Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Diagnosing Eating Disorders | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/eating-disorders/diagnosis

  Eating disorders can lead to serious medical consequences. […] If you suspect that you or a loved one may have an eating disorder, contact the specialists at NYU Langone. […] After speaking with one of our intake specialists, a person with a suspected eating disorder meets in person with one of our team members which may include a psychiatrist or psychologist for an in-depth diagnostic evaluation. […] The evaluation includes an assessment of the person’s eating problems, a full medical history, and a review of past treatment for an eating disorder, if applicable. […] Your NYU Langone specialist may recommend additional diagnostic testing including blood tests, a physical examination, or a nutritional evaluation depending on the severity of your symptoms. […] An evaluation may also involve filling out several questionnaires to confirm the diagnosis and create a comprehensive treatment plan.

• #1 The Diagnosis and Treatment of Eating Disorders

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3221424/

  Eating disorders are of major significance both in clinical medicine and in society at large. Anorexia and bulimia nervosa are diagnosed according to the ICD-10 criteria (International Classification of Diseases), binge-eating disorder according to those of the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders). This guideline contains evidence- and consensus-based recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of eating disorders. Diagnosis of an eating disorder requiring treatment should be on the basis of positive screening according to the criteria of ICD-10 or DSM-IV. The main symptom of anorexia nervosa (AN) is self-induced malnutrition with weight loss that may amount to cachexia. The 10-year mortality in this group is around 5%. The diagnosis binge eating disorder (BED) was incorporated by the American Psychiatric Association in the fourth revision of the Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) in 1994; in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) it can only be coded under the category eating disorder, unspecified (F50.9). The prevalence of BED varies in the general population between 0.7% and 4.3%; women are affected about 1.5 times as often as men. A preliminary diagnosis of AN in a young woman is easier than one of BN or BED, not least because of the patient is so under weight. Good indicators of BN are female sex, peak manifestation at the age of 18, weight fluctuations, and in particular emotional and mental fixation on body weight, eating, and physical activity. Eating disorders give rise to enormous direct and indirect costs.

• #1 Diagnosing Eating Disorders | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/eating-disorders/diagnosis

  Each eating disorder has its own set of diagnostic criteria, which means a person must experience several specific symptoms to be diagnosed with the eating disorder. […] To diagnose anorexia nervosa, a person’s body weight should consistently be 15 percent below average, either due to weight loss or a failure to gain weight. […] To diagnose bulimia nervosa, binge eating and purging must occur at least once a week for three months or more. […] To diagnose binge eating disorder, a person must repeatedly eat unusually large amounts of food in a relatively short period of time and think that these binges are beyond his or her control. […] The behavior must occur at least once a week for a period of six months. […] Many people have some or most of the above symptoms without meeting the full criteria for an eating disorder.

• #1 Browse Resources

  https://nedc.com.au/eating-disorder-resources/find-resources/show/issue-13-dsm-5-overview-of-changes

  Welcome to the July edition of the NEDC e-Bulletin. This month we have put together a special edition focusing on the changes made to eating disorders diagnostic criteria in the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). […] The DSM-5 Eating Disorders Work Group was charged with improving the diagnostic categories and classification of the eating disorders based on the best available empirical data. […] The American Psychiatric Association (APA) has indicated that one of the primary goals in the changes made in this version of the DSM is for more people experiencing eating disorders to have a diagnosis that accurately describes their symptoms and behaviours. […] The DSM-5 includes the following diagnostic categories: Anorexia nervosa (AN), Bulimia nervosa (BN), Binge-eating disorder (BED), Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), Pica, Rumination disorder.

• #1 Anorexia Nervosa: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9794-anorexia-nervosa

  A healthcare provider can diagnose anorexia nervosa based on the criteria for it listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). The three criteria include: […] The DSM-5 criteria classify the severity of anorexia according to body mass index (BMI). People who meet the criteria for anorexia but don’t have underweight despite significant weight loss have atypical anorexia. […] If you have signs and symptoms of anorexia, a provider will do a complete medical history and physical exam. The provider will likely ask questions about your: […] A person with anorexia or any eating disorder will have the best recovery outcome if they receive an early diagnosis. If you or someone you know is experiencing signs and symptoms of anorexia, be sure to talk to a provider as soon as possible.

• #1 Anorexia nervosa – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa

  Anorexia nervosa is classified under the Feeding and Eating Disorders in the latest revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM 5). There is no specific BMI cut-off that defines low weight required for the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa. The diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa (all of which needing to be met for diagnosis) are: Restriction of energy intake relative to requirements leading to a low body weight. (Criterion A) Intense fear of gaining weight or persistent behaviors that interfere with gaining weight. (Criterion B) Disturbance in the way a person’s weight or body shape is experienced or a lack of recognition about the risks of the low body weight. (Criterion C) […] Relative to the previous version of the DSM (DSM-IV-TR), the 2013 revision (DSM5) reflects changes in the criteria for anorexia nervosa. Most notably, the amenorrhea (absent period) criterion was removed.

• #1 Anorexia nervosa – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa

  There are two subtypes of AN: Restrictive Type: In the most recent months leading up to the evaluation, the patient has not engaged in binging and purging via laxative or diuretic abuse, enemas, or self-induced vomiting. The weight loss accomplished in this patient is mainly through the use of one or more of the following methods: fasting, dieting, and excessive exercise. Binge-eating / Purging Type: In the last few months, the patient has recurrently engaged in binge-purge cycles. […] The use of the body mass index in the diagnosis of eating disorders has been controversial, largely owing to its oversimplification of health and failure to take into account complicating factors such as body composition or the initial bodyweight of the patient prior to the onset of AN. As such, the DSM-5 does not have a strict BMI cutoff for the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa, but it nevertheless uses BMI to establish levels of severity.

• #1 Browse Resources

  https://nedc.com.au/eating-disorder-resources/find-resources/show/issue-13-dsm-5-overview-of-changes

  For each specific eating disorder diagnostic category a clinician is now required to specify state of remission if applicable. […] DSM-5 criteria have reduced the frequency of binge eating and compensatory behaviours that people with bulimia nervosa must exhibit from twice a week to once a week. […] Binge Eating Disorder has been included in DSM-5 as its own category of eating disorder. […] DSM-5 has replaced the ‘not otherwise specified’ (NOS) designation throughout the entire manual. […] ARFID is characterised by restrictive or inadequate eating that is not due to medical or psychiatric co-morbidity and cannot be attributed to disturbances in the perception of shape and weight. […] Many of the changes in DSM-5 attempt to better characterise symptoms and behaviours of groups of people currently seeking clinical help who did not meet definitions in DSM-IV.

• #1 McCallum Place | DSM 5 Diagnostic Criteria for Eating Disorders

  https://www.mccallumplace.com/admissions/dsm-5-diagnostic-criteria/

  The only way to determine if you or a loved one has developed an eating disorder is to complete a thorough assessment with a qualified healthcare provider. […] According to the DSM-5, the category of other specified feeding or eating disorder (OSFED) is applicable to individuals who are experiencing significant distress due to symptoms that are similar to disorders such as anorexia, bulimia, and binge-eating disorder, but who do not meet the full criteria for a diagnosis of one of these disorders. […] Individuals who develop eating disorders may also be at increased risk for various co-occurring mental health concerns, including anxiety, depression, substance use disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). […] At McCallum Place, we conduct thorough assessments for all clients to identify any co-occurring mental health, behavioral health, or psychiatric concerns.

• #1 OSFED: The “Other” Eating Disorder Diagnosis – The Emily Program

  https://emilyprogram.com/blog/osfed-the-other-eating-disorder-diagnosis/

  Do you restrict what you eat to small quantities and a narrow variety of foods, but you aren’t sure if it’s anorexia? […] If you are experiencing eating disorder behaviors that don’t quite fall into the categories of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, or binge eating disorder, you may have the eating disorder classified as Other Specified Feeding and Eating Disorder (OSFED). […] OSFED is the most common category of eating disorders, “represent[ing] an estimated 32% to 53% of all individuals with eating disorders” […] The health consequences of OSFED depend on the specific disordered eating behaviors present. […] As with any eating disorder, it is recommended that those experiencing symptoms work with a specialized team consisting of a therapist and dietitian and seek treatment as soon as possible.

• #1 Diagnosis of Eating Disorders in Primary Care | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2003/0115/p297.html

  Because family physicians serve as primary care providers for a large percentage of adolescents, they have an important role in diagnosing these disorders. […] The hallmark of anorexia is a refusal to maintain body weight at or above 85 percent of expected weight, as defined by age-appropriate body mass index charts. […] Summaries of diagnostic criteria for anorexia and bulimia are provided in Tables 1 and 2. […] It is also important to aggressively treat patients who have traits of eating disorders but who do not meet the full criteria for anorexia or bulimia. […] A wide variety of medical problems can masquerade as eating disorders. […] The medical history is the most powerful tool for diagnosing eating disorders. […] All patients in high-risk categories for eating disorders should be screened during routine office visits.

• #1 Early detection of eating disorders in general practice

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2017/november/early-detection-of-eating-disorders

  Hence, it is appropriate to commence medical management before a patient fulfils all of the diagnostic criteria of a particular eating disorder, thereby limiting or reversing symptom progression and optimising prognosis. […] There are a number of screening tools that can be used in the primary care setting to assist in the detection and diagnosis of eating disorders. […] A thorough history will also eliminate many of the other potential differential diagnoses of weight loss or symptoms. […] GPs failure to identify that certain symptoms and signs may represent an eating disorder may preclude early detection. […] NICE guidelines note that diagnosis is often delayed when doctors inadvertently collude by over-investigating and referring to other specialties rather than confronting the possibility of an eating disorder.

• #1 Diagnosing Eating Disorders in Children & Adolescents | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/eating-disorders-in-children-adolescents/diagnosis

  A full assessment of other psychiatric symptoms, such as depression and anxiety, is also part of this evaluation. […] Your specialist may recommend additional diagnostic testing including blood work, a physical examination, or a nutritional evaluation depending on the severity of the symptoms. […] Most children and teens who have an eating disorder, especially anorexia, resist being diagnosed and may withhold or provide misleading information. Our specialists work as a team with family members and other people close to the child to assess his or her condition and arrive at an accurate diagnosis. […] Each type of eating disorder has its own set of diagnostic criteria, which means a person must experience several symptoms to be diagnosed. For a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa, for instance, a persons body weight must consistently be significantly below what is healthy, either through weight loss or a failure to gain weight.

• #1 Anorexia | Diagnosis, DSM-5 Criteria, Exams, Tests

  https://www.waldeneatingdisorders.com/what-we-treat/anorexia/anorexia-diagnosis/

  According to the DSM-5, diagnostic criteria for anorexia includes: […] If your doctor suspects that you have anorexia, they will typically run several exams and tests to help narrow down a diagnosis, eliminate other medical causes for weight loss or other symptoms, and check for any related complications. […] Physical Exam. This may include measuring your height and weight, checking your vital signs, such as heart rate, blood pressure and temperature, checking your skin and nails, listening to your heart and lungs, and examining your abdomen. […] Lab Tests. These may include a complete blood count and more specialized tests to check electrolytes and protein, as well as liver, kidney and thyroid functions. A urinalysis may also be performed. […] Psychological Evaluation. A therapist or mental health provider will likely ask about your thoughts, feelings and eating habits. You may also be asked to complete a psychological self-assessment questionnaire.

• #1 Diagnosis of eating disorders in primary care – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12562151/

  Eating disorders, particularly anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, are significant causes of morbidity and mortality among adolescent females and young women. […] Prompt diagnosis is linked to better outcomes. A good medical history is the most powerful tool. Simple screening questions, such as „Do you think you should be dieting?” can be integrated into routine visits. Physical findings such as low body mass index, amenorrhea, bradycardia, gastrointestinal disturbances, skin changes, and changes in dentition can help detect eating disorders. Laboratory studies can help diagnose these conditions and exclude underlying medical conditions. The family physician can play an important role in diagnosing these illnesses and can coordinate the multidisciplinary team of psychiatrists, nutritionists, and other professionals to successfully treat patients with eating disorders.

• #1 Anorexia | Diagnosis, DSM-5 Criteria, Exams, Tests

  https://www.waldeneatingdisorders.com/what-we-treat/anorexia/anorexia-diagnosis/

  Other Studies. X-rays may be taken to measure your bone density, check for stress fractures or broken bones, or evaluate you for pneumonia or heart problems. Electrocardiograms may be used to identify heart irregularities. Tests may also be used to determine how much energy your body uses, which can help in planning nutritional requirements. Based on the results of the exams and tests, an appropriate treatment program will be recommended.

• #1 How Are Eating Disorders Diagnosed?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/eating-disorders-diagnosis

  Doctors don’t diagnose eating disorders based on a physical exam. A psychological evaluation by a mental health doctor is also required. […] To be diagnosed with an eating disorder, you must meet the criteria for a specific type of disorder. Symptoms of eating disorders vary depending on the type of eating disorder. […] Eating disorders are serious illnesses. They can lead to life-threatening complications like organ failure and death. But with a timely diagnosis, you can receive necessary treatment and live a long, healthy life.

• #1 Diagnosis of Eating Disorders in Primary Care | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2003/0115/p297.html

  A number of comprehensive psychiatric interviews can be used to diagnose eating disorders, but these are impractical in the primary care setting. […] Positive responses to any of these questions should prompt further investigation with a more comprehensive questionnaire. […] When obtaining a history, it is important to establish trust and rapport with the patient, especially when the patient does not perceive a problem. […] Accurate weight measurements are important in diagnosing an eating disorder. […] It is important to explain to patients and their families that a normal physical examination does not rule out an eating disorder. […] Laboratory findings might be completely normal, but targeted laboratory testing can be helpful to rule out medical illness. […] Treatment intensity and setting depend on the severity of the illness.

• #1 Eating Disorders in Primary Care: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0101/p22.html

  The use of empathetic, nonjudgmental motivational interviewing techniques may help overcome barriers and patient resistance. […] The patient’s history should be corroborated by family members and other contacts, ideally. […] Clinicians should note objective findings and interpret screening tools such as the SCOFF questionnaire in context because critical information may be withheld. […] Most patients receive optimal care in the outpatient setting. […] The ideal outpatient treatment team should include an experienced therapist, dietitian, and a clinician who is knowledgeable about eating disorder-specific medical evaluations, potentially in a community-based specialized center. […] Pharmacotherapy should not be pursued as a monotherapy for eating disorders, but it may be a worthwhile adjunctive therapy, specifically in the presence of co-occurring mental health conditions.

• #1 Diagnosis and Assessment Issues in Eating Disorders

  https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/diagnosis-and-assessment-issues-eating-disorders

  There is some criticism regarding the definition of a binge. […] The severity specifiers in DSM-5 for binge eating disorder are based on number of binge episodes per week and are not empirically derived. […] Knowing how to conduct a differential diagnosis is important; however, it necessitates first asking questions to assess eating behaviors. […] Because many of the behaviors associated with eating disorders can occur in secret, these disorders may go unnoticed for years. […] Thus, all physicians should routinely ask their patients about eating behaviors. […] For example, a person who is of normal weight may endorse bingeing and purging behaviors, or someone who is overweight may significantly restrict food intake. […] To evaluate shape and weight concerns, ask how patients feel about their current shape and whether they are actively trying to lose weight.

• #1 Red flags and diagnostic criteria for eating disorders – Norton Healthcare Provider Louisville, Ky.

  https://nortonhealthcareprovider.com/news/eating-disorder-diagnostic-criteria/

  Diagnosing eating disorders can be challenging because telltale behaviors typically are hidden, even from those closest to the patient, according to Andrea L. Krause, M.D., who heads the team involved with the medical stabilization of eating disorder patients at Norton Children’s Hospital. […] Eating disorders listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) are Anorexia, Bulimia, Avoidant restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), Otherwise specified feeding or eating disorder (OSFED), and Binge eating disorder. […] A diagnosis of anorexia requires the patient to be underweight. Bulimia does not. […] Eating disorders are the second deadliest DSM diagnosis, with about half the deaths coming from suicide. The mortality for anorexia is 5% to 6%. Early identification of an eating disorder is associated with better outcomes, making early diagnosis critical. […] “It can be very hard to overcome if the patient gets stuck in that state of starvation for years on end,” Dr. Krause said. “Early intervention is key.”

• #1 Screening, assessment and diagnosis in the eating disorders: findings from a rapid review | Journal of Eating Disorders | Full Text

  https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40337-022-00597-8

  Primary healthcare personnel typically have minimal training in EDs and have difficulty identifying, diagnosing or managing these conditions. […] Clinicians report greater awareness of diagnostic criteria for Anorexia Nervosa (AN) and Bulimia Nervosa (BN), compared to other ED diagnoses; in particular Binge Eating Disorder (BED) and Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorders (OSFED) (including Atypical AN (A-AN)). […] Improving clinical knowledge of diverse ED behaviors and symptoms will be important for ensuring accurate diagnosis and assessment of EDs in primary care settings and enabling early intervention in the form of timely referral and access to appropriate care per diagnostic type. […] Limited screening practices and tools within both healthcare and more diverse settings is an additional barrier to early intervention for individuals impacted by EDs, and means even high-risk groups such as dieting adolescents, women seeking reproductive healthcare, and individuals with diabetes and other comorbidities are not screened, and early symptomatology undetected.

• #1 Anorexia nervosa – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/440

  People with anorexia nervosa (AN) typically have low body weight, intense fear of gaining weight, and a body image disturbance. […] While more often detected in women, AN in young men may be under-diagnosed. […] People with AN are often identified through family referral, pediatric monitoring of weight during routine physical exam, and their physical complaints. […] Early intervention is key in order to prevent long-term psychiatric and physical complications of AN. […] AN is an eating disorder characterized by restriction of caloric intake relative to requirements leading to low body weight, an intense fear of gaining weight, and a body image disturbance. […] Key diagnostic factors include significantly low body weight, fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, or behaviors that interfere with weight gain despite evidence of significantly low body weight, disturbed body image, calorie restriction, binge-eating and/or purging, misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or diet pills, amenorrhea, and decreased subcutaneous fat.

• #1 Eating Disorders | NAMI

  https://www.nami.org/about-mental-illness/mental-health-conditions/eating-disorders/

  Eating disorders affect all types of people. However there are certain risk factors that put some people at greater risk for developing an eating disorder. […] A person with an eating disorder will have the best recovery outcome if they receive an early diagnosis. If an eating disorder is believed to an issue, a doctor will usually perform a physical examination, conduct an interview and order lab tests. These will help form the diagnosis and check for related medical issues and complications. […] Symptoms must meet the criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) in order to warrant a diagnosis. Each eating disorder has its own diagnostic criteria that a mental health professional will use to determine which disorder is involved. It is not necessary to have all the criteria for a disorder to benefit from working with a mental health professional on food and eating issues. […] Often a person with an eating disorder will have symptoms of another mental health condition that requires treatment. Whenever possible, it is best to identified and address all conditions at the same time. This gives a person comprehensive treatment support that helps ensure a lasting recovery.

• #1 Comprehensive Guide to OSFED: Symptoms and Care – CFD

  https://centerfordiscovery.com/conditions/osfed/

  Around 30% of people who seek treatment for an eating disorder have Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorder (OSFED). The reasons for developing OSFED will differ from person to person; known causes include genetic predisposition and a combination of environmental, social, and cultural factors. OSFED, like many other eating disorders, can be triggered by unresolved underlying feelings and emotions. […] Treatment for OSFED is highly individualized, based on the specific diagnosis, with the treatment team utilizing evidence-based treatment modalities with proven success.

• #1 Anorexia Nervosa: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9794-anorexia-nervosa

  Laboratory tests alone can’t diagnose anorexia. But your healthcare provider may use various tests to rule out any medical conditions that could cause weight loss. Tests can also evaluate the physical effects of anorexia. […] These tests may include: […] The biggest challenge in treating anorexia is helping the person recognize and accept that they have a serious condition. Many people with anorexia deny they have an eating disorder. They often seek medical treatment only when their condition is life-threatening. This is why it’s important to diagnose and treat anorexia in its beginning stages. […] The goals of anorexia treatment include: […] People with eating disorders, including anorexia, often have additional mental health conditions, like: […] Treatment options will vary depending on your needs. You may receive treatment through residential care (inpatient hospitalization) or outpatient care based on your current medical and mental health state. Treatment for anorexia most often involves a combination of:

• #1 Screening, assessment and diagnosis in the eating disorders: findings from a rapid review | Journal of Eating Disorders | Full Text

  https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40337-022-00597-8

  Primary health providers play a pivotal role in the early identification and diagnosis of EDs in the community, providing affected individuals with timely access to care and ideally early intervention. […] However, in Australia, a review of ED service referrals from primary care practitioners suggested there is lack of awareness regarding signs and symptoms of EDs other than AN and BN. […] A high degree of overlap in the symptomatology of different ED subtypes adds to the challenge of accurately assessing and diagnosing different EDs. […] Issues relating to accurate assessment and diagnosis are particularly apparent in children and adolescents. […] The impact of ARFID on children and adolescents appears to be significant. […] Issues relating to accurate assessment and diagnosis are also particularly apparent in male populations. […] Despite increased advocacy in recent years, a majority of individuals with eating disorders remain undiagnosed and untreated, particularly males and those from diverse or minority populations.

• #1 Diagnosis of Eating Disorders in Primary Care | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2003/0115/p297.html

  The family physician can and should be an integral member of that team. […] Because of the severity of these illnesses and the improvement in outcomes when diagnosis occurs earlier, the family physician can play a crucial role in helping patients recover from eating disorders by detecting them at an early stage.

• #2 Diagnosis of Eating Disorders in Primary Care | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2003/0115/p297.html

  Eating disorders, particularly anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, are significant causes of morbidity and mortality among adolescent females and young women. […] Prompt diagnosis is linked to better outcomes. A good medical history is the most powerful tool. […] The family physician can play an important role in diagnosing these illnesses and can coordinate the multi-disciplinary team of psychiatrists, nutritionists, and other professionals to successfully treat patients with eating disorders. […] Unfortunately, the diagnosis of eating disorders can be elusive, and more than one half of all cases go undetected. […] This review focuses on recognition and diagnosis of eating disorders in primary care. […] Early diagnosis with intervention and earlier age at diagnosis are correlated with improved outcomes in patients who have eating disorders.

• #2 Eating Disorders

  https://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/psychiatry-psychology/eating-disorders/

  Eating disorders are syndromes characterized by severe disturbances in eating behavior and by distress or excessive concern about body shape or weight and often occur with severe medical or psychiatric comorbidities. Denial of symptoms and reluctance to seek treatment make treatment especially challenging. […] Major eating disorders can be classified as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder, other specified feeding and eating disorder, avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder, and unspecified feeding and eating disorder. […] The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) contains several important changes from the fourth edition (DSM-4) and DSM-4 Text Revision (DSM-4-TR) in the classification of eating disorders. […] Significant updates to the eating disorder diagnostic criteria include elimination of the amenorrhea and weight requirement for a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa.

• #2 Anorexia | Diagnosis, DSM-5 Criteria, Exams, Tests

  https://www.waldeneatingdisorders.com/what-we-treat/anorexia/anorexia-diagnosis/

  According to the DSM-5, diagnostic criteria for anorexia includes: […] If your doctor suspects that you have anorexia, they will typically run several exams and tests to help narrow down a diagnosis, eliminate other medical causes for weight loss or other symptoms, and check for any related complications. […] Physical Exam. This may include measuring your height and weight, checking your vital signs, such as heart rate, blood pressure and temperature, checking your skin and nails, listening to your heart and lungs, and examining your abdomen. […] Lab Tests. These may include a complete blood count and more specialized tests to check electrolytes and protein, as well as liver, kidney and thyroid functions. A urinalysis may also be performed. […] Psychological Evaluation. A therapist or mental health provider will likely ask about your thoughts, feelings and eating habits. You may also be asked to complete a psychological self-assessment questionnaire.

• #2 Anorexia nervosa – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa

  Anorexia nervosa is classified under the Feeding and Eating Disorders in the latest revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM 5). There is no specific BMI cut-off that defines low weight required for the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa. The diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa (all of which needing to be met for diagnosis) are: Restriction of energy intake relative to requirements leading to a low body weight. (Criterion A) Intense fear of gaining weight or persistent behaviors that interfere with gaining weight. (Criterion B) Disturbance in the way a person’s weight or body shape is experienced or a lack of recognition about the risks of the low body weight. (Criterion C) […] Relative to the previous version of the DSM (DSM-IV-TR), the 2013 revision (DSM5) reflects changes in the criteria for anorexia nervosa. Most notably, the amenorrhea (absent period) criterion was removed.

• #2 Diagnosing Eating Disorders in Children & Adolescents | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/eating-disorders-in-children-adolescents/diagnosis

  A doctor determines during the evaluation if a person is troubled by weight gain or the prospect of being fat, even though he or she is thin. The expert also looks for evidence of an unrealistic body image or denial of the severity of the condition. […] To diagnose bulimia nervosa, bingeing and purging must occur at least once a week for three months or more. A person must binge eat and have a lack of control to stop themselves during the binge episode and then compensate for the binge by vomiting, using laxatives or diuretics, fasting, or exercising excessively. […] For a doctor to diagnose binge eating disorder, a person must repeatedly eat unusually large amounts of food in a relatively short period of time and feel that those binges are beyond his or her control. At least three of the following factors must also be present: eating rapidly, eating to the point of uncomfortable fullness, eating when not hungry, eating in shame or in secret and feeling disgusted, depression, or feeling ashamed after eating.

• #2 Browse Resources

  https://nedc.com.au/eating-disorder-resources/find-resources/show/issue-13-dsm-5-overview-of-changes

  For each specific eating disorder diagnostic category a clinician is now required to specify state of remission if applicable. […] DSM-5 criteria have reduced the frequency of binge eating and compensatory behaviours that people with bulimia nervosa must exhibit from twice a week to once a week. […] Binge Eating Disorder has been included in DSM-5 as its own category of eating disorder. […] DSM-5 has replaced the ‘not otherwise specified’ (NOS) designation throughout the entire manual. […] ARFID is characterised by restrictive or inadequate eating that is not due to medical or psychiatric co-morbidity and cannot be attributed to disturbances in the perception of shape and weight. […] Many of the changes in DSM-5 attempt to better characterise symptoms and behaviours of groups of people currently seeking clinical help who did not meet definitions in DSM-IV.

• #2 Eating Disorders Evaluation and Diagnosis – NEDA

  https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/evaluation-and-diagnosis/

  Early detection, initial evaluation, and effective treatment are important steps that can help a person with an eating disorder move into recovery more quickly, preventing the disorder from progressing to a more severe or chronic state. […] In order to diagnose an eating disorder and determine the best course of action, a clinician will need to ask the patient and, when possible, their loved ones the following types of questions: Patient history, including screening questions about eating patterns. […] Eating disorders are frequently accompanied by various medical issues that can result from malnourishment, over-exercise, binge eating, and/or purging. This makes an evaluation by a physician a necessary part of eating disorder treatment. […] A variety of laboratory tests and blood work may be needed to determine the correct eating disorder diagnosis and assess the appropriate level of care for an affected individual.

• #2 Diagnosing Eating Disorders | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/eating-disorders/diagnosis

  Eating disorders can lead to serious medical consequences. […] If you suspect that you or a loved one may have an eating disorder, contact the specialists at NYU Langone. […] After speaking with one of our intake specialists, a person with a suspected eating disorder meets in person with one of our team members which may include a psychiatrist or psychologist for an in-depth diagnostic evaluation. […] The evaluation includes an assessment of the person’s eating problems, a full medical history, and a review of past treatment for an eating disorder, if applicable. […] Your NYU Langone specialist may recommend additional diagnostic testing including blood tests, a physical examination, or a nutritional evaluation depending on the severity of your symptoms. […] An evaluation may also involve filling out several questionnaires to confirm the diagnosis and create a comprehensive treatment plan.

• #2 Diagnosing Eating Disorders in Children & Adolescents | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/eating-disorders-in-children-adolescents/diagnosis

  A full assessment of other psychiatric symptoms, such as depression and anxiety, is also part of this evaluation. […] Your specialist may recommend additional diagnostic testing including blood work, a physical examination, or a nutritional evaluation depending on the severity of the symptoms. […] Most children and teens who have an eating disorder, especially anorexia, resist being diagnosed and may withhold or provide misleading information. Our specialists work as a team with family members and other people close to the child to assess his or her condition and arrive at an accurate diagnosis. […] Each type of eating disorder has its own set of diagnostic criteria, which means a person must experience several symptoms to be diagnosed. For a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa, for instance, a persons body weight must consistently be significantly below what is healthy, either through weight loss or a failure to gain weight.

• #2 Eating disorders – causes, types, symptoms and treatments | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/eating-disorders

  Eating disorder are serious mental health conditions. […] Eating disorders can have a serious impact on the person affected, and their family. […] It’s important to get help for an eating disorder as early as possible. […] How are eating disorders diagnosed? […] The first step is to see your doctor, who can refer you to the right services. A doctor or mental health professional can diagnose an eating disorder. […] There is no single test to decide whether you have an eating disorder. There are a number of assessments that can lead to a diagnosis. […] Physical examinations: Disordered eating can take a toll on the body, so your doctor must first check that you are physically OK. […] Blood and urine tests may also be recommended to check your physical health. […] Psychological evaluations: Your doctor or mental health professional may talk to you about your eating and body image. What are your habits, beliefs and behaviours? They may ask you to fill out a questionnaire or self-assessment.

• #2 HealthtalkGetting an eating dirsorder diagnosis | Real People. Real life experiences. | Healthtalk

  https://healthtalk.org/experiences/eating-disorders/getting-diagnosis/

  Eating disorders are usually diagnosed by a specialist in mental health – such as a psychiatrist -but also by a GP. The diagnosis is made following a full assessment of psychological and physical wellbeing, as well as specific eating disorder symptoms. The criteria for making a diagnosis cover physical health, attitudes to weight, body shape and eating, and behaviour. Sometimes an assessment can involve medical tests to look at physical health and rule out other causes of the symptoms. Tests include blood tests to check fluid and nutritional levels, an ECG (Electrocardiograph) to examine heart function and bone densitometry to assess bone density. The main eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa or OSFED – Other Specified Feeding and Eating Disorders (previously know as EDNOS – Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified) have different symptoms and diagnostic criteria. Sometimes the diagnosis can change over time from one eating disorder to another for example from anorexia nervosa to bulimia nervosa.

• #2 Diagnosis and Assessment Issues in Eating Disorders

  https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/diagnosis-and-assessment-issues-eating-disorders

  If you have minimal time, at least assess for several key eating disorder behaviors so that you can provisionally diagnose an eating disorder. […] The one most widely used in primary care is the 5-item SCOFF questionnaire. […] More detailed eating disorder assessment tools exist, such as the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) and the questionnaire version. […] Currently, patients cannot present with more than one eating disorder, although certain symptoms (eg, bingeing) may occur across diagnoses. […] When diagnosing an eating disorder, it is important to ensure that symptoms such as low weight or vomiting are not due to a medical condition. […] Fear of or embarrassment about eating in front of others may be present in binge eating disorder or anorexia nervosa. […] If these thoughts are confined to shape and weight, only an eating disorder diagnosis is warranted.

• #2 Diagnosis of Eating Disorders in Primary Care | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2003/0115/p297.html

  A number of comprehensive psychiatric interviews can be used to diagnose eating disorders, but these are impractical in the primary care setting. […] Positive responses to any of these questions should prompt further investigation with a more comprehensive questionnaire. […] When obtaining a history, it is important to establish trust and rapport with the patient, especially when the patient does not perceive a problem. […] Accurate weight measurements are important in diagnosing an eating disorder. […] It is important to explain to patients and their families that a normal physical examination does not rule out an eating disorder. […] Laboratory findings might be completely normal, but targeted laboratory testing can be helpful to rule out medical illness. […] Treatment intensity and setting depend on the severity of the illness.

• #2 Anorexia Nervosa: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9794-anorexia-nervosa

  A healthcare provider can diagnose anorexia nervosa based on the criteria for it listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). The three criteria include: […] The DSM-5 criteria classify the severity of anorexia according to body mass index (BMI). People who meet the criteria for anorexia but don’t have underweight despite significant weight loss have atypical anorexia. […] If you have signs and symptoms of anorexia, a provider will do a complete medical history and physical exam. The provider will likely ask questions about your: […] A person with anorexia or any eating disorder will have the best recovery outcome if they receive an early diagnosis. If you or someone you know is experiencing signs and symptoms of anorexia, be sure to talk to a provider as soon as possible.

• #2 Anorexia nervosa – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa

  There are two subtypes of AN: Restrictive Type: In the most recent months leading up to the evaluation, the patient has not engaged in binging and purging via laxative or diuretic abuse, enemas, or self-induced vomiting. The weight loss accomplished in this patient is mainly through the use of one or more of the following methods: fasting, dieting, and excessive exercise. Binge-eating / Purging Type: In the last few months, the patient has recurrently engaged in binge-purge cycles. […] The use of the body mass index in the diagnosis of eating disorders has been controversial, largely owing to its oversimplification of health and failure to take into account complicating factors such as body composition or the initial bodyweight of the patient prior to the onset of AN. As such, the DSM-5 does not have a strict BMI cutoff for the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa, but it nevertheless uses BMI to establish levels of severity.

• #2 Screening, assessment and diagnosis in the eating disorders: findings from a rapid review | Journal of Eating Disorders | Full Text

  https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40337-022-00597-8

  Limited screening practices, minimal eating disorder training in the healthcare professions, and barriers related to help-seeking contribute to persistent low rates of eating disorder detection, significant unmet treatment need, and appreciable associated disease burden. […] The majority of individuals with eating disorders remain undiagnosed and untreated despite a high prevalence of these conditions and increased advocacy in recent years. […] Research into improving detection and clinician diagnostic skill is extremely limited. […] Innovative empirical research is strongly recommended to address significant individual and health-system barriers currently preventing appropriate and timely intervention for many. […] Despite significant disability and mortality, low rates of ED screening at an individual and population level, perceived stigma and personal reluctance to seek care, and lack of early identification in primary care means opportunities to intervene early are frequently missed.

• #2 Screening, assessment and diagnosis in the eating disorders: findings from a rapid review | Journal of Eating Disorders | Full Text

  https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40337-022-00597-8

  Primary healthcare personnel typically have minimal training in EDs and have difficulty identifying, diagnosing or managing these conditions. […] Clinicians report greater awareness of diagnostic criteria for Anorexia Nervosa (AN) and Bulimia Nervosa (BN), compared to other ED diagnoses; in particular Binge Eating Disorder (BED) and Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorders (OSFED) (including Atypical AN (A-AN)). […] Improving clinical knowledge of diverse ED behaviors and symptoms will be important for ensuring accurate diagnosis and assessment of EDs in primary care settings and enabling early intervention in the form of timely referral and access to appropriate care per diagnostic type. […] Limited screening practices and tools within both healthcare and more diverse settings is an additional barrier to early intervention for individuals impacted by EDs, and means even high-risk groups such as dieting adolescents, women seeking reproductive healthcare, and individuals with diabetes and other comorbidities are not screened, and early symptomatology undetected.

• #2 Early detection of eating disorders in general practice

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2017/november/early-detection-of-eating-disorders

  Hence, it is appropriate to commence medical management before a patient fulfils all of the diagnostic criteria of a particular eating disorder, thereby limiting or reversing symptom progression and optimising prognosis. […] There are a number of screening tools that can be used in the primary care setting to assist in the detection and diagnosis of eating disorders. […] A thorough history will also eliminate many of the other potential differential diagnoses of weight loss or symptoms. […] GPs failure to identify that certain symptoms and signs may represent an eating disorder may preclude early detection. […] NICE guidelines note that diagnosis is often delayed when doctors inadvertently collude by over-investigating and referring to other specialties rather than confronting the possibility of an eating disorder.

• #2 McCallum Place | DSM 5 Diagnostic Criteria for Eating Disorders

  https://www.mccallumplace.com/admissions/dsm-5-diagnostic-criteria/

  The only way to determine if you or a loved one has developed an eating disorder is to complete a thorough assessment with a qualified healthcare provider. […] According to the DSM-5, the category of other specified feeding or eating disorder (OSFED) is applicable to individuals who are experiencing significant distress due to symptoms that are similar to disorders such as anorexia, bulimia, and binge-eating disorder, but who do not meet the full criteria for a diagnosis of one of these disorders. […] Individuals who develop eating disorders may also be at increased risk for various co-occurring mental health concerns, including anxiety, depression, substance use disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). […] At McCallum Place, we conduct thorough assessments for all clients to identify any co-occurring mental health, behavioral health, or psychiatric concerns.

• #2 SciELO Brazil – Diagnosis and treatment of eating disorders in children and adolescents Diagnosis and treatment of eating disorders in children and adolescents

  https://www.scielo.br/j/jped/a/N33LYqJBzPqr6YTk6F9tZBs/

  AN is characterized by restricted caloric intake, resulting in an inappropriate weight for age, sex, growth trajectory, and physical health. […] BN is characterized by episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory purging behaviors, with the aim of losing weight. […] The inclusion of the Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID), in the DSM-5 in 2013, allowed the diagnosis of children who restrict their intake due to mainly neurosensory causes, which may require medical monitoring due to extremely low weight or specific nutritional deficiencies, which often compromise their social life. […] Binge eating disorder (BED) is more common in girls and the mean age at diagnosis is 23 years old, but it is believed that its onset occurs in childhood. […] Early identification and detection of ED are vital to achieving good long-term results.

• #2 Eating Disorders in Primary Care: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0101/p22.html

  Eating disorders are potentially life-threatening conditions characterized by disordered eating and weight-control behaviors that impair physical health and psychosocial functioning. […] Diagnostic characteristics of specific eating disorders are presented in Table 1. […] Early intervention with symptom improvement decreases the risk of a protracted course and long-term pathology. […] The initial medical evaluation should establish the diagnosis while excluding alternative or co-occurring diagnoses (e.g., thyroid or gastrointestinal disease) based on clarity of the clinical picture. […] Goals should include the identification of trends in nutrition, menstruation, height, weight, and BMI; the establishment of motivation for change; determination of medical and mental health sequelae; and the provision of unified, evidence-based care by team members and caregivers.

• #2 Comprehensive Guide to OSFED: Symptoms and Care – CFD

  https://centerfordiscovery.com/conditions/osfed/

  Around 30% of people who seek treatment for an eating disorder have Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorder (OSFED). The reasons for developing OSFED will differ from person to person; known causes include genetic predisposition and a combination of environmental, social, and cultural factors. OSFED, like many other eating disorders, can be triggered by unresolved underlying feelings and emotions. […] Treatment for OSFED is highly individualized, based on the specific diagnosis, with the treatment team utilizing evidence-based treatment modalities with proven success.

• #2 Anorexia Nervosa: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9794-anorexia-nervosa

  Laboratory tests alone can’t diagnose anorexia. But your healthcare provider may use various tests to rule out any medical conditions that could cause weight loss. Tests can also evaluate the physical effects of anorexia. […] These tests may include: […] The biggest challenge in treating anorexia is helping the person recognize and accept that they have a serious condition. Many people with anorexia deny they have an eating disorder. They often seek medical treatment only when their condition is life-threatening. This is why it’s important to diagnose and treat anorexia in its beginning stages. […] The goals of anorexia treatment include: […] People with eating disorders, including anorexia, often have additional mental health conditions, like: […] Treatment options will vary depending on your needs. You may receive treatment through residential care (inpatient hospitalization) or outpatient care based on your current medical and mental health state. Treatment for anorexia most often involves a combination of:

• #2 Diagnosis of Eating Disorders in Primary Care | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2003/0115/p297.html

  Because family physicians serve as primary care providers for a large percentage of adolescents, they have an important role in diagnosing these disorders. […] The hallmark of anorexia is a refusal to maintain body weight at or above 85 percent of expected weight, as defined by age-appropriate body mass index charts. […] Summaries of diagnostic criteria for anorexia and bulimia are provided in Tables 1 and 2. […] It is also important to aggressively treat patients who have traits of eating disorders but who do not meet the full criteria for anorexia or bulimia. […] A wide variety of medical problems can masquerade as eating disorders. […] The medical history is the most powerful tool for diagnosing eating disorders. […] All patients in high-risk categories for eating disorders should be screened during routine office visits.

• #2 Diagnosis of Eating Disorders in Primary Care | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2003/0115/p297.html

  The family physician can and should be an integral member of that team. […] Because of the severity of these illnesses and the improvement in outcomes when diagnosis occurs earlier, the family physician can play a crucial role in helping patients recover from eating disorders by detecting them at an early stage.

• #3 Diagnosis of Eating Disorders in Primary Care | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2003/0115/p297.html

  Eating disorders, particularly anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, are significant causes of morbidity and mortality among adolescent females and young women. […] Prompt diagnosis is linked to better outcomes. A good medical history is the most powerful tool. […] The family physician can play an important role in diagnosing these illnesses and can coordinate the multi-disciplinary team of psychiatrists, nutritionists, and other professionals to successfully treat patients with eating disorders. […] Unfortunately, the diagnosis of eating disorders can be elusive, and more than one half of all cases go undetected. […] This review focuses on recognition and diagnosis of eating disorders in primary care. […] Early diagnosis with intervention and earlier age at diagnosis are correlated with improved outcomes in patients who have eating disorders.

• #3 Eating Disorders

  https://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/psychiatry-psychology/eating-disorders/

  Eating disorders are syndromes characterized by severe disturbances in eating behavior and by distress or excessive concern about body shape or weight and often occur with severe medical or psychiatric comorbidities. Denial of symptoms and reluctance to seek treatment make treatment especially challenging. […] Major eating disorders can be classified as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder, other specified feeding and eating disorder, avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder, and unspecified feeding and eating disorder. […] The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) contains several important changes from the fourth edition (DSM-4) and DSM-4 Text Revision (DSM-4-TR) in the classification of eating disorders. […] Significant updates to the eating disorder diagnostic criteria include elimination of the amenorrhea and weight requirement for a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa.

• #3 Anorexia nervosa – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa

  Anorexia nervosa is classified under the Feeding and Eating Disorders in the latest revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM 5). There is no specific BMI cut-off that defines low weight required for the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa. The diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa (all of which needing to be met for diagnosis) are: Restriction of energy intake relative to requirements leading to a low body weight. (Criterion A) Intense fear of gaining weight or persistent behaviors that interfere with gaining weight. (Criterion B) Disturbance in the way a person’s weight or body shape is experienced or a lack of recognition about the risks of the low body weight. (Criterion C) […] Relative to the previous version of the DSM (DSM-IV-TR), the 2013 revision (DSM5) reflects changes in the criteria for anorexia nervosa. Most notably, the amenorrhea (absent period) criterion was removed.

• #3 Diagnosing Eating Disorders in Children & Adolescents | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/eating-disorders-in-children-adolescents/diagnosis

  Doctors at Hassenfeld Childrens Hospital at NYU Langone have expertise in diagnosing eating disorders in children and adolescents. These disorders can lead to serious medical consequences, and in the most severe cases can be fatal. […] If you suspect that your child may have an eating disorder, contact the specialists at the Child Study Center, part of Hassenfeld Childrens Hospital. We also treat adults with eating disorders. […] Our experts work closely with you and your child or teen to perform a full assessment and make a diagnosis. […] The evaluation of children or adolescents includes an assessment of their eating problems; taking a medical history; and a review of any past treatment for an eating disorder. A doctor may also ask about the child or teens attitude toward food, eating, weight, and exercise.

• #3 SciELO Brazil – Diagnosis and treatment of eating disorders in children and adolescents Diagnosis and treatment of eating disorders in children and adolescents

  https://www.scielo.br/j/jped/a/N33LYqJBzPqr6YTk6F9tZBs/

  The pediatrician should request the following initial tests: complete blood count, renal function assessment, measurement of electrolytes, extended electrolytes, liver enzymes, albumin, vitamin B12, ferritin and lipid levels. […] The following are indicators of severity and need for hospitalization: 75 % of the treatment target weight; core temperature 35.6 C (96.0F); heart rate 50 BPM during the day or 45 BPM at night; blood pressure 90/60 mm Hg or orthostatic hypotension; ECG showing arrhythmia, prolonged QTc interval, or severe bradycardia; electrolyte abnormalities; uncontrolled bingeing or purging; dehydration; acute comorbid psychiatric disorders or other pathology that results in an impediment to care for the eating disorder; active suicidal ideation. […] The DSM-5 includes an index that considers body mass (BMI) and allows health professionals to assess the severity of malnutrition and the appropriate level of care needed.

• #3 Anorexia | Diagnosis, DSM-5 Criteria, Exams, Tests

  https://www.waldeneatingdisorders.com/what-we-treat/anorexia/anorexia-diagnosis/

  According to the DSM-5, diagnostic criteria for anorexia includes: […] If your doctor suspects that you have anorexia, they will typically run several exams and tests to help narrow down a diagnosis, eliminate other medical causes for weight loss or other symptoms, and check for any related complications. […] Physical Exam. This may include measuring your height and weight, checking your vital signs, such as heart rate, blood pressure and temperature, checking your skin and nails, listening to your heart and lungs, and examining your abdomen. […] Lab Tests. These may include a complete blood count and more specialized tests to check electrolytes and protein, as well as liver, kidney and thyroid functions. A urinalysis may also be performed. […] Psychological Evaluation. A therapist or mental health provider will likely ask about your thoughts, feelings and eating habits. You may also be asked to complete a psychological self-assessment questionnaire.

• #3 Diagnosis and Assessment Issues in Eating Disorders

  https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/diagnosis-and-assessment-issues-eating-disorders

  If you have minimal time, at least assess for several key eating disorder behaviors so that you can provisionally diagnose an eating disorder. […] The one most widely used in primary care is the 5-item SCOFF questionnaire. […] More detailed eating disorder assessment tools exist, such as the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) and the questionnaire version. […] Currently, patients cannot present with more than one eating disorder, although certain symptoms (eg, bingeing) may occur across diagnoses. […] When diagnosing an eating disorder, it is important to ensure that symptoms such as low weight or vomiting are not due to a medical condition. […] Fear of or embarrassment about eating in front of others may be present in binge eating disorder or anorexia nervosa. […] If these thoughts are confined to shape and weight, only an eating disorder diagnosis is warranted.

• #3 Anorexia nervosa – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa

  There are two subtypes of AN: Restrictive Type: In the most recent months leading up to the evaluation, the patient has not engaged in binging and purging via laxative or diuretic abuse, enemas, or self-induced vomiting. The weight loss accomplished in this patient is mainly through the use of one or more of the following methods: fasting, dieting, and excessive exercise. Binge-eating / Purging Type: In the last few months, the patient has recurrently engaged in binge-purge cycles. […] The use of the body mass index in the diagnosis of eating disorders has been controversial, largely owing to its oversimplification of health and failure to take into account complicating factors such as body composition or the initial bodyweight of the patient prior to the onset of AN. As such, the DSM-5 does not have a strict BMI cutoff for the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa, but it nevertheless uses BMI to establish levels of severity.

• #3 Anorexia Nervosa: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9794-anorexia-nervosa

  A healthcare provider can diagnose anorexia nervosa based on the criteria for it listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). The three criteria include: […] The DSM-5 criteria classify the severity of anorexia according to body mass index (BMI). People who meet the criteria for anorexia but don’t have underweight despite significant weight loss have atypical anorexia. […] If you have signs and symptoms of anorexia, a provider will do a complete medical history and physical exam. The provider will likely ask questions about your: […] A person with anorexia or any eating disorder will have the best recovery outcome if they receive an early diagnosis. If you or someone you know is experiencing signs and symptoms of anorexia, be sure to talk to a provider as soon as possible.

• #3 Diagnosis of Eating Disorders in Primary Care | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2003/0115/p297.html

  A number of comprehensive psychiatric interviews can be used to diagnose eating disorders, but these are impractical in the primary care setting. […] Positive responses to any of these questions should prompt further investigation with a more comprehensive questionnaire. […] When obtaining a history, it is important to establish trust and rapport with the patient, especially when the patient does not perceive a problem. […] Accurate weight measurements are important in diagnosing an eating disorder. […] It is important to explain to patients and their families that a normal physical examination does not rule out an eating disorder. […] Laboratory findings might be completely normal, but targeted laboratory testing can be helpful to rule out medical illness. […] Treatment intensity and setting depend on the severity of the illness.

• #3 Diagnosing Eating Disorders | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/eating-disorders/diagnosis

  Each eating disorder has its own set of diagnostic criteria, which means a person must experience several specific symptoms to be diagnosed with the eating disorder. […] To diagnose anorexia nervosa, a person’s body weight should consistently be 15 percent below average, either due to weight loss or a failure to gain weight. […] To diagnose bulimia nervosa, binge eating and purging must occur at least once a week for three months or more. […] To diagnose binge eating disorder, a person must repeatedly eat unusually large amounts of food in a relatively short period of time and think that these binges are beyond his or her control. […] The behavior must occur at least once a week for a period of six months. […] Many people have some or most of the above symptoms without meeting the full criteria for an eating disorder.

• #3 Early detection of eating disorders in general practice

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2017/november/early-detection-of-eating-disorders

  Hence, it is appropriate to commence medical management before a patient fulfils all of the diagnostic criteria of a particular eating disorder, thereby limiting or reversing symptom progression and optimising prognosis. […] There are a number of screening tools that can be used in the primary care setting to assist in the detection and diagnosis of eating disorders. […] A thorough history will also eliminate many of the other potential differential diagnoses of weight loss or symptoms. […] GPs failure to identify that certain symptoms and signs may represent an eating disorder may preclude early detection. […] NICE guidelines note that diagnosis is often delayed when doctors inadvertently collude by over-investigating and referring to other specialties rather than confronting the possibility of an eating disorder.

• #3 Eating Disorders

  https://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/psychiatry-psychology/eating-disorders/

  The DSM-5 also added binge-eating disorder as an eating disorder diagnosis, characterized by binge eating without inappropriate compensatory behaviors. […] With this expansion of the eating disorder diagnoses, patients are better matched to specific diagnoses and fewer patients are classified with unspecified feeding and eating disorders. […] In addition to the clinical interview, the Eating Attitudes Test, Eating Disorders Inventory, Body Shape Questionnaire, and others can be used to assess eating disorders. […] Common comorbid conditions include major depressive disorder or dysthymia (50% to 75%), sexual abuse (20% to 50%), obsessive-compulsive disorder (25% with anorexia nervosa), substance abuse (12% to 18% with anorexia nervosa, especially the binge-purge subtype, and 30% to 37% with bulimia nervosa), and bipolar disorder (4% to 13%).

• #3 Anorexia Nervosa: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9794-anorexia-nervosa

  Laboratory tests alone can’t diagnose anorexia. But your healthcare provider may use various tests to rule out any medical conditions that could cause weight loss. Tests can also evaluate the physical effects of anorexia. […] These tests may include: […] The biggest challenge in treating anorexia is helping the person recognize and accept that they have a serious condition. Many people with anorexia deny they have an eating disorder. They often seek medical treatment only when their condition is life-threatening. This is why it’s important to diagnose and treat anorexia in its beginning stages. […] The goals of anorexia treatment include: […] People with eating disorders, including anorexia, often have additional mental health conditions, like: […] Treatment options will vary depending on your needs. You may receive treatment through residential care (inpatient hospitalization) or outpatient care based on your current medical and mental health state. Treatment for anorexia most often involves a combination of:

• #3 Eating Disorders in Primary Care: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0101/p22.html

  The use of empathetic, nonjudgmental motivational interviewing techniques may help overcome barriers and patient resistance. […] The patient’s history should be corroborated by family members and other contacts, ideally. […] Clinicians should note objective findings and interpret screening tools such as the SCOFF questionnaire in context because critical information may be withheld. […] Most patients receive optimal care in the outpatient setting. […] The ideal outpatient treatment team should include an experienced therapist, dietitian, and a clinician who is knowledgeable about eating disorder-specific medical evaluations, potentially in a community-based specialized center. […] Pharmacotherapy should not be pursued as a monotherapy for eating disorders, but it may be a worthwhile adjunctive therapy, specifically in the presence of co-occurring mental health conditions.

• #4 Diagnosis of Eating Disorders in Primary Care | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2003/0115/p297.html

  Eating disorders, particularly anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, are significant causes of morbidity and mortality among adolescent females and young women. […] Prompt diagnosis is linked to better outcomes. A good medical history is the most powerful tool. […] The family physician can play an important role in diagnosing these illnesses and can coordinate the multi-disciplinary team of psychiatrists, nutritionists, and other professionals to successfully treat patients with eating disorders. […] Unfortunately, the diagnosis of eating disorders can be elusive, and more than one half of all cases go undetected. […] This review focuses on recognition and diagnosis of eating disorders in primary care. […] Early diagnosis with intervention and earlier age at diagnosis are correlated with improved outcomes in patients who have eating disorders.

• #4 Eating Disorders

  https://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/psychiatry-psychology/eating-disorders/

  The DSM-5 also added binge-eating disorder as an eating disorder diagnosis, characterized by binge eating without inappropriate compensatory behaviors. […] With this expansion of the eating disorder diagnoses, patients are better matched to specific diagnoses and fewer patients are classified with unspecified feeding and eating disorders. […] In addition to the clinical interview, the Eating Attitudes Test, Eating Disorders Inventory, Body Shape Questionnaire, and others can be used to assess eating disorders. […] Common comorbid conditions include major depressive disorder or dysthymia (50% to 75%), sexual abuse (20% to 50%), obsessive-compulsive disorder (25% with anorexia nervosa), substance abuse (12% to 18% with anorexia nervosa, especially the binge-purge subtype, and 30% to 37% with bulimia nervosa), and bipolar disorder (4% to 13%).

• #4 Anorexia | Diagnosis, DSM-5 Criteria, Exams, Tests

  https://www.waldeneatingdisorders.com/what-we-treat/anorexia/anorexia-diagnosis/

  According to the DSM-5, diagnostic criteria for anorexia includes: […] If your doctor suspects that you have anorexia, they will typically run several exams and tests to help narrow down a diagnosis, eliminate other medical causes for weight loss or other symptoms, and check for any related complications. […] Physical Exam. This may include measuring your height and weight, checking your vital signs, such as heart rate, blood pressure and temperature, checking your skin and nails, listening to your heart and lungs, and examining your abdomen. […] Lab Tests. These may include a complete blood count and more specialized tests to check electrolytes and protein, as well as liver, kidney and thyroid functions. A urinalysis may also be performed. […] Psychological Evaluation. A therapist or mental health provider will likely ask about your thoughts, feelings and eating habits. You may also be asked to complete a psychological self-assessment questionnaire.

• #4 Diagnosis of Eating Disorders in Primary Care | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2003/0115/p297.html

  A number of comprehensive psychiatric interviews can be used to diagnose eating disorders, but these are impractical in the primary care setting. […] Positive responses to any of these questions should prompt further investigation with a more comprehensive questionnaire. […] When obtaining a history, it is important to establish trust and rapport with the patient, especially when the patient does not perceive a problem. […] Accurate weight measurements are important in diagnosing an eating disorder. […] It is important to explain to patients and their families that a normal physical examination does not rule out an eating disorder. […] Laboratory findings might be completely normal, but targeted laboratory testing can be helpful to rule out medical illness. […] Treatment intensity and setting depend on the severity of the illness.

• #4 Diagnosing Eating Disorders | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/eating-disorders/diagnosis

  The medical and psychological risks of other eating-related syndromes, such as food avoidance that does not meet criteria for anorexia nervosa, or excessive exercising in the absence of anorexia or bulimia, may be significant and warrant evaluation and treatment as well. […] After the evaluation, which typically takes place in a single session, you meet with a team member to review the specialists findings and discuss treatment recommendations.

• #4 Anorexia Nervosa: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9794-anorexia-nervosa

  A healthcare provider can diagnose anorexia nervosa based on the criteria for it listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). The three criteria include: […] The DSM-5 criteria classify the severity of anorexia according to body mass index (BMI). People who meet the criteria for anorexia but don’t have underweight despite significant weight loss have atypical anorexia. […] If you have signs and symptoms of anorexia, a provider will do a complete medical history and physical exam. The provider will likely ask questions about your: […] A person with anorexia or any eating disorder will have the best recovery outcome if they receive an early diagnosis. If you or someone you know is experiencing signs and symptoms of anorexia, be sure to talk to a provider as soon as possible.

• #4 Eating Disorders in Primary Care: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0101/p22.html

  The use of empathetic, nonjudgmental motivational interviewing techniques may help overcome barriers and patient resistance. […] The patient’s history should be corroborated by family members and other contacts, ideally. […] Clinicians should note objective findings and interpret screening tools such as the SCOFF questionnaire in context because critical information may be withheld. […] Most patients receive optimal care in the outpatient setting. […] The ideal outpatient treatment team should include an experienced therapist, dietitian, and a clinician who is knowledgeable about eating disorder-specific medical evaluations, potentially in a community-based specialized center. […] Pharmacotherapy should not be pursued as a monotherapy for eating disorders, but it may be a worthwhile adjunctive therapy, specifically in the presence of co-occurring mental health conditions.

• #5 Diagnosing Eating Disorders | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/eating-disorders/diagnosis

  The medical and psychological risks of other eating-related syndromes, such as food avoidance that does not meet criteria for anorexia nervosa, or excessive exercising in the absence of anorexia or bulimia, may be significant and warrant evaluation and treatment as well. […] After the evaluation, which typically takes place in a single session, you meet with a team member to review the specialists findings and discuss treatment recommendations.

• #5 Diagnosis of Eating Disorders in Primary Care | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2003/0115/p297.html

  Eating disorders, particularly anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, are significant causes of morbidity and mortality among adolescent females and young women. […] Prompt diagnosis is linked to better outcomes. A good medical history is the most powerful tool. […] The family physician can play an important role in diagnosing these illnesses and can coordinate the multi-disciplinary team of psychiatrists, nutritionists, and other professionals to successfully treat patients with eating disorders. […] Unfortunately, the diagnosis of eating disorders can be elusive, and more than one half of all cases go undetected. […] This review focuses on recognition and diagnosis of eating disorders in primary care. […] Early diagnosis with intervention and earlier age at diagnosis are correlated with improved outcomes in patients who have eating disorders.

• #5 Anorexia Nervosa: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9794-anorexia-nervosa

  A healthcare provider can diagnose anorexia nervosa based on the criteria for it listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). The three criteria include: […] The DSM-5 criteria classify the severity of anorexia according to body mass index (BMI). People who meet the criteria for anorexia but don’t have underweight despite significant weight loss have atypical anorexia. […] If you have signs and symptoms of anorexia, a provider will do a complete medical history and physical exam. The provider will likely ask questions about your: […] A person with anorexia or any eating disorder will have the best recovery outcome if they receive an early diagnosis. If you or someone you know is experiencing signs and symptoms of anorexia, be sure to talk to a provider as soon as possible.

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