Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Dysphagia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dysphagia/symptoms-causes/syc-20372028

  Dysphagia is a medical term for difficulty swallowing. Dysphagia can happen at any age, but it’s more common in older adults. The causes of swallowing problems vary, and treatment depends on the cause. […] Any condition that weakens or damages these muscles and nerves or causes narrowing of the back of the throat or esophagus can cause dysphagia. […] Dysphagia generally falls into one of the following categories. […] Esophageal dysphagia refers to the sensation of food sticking or getting caught in the base of the throat or in the chest after swallowing begins. Some causes of esophageal dysphagia include: Achalasia is a condition that leads to trouble swallowing. […] A narrowed esophagus. Known as a stricture, a narrowed esophagus can trap large pieces of food. […] Esophageal tumors. Difficulty swallowing tends to get progressively worse when esophageal tumors are present.

• #2 Dysphagia (Difficulty Swallowing): What It Is, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/21195-dysphagia-difficulty-swallowing

  Dysphagia or difficulty swallowing is a symptom of many different medical conditions. These conditions include nervous system and brain disorders, muscle disorders and physical blockages in your throat. Treatment for swallowing issues may include medications, changes to your eating habits and, sometimes, procedures. […] Dysphagia is the medical term for difficulty swallowing. When you swallow, many muscles and nerves work together to move food or drink from your mouth to your stomach. When theres an issue with how these parts work, swallowing may feel uncomfortable or slow. […] But dysphagia can be a sign of something serious. Its a common symptom following a stroke. Untreated dysphagia can pose risks like food or liquid getting into your airway (aspiration). This can lead to a lung infection or pneumonia.

• #3 Dysphagia – Clinical Methods – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK408/

  Dysphagia means difficulty swallowing. […] Causes of dysphagia basically fall into two groups: obstructive lesions and motor disorders. […] Dysphagia can be classified into four categories, based on the location of the swallowing impairment: oropharyngeal, esophageal, esophagogastric, and paraesophageal. […] Oropharyngeal dysphagia results from neuromuscular disease in greater than three quarters of cases. […] The clinical significance of esophageal and esophagogastric disorders include motility abnormalities, obstructive lesions, and a combination of the two. […] Obstructive lesions of the esophagus often produce progressive and unremitting dysphagia. […] Inflammatory lesions of the esophagus can also cause dysphagia. […] Paraesophageal lesions can mimic the obstructive symptoms of dysphagia.

• #4 Dysphagia (Difficulty Swallowing): What It Is, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/21195-dysphagia-difficulty-swallowing

  Infections, like strep throat (bacterial tonsillitis), can cause pain and inflammation that lead to dysphagia. Dysphagia can occur after surgery to your head and neck or other types of treatment. […] Aging doesnt cause dysphagia, but its a key risk factor. Muscle deteriorates as we get older, making us more susceptible to injury. The risk of developing many neurological conditions associated with dysphagia increases with age. […] Treatment for dysphagia depends on whats causing it and how severe it is. Your treatment might include: Medication, Lifestyle changes, Other medical therapy, Feeding tube. […] Dysphagia can lead to serious health issues and even be fatal without treatment. Risks include: Dehydration, Malnutrition, Choking, Silent aspiration and aspiration pneumonia.

• #5 Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) – symptoms, causes and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/dysphagia

  Dysphagia can lead to dehydration and malnutrition if not managed properly. It can cause weight loss and problems taking your oral medicines. […] Dysphagia can also lead to aspiration. This means that food or drink go into your airways, rather than your oesophagus and stomach. Aspiration can lead to pneumonia.

• #6 Dysphagia (Difficulty Swallowing): What It Is, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/21195-dysphagia-difficulty-swallowing

  Any disorder, disease or condition that impacts the muscles or nerves that help you swallow can cause dysphagia. […] Conditions and injuries affecting your brain and nervous system (the network of nerves that controls muscles and organs) that cause dysphagia include: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Brain tumors, Cerebral palsy, Dementia, Multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinsons disease. […] Conditions that prevent the muscles in your head and neck from helping you swallow include: Achalasia, Cricopharyngeal spasms, Esophageal spasms, Muscular dystrophy, Myasthenia gravis, Myositis, Scleroderma. […] Conditions that create blockages or cause your throat or esophagus to be too narrow can make it hard to swallow. Causes include: Cancer, Eosinophilic esophagitis, Esophageal diverticulum, Esophageal webs and (Schatzki) rings, GERD (acid reflux disease).

• #7 Dysphagia – Clinical Methods – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK408/

  Dysphagia means difficulty swallowing. […] Causes of dysphagia basically fall into two groups: obstructive lesions and motor disorders. […] Dysphagia can be classified into four categories, based on the location of the swallowing impairment: oropharyngeal, esophageal, esophagogastric, and paraesophageal. […] Oropharyngeal dysphagia results from neuromuscular disease in greater than three quarters of cases. […] The clinical significance of esophageal and esophagogastric disorders include motility abnormalities, obstructive lesions, and a combination of the two. […] Obstructive lesions of the esophagus often produce progressive and unremitting dysphagia. […] Inflammatory lesions of the esophagus can also cause dysphagia. […] Paraesophageal lesions can mimic the obstructive symptoms of dysphagia.

• #8 Dysphagia (Difficulty Swallowing): Types, Treatment, Causes, Symptoms & Diet

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/dysphagia_swallowing_problems/article_em.htm

  Dysphagia means difficulty swallowing. Odynophagia means painful swallowing. Sometimes it is not easy for individuals to distinguish between these two problems. […] Nevertheless, it is important to attempt to distinguish between the two because the causes of each may be quite different. […] Some conditions associated with dysphagia affect the area of the lower throat, primarily conditions in which there are abnormalities of nerves or muscles that control the function of the throat. […] Dysphagia can result from abnormalities in any of the complex steps necessary for swallowing. The process of swallowing has three stages. […] Dysphagia has many causes. First, there may be a physical (anatomical) obstruction to the passage of food. Second, there may be abnormalities in the function (functional abnormalities) of the nerves of the brain, throat, and esophagus whose normal function is necessary to coordinate swallowing. Finally, there also may be abnormalities of the muscles of the throat and esophagus themselves.

• #9 Dysphagia (Difficulty Swallowing): Types, Treatment, Causes, Symptoms & Diet

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/dysphagia_swallowing_problems/article_em.htm

  Diseases of the brain can affect the neurological control of the nerves and reflexes involved in swallowing. […] Likewise, diseases and conditions that affect muscle function or connective tissue throughout the body can cause dysphagia. […] Diseases specific to the esophagus also can cause difficulty swallowing. […] Obstructions of the upper digestive tract and esophagus, due to anatomical abnormalities, tumors, or scar tissue also cause dysphagia. […] If dysphagia is associated with aspiration of food into the lungs, aspiration pneumonia may occur with all of the symptoms of pneumonia (fever, chills, and respiratory distress). […] Dysphagia is present in approximately 51%-73% of individuals with stroke and poses a major risk for the development of aspiration pneumonia. […] Dysphagia is preventable only to the extent that the underlying condition that caused the dysphagia is preventable. Many chronic neuromuscular conditions and diseases of connective tissue are not preventable. […] Problems swallowing (dysphagia) can be due to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The acid reflux of GERD causes narrowings in the esophagus to become inflamed and scared.

• #10 Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) – symptoms, causes and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/dysphagia

  Dysphagia is when you have trouble swallowing solids and liquids. […] There are many causes of dysphagia, and treatment depends on the cause. […] Dysphagia can be caused by problems with the: nerves and muscles that control swallowing, structures in your mouth, throat and neck, oesophagus (food pipe). […] Some of the conditions that can cause dysphagia include the following. […] Conditions that damage your brain and nerves can cause dysphagia. These can include: stroke almost 1 in 2 people who have had a stroke will have difficulty swallowing, Parkinson’s disease, motor neurone disease (MND), dementia, cerebral palsy. […] Infections in your mouth or throat can cause dysphagia. Head, neck and throat cancers can also cause dysphagia. […] Problems with your oesophagus can cause swallowing difficulties. These can include: reflux when stomach acid moves up into your oesophagus, eosinophilic oesophagitis inflammation of your oesophagus related to allergic conditions, oesophageal cancer, benign tumours or other blockages in your oesophagus.

• #11 Dysphagia (Difficulty Swallowing): Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/swallowing-problems

  Dysphagia is when you find it difficult, sometimes impossible, to swallow. […] A wide range of issues can cause dysphagia. These include: Disturbances of the brain such as those caused by Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, or ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or Lou Gehrig’s disease) […] Problems with the oral or pharynx muscle, such as from a stroke […] Loss of sphincter muscle relaxation (called achalasia) […] Contractions of the esophagus after swallowing known as diffuse spasms […] Esophageal stricture, which is when your esophagus narrows, making it difficult for food to pass. This may be caused by GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease), which can lead to tumors or scar tissue. […] Blockage in your throat or esophagus by objects such as food, which is more likely in older people who wear dentures and have trouble chewing

• #12 Dysphagia: Symptoms and Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/digestive/dysphagia

  Dysphagia is the medical term for difficulty swallowing. […] The treatment depends on the cause of the difficulty swallowing. […] Oropharyngeal dysphagia occurs when there is a problem moving food from the mouth into the throat. This swallowing disorder may occur due to a weakening of the throat muscles or a neurological problem. […] Esophageal dysphagia occurs when there is a problem moving food through the esophagus into the stomach. There may be a sensation of food getting caught in the chest or regurgitation of food. This may occur when there is a blockage or swelling in the esophagus or if there is abnormal movement of the muscles of the esophagus. […] Certain health conditions: Some muscular or neurological disorders can increase the risk of dysphagia, including stroke, Parkinsons disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and systemic sclerosis.

• #13 Swallowing difficulty: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007543.htm

  Difficulty with swallowing is the feeling that food or liquid is stuck in the throat or at any point before the food enters the stomach. This problem is also called dysphagia. […] A brain or nerve disorder can alter this fine balance in the muscles of the mouth and throat. […] Damage to the brain may be caused by multiple sclerosis, Parkinson disease, or stroke. […] Nerve damage may be due to spinal cord injuries, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrig disease), or myasthenia gravis. […] Problems that involve the esophagus often cause swallowing problems. […] An abnormal ring of tissue that forms where the esophagus and stomach meet (called Schatzki ring). […] Abnormal spasms of the esophagus muscles. […] Cancer of the esophagus. […] Failure of the muscle bundle at the bottom of the esophagus to relax (achalasia).

• #14 Dysphagia (Difficulty Swallowing): What It Is, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/21195-dysphagia-difficulty-swallowing

  Any disorder, disease or condition that impacts the muscles or nerves that help you swallow can cause dysphagia. […] Conditions and injuries affecting your brain and nervous system (the network of nerves that controls muscles and organs) that cause dysphagia include: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Brain tumors, Cerebral palsy, Dementia, Multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinsons disease. […] Conditions that prevent the muscles in your head and neck from helping you swallow include: Achalasia, Cricopharyngeal spasms, Esophageal spasms, Muscular dystrophy, Myasthenia gravis, Myositis, Scleroderma. […] Conditions that create blockages or cause your throat or esophagus to be too narrow can make it hard to swallow. Causes include: Cancer, Eosinophilic esophagitis, Esophageal diverticulum, Esophageal webs and (Schatzki) rings, GERD (acid reflux disease).

• #15 UC Davis Health | Department of Otolaryngology | Swallowing Disorders

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/otolaryngology/specialty/center-for-voice-and-swallowing/swallowing-disorders.html

  Swallowing problems are common and costly. Dysphagia is the symptom of swallowing difficulty and some of its most common causes include acid reflux disease, advancing age, neurodegenerative disease, cricopharyngeus muscle dysfunction, food allergy and head and neck cancer. […] Patients may suffer from swallowing or voice difficulties for a number of reasons, including: Stroke or other forms of acute neurological damage, Head and neck cancers, Radiation therapy to the neck, Heart surgery or other chest surgery, which may lead to vocal cord weakening or paralysis, Trauma to the throat or larynx, Tracheostomy tubes, Degenerative neurological disorders such as dementia (including Alzheimer’s disease), multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, or Lou Gehrig’s disease (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), Pharyngeal and esophageal sacs and pouches (diverticulum) and narrowing (stenosis), Age-related changes.

• #16 Swallowing Disorders and Dysphagia: Causes, Problems & Treatments

  https://www.houstonent.com/blog/swallowing-disorders-and-dysphagia-causes-problems-treatments

  The dysphagia definition is that it is a type of swallowing disorder where it takes more effort and time for you to move foods or liquids to your stomach, from your mouth. Swallowing disorders could also be linked with pain and sometimes, it may be impossible to swallow at all. […] However, if you’re experiencing persistent dysphagia, it could be an indication of a more serious medical problem or condition that requires treatment. Dysphagia can cause despair and mortality. […] There are various causes of swallowing disorders and the cause will be the deciding factor in your treatment. […] Any condition that damages or weakens the nerves and muscles you use to swallow can cause dysphagia. Numerous diseases can lead to dysphagia or swallowing problems such as: Pharynx or oral muscle dysfunction like a stroke, Brain disturbances like those caused by multiple sclerosis, Parkinsons disease or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Tumors, acid reflux or another esophageal narrowing, Achalasia (Loss of relaxation of the sphincter muscle).

• #17 Difficulty Swallowing (Dysphagia): Types, Causes & Treatment

  https://www.hoag.org/specialties-services/digestive-health/diseases-conditions/dysphagia/

  Conditions that can cause dysphagia include: Neurological disorders impacting the brain and nervous system, including: Head trauma, Stroke, Dementia […] Neurodegenerative diseases, including: Alzheimers disease, Parkinsons disease, Multiple sclerosis, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis […] Muscular/neuromuscular disorders, including: Kearns-Sayre syndrome, Metabolic myopathy, Polymyositis/dermatomyositis, Myasthenia gravis, Muscular dystrophy […] Post-surgical issues or tumors, including: Having tumors in the neck or head due to issues like mouth cancer or esophageal cancer, Previous history of neck surgery, including surgery involving the larynx, Having Zenkers diverticulum, which is a kind of pouch that can develop between the throat and esophagus if the muscle there, known as the cricopharyngeus muscle, becomes over-tightened, Having a goiter, which is caused by enlargement of the thyroid gland, Having achalasia, which is a condition in which the muscles used in swallowing lose coordination, impacting the ability to swallow. […] Other issues, including: Taking certain medications, Having chronic heartburn and acid reflux, Muscle weakness in the tongue or throat muscles, Having a cleft lip or palate.

• #18 Swallowing difficulty: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007543.htm

  Difficulty with swallowing is the feeling that food or liquid is stuck in the throat or at any point before the food enters the stomach. This problem is also called dysphagia. […] A brain or nerve disorder can alter this fine balance in the muscles of the mouth and throat. […] Damage to the brain may be caused by multiple sclerosis, Parkinson disease, or stroke. […] Nerve damage may be due to spinal cord injuries, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrig disease), or myasthenia gravis. […] Problems that involve the esophagus often cause swallowing problems. […] An abnormal ring of tissue that forms where the esophagus and stomach meet (called Schatzki ring). […] Abnormal spasms of the esophagus muscles. […] Cancer of the esophagus. […] Failure of the muscle bundle at the bottom of the esophagus to relax (achalasia).

• #19 Dysphagia in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/d/dysphagia.html

  Dysphagia means trouble swallowing. This condition happens when food or liquids cant pass easily from your childs mouth into the throat, down the esophagus, and into the stomach when swallowing. […] Swallowing problems happen when something goes wrong in 1 or more of these stages. Dysphagia can be long-term (chronic). Or it may come on suddenly. […] Chronic swallowing problems are often caused by another health problem. […] The following health problems make it more likely for a child to have problems swallowing: Being born prematurely, Cleft lip or cleft palate, Compression of the esophagus by other body parts, Dental problems, such as an overbite, Developmental delays, Diseases that affect how the nerves and muscles work, Eosinophilic esophagitis, an allergic condition that affects the esophagus, Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Having a foreign object stuck in the esophagus, such as a coin, Having a tracheostomy, which is an artificial opening in the throat for breathing, Large tongue, Large tonsils, Oral sensitivity or vocal cord irritation, which can happen if the child has been on a breathing machine (ventilator) for a long time, Problems with how the bones of the skull and the structures in the mouth and throat form (craniofacial anomalies), Problems with how the digestive tract forms, Paralysis of the vocal cords, Tumors or masses in the throat.

• #20 Dysphagia | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/f/dysphagia

  Dysphagia means difficulty with feeding or swallowing. It is a symptom, not a disease. Oral dysphagia refers to problems with using the mouth, lips and tongue to control food or liquid. Pharyngeal dysphagia refers to problems in the throat during swallowing. Dysphagia may lead to aspiration (where food or liquid gets into the lungs). […] Many conditions have associated dysphagia. These include structural problems in the mouth, throat or esophagus. These also include conditions that weaken or damage the muscles or nerves used for feeding and swallowing. […] Some common disorders related to swallowing problems in children are: Brain injury, Birth defects, Cleft palate, Cerebral palsy, Gastroesophageal disorders, including reflux, Heart or lung conditions, Head or neck cancer, Neuromuscular disease, Prematurity, Sensory problems, Stroke.

• #21 12 Causes of Difficulty Swallowing – Gastroenterologist San Antonio

  https://www.gastroconsa.com/12-causes-of-difficulty-swallowing/

  Acid that leaks into the esophagus can damage esophageal tissues, causing spasms, scarring, and narrowing of the lower esophagus. […] An immune system disease where one type of white blood cell, eosinophils, builds up in the esophagus, causing inflammation or injury. It may be related to food allergies. […] Some cancers, and radiation treatment for those cancers, can cause inflammation and scarring in the esophagus. […] A disease that causes scar-like hardening of tissues, scleroderma can weaken the muscle that keeps food in the stomach, allowing acid to back up into the esophagus. […] Multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, Parkinson’s disease, and other neurological conditions may cause difficulty swallowing. […] A stroke or injury to the brain and spinal cord can cause neurological damage that makes it difficult to swallow.

• #22 Dysphagia in Children – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=dysphagia-in-children-90-P01991

  Dysphagia means trouble swallowing. This condition happens when food or liquids cant pass easily from your childs mouth, into the throat, down the esophagus, and into the stomach when swallowing. […] Swallowing problems happen when something goes wrong in one or more of these stages. Dysphagia can be long-term (chronic). Or it may come on suddenly. […] If your child has trouble swallowing and a fever, it may be because of an infection. Chronic swallowing problems are often caused by another health problem. […] The following health problems make it more likely for a child to have problems swallowing: Being born prematurely, Cleft lip or cleft palate, Compression of the esophagus by other body parts, Dental problems, such as an overbite, Developmental delays, Diseases that affect how the nerves and muscles work, Eosinophilic esophagitis, an allergic condition that affects the esophagus, Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Having a foreign object stuck in the esophagus, such as a coin, Having a tracheostomy, which is an artificial opening in the throat for breathing, Large tongue, Large tonsils, Oral sensitivity or vocal cord irritation, which can happen if the child has been on a breathing machine (ventilator) for a long time, Problems with how the bones of the skull and the structures in the mouth and throat form (craniofacial anomalies), Problems with how the digestive tract forms, Paralysis of the vocal cords, Tumors or masses in the throat. […] If your child has chronic dysphagia or dysphagia caused by a health condition, speech or occupational therapy may help. Your child will learn exercises and feeding techniques to swallow better. […] Treatment for dysphagia depends on the cause of the condition.

• #23 Dysphagia/Difficulty Swallowing | UK Healthcare

  https://ukhealthcare.uky.edu/ear-nose-throat/services/dysphagia-difficulty-swallowing

  Dysphagia may be caused by a number of conditions. It typically occurs in older adults but may also occur in children. Sometimes the muscles and nerves that move food through your mouth, throat, and esophagus are not working as they should. […] Common causes include: Trauma to the head, neck, or spine, Brain Injury, Stroke, Radiation treatments for cancers, Diseases which affect muscle function such as Parkinsons disease, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Childhood syndromes such as Downs syndrome and cerebral palsy, Certain immune system disorders such as Sjogrens syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, Spasms in the esophagus, Narrowing of the esophagus, Blockage of the esophagus, Reflux (GERD or LPR) which may cause ulcers in the esophagus, Diverticula, which are small pockets in the esophageal wall, Tumors or masses on, or near the esophagus.

• #24 Dysphagia (Difficulty Swallowing): Causes and Treatments – BuzzRx

  https://www.buzzrx.com/blog/dysphagia-difficulty-swallowing

  Dysphagia (Difficulty Swallowing): Causes and Treatments Key Takeaways […] Dysphagia can also be a symptom of medical problems, like neurological conditions, muscle issues, and structural obstructions in the throat. […] Treatment of dysphagia depends on the underlying cause. […] Dysphagia occurs when a medical condition makes it difficult to move the food bolus or liquid from the mouth to the throat and esophagus. Possible causes include: Neuromuscular Dysfunction: Brain and spinal cord injuries. Nervous system disorders such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinsons disease, muscular dystrophy, pseudobulbar palsy, or cerebral palsy. […] Possible causes of esophageal dysphagia include: Neurological Conditions: Achalasia: a condition in which the nerves and muscles of the esophagus are damaged, making it hard to move food and liquid from the mouth to the stomach.

• #25 Dysphagia (Difficulty Swallowing): What It Is, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/21195-dysphagia-difficulty-swallowing

  Any disorder, disease or condition that impacts the muscles or nerves that help you swallow can cause dysphagia. […] Conditions and injuries affecting your brain and nervous system (the network of nerves that controls muscles and organs) that cause dysphagia include: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Brain tumors, Cerebral palsy, Dementia, Multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinsons disease. […] Conditions that prevent the muscles in your head and neck from helping you swallow include: Achalasia, Cricopharyngeal spasms, Esophageal spasms, Muscular dystrophy, Myasthenia gravis, Myositis, Scleroderma. […] Conditions that create blockages or cause your throat or esophagus to be too narrow can make it hard to swallow. Causes include: Cancer, Eosinophilic esophagitis, Esophageal diverticulum, Esophageal webs and (Schatzki) rings, GERD (acid reflux disease).

• #26 Dysphagia: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2212409-overview

  Dysphagia can be a serious health threat because of the risk of aspiration pneumonia, malnutrition, dehydration, weight loss, and airway obstruction, and it exerts a large influence on the outcome of rehabilitation (eg, length of hospital stay, mortality/morbidity). […] A number of etiologies have been attributed to dysphagia in populations with neurologic and nonneurologic conditions. […] Central nervous system (CNS) pathologies that can produce dysphagia include the following: Alzheimer disease, brain tumors, Guillain-Barr syndrome, Huntington disease, CNS infections, stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), Parkinson disease, poliomyelitis, cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). […] Dysphagia can result from sensory neuropathies affecting the laryngeal nerves.

• #27 Dysphagia: Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/177473

  Any condition that damages the part of the brain responsible for controlling swallowing can potentially lead to dysphagia. […] These conditions cause a gradual and progressive deterioration in nerve and brain function. […] Autoimmune conditions occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues, resulting in symptoms. Autoimmune diseases that can affect swallowing include multiple sclerosis (MS), myasthenia gravis, systemic lupus, and scleroderma. […] Dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing, can occur for many reasons, from dry mouth and medication side effects to autoimmune diseases and cancer.

• #28 Dysphagia: Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/177473

  Any condition that damages the part of the brain responsible for controlling swallowing can potentially lead to dysphagia. […] These conditions cause a gradual and progressive deterioration in nerve and brain function. […] Autoimmune conditions occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues, resulting in symptoms. Autoimmune diseases that can affect swallowing include multiple sclerosis (MS), myasthenia gravis, systemic lupus, and scleroderma. […] Dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing, can occur for many reasons, from dry mouth and medication side effects to autoimmune diseases and cancer.

• #29 Dysphagia: Why It’s Hard to Swallow, Treatment, and Diet

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/dysphagia-7495093

  „Dysphagia” means „difficulty swallowing.” It has many possible causes, including an underlying nerve or muscle disorder or obstructive issues like an abnormal growth within the throat or esophagus (food pipe). […] Long-term neurological conditions like Parkinson’s disease, stroke, and Alzheimer’s are common causes of oropharyngeal dysphagia. […] Neuromuscular disorders (related to muscle/nerve problems in the body), like multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), myasthenia gravis (MG), and oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) can also cause oropharyngeal dysphagia. […] Structural problems that press on or otherwise interfere with the tissues/muscles involved in swallowing are additional causes. […] Two common causes of esophageal dysphagia include: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is when stomach acid backs into the esophagus.

• #30 Swallowing Disorders in Adults

  https://www.asha.org/public/speech/swallowing/swallowing-disorders-in-adults/?srsltid=AfmBOop7Cl11f1Dppg8PSjl3Urknccbl0UEoe5Bw4M3eJzqMlSLYGigD

  Swallowing disorders can lead to health issues and social problems, like choosing not to eat meals with others. […] A swallowing disorder is also called dysphagia (dis-FAY-juh). […] Many conditions can cause swallowing problems. Some medications can cause dry mouth, which makes it hard to chew and swallow. Other causes include the following: Damage to your brain or nerves from any of these: stroke, brain injury, spinal cord injury, Parkinsons disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, or Lou Gehrigs disease), muscular dystrophy, cerebral palsy, Alzheimers disease. […] Problems with your head, neck, or mouth, such as these: cancer in your mouth, throat, or esophagus, head or neck injuries, mouth or neck surgery, bad teeth, missing teeth, or dentures that do not fit well.

• #31 Dysphagia Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

  https://www.tgh.org/institutes-and-services/conditions/dysphagia

  Dysphagia has numerous potential causes, including: […] Muscular disorders such as achalasia, cricopharyngeal spasms, esophageal spasms, muscular dystrophy, myasthenia gravis, myositis and scleroderma […] Neurological disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), brain tumors, cerebral palsy, dementia, multiple sclerosis (MS) and Parkinsons disease […] Neurological trauma from a stroke or a spinal cord injury […] Pain and inflammation caused by infections such as strep throat […] Physical blockages and structural issues that cause the throat or esophagus to tighten or narrow, including Barretts esophagus, cancerous tumors, eosinophilic esophagitis, esophageal diverticulum, esophageal rings and webs, esophageal strictures and scar tissue.

• #32

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/pages/conditions.aspx?Hwid=tp23477spec

  The muscles and nerves that help move food through the throat and esophagus are not working right. This can happen if you have: Had a stroke or a brain or spinal cord injury. Certain problems with your nervous system, such as post-polio syndrome, multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, or Parkinson’s disease. An immune system problem that causes swelling (or inflammation) and weakness, such as polymyositis or dermatomyositis. Esophageal spasm. This means that the muscles of the esophagus suddenly squeeze. Sometimes this can prevent food from reaching the stomach. Scleroderma. In this condition, tissues of the esophagus become hard and narrow. Scleroderma can also make the lower esophageal muscle weak, which may cause food and stomach acid to come back up into your throat and mouth. […] Something is blocking your throat or esophagus. This may happen if you: Have gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). When stomach acid backs up regularly into your esophagus, it can cause ulcers in the esophagus, which can then cause scars to form. These scars can make your esophagus narrower. Have esophagitis. This is inflammation of the esophagus. This can be caused by different problems, such as GERD or having an infection or getting a pill stuck in the esophagus. It can also be caused by an allergic reaction to food or things in the air. Have diverticula. These are small sacs in the walls of the esophagus or the throat. Have esophageal tumours. These growths in the esophagus may be cancerous or not cancerous. Have masses outside the esophagus, such as lymph nodes, tumours, or bone spurs on the vertebrae that press on your esophagus.

• #33 What causes dysphagia? | Albany Surgical, P.C.

  https://albanysurgical.com/dysphagia-causes

  What causes dysphagia? […] When any one of these systems does not work as it should, your swallowing coordination breaks down. […] These issues can be caused by diseases such as Parkinson’s, ALS, Alzheimer’s, MS, Stroke, COPD, CHF, GERD, Diabetes, Cancer Treatments, and Head and Neck Surgery. […] Dysphagia may also be caused by any post surgery that required anesthesia.

• #34 Dysphagia (Difficulty Swallowing): What It Is, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/21195-dysphagia-difficulty-swallowing

  Any disorder, disease or condition that impacts the muscles or nerves that help you swallow can cause dysphagia. […] Conditions and injuries affecting your brain and nervous system (the network of nerves that controls muscles and organs) that cause dysphagia include: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Brain tumors, Cerebral palsy, Dementia, Multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinsons disease. […] Conditions that prevent the muscles in your head and neck from helping you swallow include: Achalasia, Cricopharyngeal spasms, Esophageal spasms, Muscular dystrophy, Myasthenia gravis, Myositis, Scleroderma. […] Conditions that create blockages or cause your throat or esophagus to be too narrow can make it hard to swallow. Causes include: Cancer, Eosinophilic esophagitis, Esophageal diverticulum, Esophageal webs and (Schatzki) rings, GERD (acid reflux disease).

• #35 Difficulty Swallowing – Digestive Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/digestive-disorders/symptoms-of-digestive-disorders/difficulty-swallowing

  Brain and nervous system disorders that cause difficulty swallowing include stroke, Parkinson disease, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). […] General muscle disorders that cause difficulty swallowing include myasthenia gravis, dermatomyositis, and muscular dystrophy. […] A physical blockage of the esophagus can result from cancer of the esophagus, rings or webs of tissue across the inside of the esophagus, and scarring of the esophagus from chronic acid reflux or from swallowing a caustic liquid. […] Esophageal motility disorders include achalasia (in which the rhythmic contractions of the esophagus are greatly decreased and the lower esophageal muscle does not relax normally to allow food to pass into the stomach) and esophageal spasm.

• #36 End of Life Care in Frailty: Dysphagia | British Geriatrics Society

  https://www.bgs.org.uk/resources/end-of-life-care-in-frailty-dysphagia

  Dysphagia refers to difficulty swallowing. It can be temporary, or it can be a permanent condition that may or may not deteriorate over time, depending on the aetiology. […] Dysphagia can be caused by neurological conditions such as stroke, progressive conditions (such as Parkinsons disease and dementia), obstructive conditions (such as oesophageal stricture), and muscular causes (such as achalasia and sarcopenia). […] A large proportion of those with a progressive neurological disease will develop oropharyngeal dysphagia as the condition progresses. […] In the frail and ageing population, the experience of swallowing difficulty is common. Up to 50% of this group are affected by sarcopenia (loss of muscle mass). Dysphagia can occur as a result of loss of swallowing muscle mass and function.

• #37 Dysphagia (Difficulty Swallowing): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/digestive-health/difficulty-swallowing-dysphagia

  Eosinophilic oesophagitis is an increasingly common cause of difficulty swallowing. […] Dysphagia is often the first symptom and is caused by the cancer growing and narrowing the passage in the oesophagus. […] Conditions which affect the smooth muscle or connective tissues of the oesophagus, preventing it from working properly, can cause difficulty swallowing. […] Pressure from structures next to the oesophagus can sometimes affect the function of the oesophagus to cause dysphagia. […] Swallowing disorders may make it difficult to take in enough food and/or drink, resulting in malnutrition or lack of fluid in the body (dehydration). […] It leads to a risk of food 'going down the wrong way’ (aspiration) towards the lungs instead of the stomach.

• #38

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/pages/conditions.aspx?Hwid=tp23477spec

  The muscles and nerves that help move food through the throat and esophagus are not working right. This can happen if you have: Had a stroke or a brain or spinal cord injury. Certain problems with your nervous system, such as post-polio syndrome, multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, or Parkinson’s disease. An immune system problem that causes swelling (or inflammation) and weakness, such as polymyositis or dermatomyositis. Esophageal spasm. This means that the muscles of the esophagus suddenly squeeze. Sometimes this can prevent food from reaching the stomach. Scleroderma. In this condition, tissues of the esophagus become hard and narrow. Scleroderma can also make the lower esophageal muscle weak, which may cause food and stomach acid to come back up into your throat and mouth. […] Something is blocking your throat or esophagus. This may happen if you: Have gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). When stomach acid backs up regularly into your esophagus, it can cause ulcers in the esophagus, which can then cause scars to form. These scars can make your esophagus narrower. Have esophagitis. This is inflammation of the esophagus. This can be caused by different problems, such as GERD or having an infection or getting a pill stuck in the esophagus. It can also be caused by an allergic reaction to food or things in the air. Have diverticula. These are small sacs in the walls of the esophagus or the throat. Have esophageal tumours. These growths in the esophagus may be cancerous or not cancerous. Have masses outside the esophagus, such as lymph nodes, tumours, or bone spurs on the vertebrae that press on your esophagus.

• #39 Dysphagia: Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/177473

  Any condition that damages the part of the brain responsible for controlling swallowing can potentially lead to dysphagia. […] These conditions cause a gradual and progressive deterioration in nerve and brain function. […] Autoimmune conditions occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues, resulting in symptoms. Autoimmune diseases that can affect swallowing include multiple sclerosis (MS), myasthenia gravis, systemic lupus, and scleroderma. […] Dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing, can occur for many reasons, from dry mouth and medication side effects to autoimmune diseases and cancer.

• #40 Dysphagia (Difficulty Swallowing): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/digestive-health/difficulty-swallowing-dysphagia

  Eosinophilic oesophagitis is an increasingly common cause of difficulty swallowing. […] Dysphagia is often the first symptom and is caused by the cancer growing and narrowing the passage in the oesophagus. […] Conditions which affect the smooth muscle or connective tissues of the oesophagus, preventing it from working properly, can cause difficulty swallowing. […] Pressure from structures next to the oesophagus can sometimes affect the function of the oesophagus to cause dysphagia. […] Swallowing disorders may make it difficult to take in enough food and/or drink, resulting in malnutrition or lack of fluid in the body (dehydration). […] It leads to a risk of food 'going down the wrong way’ (aspiration) towards the lungs instead of the stomach.

• #41 Swallowing difficulty: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007543.htm

  Difficulty with swallowing is the feeling that food or liquid is stuck in the throat or at any point before the food enters the stomach. This problem is also called dysphagia. […] A brain or nerve disorder can alter this fine balance in the muscles of the mouth and throat. […] Damage to the brain may be caused by multiple sclerosis, Parkinson disease, or stroke. […] Nerve damage may be due to spinal cord injuries, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrig disease), or myasthenia gravis. […] Problems that involve the esophagus often cause swallowing problems. […] An abnormal ring of tissue that forms where the esophagus and stomach meet (called Schatzki ring). […] Abnormal spasms of the esophagus muscles. […] Cancer of the esophagus. […] Failure of the muscle bundle at the bottom of the esophagus to relax (achalasia).

• #42 Dysphagia: Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/177473

  Any condition that damages the part of the brain responsible for controlling swallowing can potentially lead to dysphagia. […] These conditions cause a gradual and progressive deterioration in nerve and brain function. […] Autoimmune conditions occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues, resulting in symptoms. Autoimmune diseases that can affect swallowing include multiple sclerosis (MS), myasthenia gravis, systemic lupus, and scleroderma. […] Dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing, can occur for many reasons, from dry mouth and medication side effects to autoimmune diseases and cancer.

• #43 Dysphagia (Difficulty Swallowing) – Causes and Treatments

  https://www.uchealth.com/en/conditions/dysphagia

  Here are some common causes: Stroke: Can lead to muscle weakness or paralysis, affecting the swallowing muscles. Dementia: Impairs coordination and cognitive function, disrupting the swallowing process. Neurodegenerative Disorders: Conditions such as Parkinson’s Disease, ALS, and Multiple Sclerosis cause the nerves and muscles to degenerate, affecting swallowing. Head and Neck Cancer: Tumors or treatments can obstruct or damage the structures involved in swallowing. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): Stomach acid backing up into the esophagus can cause damage, leading to swallowing problems. Eosinophilic Esophagitis: An allergic condition that inflames the esophagus, causing difficulties in swallowing. Head Injury: Trauma can affect the brain’s control over swallowing muscles. Sjogren’s Syndrome: Causes reduced saliva production, leading to swallowing difficulties. Diverticulum: Pouches that form in the esophagus can trap food and cause swallowing issues. Muscular Dystrophies: Cause progressive muscle weakness, affecting the muscles involved in swallowing. Esophageal Cancer or Blockage: Obstructs the esophagus, preventing the smooth passage of food. Esophageal Motility Disorders: Affect the muscle contractions needed to move food through the esophagus. […] Understanding the underlying cause is crucial for the effective treatment and management of dysphagia.

• #44 Difficulty Swallowing (Dysphagia) – Women’s Health – Associates for Women’s Medicine – Syracuse NY Gynecologist, Gynecology, Obstetrics, OBGYN, OB Physicians, Syracuse New York, Fayetteville, North Syracuse, LiverpoolDifficulty Swallowing (Dysphagia)

  https://www.afwomensmed.com/health-library/hw-view.php?DOCHWID=tp23477spec

  The muscles and nerves that help move food through the throat and esophagus are not working right. This can happen if you have: Had a stroke or a brain or spinal cord injury. Certain problems with your nervous system, such as post-polio syndrome, multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, or Parkinson’s disease. An immune system problem that causes swelling (or inflammation) and weakness, such as polymyositis or dermatomyositis. Esophageal spasm. This means that the muscles of the esophagus suddenly squeeze. Sometimes this can prevent food from reaching the stomach. Scleroderma. In this condition, tissues of the esophagus become hard and narrow. Scleroderma can also make the lower esophageal muscle weak, which may cause food and stomach acid to come back up into your throat and mouth. […] Something is blocking your throat or esophagus. This may happen if you: Have gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). When stomach acid backs up regularly into your esophagus, it can cause ulcers in the esophagus, which can then cause scars to form. These scars can make your esophagus narrower. Have esophagitis. This is inflammation of the esophagus. This can be caused by different problems, such as GERD or having an infection or getting a pill stuck in the esophagus. It can also be caused by an allergic reaction to food or things in the air. Have diverticula. These are small sacs in the walls of the esophagus or the throat. Have esophageal tumors. These growths in the esophagus may be cancerous or not cancerous. Have masses outside the esophagus, such as lymph nodes, tumors, or bone spurs on the vertebrae that press on your esophagus. […] A dry mouth can make dysphagia worse. This is because you may not have enough saliva to help move food out of your mouth and through your esophagus. A dry mouth can be caused by medicines or another health problem.

• #45 Dysphagia: Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/177473

  Any condition that damages the part of the brain responsible for controlling swallowing can potentially lead to dysphagia. […] These conditions cause a gradual and progressive deterioration in nerve and brain function. […] Autoimmune conditions occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues, resulting in symptoms. Autoimmune diseases that can affect swallowing include multiple sclerosis (MS), myasthenia gravis, systemic lupus, and scleroderma. […] Dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing, can occur for many reasons, from dry mouth and medication side effects to autoimmune diseases and cancer.

• #46 Dysphagia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559174/

  Dysphagia is a common problem, particularly in the elderly population. The underlying etiology may be a mechanical obstruction or a motility disorder. Anatomical, neuromuscular, infectious, and inflammatory diseases may all present with or contribute to dysphagia. […] Dysphagia may be caused by mechanical obstruction of the esophagus or a motility disorder. Mechanical obstruction is characterized primarily by dysphagia with solids, whereas motility disorders have dysphagia for both solids and liquids. […] Several rheumatological disorders are known to cause dysphagia via multiple mechanisms. […] Several pharmaceuticals may contribute to the severity of dysphagia. The mechanisms by which these drugs may cause dysphagia include xerostomia and changes in esophageal motility. […] Dysphagia may be acute or chronic and can be oropharyngeal, esophageal, or mixed. There are many underlying etiologies of dysphagia. […] The prognosis of dysphagia depends upon the underlying etiology. For example, dysphagia in stroke patients normalizes gradually, from 3 weeks to approximately 6 months or longer. Dysphagia due to achalasia or mechanical obstruction may resolve with surgical intervention.

• #47 Dysphagia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dysphagia/symptoms-causes/syc-20372028

  Dysphagia is a medical term for difficulty swallowing. Dysphagia can happen at any age, but it’s more common in older adults. The causes of swallowing problems vary, and treatment depends on the cause. […] Any condition that weakens or damages these muscles and nerves or causes narrowing of the back of the throat or esophagus can cause dysphagia. […] Dysphagia generally falls into one of the following categories. […] Esophageal dysphagia refers to the sensation of food sticking or getting caught in the base of the throat or in the chest after swallowing begins. Some causes of esophageal dysphagia include: Achalasia is a condition that leads to trouble swallowing. […] A narrowed esophagus. Known as a stricture, a narrowed esophagus can trap large pieces of food. […] Esophageal tumors. Difficulty swallowing tends to get progressively worse when esophageal tumors are present.

• #48 Swallowing difficulty: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007543.htm

  Scarring that narrows the esophagus called an esophageal stricture. This may be due to radiation, chemicals, medicines, chronic swelling, ulcers, infection, or esophageal reflux. […] Scleroderma, a disorder in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the esophagus. […] Tumors in the chest that press on the esophagus. […] Plummer-Vinson syndrome, a rare disease in which webs of mucosal membrane grows across the opening of the esophagus. […] Eosinophilic esophagitis.

• #49 Swallowing difficulty: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007543.htm

  Difficulty with swallowing is the feeling that food or liquid is stuck in the throat or at any point before the food enters the stomach. This problem is also called dysphagia. […] A brain or nerve disorder can alter this fine balance in the muscles of the mouth and throat. […] Damage to the brain may be caused by multiple sclerosis, Parkinson disease, or stroke. […] Nerve damage may be due to spinal cord injuries, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrig disease), or myasthenia gravis. […] Problems that involve the esophagus often cause swallowing problems. […] An abnormal ring of tissue that forms where the esophagus and stomach meet (called Schatzki ring). […] Abnormal spasms of the esophagus muscles. […] Cancer of the esophagus. […] Failure of the muscle bundle at the bottom of the esophagus to relax (achalasia).

• #50 Dysphagia (Difficulty Swallowing) | University of Michigan Health

  https://www.uofmhealth.org/conditions-treatments/digestive-and-liver-health/dysphagia-difficulty-swallowing

  Dysphagia means difficulty swallowing food or liquids. There are many causes, including problems in the coordination or strength of the swallowing muscles, inflammatory conditions, benign narrowings of the esophagus called strictures, and cancers. […] Chronic recurrent issues of choking or coughing related to dysphagia can result in pneumonia. […] Causes include disorders of motility such as achalasia, neurologic conditions such as a stroke, Parkinson’s, and muscular conditions such as scleroderma, myositis, or non-specific muscle weakness or poor coordination. […] Narrowings (strictures) of the esophagus can be due to cancer of the esophagus or throat, benign strictures, or uncommon conditions like a paraesophageal hernia or ingestion of caustic substances.

• #51

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=tp23477spec

  Have esophagitis. This is inflammation of the esophagus. This can be caused by different problems, such as GERD or having an infection or getting a pill stuck in the esophagus. It can also be caused by an allergic reaction to food or things in the air. […] Have diverticula. These are small sacs in the walls of the esophagus or the throat. […] Have esophageal tumours. These growths in the esophagus may be cancerous or not cancerous. […] Have masses outside the esophagus, such as lymph nodes, tumours, or bone spurs on the vertebrae that press on your esophagus. […] A dry mouth can make dysphagia worse. This is because you may not have enough saliva to help move food out of your mouth and through your esophagus. A dry mouth can be caused by medicines or another health problem. […] Your treatment will depend on what is causing your dysphagia. Treatment for dysphagia includes:

• #52 12 Causes of Difficulty Swallowing – Gastroenterologist San Antonio

  https://www.gastroconsa.com/12-causes-of-difficulty-swallowing/

  This disorder causes a pouch of tissue to form in the throat where food can get stuck and cause difficulty swallowing. […] An underactive thyroid gland can swell and put pressure on the esophagus, making it feel like there is food stuck in your throat. […] Difficulty swallowing is most common in older adults but can affect people of any age.

• #53 Dysphagia (Difficulty Swallowing): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/digestive-health/difficulty-swallowing-dysphagia

  Eosinophilic oesophagitis is an increasingly common cause of difficulty swallowing. […] Dysphagia is often the first symptom and is caused by the cancer growing and narrowing the passage in the oesophagus. […] Conditions which affect the smooth muscle or connective tissues of the oesophagus, preventing it from working properly, can cause difficulty swallowing. […] Pressure from structures next to the oesophagus can sometimes affect the function of the oesophagus to cause dysphagia. […] Swallowing disorders may make it difficult to take in enough food and/or drink, resulting in malnutrition or lack of fluid in the body (dehydration). […] It leads to a risk of food 'going down the wrong way’ (aspiration) towards the lungs instead of the stomach.

• #54 Difficulty Swallowing (Dysphagia): Causes, Types & Symptoms

  https://www.healthline.com/health/difficulty-in-swallowing

  Some health conditions can make swallowing foods or liquids more difficult. […] Dysphagia is the medical name for difficulty swallowing. […] According to the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), there are 50 pairs of muscles and nerves used to help you swallow. In other words, there are lots of things that can go wrong and lead to problems swallowing. Some conditions related to difficulty swallowing include: Acid reflux and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). […] Esophageal cancer occurs when a malignant (cancerous) tumor forms in the lining of the esophagus, which can cause difficulty swallowing. […] Other medical conditions that may produce swallowing problems as a result of either the condition or its treatment include: stroke, dementia, head, neck, or throat cancer, history of radiation or chemotherapy in the neck or throat for cancer, head injury, neurological disorders, such as Parkinsons disease, muscular dystrophy. […] Dysphagia, the medical term for swallowing difficulty, can result from many different medical conditions or their treatments. It may be temporary or a lifelong condition.

• #55 Dysphagia (Difficulty Swallowing): Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/swallowing-problems

  Dysphagia is when you find it difficult, sometimes impossible, to swallow. […] A wide range of issues can cause dysphagia. These include: Disturbances of the brain such as those caused by Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, or ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or Lou Gehrig’s disease) […] Problems with the oral or pharynx muscle, such as from a stroke […] Loss of sphincter muscle relaxation (called achalasia) […] Contractions of the esophagus after swallowing known as diffuse spasms […] Esophageal stricture, which is when your esophagus narrows, making it difficult for food to pass. This may be caused by GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease), which can lead to tumors or scar tissue. […] Blockage in your throat or esophagus by objects such as food, which is more likely in older people who wear dentures and have trouble chewing

• #56 Dysphagia in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/d/dysphagia.html

  Dysphagia means trouble swallowing. This condition happens when food or liquids cant pass easily from your childs mouth into the throat, down the esophagus, and into the stomach when swallowing. […] Swallowing problems happen when something goes wrong in 1 or more of these stages. Dysphagia can be long-term (chronic). Or it may come on suddenly. […] Chronic swallowing problems are often caused by another health problem. […] The following health problems make it more likely for a child to have problems swallowing: Being born prematurely, Cleft lip or cleft palate, Compression of the esophagus by other body parts, Dental problems, such as an overbite, Developmental delays, Diseases that affect how the nerves and muscles work, Eosinophilic esophagitis, an allergic condition that affects the esophagus, Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Having a foreign object stuck in the esophagus, such as a coin, Having a tracheostomy, which is an artificial opening in the throat for breathing, Large tongue, Large tonsils, Oral sensitivity or vocal cord irritation, which can happen if the child has been on a breathing machine (ventilator) for a long time, Problems with how the bones of the skull and the structures in the mouth and throat form (craniofacial anomalies), Problems with how the digestive tract forms, Paralysis of the vocal cords, Tumors or masses in the throat.

• #57 Dysphagia (swallowing problems)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/swallowing-problems-dysphagia/

  Dysphagia is where you have problems swallowing. It’s usually caused by certain medicines or another condition, such as acid reflux or a stroke. […] Dysphagia is usually caused by another health condition and can happen at any age. […] Common causes of swallowing problems include: some medicines, such as antipsychotics; having a learning disability; a cleft lip and palate in babies; heartburn and acid reflux, especially in children or people who have gastro-oesophageal reflux disease; problems with your breathing caused by conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); a condition that affects the nervous system or brain, such as cerebral palsy, a stroke, dementia or multiple sclerosis; cancer, such as mouth cancer or oesophageal cancer.

• #58 Dysphagia in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/d/dysphagia.html

  Dysphagia means trouble swallowing. This condition happens when food or liquids cant pass easily from your childs mouth into the throat, down the esophagus, and into the stomach when swallowing. […] Swallowing problems happen when something goes wrong in 1 or more of these stages. Dysphagia can be long-term (chronic). Or it may come on suddenly. […] Chronic swallowing problems are often caused by another health problem. […] The following health problems make it more likely for a child to have problems swallowing: Being born prematurely, Cleft lip or cleft palate, Compression of the esophagus by other body parts, Dental problems, such as an overbite, Developmental delays, Diseases that affect how the nerves and muscles work, Eosinophilic esophagitis, an allergic condition that affects the esophagus, Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Having a foreign object stuck in the esophagus, such as a coin, Having a tracheostomy, which is an artificial opening in the throat for breathing, Large tongue, Large tonsils, Oral sensitivity or vocal cord irritation, which can happen if the child has been on a breathing machine (ventilator) for a long time, Problems with how the bones of the skull and the structures in the mouth and throat form (craniofacial anomalies), Problems with how the digestive tract forms, Paralysis of the vocal cords, Tumors or masses in the throat.

• #59 Dysphagia – Pathophysiology of Swallowing Dysfunction, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/jor/journal-of-otolaryngology-and-rhinology-jor-5-063.php?jid=jor

  Difficulty swallowing is called dysphagia. There is a wide range of potential causes of dysphagia. Because there are many reasons why dysphagia can occur, treatment depends on the underlying cause. Thorough examination is important, and implementation of a treatment strategy should be based on evaluation by a multidisciplinary team. […] Swallowing is a complex process and many disturbances in oropharyngeal and esophageal physiology including neurologic deficits, obstruction, fibrosis, structural damage or congenital and developmental conditions can result in dysphagia. […] Various reasons for this type of dysphagia can be: Bad teeth, Problems with the jaw, Xerostomia – dry mouth, Tumors – cavum oris cancer, pharyngeal or laryngeal cancer, Masses outside the pharynx, such as osteophytosis on the vertebrae that press on pharynx, Complication of head or neck surgery, Radiation leading to fibrosis, structural, mechanical, and neurologic deficits, Stroke or some neurological disease like Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis or ALS, Scleroderma – a rheumatic disease leading to a thickening, fibrosis and scarring of tissue, Immune system diseases such as polymyositis, Cricopharyngeal dysfunction- can result in material remaining in posterior pharynx with risk of aspiration of material into the airway after the swallow, Age-related changes in swallow function.

• #60 Dysphagia (Difficulty Swallowing): Types, Treatment, Causes, Symptoms & Diet

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/dysphagia_swallowing_problems/article_em.htm

  Dysphagia means difficulty swallowing. Odynophagia means painful swallowing. Sometimes it is not easy for individuals to distinguish between these two problems. […] Nevertheless, it is important to attempt to distinguish between the two because the causes of each may be quite different. […] Some conditions associated with dysphagia affect the area of the lower throat, primarily conditions in which there are abnormalities of nerves or muscles that control the function of the throat. […] Dysphagia can result from abnormalities in any of the complex steps necessary for swallowing. The process of swallowing has three stages. […] Dysphagia has many causes. First, there may be a physical (anatomical) obstruction to the passage of food. Second, there may be abnormalities in the function (functional abnormalities) of the nerves of the brain, throat, and esophagus whose normal function is necessary to coordinate swallowing. Finally, there also may be abnormalities of the muscles of the throat and esophagus themselves.

• #61 Trouble swallowing? Dysphagia insights for cancer patients | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/dysphagia-in-cancer-patients–what-to-know-causes-diagnosis-prevention-treatment.h00-159305412.html

  Dysphagia is the medical term for having trouble swallowing. In cancer patients, it can be caused by the tumor itself (usually in head and neck cancers) which blocks or narrows the food passage or as a side effect of treatment. […] A tumor in the head or neck can interfere with the ability of the lips, tongue, or throat muscles to move food around the mouth so that it can be chewed and passed to the esophagus. In other cases, the tumor may block the throat so that food and/or liquid cannot pass through it. […] Radiation therapy can also cause swallowing problems. The effects of radiation including scarring and fibrosis build over time, and can reduce the ability of the throat muscles to function properly, even long after treatment is finished. Radiation can also cause narrowing of the swallowing passage a problem known as „stricture.”

• #62 Dysphagia – Gastrointestinal Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/esophageal-and-swallowing-disorders/dysphagia

  Dysphagia is difficulty swallowing. The condition results from impeded transport of liquids, solids, or both from the pharynx to the stomach. Dysphagia is classified as oropharyngeal or esophageal, depending on where it occurs. Oropharyngeal dysphagia is difficulty emptying material from the oropharynx into the esophagus; it results from abnormal function proximal to the esophagus. Most often, oropharyngeal dysphagia occurs in patients with neurologic conditions or muscular disorders that affect skeletal muscles. […] Esophageal dysphagia is difficulty passing food down the esophagus. It results from either a motility disorder or a mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia that occurs in conjunction with an acute neurologic event is likely the result of that event; new dysphagia in a patient with a stable, long-standing neurologic disorder may have another etiology. Dysphagia for solids alone suggests mechanical obstruction; however, a problem with both solids and liquids is nonspecific.

• #63 Dysphagia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dysphagia/symptoms-causes/syc-20372028

  Dysphagia is a medical term for difficulty swallowing. Dysphagia can happen at any age, but it’s more common in older adults. The causes of swallowing problems vary, and treatment depends on the cause. […] Any condition that weakens or damages these muscles and nerves or causes narrowing of the back of the throat or esophagus can cause dysphagia. […] Dysphagia generally falls into one of the following categories. […] Esophageal dysphagia refers to the sensation of food sticking or getting caught in the base of the throat or in the chest after swallowing begins. Some causes of esophageal dysphagia include: Achalasia is a condition that leads to trouble swallowing. […] A narrowed esophagus. Known as a stricture, a narrowed esophagus can trap large pieces of food. […] Esophageal tumors. Difficulty swallowing tends to get progressively worse when esophageal tumors are present.

• #64 Swallowing difficulty: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007543.htm

  Difficulty with swallowing is the feeling that food or liquid is stuck in the throat or at any point before the food enters the stomach. This problem is also called dysphagia. […] A brain or nerve disorder can alter this fine balance in the muscles of the mouth and throat. […] Damage to the brain may be caused by multiple sclerosis, Parkinson disease, or stroke. […] Nerve damage may be due to spinal cord injuries, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrig disease), or myasthenia gravis. […] Problems that involve the esophagus often cause swallowing problems. […] An abnormal ring of tissue that forms where the esophagus and stomach meet (called Schatzki ring). […] Abnormal spasms of the esophagus muscles. […] Cancer of the esophagus. […] Failure of the muscle bundle at the bottom of the esophagus to relax (achalasia).

• #65 12 Causes of Difficulty Swallowing – Gastroenterologist San Antonio

  https://www.gastroconsa.com/12-causes-of-difficulty-swallowing/

  Difficulty swallowing is known as dysphagia and if you’ve experienced it, you know how frightening it can be. […] There are many causes for difficulty swallowing, including neurological or muscular issues and blockages. Some are temporary, and others are chronic. […] Here are some common and some not-so-common conditions that can lead to difficulty swallowing. […] When the muscle that lets food into the stomach doesn’t relax at the right time, food can come back up. […] Muscles in the walls of the lower esophagus can spasm, usually after swallowing, causing poorly coordinated contractions in the esophagus. […] Food or any foreign substance can get stuck and partially block the throat or esophagus. […] A thin ring of tissue just above the stomach that’s narrower than the rest of the esophagus. It can be congenital (Schatzki’s ring) or due to scarring caused by gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

• #66 Swallowing Disorders/Dysphagia | Columbia Surgery

  https://columbiasurgery.org/conditions-and-treatments/swallowing-disordersdysphagia

  Difficulty swallowing, also called dysphagia, may indicate a problem in the throat or esophagus. There are many causes of dysphagia, including the following: […] Causes of dysphagia may be varied, but in general fall in two categories: Muscles and nerves in the esophagus are not working properly, or there may be a blockage in the esophagus. […] Impairment of esophageal function may be caused by conditions including: Stroke or spinal injury, Nervous system disorders such as multiple sclerosis, multiple dystrophy, or Parkinsons disease, Inflammatory immune disorders, Spasms of the esophagus (DES), Scleroderma. […] Blockages of the esophagus may be caused by: GERD related ulcers/ scar tissue in the esophagus, Inflammation of the esophagus (esophagitis), which can have various causes such as GERD, allergic reaction, or obstruction by a pill or food, Diverticula, Esophageal tumors, Masses outside the esophagus that constrict the esophagus.

• #67 Swallowing Disorders/Dysphagia | Columbia Surgery

  https://columbiasurgery.org/conditions-and-treatments/swallowing-disordersdysphagia

  Symptoms of DES include chest pain that can worsen during meals or when consuming hot foods or liquids. Patients also experience difficulty swallowing, experience heartburn, and may regurgitate food. […] Symptoms of nutcracker esophagus include chest pain, difficulty swallowing, and heartburn. […] If the esophagus is affected by scleroderma, symptoms include difficulty swallowing, GERD, chest pain, and an acid taste in the mouth.

• #68 Dysphagia (Difficulty Swallowing): What It Is, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/21195-dysphagia-difficulty-swallowing

  Any disorder, disease or condition that impacts the muscles or nerves that help you swallow can cause dysphagia. […] Conditions and injuries affecting your brain and nervous system (the network of nerves that controls muscles and organs) that cause dysphagia include: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Brain tumors, Cerebral palsy, Dementia, Multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinsons disease. […] Conditions that prevent the muscles in your head and neck from helping you swallow include: Achalasia, Cricopharyngeal spasms, Esophageal spasms, Muscular dystrophy, Myasthenia gravis, Myositis, Scleroderma. […] Conditions that create blockages or cause your throat or esophagus to be too narrow can make it hard to swallow. Causes include: Cancer, Eosinophilic esophagitis, Esophageal diverticulum, Esophageal webs and (Schatzki) rings, GERD (acid reflux disease).

• #69 Dysphagia – Gastrointestinal Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/esophageal-and-swallowing-disorders/dysphagia

  Dysphagia is difficulty swallowing. The condition results from impeded transport of liquids, solids, or both from the pharynx to the stomach. Dysphagia is classified as oropharyngeal or esophageal, depending on where it occurs. Oropharyngeal dysphagia is difficulty emptying material from the oropharynx into the esophagus; it results from abnormal function proximal to the esophagus. Most often, oropharyngeal dysphagia occurs in patients with neurologic conditions or muscular disorders that affect skeletal muscles. […] Esophageal dysphagia is difficulty passing food down the esophagus. It results from either a motility disorder or a mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia that occurs in conjunction with an acute neurologic event is likely the result of that event; new dysphagia in a patient with a stable, long-standing neurologic disorder may have another etiology. Dysphagia for solids alone suggests mechanical obstruction; however, a problem with both solids and liquids is nonspecific.

• #70 Swallowing Disorders and Dysphagia: Causes, Problems & Treatments

  https://www.houstonent.com/blog/swallowing-disorders-and-dysphagia-causes-problems-treatments

  Dysphagia treatments will depend on the cause or type of your swallowing problem. […] If GERD is causing your dysphagia, the doctor may prescribe you an oral medication that reduces the acid in your stomach. […] If your swallowing disorder is preventing you from effectively eating and drinking, your doctor might suggest: A feeding tube that bypasses the abnormal part of your swallowing mechanism, A special liquid diet to avoid dehydration and maintain a healthy weight. […] Surgery can help mitigate swallowing issues throat blockages or narrowing causes such as: Vocal cord paralysis, Bony outgrowths, Esophageal cancer, Pharyngoesophageal diverticulum, Achalasia, GERD. […] The type of surgery your doctor recommends will depend on what’s causing your dysphagia.

• #71 Dysphagia: Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/177473

  Dysphagia is the medical term for difficulty swallowing. […] There is a wide range of potential causes of dysphagia. […] A dry mouth, or xerostomia, can make it harder to swallow. Potential causes of dry mouth include dehydration, anxiety, certain medications, diabetes, nerve damage, HIV, chemotherapy or immunotherapy, and radiation therapy, which can damage the salivary glands. […] Swelling of the mouth, throat, or esophagus can cause dysphagia. This may occur due to infections, allergic reactions, or irritation from other causes. […] Esophagitis, or inflammation of the esophagus, can also occur due to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). This causes frequent acid reflux, which is when stomach acid moves back upward into the esophagus. […] Physical differences in the size or structure of the mouth, throat, or esophagus can lead to problems swallowing.

• #72 Dysphagia: Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/177473

  Dysphagia is the medical term for difficulty swallowing. […] There is a wide range of potential causes of dysphagia. […] A dry mouth, or xerostomia, can make it harder to swallow. Potential causes of dry mouth include dehydration, anxiety, certain medications, diabetes, nerve damage, HIV, chemotherapy or immunotherapy, and radiation therapy, which can damage the salivary glands. […] Swelling of the mouth, throat, or esophagus can cause dysphagia. This may occur due to infections, allergic reactions, or irritation from other causes. […] Esophagitis, or inflammation of the esophagus, can also occur due to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). This causes frequent acid reflux, which is when stomach acid moves back upward into the esophagus. […] Physical differences in the size or structure of the mouth, throat, or esophagus can lead to problems swallowing.

• #73 12 Causes of Difficulty Swallowing – Gastroenterologist San Antonio

  https://www.gastroconsa.com/12-causes-of-difficulty-swallowing/

  Acid that leaks into the esophagus can damage esophageal tissues, causing spasms, scarring, and narrowing of the lower esophagus. […] An immune system disease where one type of white blood cell, eosinophils, builds up in the esophagus, causing inflammation or injury. It may be related to food allergies. […] Some cancers, and radiation treatment for those cancers, can cause inflammation and scarring in the esophagus. […] A disease that causes scar-like hardening of tissues, scleroderma can weaken the muscle that keeps food in the stomach, allowing acid to back up into the esophagus. […] Multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, Parkinson’s disease, and other neurological conditions may cause difficulty swallowing. […] A stroke or injury to the brain and spinal cord can cause neurological damage that makes it difficult to swallow.

• #74 Dysphagia: Why It’s Hard to Swallow, Treatment, and Diet

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/dysphagia-7495093

  Eosinophilic esophagitis is a chronic inflammatory condition associated with a buildup of eosinophils (type of white blood cell) in the esophagus. […] Structural problems or anything that physically blocks the esophagus can also cause dysphagia. […] Pill-induced esophagitis is another reason for esophageal dysphagia. […] Lastly, while rare, an esophagus infection or esophageal motility disorder like achalasia can cause dysphagia. […] Dysphagia can be acute or chronic, depending on the fundamental cause. […] Neurological or neuromuscular conditions, like stroke, Parkinson’s disease, and ALS, are examples of chronic causes of dysphagia. […] There are numerous causes of dysphagia depending on where the swallowing impairment is located (e.g., mouth, throat, or food pipe) and whether other factors are present, notably an underlying condition (e.g., acid reflux or stroke).

• #75 Dysphagia: Evaluation and Collaborative Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0115/p97.html

  Dysphagia is common but may be underreported. […] Oropharyngeal dysphagia manifests as difficulty initiating swallowing, coughing, choking, or aspiration, and it is most commonly caused by chronic neurologic conditions such as stroke, Parkinson disease, or dementia. […] Patients with esophageal dysphagia may report a sensation of food getting stuck after swallowing. This condition is most commonly caused by gastroesophageal reflux disease and functional esophageal disorders. […] Eosinophilic esophagitis is triggered by food allergens and is increasingly prevalent; esophageal biopsies should be performed to make the diagnosis. […] Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), functional esophageal disorders, and eosinophilic esophagitis are the most common causes of esophageal dysphagia. […] Eosinophilic esophagitis is an increasingly common inflammatory condition triggered by food allergens.

• #76 Dysphagia (Difficulty Swallowing): What It Is, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/21195-dysphagia-difficulty-swallowing

  Infections, like strep throat (bacterial tonsillitis), can cause pain and inflammation that lead to dysphagia. Dysphagia can occur after surgery to your head and neck or other types of treatment. […] Aging doesnt cause dysphagia, but its a key risk factor. Muscle deteriorates as we get older, making us more susceptible to injury. The risk of developing many neurological conditions associated with dysphagia increases with age. […] Treatment for dysphagia depends on whats causing it and how severe it is. Your treatment might include: Medication, Lifestyle changes, Other medical therapy, Feeding tube. […] Dysphagia can lead to serious health issues and even be fatal without treatment. Risks include: Dehydration, Malnutrition, Choking, Silent aspiration and aspiration pneumonia.

• #77 Dysphagia: Causes of swallowing problem and tips to deal with it | HealthShots

  https://www.healthshots.com/preventive-care/self-care/causes-of-dysphagia-or-swallowing-problem/

  Damage to the brain regions controlling swallowing can lead to dysphagia. […] This autoimmune disorder weakens the muscles, including those involved in swallowing, leading to difficulties in moving food through the oesophagus. […] Genetic muscle disorders can impair the strength and coordination of the muscles used for swallowing. […] An allergic reaction causing inflammation in the oesophagus, potentially leading to swallowing difficulties. […] Some medications, particularly those that cause dry mouth or affect muscle function, may contribute to dysphagia. […] Anxiety or fear related to swallowing, known as phagophobia, can result in functional dysphagia even without apparent physical causes. […] Conditions like thrush, strep throat (bacterial tonsils), or other infections affecting the throat can cause pain and inflammation that lead to temporary dysphagia. […] Treatment for dysphagia is based on its cause and severity. […] Rehabilitation for swallowing difficulties can be highly beneficial.

• #78 Dysphagia: Causes of swallowing problem and tips to deal with it | HealthShots

  https://www.healthshots.com/preventive-care/self-care/causes-of-dysphagia-or-swallowing-problem/

  Damage to the brain regions controlling swallowing can lead to dysphagia. […] This autoimmune disorder weakens the muscles, including those involved in swallowing, leading to difficulties in moving food through the oesophagus. […] Genetic muscle disorders can impair the strength and coordination of the muscles used for swallowing. […] An allergic reaction causing inflammation in the oesophagus, potentially leading to swallowing difficulties. […] Some medications, particularly those that cause dry mouth or affect muscle function, may contribute to dysphagia. […] Anxiety or fear related to swallowing, known as phagophobia, can result in functional dysphagia even without apparent physical causes. […] Conditions like thrush, strep throat (bacterial tonsils), or other infections affecting the throat can cause pain and inflammation that lead to temporary dysphagia. […] Treatment for dysphagia is based on its cause and severity. […] Rehabilitation for swallowing difficulties can be highly beneficial.

• #79 Causes | NICS Well

  https://www.nicswell.co.uk/conditions-and-treatments/dysphagia-swallowing-problems/causes

  Conditions that cause an obstruction in the throat or a narrowing of the oesophagus can make swallowing difficult. […] Some causes of obstruction and narrowing include: mouth cancer or throat cancer, such as laryngeal cancer or oesophageal cancer, pharyngeal (throat) pouches, eosinophilic oesophagitis, radiotherapy treatment, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD), infections, such as tuberculosis or thrush. […] Any condition that affects the muscles used to push food down the oesophagus and into the stomach can cause dysphagia, although such conditions are rare. […] Two muscular conditions associated with dysphagia are: scleroderma, achalasia. […] The muscles used for swallowing can become weaker with age. This may explain why dysphagia is relatively common in elderly people. […] Dysphagia can also sometimes develop as a complication of head or neck surgery.

• #80 Dysphagia: Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/177473

  Dysphagia is the medical term for difficulty swallowing. […] There is a wide range of potential causes of dysphagia. […] A dry mouth, or xerostomia, can make it harder to swallow. Potential causes of dry mouth include dehydration, anxiety, certain medications, diabetes, nerve damage, HIV, chemotherapy or immunotherapy, and radiation therapy, which can damage the salivary glands. […] Swelling of the mouth, throat, or esophagus can cause dysphagia. This may occur due to infections, allergic reactions, or irritation from other causes. […] Esophagitis, or inflammation of the esophagus, can also occur due to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). This causes frequent acid reflux, which is when stomach acid moves back upward into the esophagus. […] Physical differences in the size or structure of the mouth, throat, or esophagus can lead to problems swallowing.

• #81 12 Causes of Difficulty Swallowing – Gastroenterologist San Antonio

  https://www.gastroconsa.com/12-causes-of-difficulty-swallowing/

  Acid that leaks into the esophagus can damage esophageal tissues, causing spasms, scarring, and narrowing of the lower esophagus. […] An immune system disease where one type of white blood cell, eosinophils, builds up in the esophagus, causing inflammation or injury. It may be related to food allergies. […] Some cancers, and radiation treatment for those cancers, can cause inflammation and scarring in the esophagus. […] A disease that causes scar-like hardening of tissues, scleroderma can weaken the muscle that keeps food in the stomach, allowing acid to back up into the esophagus. […] Multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, Parkinson’s disease, and other neurological conditions may cause difficulty swallowing. […] A stroke or injury to the brain and spinal cord can cause neurological damage that makes it difficult to swallow.

• #82 Dysphagia: Evaluation and Collaborative Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0115/p97.html

  Dysphagia is common but may be underreported. […] Oropharyngeal dysphagia manifests as difficulty initiating swallowing, coughing, choking, or aspiration, and it is most commonly caused by chronic neurologic conditions such as stroke, Parkinson disease, or dementia. […] Patients with esophageal dysphagia may report a sensation of food getting stuck after swallowing. This condition is most commonly caused by gastroesophageal reflux disease and functional esophageal disorders. […] Eosinophilic esophagitis is triggered by food allergens and is increasingly prevalent; esophageal biopsies should be performed to make the diagnosis. […] Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), functional esophageal disorders, and eosinophilic esophagitis are the most common causes of esophageal dysphagia. […] Eosinophilic esophagitis is an increasingly common inflammatory condition triggered by food allergens.

• #83 Dysphagia Causes | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/digestion-and-metabolic-health/dysphagia/causes.html

  Dysphagia is a swallowing disorder that causes difficulty or pain while swallowing or attempting to swallow. […] This condition can make it difficult for people to get adequate nutrition and can significantly affect quality of life. […] Dysphagia is most common in older adults, but anyone can develop this condition. […] In the United States, dysphagia is often linked to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and its resulting complications, such as narrowing in the esophagus (strictures). Conditions like eosinophilic esophagitis and esophageal cancer can also reduce your ability to swallow. Additionally, some medical treatments, like radiation therapy to the neck, can cause dysphagia. […] In some people, medical conditions that do not directly involve the gastrointestinal tract can lead to dysphagia. These conditions include: Conditions that affect the nervous system, such as Parkinsons disease, Conditions that cause cognitive decline, including dementia and Alzheimers disease, Stroke, Head injury, Diabetes, Certain medications, including calcium channel blockers and nitrates.

• #84 12 Causes of Difficulty Swallowing – Gastroenterologist San Antonio

  https://www.gastroconsa.com/12-causes-of-difficulty-swallowing/

  Acid that leaks into the esophagus can damage esophageal tissues, causing spasms, scarring, and narrowing of the lower esophagus. […] An immune system disease where one type of white blood cell, eosinophils, builds up in the esophagus, causing inflammation or injury. It may be related to food allergies. […] Some cancers, and radiation treatment for those cancers, can cause inflammation and scarring in the esophagus. […] A disease that causes scar-like hardening of tissues, scleroderma can weaken the muscle that keeps food in the stomach, allowing acid to back up into the esophagus. […] Multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, Parkinson’s disease, and other neurological conditions may cause difficulty swallowing. […] A stroke or injury to the brain and spinal cord can cause neurological damage that makes it difficult to swallow.

• #85 Dysphagia (Difficulty Swallowing): Types, Treatment, Causes, Symptoms & Diet

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/dysphagia_swallowing_problems/article_em.htm

  Diseases of the brain can affect the neurological control of the nerves and reflexes involved in swallowing. […] Likewise, diseases and conditions that affect muscle function or connective tissue throughout the body can cause dysphagia. […] Diseases specific to the esophagus also can cause difficulty swallowing. […] Obstructions of the upper digestive tract and esophagus, due to anatomical abnormalities, tumors, or scar tissue also cause dysphagia. […] If dysphagia is associated with aspiration of food into the lungs, aspiration pneumonia may occur with all of the symptoms of pneumonia (fever, chills, and respiratory distress). […] Dysphagia is present in approximately 51%-73% of individuals with stroke and poses a major risk for the development of aspiration pneumonia. […] Dysphagia is preventable only to the extent that the underlying condition that caused the dysphagia is preventable. Many chronic neuromuscular conditions and diseases of connective tissue are not preventable. […] Problems swallowing (dysphagia) can be due to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The acid reflux of GERD causes narrowings in the esophagus to become inflamed and scared.

• #86

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=tp23477spec

  Certain problems with your nervous system, such as post-polio syndrome, multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, or Parkinson’s disease. […] An immune system problem that causes swelling (or inflammation) and weakness, such as polymyositis or dermatomyositis. […] Esophageal spasm. This means that the muscles of the esophagus suddenly squeeze. Sometimes this can prevent food from reaching the stomach. […] Scleroderma. In this condition, tissues of the esophagus become hard and narrow. Scleroderma can also make the lower esophageal muscle weak, which may cause food and stomach acid to come back up into your throat and mouth. […] Something is blocking your throat or esophagus. This may happen if you: Have gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). When stomach acid backs up regularly into your esophagus, it can cause ulcers in the esophagus, which can then cause scars to form. These scars can make your esophagus narrower.

• #87 Dysphagia: Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/177473

  Dysphagia is the medical term for difficulty swallowing. […] There is a wide range of potential causes of dysphagia. […] A dry mouth, or xerostomia, can make it harder to swallow. Potential causes of dry mouth include dehydration, anxiety, certain medications, diabetes, nerve damage, HIV, chemotherapy or immunotherapy, and radiation therapy, which can damage the salivary glands. […] Swelling of the mouth, throat, or esophagus can cause dysphagia. This may occur due to infections, allergic reactions, or irritation from other causes. […] Esophagitis, or inflammation of the esophagus, can also occur due to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). This causes frequent acid reflux, which is when stomach acid moves back upward into the esophagus. […] Physical differences in the size or structure of the mouth, throat, or esophagus can lead to problems swallowing.

• #88 What Causes Swallowing Problems | Sydney Gut Clinic

  https://sydneygutclinic.com/what-can-cause-swallowing-problems/

  Acid reflux disease. […] While with proper treatment, dysphagia can be managed, it may not always be curable. This, however, depends on what is causing the condition. Dysphagia may not always be a symptom of an underlying medical condition. […] Dysphagia caused by GORD may make you feel like something is stuck in your throat. This feeling could also just mean that you have some food matter lodged in your throat, like a fishbone for example. […] It can. Individuals suffering from anxiety and stress may experience a tightness in their throats, which may make it hard for them to swallow food and liquids alike.

• #89 Dysphagia Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

  https://www.tgh.org/institutes-and-services/conditions/dysphagia

  Dysphagia has numerous potential causes, including: […] Muscular disorders such as achalasia, cricopharyngeal spasms, esophageal spasms, muscular dystrophy, myasthenia gravis, myositis and scleroderma […] Neurological disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), brain tumors, cerebral palsy, dementia, multiple sclerosis (MS) and Parkinsons disease […] Neurological trauma from a stroke or a spinal cord injury […] Pain and inflammation caused by infections such as strep throat […] Physical blockages and structural issues that cause the throat or esophagus to tighten or narrow, including Barretts esophagus, cancerous tumors, eosinophilic esophagitis, esophageal diverticulum, esophageal rings and webs, esophageal strictures and scar tissue.

• #90 Dysphagia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559174/

  Dysphagia is a common problem, particularly in the elderly population. The underlying etiology may be a mechanical obstruction or a motility disorder. Anatomical, neuromuscular, infectious, and inflammatory diseases may all present with or contribute to dysphagia. […] Dysphagia may be caused by mechanical obstruction of the esophagus or a motility disorder. Mechanical obstruction is characterized primarily by dysphagia with solids, whereas motility disorders have dysphagia for both solids and liquids. […] Several rheumatological disorders are known to cause dysphagia via multiple mechanisms. […] Several pharmaceuticals may contribute to the severity of dysphagia. The mechanisms by which these drugs may cause dysphagia include xerostomia and changes in esophageal motility. […] Dysphagia may be acute or chronic and can be oropharyngeal, esophageal, or mixed. There are many underlying etiologies of dysphagia. […] The prognosis of dysphagia depends upon the underlying etiology. For example, dysphagia in stroke patients normalizes gradually, from 3 weeks to approximately 6 months or longer. Dysphagia due to achalasia or mechanical obstruction may resolve with surgical intervention.

• #91 Dysphagia: Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/177473

  Dysphagia is the medical term for difficulty swallowing. […] There is a wide range of potential causes of dysphagia. […] A dry mouth, or xerostomia, can make it harder to swallow. Potential causes of dry mouth include dehydration, anxiety, certain medications, diabetes, nerve damage, HIV, chemotherapy or immunotherapy, and radiation therapy, which can damage the salivary glands. […] Swelling of the mouth, throat, or esophagus can cause dysphagia. This may occur due to infections, allergic reactions, or irritation from other causes. […] Esophagitis, or inflammation of the esophagus, can also occur due to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). This causes frequent acid reflux, which is when stomach acid moves back upward into the esophagus. […] Physical differences in the size or structure of the mouth, throat, or esophagus can lead to problems swallowing.

• #92 Dysphagia: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2212409-overview

  Dysphagia can result from secondary myopathies in Cushing syndrome, hyperthyroidism, and hypothyroidism. […] Various medications, including CNS depressants, antipsychotics, corticosteroids, lipid-lowering agents, colchicine, aminoglycosides, and anticholinergic drugs, can produce dysphagia by causing a decrease in cognition or giving rise to drug-induced myopathies. […] Surgeries that can lead to dysphagia include laryngectomy, pharyngectomy, esophagectomy reconstructed by gastric pull-up, and head and neck surgery (oral cavity cancer). […] The frequency of aspiration in patients with a tracheostomy is 50-83%. […] Dysphagia can potentially lead to dehydration, while dehydration may itself be a risk factor for pneumonia for several reasons.

• #93 Dysphagia: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2212409-overview

  Dysphagia can result from secondary myopathies in Cushing syndrome, hyperthyroidism, and hypothyroidism. […] Various medications, including CNS depressants, antipsychotics, corticosteroids, lipid-lowering agents, colchicine, aminoglycosides, and anticholinergic drugs, can produce dysphagia by causing a decrease in cognition or giving rise to drug-induced myopathies. […] Surgeries that can lead to dysphagia include laryngectomy, pharyngectomy, esophagectomy reconstructed by gastric pull-up, and head and neck surgery (oral cavity cancer). […] The frequency of aspiration in patients with a tracheostomy is 50-83%. […] Dysphagia can potentially lead to dehydration, while dehydration may itself be a risk factor for pneumonia for several reasons.

• #94 Dysphagia Causes | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/digestion-and-metabolic-health/dysphagia/causes.html

  Dysphagia is a swallowing disorder that causes difficulty or pain while swallowing or attempting to swallow. […] This condition can make it difficult for people to get adequate nutrition and can significantly affect quality of life. […] Dysphagia is most common in older adults, but anyone can develop this condition. […] In the United States, dysphagia is often linked to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and its resulting complications, such as narrowing in the esophagus (strictures). Conditions like eosinophilic esophagitis and esophageal cancer can also reduce your ability to swallow. Additionally, some medical treatments, like radiation therapy to the neck, can cause dysphagia. […] In some people, medical conditions that do not directly involve the gastrointestinal tract can lead to dysphagia. These conditions include: Conditions that affect the nervous system, such as Parkinsons disease, Conditions that cause cognitive decline, including dementia and Alzheimers disease, Stroke, Head injury, Diabetes, Certain medications, including calcium channel blockers and nitrates.

• #95 Swallowing Disorders | Brigham and Women’s Hospital

  https://www.brighamandwomens.org/surgery/otolaryngology/throat-and-neck/swallowing-disorders

  Swallowing problems are also known as dysphagia. […] Swallowing problems can be caused by dehydration. They can also be caused by not chewing long enough or taking bites of food that are too big. Other swallowing problems stem from gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) which occurs when bile or stomach acid flows back into your esophagus (or food pipe). Many medications such as nitrates, calcium channel blockers, aspirin, iron tablets, and vitamin C can cause difficulty swallowing. Other culprits include allergies and even the common cold. […] Diabetes, thyroid disease, a tumor in the mouth or throat, or high blood pressure could also be to blame. Problems with your vocal chords; insertion of a tracheotomy, or breathing, tube, or oral or throat surgery can also affect the way you swallow.

• #96 Trouble swallowing? Dysphagia insights for cancer patients | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/dysphagia-in-cancer-patients–what-to-know-causes-diagnosis-prevention-treatment.h00-159305412.html

  Dysphagia is the medical term for having trouble swallowing. In cancer patients, it can be caused by the tumor itself (usually in head and neck cancers) which blocks or narrows the food passage or as a side effect of treatment. […] A tumor in the head or neck can interfere with the ability of the lips, tongue, or throat muscles to move food around the mouth so that it can be chewed and passed to the esophagus. In other cases, the tumor may block the throat so that food and/or liquid cannot pass through it. […] Radiation therapy can also cause swallowing problems. The effects of radiation including scarring and fibrosis build over time, and can reduce the ability of the throat muscles to function properly, even long after treatment is finished. Radiation can also cause narrowing of the swallowing passage a problem known as „stricture.”

• #97 Dysphagia (Difficulty Swallowing): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/digestive-health/difficulty-swallowing-dysphagia

  Eosinophilic oesophagitis is an increasingly common cause of difficulty swallowing. […] Dysphagia is often the first symptom and is caused by the cancer growing and narrowing the passage in the oesophagus. […] Conditions which affect the smooth muscle or connective tissues of the oesophagus, preventing it from working properly, can cause difficulty swallowing. […] Pressure from structures next to the oesophagus can sometimes affect the function of the oesophagus to cause dysphagia. […] Swallowing disorders may make it difficult to take in enough food and/or drink, resulting in malnutrition or lack of fluid in the body (dehydration). […] It leads to a risk of food 'going down the wrong way’ (aspiration) towards the lungs instead of the stomach.

• #98 Dysphagia: Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/177473

  Dysphagia is the medical term for difficulty swallowing. […] There is a wide range of potential causes of dysphagia. […] A dry mouth, or xerostomia, can make it harder to swallow. Potential causes of dry mouth include dehydration, anxiety, certain medications, diabetes, nerve damage, HIV, chemotherapy or immunotherapy, and radiation therapy, which can damage the salivary glands. […] Swelling of the mouth, throat, or esophagus can cause dysphagia. This may occur due to infections, allergic reactions, or irritation from other causes. […] Esophagitis, or inflammation of the esophagus, can also occur due to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). This causes frequent acid reflux, which is when stomach acid moves back upward into the esophagus. […] Physical differences in the size or structure of the mouth, throat, or esophagus can lead to problems swallowing.

• #99 Trouble swallowing? Dysphagia insights for cancer patients | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/dysphagia-in-cancer-patients–what-to-know-causes-diagnosis-prevention-treatment.h00-159305412.html

  Surgery can cause swallowing problems by removing structures in the head, neck or esophagus that normally allow food and liquids to pass through the system. […] They can be either. It depends on the type of tumor, the size of the tumor, the stage of your disease and the type of treatment you’re getting. All of these factors play a role in determining the severity of dysphagia and your ability to recover from it.

• #100 Swallowing Disorders and Dysphagia: Causes, Problems & Treatments

  https://www.houstonent.com/blog/swallowing-disorders-and-dysphagia-causes-problems-treatments

  Additionally, neck, head or esophagus cancer could cause swallowing problems. In some instances, treatments for these cancers can lead to dysphagia. Neck, chest and head injuries can also lead to issues swallowing. An irritation or infection can cause esophagus narrowing. And, individuals with memory loss, dementia and cognitive decline may have trouble chewing and swallowing. […] Dysphagia can be severe. When you can’t swallow safely, you can’t get enough of the proper foods you require to maintain and ideal weight and stay healthy. […] Some dysphagia consequences may include: Starvation, Dehydration, Airway obstruction, Aspiration pneumonia. […] With a swallowing disorder, you may also develop a pocket outside your esophagus due to esophageal wall weakness. Food can become trapped in this abnormal pocket as well when you swallow.

• #101 Dysphagia: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2212409-overview

  Dysphagia can result from secondary myopathies in Cushing syndrome, hyperthyroidism, and hypothyroidism. […] Various medications, including CNS depressants, antipsychotics, corticosteroids, lipid-lowering agents, colchicine, aminoglycosides, and anticholinergic drugs, can produce dysphagia by causing a decrease in cognition or giving rise to drug-induced myopathies. […] Surgeries that can lead to dysphagia include laryngectomy, pharyngectomy, esophagectomy reconstructed by gastric pull-up, and head and neck surgery (oral cavity cancer). […] The frequency of aspiration in patients with a tracheostomy is 50-83%. […] Dysphagia can potentially lead to dehydration, while dehydration may itself be a risk factor for pneumonia for several reasons.

• #102 Dysphagia in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/d/dysphagia.html

  Dysphagia means trouble swallowing. This condition happens when food or liquids cant pass easily from your childs mouth into the throat, down the esophagus, and into the stomach when swallowing. […] Swallowing problems happen when something goes wrong in 1 or more of these stages. Dysphagia can be long-term (chronic). Or it may come on suddenly. […] Chronic swallowing problems are often caused by another health problem. […] The following health problems make it more likely for a child to have problems swallowing: Being born prematurely, Cleft lip or cleft palate, Compression of the esophagus by other body parts, Dental problems, such as an overbite, Developmental delays, Diseases that affect how the nerves and muscles work, Eosinophilic esophagitis, an allergic condition that affects the esophagus, Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Having a foreign object stuck in the esophagus, such as a coin, Having a tracheostomy, which is an artificial opening in the throat for breathing, Large tongue, Large tonsils, Oral sensitivity or vocal cord irritation, which can happen if the child has been on a breathing machine (ventilator) for a long time, Problems with how the bones of the skull and the structures in the mouth and throat form (craniofacial anomalies), Problems with how the digestive tract forms, Paralysis of the vocal cords, Tumors or masses in the throat.

• #103 Dysphagia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559174/

  Dysphagia is a common problem, particularly in the elderly population. The underlying etiology may be a mechanical obstruction or a motility disorder. Anatomical, neuromuscular, infectious, and inflammatory diseases may all present with or contribute to dysphagia. […] Dysphagia may be caused by mechanical obstruction of the esophagus or a motility disorder. Mechanical obstruction is characterized primarily by dysphagia with solids, whereas motility disorders have dysphagia for both solids and liquids. […] Several rheumatological disorders are known to cause dysphagia via multiple mechanisms. […] Several pharmaceuticals may contribute to the severity of dysphagia. The mechanisms by which these drugs may cause dysphagia include xerostomia and changes in esophageal motility. […] Dysphagia may be acute or chronic and can be oropharyngeal, esophageal, or mixed. There are many underlying etiologies of dysphagia. […] The prognosis of dysphagia depends upon the underlying etiology. For example, dysphagia in stroke patients normalizes gradually, from 3 weeks to approximately 6 months or longer. Dysphagia due to achalasia or mechanical obstruction may resolve with surgical intervention.

• #104 Trouble swallowing? Dysphagia insights for cancer patients | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/dysphagia-in-cancer-patients–what-to-know-causes-diagnosis-prevention-treatment.h00-159305412.html

  Dysphagia is the medical term for having trouble swallowing. In cancer patients, it can be caused by the tumor itself (usually in head and neck cancers) which blocks or narrows the food passage or as a side effect of treatment. […] A tumor in the head or neck can interfere with the ability of the lips, tongue, or throat muscles to move food around the mouth so that it can be chewed and passed to the esophagus. In other cases, the tumor may block the throat so that food and/or liquid cannot pass through it. […] Radiation therapy can also cause swallowing problems. The effects of radiation including scarring and fibrosis build over time, and can reduce the ability of the throat muscles to function properly, even long after treatment is finished. Radiation can also cause narrowing of the swallowing passage a problem known as „stricture.”

• #105 Dysphagia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559174/

  Dysphagia is a common problem, particularly in the elderly population. The underlying etiology may be a mechanical obstruction or a motility disorder. Anatomical, neuromuscular, infectious, and inflammatory diseases may all present with or contribute to dysphagia. […] Dysphagia may be caused by mechanical obstruction of the esophagus or a motility disorder. Mechanical obstruction is characterized primarily by dysphagia with solids, whereas motility disorders have dysphagia for both solids and liquids. […] Several rheumatological disorders are known to cause dysphagia via multiple mechanisms. […] Several pharmaceuticals may contribute to the severity of dysphagia. The mechanisms by which these drugs may cause dysphagia include xerostomia and changes in esophageal motility. […] Dysphagia may be acute or chronic and can be oropharyngeal, esophageal, or mixed. There are many underlying etiologies of dysphagia. […] The prognosis of dysphagia depends upon the underlying etiology. For example, dysphagia in stroke patients normalizes gradually, from 3 weeks to approximately 6 months or longer. Dysphagia due to achalasia or mechanical obstruction may resolve with surgical intervention.

• #106 Dysphagia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysphagia

  Dysphagia is difficulty in swallowing. […] The following table enumerates possible causes of dysphagia: […] Difficulty with or inability to swallow may be caused or exacerbated by the usage of opioids. […] Esophageal dysphagia is almost always caused by disease in or adjacent to the esophagus but occasionally the lesion is in the pharynx or stomach. […] Dysphagia may manifest as the result of autonomic nervous system pathologies including stroke and ALS, or due to rapid iatrogenic correction of an electrolyte imbalance. […] In older adults, presbyphagia – the normal healthy changes in swallowing associated with age – should be considered as an alternative explanation for symptoms.

• #107 Dysphagia (Difficulty Swallowing): What It Is, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/21195-dysphagia-difficulty-swallowing

  Infections, like strep throat (bacterial tonsillitis), can cause pain and inflammation that lead to dysphagia. Dysphagia can occur after surgery to your head and neck or other types of treatment. […] Aging doesnt cause dysphagia, but its a key risk factor. Muscle deteriorates as we get older, making us more susceptible to injury. The risk of developing many neurological conditions associated with dysphagia increases with age. […] Treatment for dysphagia depends on whats causing it and how severe it is. Your treatment might include: Medication, Lifestyle changes, Other medical therapy, Feeding tube. […] Dysphagia can lead to serious health issues and even be fatal without treatment. Risks include: Dehydration, Malnutrition, Choking, Silent aspiration and aspiration pneumonia.

• #108 Dysphagia (Difficulty Swallowing): Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/swallowing-problems

  Dysphagia is when you find it difficult, sometimes impossible, to swallow. […] A wide range of issues can cause dysphagia. These include: Disturbances of the brain such as those caused by Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, or ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or Lou Gehrig’s disease) […] Problems with the oral or pharynx muscle, such as from a stroke […] Loss of sphincter muscle relaxation (called achalasia) […] Contractions of the esophagus after swallowing known as diffuse spasms […] Esophageal stricture, which is when your esophagus narrows, making it difficult for food to pass. This may be caused by GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease), which can lead to tumors or scar tissue. […] Blockage in your throat or esophagus by objects such as food, which is more likely in older people who wear dentures and have trouble chewing

• #109 Dysphagia – Signs And Symptoms | familydoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/dysphagia/

  Dysphagia is a swallowing disorder, which means it may be difficult to swallow. People who have dysphagia have trouble swallowing solid foods, liquids, or saliva. They may not be able to swallow at all. Dysphagia can make it hard to take in enough calories and fluids to keep your body working properly. […] Dysphagia can happen at any age, but it is more common in older people. Many different things can cause dysphagia: […] Poor eating habits. Eating too fast or taking large bites can cause dysphagia. It can also be caused by eating while lying down or not drinking enough water while eating. You may also experience dysphagia if you can’t chew properly because of painful or missing teeth or dentures. […] Nerve and muscle disorders. People who have had a stroke, or people who have Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, or myasthenia gravis may have problems swallowing. These disorders can stop the nerves and muscles in your esophagus from working properly. The esophagus is the tube that runs from your mouth and throat down to your stomach. This can cause food to move slowly or even get stuck in the esophagus.

• #110 Dysphagia in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/d/dysphagia.html

  Dysphagia means trouble swallowing. This condition happens when food or liquids cant pass easily from your childs mouth into the throat, down the esophagus, and into the stomach when swallowing. […] Swallowing problems happen when something goes wrong in 1 or more of these stages. Dysphagia can be long-term (chronic). Or it may come on suddenly. […] Chronic swallowing problems are often caused by another health problem. […] The following health problems make it more likely for a child to have problems swallowing: Being born prematurely, Cleft lip or cleft palate, Compression of the esophagus by other body parts, Dental problems, such as an overbite, Developmental delays, Diseases that affect how the nerves and muscles work, Eosinophilic esophagitis, an allergic condition that affects the esophagus, Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Having a foreign object stuck in the esophagus, such as a coin, Having a tracheostomy, which is an artificial opening in the throat for breathing, Large tongue, Large tonsils, Oral sensitivity or vocal cord irritation, which can happen if the child has been on a breathing machine (ventilator) for a long time, Problems with how the bones of the skull and the structures in the mouth and throat form (craniofacial anomalies), Problems with how the digestive tract forms, Paralysis of the vocal cords, Tumors or masses in the throat.

• #111 12 Causes of Difficulty Swallowing – Gastroenterologist San Antonio

  https://www.gastroconsa.com/12-causes-of-difficulty-swallowing/

  This disorder causes a pouch of tissue to form in the throat where food can get stuck and cause difficulty swallowing. […] An underactive thyroid gland can swell and put pressure on the esophagus, making it feel like there is food stuck in your throat. […] Difficulty swallowing is most common in older adults but can affect people of any age.

• #112 Dysphagia (Difficulty Swallowing): Causes and Treatments – BuzzRx

  https://www.buzzrx.com/blog/dysphagia-difficulty-swallowing

  Possible causes of paraesophageal dysphagia are conditions that press upon the esophagus, for example: Thyromegaly (goiter) or abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland. […] Dysphagia can also increase the risk of choking and aspiration pneumonia (food going down into the trachea (breathing tube), introducing bacteria into the lungs, and causing a lung infection). […] Depending on the cause of dysphagia, you may need to continue dysphagia treatment long-term. […] Dysphagia can be life-threatening due to the risk of choking and aspiration pneumonia if left untreated (food particles entering the breathing tube and lungs).

• #113 Dysphagia (swallowing problems)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/swallowing-problems-dysphagia/

  Dysphagia is where you have problems swallowing. It’s usually caused by certain medicines or another condition, such as acid reflux or a stroke. […] Dysphagia is usually caused by another health condition and can happen at any age. […] Common causes of swallowing problems include: some medicines, such as antipsychotics; having a learning disability; a cleft lip and palate in babies; heartburn and acid reflux, especially in children or people who have gastro-oesophageal reflux disease; problems with your breathing caused by conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); a condition that affects the nervous system or brain, such as cerebral palsy, a stroke, dementia or multiple sclerosis; cancer, such as mouth cancer or oesophageal cancer.

• #114 Rosemont | What causes Dysphagia

  https://www.rosemontpharma.com/what-causes-dysphagia/

  Other causes e.g., COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) and ageing. […] Children can also have dysphagia due to a developmental or intellectual disability. […] There are two main types of dysphagia: Oropharyngeal dysphagia: caused by problems in the mouth or throat […] Oesophageal dysphagia: caused by problems in the oesophagus. […] Treating dysphagia depends on what underlying condition and type of dysphagia that the person may have. Some people only experience short term issues with swallowing but for others it can be a permanent condition. However, most swallowing difficulties can be managed. Treatments for dysphagia can include speech and language therapy to learn a new swallowing technique and changing the consistency of food and liquids to make them safer to swallow.

• #115 What causes dysphagia? | Albany Surgical, P.C.

  https://albanysurgical.com/dysphagia-causes

  What causes dysphagia? […] When any one of these systems does not work as it should, your swallowing coordination breaks down. […] These issues can be caused by diseases such as Parkinson’s, ALS, Alzheimer’s, MS, Stroke, COPD, CHF, GERD, Diabetes, Cancer Treatments, and Head and Neck Surgery. […] Dysphagia may also be caused by any post surgery that required anesthesia.

• #116 Dysphagia – Pathophysiology of Swallowing Dysfunction, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/jor/journal-of-otolaryngology-and-rhinology-jor-5-063.php?jid=jor

  Damage to the neuromuscular system can interfere with the nerves responsible for starting and controlling swallowing. Some neurological causes of dysphagia include: Stroke, Neurological conditions that cause damage to the brain and nervous system, including Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, motor neuron disease, Myasthenia gravis-that causes the muscles to become weak, Dementia, Brain tumor. […] Functional dysphagia, defined in some patients as having no organic cause for dysphagia that can be found. There are several different causes to functional dysphagia: Post traumatic syndrome stress disorder, Stress attack, Anxiety, Different psychosocial disorders.

• #117 Dysphagia: Causes of swallowing problem and tips to deal with it | HealthShots

  https://www.healthshots.com/preventive-care/self-care/causes-of-dysphagia-or-swallowing-problem/

  Damage to the brain regions controlling swallowing can lead to dysphagia. […] This autoimmune disorder weakens the muscles, including those involved in swallowing, leading to difficulties in moving food through the oesophagus. […] Genetic muscle disorders can impair the strength and coordination of the muscles used for swallowing. […] An allergic reaction causing inflammation in the oesophagus, potentially leading to swallowing difficulties. […] Some medications, particularly those that cause dry mouth or affect muscle function, may contribute to dysphagia. […] Anxiety or fear related to swallowing, known as phagophobia, can result in functional dysphagia even without apparent physical causes. […] Conditions like thrush, strep throat (bacterial tonsils), or other infections affecting the throat can cause pain and inflammation that lead to temporary dysphagia. […] Treatment for dysphagia is based on its cause and severity. […] Rehabilitation for swallowing difficulties can be highly beneficial.

• #118 What Causes Swallowing Problems | Sydney Gut Clinic

  https://sydneygutclinic.com/what-can-cause-swallowing-problems/

  Conditions that are not related to the digestive tract can sometimes affect your swallowing. […] A condition like transient ischemic attack (TIA or mini-stroke) can lead to weakened muscles in the middle part of your throat (the oropharynx). […] Another cause of dysphagia is myasthenia gravis which is an autoimmune disease. With this condition, muscles in various body parts are weakened, interfering with activities like swallowing. […] Your swallowing problems may be a result of unhealthy habits such as not chewing your food properly. […] Other times, it may mean an underlying medical condition, often in your gastrointestinal tract. If your swallowing difficulties continue, consult a gastroenterologist to identify the source of your disease. […] Swallowing troubles are often related to your digestive tract and therefore the best option is to consult a gastroenterologist.

• #119 Dysphagia – Signs And Symptoms | familydoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/dysphagia/

  Dysphagia is a swallowing disorder, which means it may be difficult to swallow. People who have dysphagia have trouble swallowing solid foods, liquids, or saliva. They may not be able to swallow at all. Dysphagia can make it hard to take in enough calories and fluids to keep your body working properly. […] Dysphagia can happen at any age, but it is more common in older people. Many different things can cause dysphagia: […] Poor eating habits. Eating too fast or taking large bites can cause dysphagia. It can also be caused by eating while lying down or not drinking enough water while eating. You may also experience dysphagia if you can’t chew properly because of painful or missing teeth or dentures. […] Nerve and muscle disorders. People who have had a stroke, or people who have Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, or myasthenia gravis may have problems swallowing. These disorders can stop the nerves and muscles in your esophagus from working properly. The esophagus is the tube that runs from your mouth and throat down to your stomach. This can cause food to move slowly or even get stuck in the esophagus.

• #120 Dysphagia: Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/177473

  Dysphagia is the medical term for difficulty swallowing. […] There is a wide range of potential causes of dysphagia. […] A dry mouth, or xerostomia, can make it harder to swallow. Potential causes of dry mouth include dehydration, anxiety, certain medications, diabetes, nerve damage, HIV, chemotherapy or immunotherapy, and radiation therapy, which can damage the salivary glands. […] Swelling of the mouth, throat, or esophagus can cause dysphagia. This may occur due to infections, allergic reactions, or irritation from other causes. […] Esophagitis, or inflammation of the esophagus, can also occur due to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). This causes frequent acid reflux, which is when stomach acid moves back upward into the esophagus. […] Physical differences in the size or structure of the mouth, throat, or esophagus can lead to problems swallowing.

• #121 Dysphagia Causes | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/digestion-and-metabolic-health/dysphagia/causes.html

  Dysphagia is a swallowing disorder that causes difficulty or pain while swallowing or attempting to swallow. […] This condition can make it difficult for people to get adequate nutrition and can significantly affect quality of life. […] Dysphagia is most common in older adults, but anyone can develop this condition. […] In the United States, dysphagia is often linked to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and its resulting complications, such as narrowing in the esophagus (strictures). Conditions like eosinophilic esophagitis and esophageal cancer can also reduce your ability to swallow. Additionally, some medical treatments, like radiation therapy to the neck, can cause dysphagia. […] In some people, medical conditions that do not directly involve the gastrointestinal tract can lead to dysphagia. These conditions include: Conditions that affect the nervous system, such as Parkinsons disease, Conditions that cause cognitive decline, including dementia and Alzheimers disease, Stroke, Head injury, Diabetes, Certain medications, including calcium channel blockers and nitrates.

• #122 Dysphagia (Difficulty Swallowing): Types, Treatment, Causes, Symptoms & Diet

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/dysphagia_swallowing_problems/article_em.htm

  Dysphagia means difficulty swallowing. Odynophagia means painful swallowing. Sometimes it is not easy for individuals to distinguish between these two problems. […] Nevertheless, it is important to attempt to distinguish between the two because the causes of each may be quite different. […] Some conditions associated with dysphagia affect the area of the lower throat, primarily conditions in which there are abnormalities of nerves or muscles that control the function of the throat. […] Dysphagia can result from abnormalities in any of the complex steps necessary for swallowing. The process of swallowing has three stages. […] Dysphagia has many causes. First, there may be a physical (anatomical) obstruction to the passage of food. Second, there may be abnormalities in the function (functional abnormalities) of the nerves of the brain, throat, and esophagus whose normal function is necessary to coordinate swallowing. Finally, there also may be abnormalities of the muscles of the throat and esophagus themselves.

• #123 Dysphagia in Children – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=dysphagia-in-children-90-P01991

  Dysphagia means trouble swallowing. This condition happens when food or liquids cant pass easily from your childs mouth, into the throat, down the esophagus, and into the stomach when swallowing. […] Swallowing problems happen when something goes wrong in one or more of these stages. Dysphagia can be long-term (chronic). Or it may come on suddenly. […] If your child has trouble swallowing and a fever, it may be because of an infection. Chronic swallowing problems are often caused by another health problem. […] The following health problems make it more likely for a child to have problems swallowing: Being born prematurely, Cleft lip or cleft palate, Compression of the esophagus by other body parts, Dental problems, such as an overbite, Developmental delays, Diseases that affect how the nerves and muscles work, Eosinophilic esophagitis, an allergic condition that affects the esophagus, Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Having a foreign object stuck in the esophagus, such as a coin, Having a tracheostomy, which is an artificial opening in the throat for breathing, Large tongue, Large tonsils, Oral sensitivity or vocal cord irritation, which can happen if the child has been on a breathing machine (ventilator) for a long time, Problems with how the bones of the skull and the structures in the mouth and throat form (craniofacial anomalies), Problems with how the digestive tract forms, Paralysis of the vocal cords, Tumors or masses in the throat. […] If your child has chronic dysphagia or dysphagia caused by a health condition, speech or occupational therapy may help. Your child will learn exercises and feeding techniques to swallow better. […] Treatment for dysphagia depends on the cause of the condition.

• #124 Dysphagia in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/d/dysphagia.html

  Dysphagia means trouble swallowing. This condition happens when food or liquids cant pass easily from your childs mouth into the throat, down the esophagus, and into the stomach when swallowing. […] Swallowing problems happen when something goes wrong in 1 or more of these stages. Dysphagia can be long-term (chronic). Or it may come on suddenly. […] Chronic swallowing problems are often caused by another health problem. […] The following health problems make it more likely for a child to have problems swallowing: Being born prematurely, Cleft lip or cleft palate, Compression of the esophagus by other body parts, Dental problems, such as an overbite, Developmental delays, Diseases that affect how the nerves and muscles work, Eosinophilic esophagitis, an allergic condition that affects the esophagus, Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Having a foreign object stuck in the esophagus, such as a coin, Having a tracheostomy, which is an artificial opening in the throat for breathing, Large tongue, Large tonsils, Oral sensitivity or vocal cord irritation, which can happen if the child has been on a breathing machine (ventilator) for a long time, Problems with how the bones of the skull and the structures in the mouth and throat form (craniofacial anomalies), Problems with how the digestive tract forms, Paralysis of the vocal cords, Tumors or masses in the throat.

• #125 Dysphagia | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/f/dysphagia

  Dysphagia means difficulty with feeding or swallowing. It is a symptom, not a disease. Oral dysphagia refers to problems with using the mouth, lips and tongue to control food or liquid. Pharyngeal dysphagia refers to problems in the throat during swallowing. Dysphagia may lead to aspiration (where food or liquid gets into the lungs). […] Many conditions have associated dysphagia. These include structural problems in the mouth, throat or esophagus. These also include conditions that weaken or damage the muscles or nerves used for feeding and swallowing. […] Some common disorders related to swallowing problems in children are: Brain injury, Birth defects, Cleft palate, Cerebral palsy, Gastroesophageal disorders, including reflux, Heart or lung conditions, Head or neck cancer, Neuromuscular disease, Prematurity, Sensory problems, Stroke.

• #126 Dysphagia in Children | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/dysphagia

  Dysphagia is a term that means difficulty swallowing. This condition is the inability of food or liquids to pass easily from your child’s mouth, into their throat, and through the esophagus to the stomach during the process of swallowing. […] Swallowing disorders like dysphagia occur when one or more of these stages fail to take place properly. Health problems that can affect swallowing in children include: Eosinophilic esophagitis, Achalasia, Connective tissue disorders, Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Prematurity, Developmental delays, Laryngeal cleft, Vocal cord paralysis, Cleft lip and palate or other craniofacial anomalies, Large tongue or tonsils, Diseases that affect the nerves and muscles, such as: Stroke, Tumor, Nerve injury, Brain injury, Muscular dystrophy, and can cause paralysis or poor function of the tongue or the muscles in the throat and esophagus, Prenatal malformations of the digestive tract, such as esophageal atresia or tracheoesophageal fistula, Irritation from being on a ventilator for a prolonged period of time, Having a tracheostomy, Compression of the esophagus by other body parts, such as the heart, thyroid gland, blood vessels, or lymph nodes, Foreign bodies in the esophagus, such as a swallowed coin. […] If your child also has symptoms of reflux along with dysphagia, treating this condition may produce improvements in your child’s ability to swallow. As the esophagus and throat are less irritated by acid reflux, their function may improve.

• #127 Dysphagia in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/d/dysphagia.html

  Dysphagia means trouble swallowing. This condition happens when food or liquids cant pass easily from your childs mouth into the throat, down the esophagus, and into the stomach when swallowing. […] Swallowing problems happen when something goes wrong in 1 or more of these stages. Dysphagia can be long-term (chronic). Or it may come on suddenly. […] Chronic swallowing problems are often caused by another health problem. […] The following health problems make it more likely for a child to have problems swallowing: Being born prematurely, Cleft lip or cleft palate, Compression of the esophagus by other body parts, Dental problems, such as an overbite, Developmental delays, Diseases that affect how the nerves and muscles work, Eosinophilic esophagitis, an allergic condition that affects the esophagus, Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Having a foreign object stuck in the esophagus, such as a coin, Having a tracheostomy, which is an artificial opening in the throat for breathing, Large tongue, Large tonsils, Oral sensitivity or vocal cord irritation, which can happen if the child has been on a breathing machine (ventilator) for a long time, Problems with how the bones of the skull and the structures in the mouth and throat form (craniofacial anomalies), Problems with how the digestive tract forms, Paralysis of the vocal cords, Tumors or masses in the throat.

• #128 Dysphagia in Children – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=dysphagia-in-children-90-P01991

  Dysphagia means trouble swallowing. This condition happens when food or liquids cant pass easily from your childs mouth, into the throat, down the esophagus, and into the stomach when swallowing. […] Swallowing problems happen when something goes wrong in one or more of these stages. Dysphagia can be long-term (chronic). Or it may come on suddenly. […] If your child has trouble swallowing and a fever, it may be because of an infection. Chronic swallowing problems are often caused by another health problem. […] The following health problems make it more likely for a child to have problems swallowing: Being born prematurely, Cleft lip or cleft palate, Compression of the esophagus by other body parts, Dental problems, such as an overbite, Developmental delays, Diseases that affect how the nerves and muscles work, Eosinophilic esophagitis, an allergic condition that affects the esophagus, Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Having a foreign object stuck in the esophagus, such as a coin, Having a tracheostomy, which is an artificial opening in the throat for breathing, Large tongue, Large tonsils, Oral sensitivity or vocal cord irritation, which can happen if the child has been on a breathing machine (ventilator) for a long time, Problems with how the bones of the skull and the structures in the mouth and throat form (craniofacial anomalies), Problems with how the digestive tract forms, Paralysis of the vocal cords, Tumors or masses in the throat. […] If your child has chronic dysphagia or dysphagia caused by a health condition, speech or occupational therapy may help. Your child will learn exercises and feeding techniques to swallow better. […] Treatment for dysphagia depends on the cause of the condition.

• #129 Rosemont | What causes Dysphagia

  https://www.rosemontpharma.com/what-causes-dysphagia/

  Other causes e.g., COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) and ageing. […] Children can also have dysphagia due to a developmental or intellectual disability. […] There are two main types of dysphagia: Oropharyngeal dysphagia: caused by problems in the mouth or throat […] Oesophageal dysphagia: caused by problems in the oesophagus. […] Treating dysphagia depends on what underlying condition and type of dysphagia that the person may have. Some people only experience short term issues with swallowing but for others it can be a permanent condition. However, most swallowing difficulties can be managed. Treatments for dysphagia can include speech and language therapy to learn a new swallowing technique and changing the consistency of food and liquids to make them safer to swallow.

• #130 Dysphagia: Causes of swallowing problem and tips to deal with it | HealthShots

  https://www.healthshots.com/preventive-care/self-care/causes-of-dysphagia-or-swallowing-problem/

  Dysphagia is a medical condition that causes swallowing problems and difficulty in eating food. […] Dysphagia is a medical term that refers to difficulty swallowing. It can involve problems with any stage of the swallowing process, including the mouth, throat, or esophagus. […] Dysphagia can result from various causes, including neurological conditions, muscular disorders, structural issues, or other underlying health issues. […] Dysphagia can arise from issues within the mouth or throat, termed oropharyngeal or high dysphagia, as well as complications involving the oesophagus, the tube responsible for transporting food from the mouth to the stomach. […] Here are 8 common causes of dysphagia: […] Dysphagia is a common complication of cerebral palsy, a developmental disorder in which one is born with this condition.

• #131 Dysphagia | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/f/dysphagia

  Dysphagia means difficulty with feeding or swallowing. It is a symptom, not a disease. Oral dysphagia refers to problems with using the mouth, lips and tongue to control food or liquid. Pharyngeal dysphagia refers to problems in the throat during swallowing. Dysphagia may lead to aspiration (where food or liquid gets into the lungs). […] Many conditions have associated dysphagia. These include structural problems in the mouth, throat or esophagus. These also include conditions that weaken or damage the muscles or nerves used for feeding and swallowing. […] Some common disorders related to swallowing problems in children are: Brain injury, Birth defects, Cleft palate, Cerebral palsy, Gastroesophageal disorders, including reflux, Heart or lung conditions, Head or neck cancer, Neuromuscular disease, Prematurity, Sensory problems, Stroke.

• #132 Dysphagia and swallowing difficulties – Symptoms & treatment

  https://www.iqoro.com/swallowing-difficulties-dysphagia/

  Various reasons for this type of dysphagia can be: hiatal hernia, achalasia cardiae, tumors, malformations or schleroderma. […] Various reasons for this type of dysphagia can be: stroke or some type of neurological disease like Parkinsons, MS, or ALS. […] Various reasons for this type of dysphagia can be: stroke, Down syndrome, cleft palate, Parkinsons disease, ALS, MS, Sjgrens syndrome, dryness in the mouth, medicine-induced dryness in the mouth, tumors, radiation injuries, extreme anxiety, poor bite, bad teeth, poor jaw function, senility or conditioned reflex. […] Various reasons for this type of dysphagia can be: stroke, with paralysis in an arm or leg which can cause poor posture or difficulties in sitting up straight, cerebral palsy, Parkinsons disease, ALS, multiple sclerosis, paralysis caused by injury, age-related weakness, senility, dementia or Alzheimers disease.

• #133 Dysphagia in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/d/dysphagia.html

  Dysphagia means trouble swallowing. This condition happens when food or liquids cant pass easily from your childs mouth into the throat, down the esophagus, and into the stomach when swallowing. […] Swallowing problems happen when something goes wrong in 1 or more of these stages. Dysphagia can be long-term (chronic). Or it may come on suddenly. […] Chronic swallowing problems are often caused by another health problem. […] The following health problems make it more likely for a child to have problems swallowing: Being born prematurely, Cleft lip or cleft palate, Compression of the esophagus by other body parts, Dental problems, such as an overbite, Developmental delays, Diseases that affect how the nerves and muscles work, Eosinophilic esophagitis, an allergic condition that affects the esophagus, Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Having a foreign object stuck in the esophagus, such as a coin, Having a tracheostomy, which is an artificial opening in the throat for breathing, Large tongue, Large tonsils, Oral sensitivity or vocal cord irritation, which can happen if the child has been on a breathing machine (ventilator) for a long time, Problems with how the bones of the skull and the structures in the mouth and throat form (craniofacial anomalies), Problems with how the digestive tract forms, Paralysis of the vocal cords, Tumors or masses in the throat.

• #134 Dysphagia in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/d/dysphagia.html

  Dysphagia means trouble swallowing. This condition happens when food or liquids cant pass easily from your childs mouth into the throat, down the esophagus, and into the stomach when swallowing. […] Swallowing problems happen when something goes wrong in 1 or more of these stages. Dysphagia can be long-term (chronic). Or it may come on suddenly. […] Chronic swallowing problems are often caused by another health problem. […] The following health problems make it more likely for a child to have problems swallowing: Being born prematurely, Cleft lip or cleft palate, Compression of the esophagus by other body parts, Dental problems, such as an overbite, Developmental delays, Diseases that affect how the nerves and muscles work, Eosinophilic esophagitis, an allergic condition that affects the esophagus, Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Having a foreign object stuck in the esophagus, such as a coin, Having a tracheostomy, which is an artificial opening in the throat for breathing, Large tongue, Large tonsils, Oral sensitivity or vocal cord irritation, which can happen if the child has been on a breathing machine (ventilator) for a long time, Problems with how the bones of the skull and the structures in the mouth and throat form (craniofacial anomalies), Problems with how the digestive tract forms, Paralysis of the vocal cords, Tumors or masses in the throat.

• #135 Dysphagia in Children | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/dysphagia

  Dysphagia is a term that means difficulty swallowing. This condition is the inability of food or liquids to pass easily from your child’s mouth, into their throat, and through the esophagus to the stomach during the process of swallowing. […] Swallowing disorders like dysphagia occur when one or more of these stages fail to take place properly. Health problems that can affect swallowing in children include: Eosinophilic esophagitis, Achalasia, Connective tissue disorders, Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Prematurity, Developmental delays, Laryngeal cleft, Vocal cord paralysis, Cleft lip and palate or other craniofacial anomalies, Large tongue or tonsils, Diseases that affect the nerves and muscles, such as: Stroke, Tumor, Nerve injury, Brain injury, Muscular dystrophy, and can cause paralysis or poor function of the tongue or the muscles in the throat and esophagus, Prenatal malformations of the digestive tract, such as esophageal atresia or tracheoesophageal fistula, Irritation from being on a ventilator for a prolonged period of time, Having a tracheostomy, Compression of the esophagus by other body parts, such as the heart, thyroid gland, blood vessels, or lymph nodes, Foreign bodies in the esophagus, such as a swallowed coin. […] If your child also has symptoms of reflux along with dysphagia, treating this condition may produce improvements in your child’s ability to swallow. As the esophagus and throat are less irritated by acid reflux, their function may improve.

• #136 Dysphagia in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/d/dysphagia.html

  Dysphagia means trouble swallowing. This condition happens when food or liquids cant pass easily from your childs mouth into the throat, down the esophagus, and into the stomach when swallowing. […] Swallowing problems happen when something goes wrong in 1 or more of these stages. Dysphagia can be long-term (chronic). Or it may come on suddenly. […] Chronic swallowing problems are often caused by another health problem. […] The following health problems make it more likely for a child to have problems swallowing: Being born prematurely, Cleft lip or cleft palate, Compression of the esophagus by other body parts, Dental problems, such as an overbite, Developmental delays, Diseases that affect how the nerves and muscles work, Eosinophilic esophagitis, an allergic condition that affects the esophagus, Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Having a foreign object stuck in the esophagus, such as a coin, Having a tracheostomy, which is an artificial opening in the throat for breathing, Large tongue, Large tonsils, Oral sensitivity or vocal cord irritation, which can happen if the child has been on a breathing machine (ventilator) for a long time, Problems with how the bones of the skull and the structures in the mouth and throat form (craniofacial anomalies), Problems with how the digestive tract forms, Paralysis of the vocal cords, Tumors or masses in the throat.

• #137 Dysphagia in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/d/dysphagia.html

  Dysphagia means trouble swallowing. This condition happens when food or liquids cant pass easily from your childs mouth into the throat, down the esophagus, and into the stomach when swallowing. […] Swallowing problems happen when something goes wrong in 1 or more of these stages. Dysphagia can be long-term (chronic). Or it may come on suddenly. […] Chronic swallowing problems are often caused by another health problem. […] The following health problems make it more likely for a child to have problems swallowing: Being born prematurely, Cleft lip or cleft palate, Compression of the esophagus by other body parts, Dental problems, such as an overbite, Developmental delays, Diseases that affect how the nerves and muscles work, Eosinophilic esophagitis, an allergic condition that affects the esophagus, Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Having a foreign object stuck in the esophagus, such as a coin, Having a tracheostomy, which is an artificial opening in the throat for breathing, Large tongue, Large tonsils, Oral sensitivity or vocal cord irritation, which can happen if the child has been on a breathing machine (ventilator) for a long time, Problems with how the bones of the skull and the structures in the mouth and throat form (craniofacial anomalies), Problems with how the digestive tract forms, Paralysis of the vocal cords, Tumors or masses in the throat.

• #138 Dysphagia in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/d/dysphagia.html

  If your child has chronic dysphagia or dysphagia caused by a health condition, speech or occupational therapy may help. Your child will learn exercises and feeding techniques to swallow better. […] If your child also has GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease), treatment for this condition may help your child swallow better. […] This condition can cause aspiration. This happens when food or liquids go into your childs windpipe and lungs. This can lead to pneumonia and other serious lung problems. […] Long-term (chronic) dysphagia may be caused by an underlying health problem. […] Treatment for dysphagia depends on the cause of the condition.

• #139 Dysphagia | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/f/dysphagia

  Dysphagia may result in inadequate airway protection during swallowing. This can cause food or liquid to get into the lungs (aspiration). Aspiration into the airway can cause upper respiratory infections and pneumonia. The child may not be able to manage food or liquid well or accept an age-appropriate diet. Dehydration and malnutrition may occur if the feeding problem goes untreated. If the dysphagia is severe, another source of nutrition and hydration, such as a feeding tube, may be needed. […] Treatment for dysphagia is based on the nature and severity of the child’s feeding and swallowing problem. The speech-language pathologist will help with the evaluation of the dysphagia. They may suggest or provide therapy to: Develop strength, range of motion, and coordination of the lips, tongue, cheek and jaw muscles for efficient eating and drinking, Help decrease oral sensitivity or oral aversion to foods and liquids, Decrease behavioral resistance to feeding, Work on strategies to decrease the risk for aspiration.

• #140 Dysphagia in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/d/dysphagia.html

  If your child has chronic dysphagia or dysphagia caused by a health condition, speech or occupational therapy may help. Your child will learn exercises and feeding techniques to swallow better. […] If your child also has GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease), treatment for this condition may help your child swallow better. […] This condition can cause aspiration. This happens when food or liquids go into your childs windpipe and lungs. This can lead to pneumonia and other serious lung problems. […] Long-term (chronic) dysphagia may be caused by an underlying health problem. […] Treatment for dysphagia depends on the cause of the condition.

• #141 Dysphagia (Difficulty Swallowing): What It Is, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/21195-dysphagia-difficulty-swallowing

  Infections, like strep throat (bacterial tonsillitis), can cause pain and inflammation that lead to dysphagia. Dysphagia can occur after surgery to your head and neck or other types of treatment. […] Aging doesnt cause dysphagia, but its a key risk factor. Muscle deteriorates as we get older, making us more susceptible to injury. The risk of developing many neurological conditions associated with dysphagia increases with age. […] Treatment for dysphagia depends on whats causing it and how severe it is. Your treatment might include: Medication, Lifestyle changes, Other medical therapy, Feeding tube. […] Dysphagia can lead to serious health issues and even be fatal without treatment. Risks include: Dehydration, Malnutrition, Choking, Silent aspiration and aspiration pneumonia.

• #142 Dysphagia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dysphagia/symptoms-causes/syc-20372028

  Certain conditions can weaken the throat muscles, making it difficult to move food from the mouth into the throat and esophagus during swallowing. […] Causes of oropharyngeal dysphagia include: Neurological disorders. […] Sudden neurological damage, such as from a stroke or a brain or spinal cord injury, can affect the ability to swallow. […] Dysphagia can make it difficult to take in enough food and fluids. […] Food or liquid entering the airway during attempts to swallow can cause aspiration pneumonia as a result of the food introducing bacteria into the lungs.

• #143 Dysphagia: Symptoms and Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/digestive/dysphagia

  Complications of dysphagia include: Weight loss, dehydration, and malnutrition may result from insufficient food and water. […] Choking can occur due to difficult swallowing. […] Aspiration pneumonia can occur when food or liquid is introduced to the airways during attempts to swallow, resulting in lung inflammation and bacteria. […] Food impactions can occur, in which food gets stuck in the esophagus and cannot pass during swallowing.

• #144 Dysphagia (Difficulty Swallowing): What It Is, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/21195-dysphagia-difficulty-swallowing

  Infections, like strep throat (bacterial tonsillitis), can cause pain and inflammation that lead to dysphagia. Dysphagia can occur after surgery to your head and neck or other types of treatment. […] Aging doesnt cause dysphagia, but its a key risk factor. Muscle deteriorates as we get older, making us more susceptible to injury. The risk of developing many neurological conditions associated with dysphagia increases with age. […] Treatment for dysphagia depends on whats causing it and how severe it is. Your treatment might include: Medication, Lifestyle changes, Other medical therapy, Feeding tube. […] Dysphagia can lead to serious health issues and even be fatal without treatment. Risks include: Dehydration, Malnutrition, Choking, Silent aspiration and aspiration pneumonia.

• #145 Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) – symptoms, causes and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/dysphagia

  Dysphagia can lead to dehydration and malnutrition if not managed properly. It can cause weight loss and problems taking your oral medicines. […] Dysphagia can also lead to aspiration. This means that food or drink go into your airways, rather than your oesophagus and stomach. Aspiration can lead to pneumonia.

• #146 Dysphagia: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2212409-overview

  Dysphagia can result from secondary myopathies in Cushing syndrome, hyperthyroidism, and hypothyroidism. […] Various medications, including CNS depressants, antipsychotics, corticosteroids, lipid-lowering agents, colchicine, aminoglycosides, and anticholinergic drugs, can produce dysphagia by causing a decrease in cognition or giving rise to drug-induced myopathies. […] Surgeries that can lead to dysphagia include laryngectomy, pharyngectomy, esophagectomy reconstructed by gastric pull-up, and head and neck surgery (oral cavity cancer). […] The frequency of aspiration in patients with a tracheostomy is 50-83%. […] Dysphagia can potentially lead to dehydration, while dehydration may itself be a risk factor for pneumonia for several reasons.

• #147 Dysphagia: Symptoms and Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/digestive/dysphagia

  Complications of dysphagia include: Weight loss, dehydration, and malnutrition may result from insufficient food and water. […] Choking can occur due to difficult swallowing. […] Aspiration pneumonia can occur when food or liquid is introduced to the airways during attempts to swallow, resulting in lung inflammation and bacteria. […] Food impactions can occur, in which food gets stuck in the esophagus and cannot pass during swallowing.

• #148 Dysphagia (Difficulty Swallowing): What It Is, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/21195-dysphagia-difficulty-swallowing

  Infections, like strep throat (bacterial tonsillitis), can cause pain and inflammation that lead to dysphagia. Dysphagia can occur after surgery to your head and neck or other types of treatment. […] Aging doesnt cause dysphagia, but its a key risk factor. Muscle deteriorates as we get older, making us more susceptible to injury. The risk of developing many neurological conditions associated with dysphagia increases with age. […] Treatment for dysphagia depends on whats causing it and how severe it is. Your treatment might include: Medication, Lifestyle changes, Other medical therapy, Feeding tube. […] Dysphagia can lead to serious health issues and even be fatal without treatment. Risks include: Dehydration, Malnutrition, Choking, Silent aspiration and aspiration pneumonia.

• #149 Dysphagia: Symptoms and Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/digestive/dysphagia

  Complications of dysphagia include: Weight loss, dehydration, and malnutrition may result from insufficient food and water. […] Choking can occur due to difficult swallowing. […] Aspiration pneumonia can occur when food or liquid is introduced to the airways during attempts to swallow, resulting in lung inflammation and bacteria. […] Food impactions can occur, in which food gets stuck in the esophagus and cannot pass during swallowing.

• #150 Swallowing Disorders in Adults

  https://www.asha.org/public/speech/swallowing/swallowing-disorders-in-adults/?srsltid=AfmBOop7Cl11f1Dppg8PSjl3Urknccbl0UEoe5Bw4M3eJzqMlSLYGigD

  Swallowing disorders can lead to health issues and social problems, like choosing not to eat meals with others. […] A swallowing disorder is also called dysphagia (dis-FAY-juh). […] Many conditions can cause swallowing problems. Some medications can cause dry mouth, which makes it hard to chew and swallow. Other causes include the following: Damage to your brain or nerves from any of these: stroke, brain injury, spinal cord injury, Parkinsons disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, or Lou Gehrigs disease), muscular dystrophy, cerebral palsy, Alzheimers disease. […] Problems with your head, neck, or mouth, such as these: cancer in your mouth, throat, or esophagus, head or neck injuries, mouth or neck surgery, bad teeth, missing teeth, or dentures that do not fit well.

• #151 Dysphagia (Difficulty Swallowing): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/digestive-health/difficulty-swallowing-dysphagia

  Eosinophilic oesophagitis is an increasingly common cause of difficulty swallowing. […] Dysphagia is often the first symptom and is caused by the cancer growing and narrowing the passage in the oesophagus. […] Conditions which affect the smooth muscle or connective tissues of the oesophagus, preventing it from working properly, can cause difficulty swallowing. […] Pressure from structures next to the oesophagus can sometimes affect the function of the oesophagus to cause dysphagia. […] Swallowing disorders may make it difficult to take in enough food and/or drink, resulting in malnutrition or lack of fluid in the body (dehydration). […] It leads to a risk of food 'going down the wrong way’ (aspiration) towards the lungs instead of the stomach.

• #152 Dysphagia: Symptoms and Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/digestive/dysphagia

  Complications of dysphagia include: Weight loss, dehydration, and malnutrition may result from insufficient food and water. […] Choking can occur due to difficult swallowing. […] Aspiration pneumonia can occur when food or liquid is introduced to the airways during attempts to swallow, resulting in lung inflammation and bacteria. […] Food impactions can occur, in which food gets stuck in the esophagus and cannot pass during swallowing.

• #153 Dysphagia: Evaluation and Collaborative Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0115/p97.html

  Patients with dysphagia who also report weight loss, fever, gastrointestinal bleeding, or odynophagia, or who have unusually severe or rapidly progressive symptoms, especially older adults and those with a history of cancer or surgery, should have a more comprehensive expedited evaluation. […] Most patients with dysphagia have esophageal dysfunction caused by benign and self-limited conditions, including functional esophageal disorders. […] Dysphagia may be considered a geriatric syndrome. It is multifactorial and may be triggered by acute insults or gradual decline; it leads to poor outcomes such as malnutrition, social isolation, dehydration, weight loss, and aspiration pneumonia; and treatment requires multidisciplinary interventions.

• #154 Dysphagia (Difficulty Swallowing): What It Is, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/21195-dysphagia-difficulty-swallowing

  Infections, like strep throat (bacterial tonsillitis), can cause pain and inflammation that lead to dysphagia. Dysphagia can occur after surgery to your head and neck or other types of treatment. […] Aging doesnt cause dysphagia, but its a key risk factor. Muscle deteriorates as we get older, making us more susceptible to injury. The risk of developing many neurological conditions associated with dysphagia increases with age. […] Treatment for dysphagia depends on whats causing it and how severe it is. Your treatment might include: Medication, Lifestyle changes, Other medical therapy, Feeding tube. […] Dysphagia can lead to serious health issues and even be fatal without treatment. Risks include: Dehydration, Malnutrition, Choking, Silent aspiration and aspiration pneumonia.

• #155 Dysphagia (Difficulty Swallowing): Types, Treatment, Causes, Symptoms & Diet

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/dysphagia_swallowing_problems/article_em.htm

  Dysphagia means difficulty swallowing. Odynophagia means painful swallowing. Sometimes it is not easy for individuals to distinguish between these two problems. […] Nevertheless, it is important to attempt to distinguish between the two because the causes of each may be quite different. […] Some conditions associated with dysphagia affect the area of the lower throat, primarily conditions in which there are abnormalities of nerves or muscles that control the function of the throat. […] Dysphagia can result from abnormalities in any of the complex steps necessary for swallowing. The process of swallowing has three stages. […] Dysphagia has many causes. First, there may be a physical (anatomical) obstruction to the passage of food. Second, there may be abnormalities in the function (functional abnormalities) of the nerves of the brain, throat, and esophagus whose normal function is necessary to coordinate swallowing. Finally, there also may be abnormalities of the muscles of the throat and esophagus themselves.

• #156 Dysphagia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559174/

  Dysphagia is a common problem, particularly in the elderly population. The underlying etiology may be a mechanical obstruction or a motility disorder. Anatomical, neuromuscular, infectious, and inflammatory diseases may all present with or contribute to dysphagia. […] Dysphagia may be caused by mechanical obstruction of the esophagus or a motility disorder. Mechanical obstruction is characterized primarily by dysphagia with solids, whereas motility disorders have dysphagia for both solids and liquids. […] Several rheumatological disorders are known to cause dysphagia via multiple mechanisms. […] Several pharmaceuticals may contribute to the severity of dysphagia. The mechanisms by which these drugs may cause dysphagia include xerostomia and changes in esophageal motility. […] Dysphagia may be acute or chronic and can be oropharyngeal, esophageal, or mixed. There are many underlying etiologies of dysphagia. […] The prognosis of dysphagia depends upon the underlying etiology. For example, dysphagia in stroke patients normalizes gradually, from 3 weeks to approximately 6 months or longer. Dysphagia due to achalasia or mechanical obstruction may resolve with surgical intervention.

• #157 Dysphagia (swallowing problems)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/swallowing-problems-dysphagia/

  Dysphagia is where you have problems swallowing. It’s usually caused by certain medicines or another condition, such as acid reflux or a stroke. […] Dysphagia is usually caused by another health condition and can happen at any age. […] Common causes of swallowing problems include: some medicines, such as antipsychotics; having a learning disability; a cleft lip and palate in babies; heartburn and acid reflux, especially in children or people who have gastro-oesophageal reflux disease; problems with your breathing caused by conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); a condition that affects the nervous system or brain, such as cerebral palsy, a stroke, dementia or multiple sclerosis; cancer, such as mouth cancer or oesophageal cancer.

• #158 Dysphagia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dysphagia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372033

  A member of your healthcare team will likely ask you for a description and history of your swallowing difficulties, perform a physical exam, and use various tests to find the cause of your swallowing problem. […] Treatment for dysphagia depends on the type or cause of your swallowing disorder. […] For oropharyngeal dysphagia, you may be referred to a speech or swallowing therapist. […] Treatment approaches for esophageal dysphagia might include: […] The type of surgical treatment depends on the cause of dysphagia. […] If difficulty swallowing prevents you from eating and drinking enough and treatment doesn’t allow you to swallow safely, a feeding tube may be recommended. […] Dysphagia care at Mayo Clinic.

• #159 Dysphagia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dysphagia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372033

  A member of your healthcare team will likely ask you for a description and history of your swallowing difficulties, perform a physical exam, and use various tests to find the cause of your swallowing problem. […] Treatment for dysphagia depends on the type or cause of your swallowing disorder. […] For oropharyngeal dysphagia, you may be referred to a speech or swallowing therapist. […] Treatment approaches for esophageal dysphagia might include: […] The type of surgical treatment depends on the cause of dysphagia. […] If difficulty swallowing prevents you from eating and drinking enough and treatment doesn’t allow you to swallow safely, a feeding tube may be recommended. […] Dysphagia care at Mayo Clinic.

• #160

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/pages/conditions.aspx?Hwid=tp23477spec

  A dry mouth can make dysphagia worse. This is because you may not have enough saliva to help move food out of your mouth and through your esophagus. A dry mouth can be caused by medicines or another health problem. […] Your treatment will depend on what is causing your dysphagia. Treatment for dysphagia includes: Exercises for your swallowing muscles. If you have a problem with your brain, nerves, or muscles, you may need to do exercises to train your muscles to work together to help you swallow. You may also need to learn how to position your body or how to put food in your mouth to be able to swallow better. Changing the foods you eat. Your doctor may tell you to eat certain foods and liquids to make swallowing easier. Dilation. In this treatment, a device is placed down your esophagus to carefully expand any narrow areas of your esophagus. You may need to have the treatment more than once. Endoscopy. In some cases, a long, thin scope can be used to remove an object that is stuck in your esophagus. Surgery. If you have something blocking your esophagus (such as a tumour or diverticula), you may need surgery to remove it. Surgery is also sometimes used in people who have a problem that affects the lower esophageal muscle (achalasia). Medicines. If you have dysphagia related to GERD, heartburn, or esophagitis, prescription medicines may help prevent stomach acid from entering your esophagus. Infections in your esophagus are often treated with antibiotic medicines. […] In rare cases, a person who has severe dysphagia may need a feeding tube because he or she is not able to get enough food and liquids.

• #161 Swallowing Problems (Dysphagia) Causes, Symptoms, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/swallowing/article.htm

  The most common disease affecting swallowing is a stroke (cerebrovascular accident) that affects the swallowing center. […] The most common infiltrating disease causing dysphagia is eosinophilic esophagitis which usually is successfully treated with swallowed corticosteroids. […] With the exception of dysphagia caused by stroke for which there can be marked improvement, dysphagia from other causes is stable or progressive, and the prognosis depends on the underlying cause, its tendency to progress, the availability of therapy, and the response to therapy.

• #162 Dysphagia (Difficulty Swallowing): What It Is, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/21195-dysphagia-difficulty-swallowing

  Infections, like strep throat (bacterial tonsillitis), can cause pain and inflammation that lead to dysphagia. Dysphagia can occur after surgery to your head and neck or other types of treatment. […] Aging doesnt cause dysphagia, but its a key risk factor. Muscle deteriorates as we get older, making us more susceptible to injury. The risk of developing many neurological conditions associated with dysphagia increases with age. […] Treatment for dysphagia depends on whats causing it and how severe it is. Your treatment might include: Medication, Lifestyle changes, Other medical therapy, Feeding tube. […] Dysphagia can lead to serious health issues and even be fatal without treatment. Risks include: Dehydration, Malnutrition, Choking, Silent aspiration and aspiration pneumonia.

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