets today go by many different names, such as a “cleanse,” a “lifestyle change,” or even “healthy eating.” […] It’s common and understandable for patients and families to wonder about the “root cause” of an eating disorder. […] Research indicates that treating the symptoms of the eating disorder — rather than identifying an underlying cause — is the most important first step. […] One of the core principles of FBT is the “agnostic stance,” which means we don’t assume there is a knowable cause for the eating disorder, and blame is never placed on the patient or their family. […] This is the case with eating disorders. That may make recovery feel messier, but it doesn’t make it any less achievable.

• #102 What causes an eating disorder? – Kelty Eating Disorders

  https://keltyeatingdisorders.ca/generalinformation/what-causes-an-eating-disorder/

  Causes and Risks Eating Disorders are very complex illnesses. We still dont fully understand what causes them. Many things are involved, including mental health, genetic and biological factors, and social environment. The reasons are different for each person. […] Even though we dont understand all the causes of eating disorders, we can still effectively treat them. There are evidence-based therapies that reduce eating disorder symptoms and lead to recovery from the eating disorder. These therapies focus on the factors that contribute to eating problems, and keep the eating disorder symptoms going, rather than the root cause. […] Believing that a certain body type, such as thin or muscular, is ideal can play a role in the development of body dissatisfaction and disordered eating. But, eating disorders are complex, and social or cultural factors alone are not enough to cause eating disorders.

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