Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Prevalence and Characteristics of Dysphagia Based on a Population-Based Survey

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7180111/

  Dysphagia is common; 1 of 6 adults reported experiencing difficulty swallowing. […] We performed a population-based survey of more than 31,000 adults to evaluate the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and healthcare-seeking behavior of individuals with dysphagia. […] However, half of individuals have not discussed their symptoms with a clinician and many could have treatable disorders. […] Overall, 51.1% of individuals sought care for their difficulty swallowing; older age, male sex, having a usual source of care and insurance, having comorbidities, and more severe dysphagia symptoms increased the odds for seeking care. […] In a large population-based survey, we found that dysphagia is common; 1 of 6 adults reported experiencing difficulty swallowing.

• #2 The prevalence of dysphagia among adults in the United States – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25193514/

  Objective: To determine the prevalence of dysphagia, reported etiologies, and impact among adults in the United States. […] An estimated 9.44 0.33 million adults (raw N = 1554; mean age, 52.1 years; 60.2% 1.6% female) reported a swallowing problem (4.0% 0.1%). Overall, 22.7% 1.7% saw a health care professional for their swallowing problem, and 36.9% 0.1.7% were given a diagnosis. […] Conclusion: Swallowing problems affect 1 in 25 adults, annually. A relative minority seek health care for their swallowing problem, even though the subjective impact and associated workdays lost with the swallowing problem are significant.

• #3 Dysphagia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysphagia

  Dysphagia is difficulty in swallowing. […] Swallowing disorders can occur in all age groups, resulting from congenital abnormalities, structural damage, and/or medical conditions. […] Swallowing problems are a common complaint among older individuals, and the incidence of dysphagia is higher in the elderly, and in patients who have had strokes. […] Dysphagia affects about 3% of the population.

• #4 Evaluating Dysphagia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/0615/p3639.html

  Dysphagia is a problem that commonly affects patients cared for by family physicians in the office, as hospital inpatients and as nursing home residents. […] Approximately 7 to 10 percent of adults older than 50 years have dysphagia, although this number may be artificially low because many patients with this problem may never seek medical care. Up to 25 percent of hospitalized patients and 30 to 40 percent of patients in nursing homes experience swallowing problems. […] Elderly patients are at the highest risk of dysphagia and its subsequent complications, especially silent aspiration. […] Diseases of the esophagus are among the top 50 reasons that patients seek medical care and, in frequency, rank alongside problems such as pneumonia, bronchitis and otitis media. Conditions that cause dysphagia can produce esophageal rupture, nutritional deficits and aspiration pneumonia.

• #5 Dysphagia epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Dysphagia_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Dysphagia is a common symptom seen in the elderly population owing to senile physiological changes in the muscles involved in deglutition. The prevalance of dysphagia in the elderly population is 7% to 22% per 100,000 individuals. Patients of all age groups may develop dysphagia and the incidence of dysphagia increases with age. […] The epidemiology and demographics of dysphagia are as follows: […] The annual incidence of esophageal food impaction is 25 per 100,000 persons per year. […] There are a number of causes of different types of dysphagia across the world of which the most common is stroke among the elderly. […] The incidence progressively increases with age, reaching the peak around seventh decade of life. […] The incidence is higher in males as compared to females. […] The prevalance of dysphagia in the elderly population is 7% to 22% per 100,000 individuals.

• #6 Dysphagia | Concise Medical Knowledge

  https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/dysphagia/

  Dysphagia is a condition in which there is a disruption of the swallowing process, typically interfering with the ability to eat and drink. […] Prevalence in those 65 years of age: 14% to 33% in the community; approximately 40% in hospitalized patients. […] Dysphagia occurs in patients with Parkinson disease. […] Esophageal functional and motility disorders typically occur due to pathology of the muscles of the esophagus, causing a disruption in peristalsis. […] All functional and motility disorders exhibit dysphagia with liquids and solids at the onset. […] Esophageal mechanical and obstructive disorders typically occur due to obstruction of the esophageal lumen. All mechanical and obstructive disorders exhibit dysphagia with solids with progression to liquids.

• #7 Dysphagia: Nutritional Management and Implications | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/1195655

  The estimates are documented to affect approximately 50-66% of people over 60 years of age. […] The disparity in the reported prevalence data has been explained by the difference in the subset of Americans sampled, the timing of the studies, the criteria used to define and the tools used to test for dysphagia. […] While the recorded prevalence of dysphagia in America is only 6% (1 in 17), the rates in Asia are closer to that described for the general international population. Asian prevalence of dysphagia in the geriatric population living in the community ranges from 13.8 to 33.7%, while the international rates of institutional dysphagia were documented to be between 26 and 60%. […] In South African countries, the prevalence of dysphagia following stroke was 56%. […] Caution must be exercised when interpreting the prevalence of dysphagia in this study.

• #8 Dysphagia | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/20803

  Dysphagia is a common problem, particularly in the elderly population. The prevalence of dysphagia is approximately 10% to 22% in Americans aged 50 and over. In patients over age 60 years, the prevalence is approximately 40%. A study reported that 63% of elderly patients who denied any history of swallowing problems demonstrated abnormalities in radiologic swallow studies. […] In hospitalized patients, approximately 14% to 18% of patients have symptoms of dysphagia. In senior care homes, symptomatic dysphagia is reported by 30% to 60% of patients. In patients in intensive care, a recent systematic review showed that the incidence of post-extubation dysphagia (PED) was in the range of 3% to 62%. In another retrospective, observational cohort study, the prevalence of PED was as much as 84%.

• #9 Adult Dysphagia

  https://www.asha.org/practice-portal/clinical-topics/adult-dysphagia/?srsltid=AfmBOoo9RsmrkambZGgLNQWA3N4ukaCrKyRi2R6vlNMoWd3Bw3UFSWRR

  Dysphagia is a swallowing disorder involving the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, or gastroesophageal junction. Dysphagia cuts across so many diseases and age groups that its true prevalence in adult populations is not fully known and is often underestimated. Each year, approximately one in 25 adults will experience a swallowing problem in the United States (Bhattacharyya, 2014). A number of epidemiologic reports indicate that the prevalence of dysphagia is more common among older individuals and that sarcopenia is positively associated with dysphagia (Barczi et al., 2000; Bhattacharyya, 2014; Bloem et al., 1990; Cabr et al., 2014; Roden Altman, 2013; Sura et al., 2012; Zhao et al., 2018). Conservative estimates suggest that dysphagia rates may be as low as 3% in U.S. inpatients aged 45 years or older to as high as 22% in adults over 50 years of age (Lindgren Janzon, 1991; National Foundation of Swallowing Disorders, n.d.; Patel et al., 2018; Tibbling Gustafsson, 1991); as high as 30% in elderly populations receiving inpatient medical treatment (Layne et al., 1989); up to 68% for residents in long-term care settings (National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, n.d.; Steele et al., 1997); and 13%38% among elderly individuals who are living independently (Kawashima et al., 2004; Serra-Prat et al., 2011). The prevalence of dysphagia in community-dwelling adults over the age of 50 years is estimated to be somewhere between 15% and 22% (Aslam Vaezi, 2013; Barczi et al., 2000), and in skilled nursing facilities, the prevalence rises to over 60% (Steele et al., 1997). Various neurological diseases are known to be associated with dysphagia. The exact epidemiological numbers by condition or disease also remain poorly defined.

• #10

  https://healthmanagement.org/c/icu/issuearticle/icu-related-dysphagia

  Due to malnutrition and aspiration dysphagia in critically ill patients on the ICU is an extremely important symptom with crucial impact on outcome and mortality. […] In intensive care medicine dysphagia is an extremely frequent and outcome-relevant symptom. Studies on internal medicine, anaesthesiological and surgical intensive care units have shown that 50 to 70% of patients on these wards suffered from dysphagia. […] In a recent study on a neurological intensive care unit there was even a dysphagia incidence of over 90%, and dysphagia persisted in half of the patients until the day of discharge. […] Of particular relevance is the finding that dysphagia in intensive care patients is more severe and in 10-20% of the patients accompanied by silent aspirations. […] Regardless of the diagnostic spectrum analysed, dysphagia in critically ill patients is a significant predictor of complications, especially aspiration pneumonia and reintubation, and a crucial determinant of the duration of hospitalisation and the patients outcome.

• #11 Dysphagia | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/20803

  The incidence of dysphagia also varies according to underlying etiology. The reported frequencies of dysphagia in patients with stroke vary between 19% and 81%. Early detection of dysphagia in these patients is critical for reducing pulmonary complications and the length of hospital stay. […] The incidence of dysphagia due to an underlying pathophysiologic process may also increase with increasing age. In idiopathic achalasia, which occurs in equal frequency in males and females and is commonly diagnosed at age 50, the mean incidence is approximately 0.3 to 1.6 per 100,000 people per year in adults. However, the incidence in people over 80 is approximately 17 per 100,000 annually. […] Over the past decade, publications on swallowing disorders have increased yearly.

• #12 Dysphagia: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2212409-overview

  Neurologic swallowing disorders are encountered more frequently in rehabilitation medicine than in most other medical specialties. Stroke is the leading cause of neurologic dysphagia, with the condition occurring in approximately 51-73% of patients with stroke. Dysphagia can delay functional recovery in patients with stroke and is also the most significant risk factor for the development of pneumonia in this population. […] According to the US National Medicare database, the incidence of poststroke dysphagia is higher in Asians and other minority groups than in whites, suggesting racial disparities in the development of dysphagia after stroke. […] As previously mentioned, the prevalence of dysphagia increases with age, and dysphagia is a major health-care problem in elderly patients. […] A study by Kooi-van Es et al found that of 295 children with neuromuscular disease, dysphagia and dysarthria had a pooled overall prevalence of 47.2% and 31.5%, respectively. The investigators reported that 90.0% of children with dysphagia had chewing problems, while 43.0% had swallowing problems, and 33.3% demonstrated difficulties with both chewing and swallowing.

• #13 Neurological disorders affecting oral, pharyngeal swallowing : GI Motility online

  https://www.nature.com/gimo/contents/pt1/full/gimo34.html

  Many disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) can cause oral and pharyngeal dysphagia. […] Stroke is the most common cause of neurogenic dysphagia. Dysphagia, as identified by VSSs, occurs in approximately 65% of acute stroke patients, with the incidence of aspiration ranging from 43% to 58%. […] It is estimated that 400,000 to 800,000 individuals worldwide develop neurogenic dysphagia per year. […] Determination of dysphagia based on patient complaint or clinical swallowing evaluation generally underestimates the incidence. […] Dysphagia in some neurologic diseases, such as stroke or traumatic brain injury or following neck surgery may demonstrate spontaneous recovery or rapid improvement with therapy within the first few weeks of the event. […] Many of the neurologic disorders that affect swallowing are progressive; thus swallowing can be expected to decline as the disease worsens. […] Pneumonia can be a frequent complication in patients with dysphagia owing to CNS disease, in part because of unawareness of the swallowing problem and silent aspiration.

• #14 Oro-Pharyngeal Dysphagia in Parkinson’s Disease and Related Movement Disorders

  https://www.e-jmd.org/journal/view.php?number=260

  A recent meta-analysis showed that the pooled prevalence was 35% on the subjective or patient-related measure but increased up to 82% when the objective or clinician-related measure was employed. […] Therefore, a patients self-report or response to a simple question whether or not they have any swallowing problem can lead to an underestimation of dysphagia in patients with PD. […] The use of validated questionnaires or objective instrumental studies is essential for the early detection of dysphagia and proper management for those patients. […] Although symptoms of dysphagia are frequent even in the early stage of PD, compensation mechanisms may occur at the cortical level, and a severe form of dysphagia is more associated with the late stage of the disease. […] Clinical predictors highly correlated with severe dysphagia in PD are the Hoehn Yahr stage, the motor part (III) of the Unified Parkinsons Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), the body mass index (BMI), dementia, depression, saliva control, dysarthria, and disease duration.

• #15 Dysphagia in Neuroinflammatory Diseases of the Central Nervous System | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/79910

  Neuroinflammatory disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) consist of a relatively heterogeneous group of diseases that share the autoimmune activity against different parts of the system. Swallowing problems could happen in many of these cases. Its effect on the patients quality of life is undeniable. It could be an important cause of morbidity and mortality. […] Dysphagia is notably prevalent among these patients. It seems to affect at least over 30% of the MS population. Besides, objective examinations may find the problem in as high as 80% of the cases. […] On the other hand, there is a considerable discrepancy between reports from different regions. Based on a systematic review in 2015, Iran has the lowest and Europe has the highest reported prevalence of dysphagia in MS. […] As predicted, those with higher disability scores and longer duration of disease are at more risk of experiencing deglutition difficulties.

• #16 European Society for Swallowing Disorders – European Union Geria | CIA

  https://www.dovepress.com/european-society-for-swallowing-disorders-ndash-european-union-geriatr-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CIA

  Oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) is a prevalent and serious problem among all phenotypes of older patients as oropharyngeal swallow response is impaired in older people and can cause aspiration. […] Despite its prevalence and severity, OD is still underdiagnosed and untreated in many medical centers. […] The prevalence of OD has been calculated in older persons across different settings, with rates between 30% and 40% in independently living older people, 44% in those admitted to geriatric acute care, and 60% in institutionalized older patients. […] OD has been shown to be more prevalent in hospitalized older patients with functional or cognitive impairments, and in independently living older persons with functional or mobility impairments. […] The highest prevalence of dysphagia has been observed in neurological patients, in 29%-64% of those with stroke and over 80% of those with dementia, especially at advanced stages of the disease.

• #17 Swallowing Disorders in RA: Epidemiology and Patient Management – Rheumatology Advisor

  https://www.rheumatologyadvisor.com/features/swallowing-disorders-in-ra-epidemiology-and-patient-management/

  Among the range of symptoms that may affect patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal motility disorders are common. The estimated prevalence of swallowing dysfunction in this patient population is 13.1% to 33.3%. Oropharyngeal dysphagia caused by xerostomia, masticatory impairment, and cricoarytenoid joint dysfunction has been reported. In addition, esophageal dysphagia may arise from esophageal motor dysfunction, complications from antirheumatic therapy, and other causes. […] Despite the high rates of dysphagia in RA, data are scarce regarding prevalence, risk factors, symptoms, and effects on quality of life. […] Swallowing disorders were noted in 41% of participants, with many reporting daily symptoms for at least 4 years. […] Risk factors for swallowing disorders included voice or thyroid dysfunction, esophageal reflux, and physical inactivity.

• #18 Dysphagia in the intensive care unit: epidemiology, mechanisms, and clinical management | Critical Care | Full Text

  https://ccforum.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13054-019-2400-2

  Dysphagia including post-extubation dysphagia (PED) is a concern in hospitalized patients on intensive care units (ICUs). […] Following systematic screening post-extubation, we recently published the largest prospective observational study on PED and observed that the PED incidence in unselected emergency ICU admission was 18.3%. […] Importantly, the presence of PED had an impact on morbidity and mortality, with an excess 90-day all-cause mortality rate of 9.2%. […] In general medical populations, the overall burden of dysphagia on public health care system is considered high. […] Considering that post-extubation dysphagia is not routinely screened for in most ICUs, maybe due to limited awareness, PED appears a rather poorly recognized health care problem. […] A systematic review on the incidence of PED published in 2010 included a total of 14 studies with a total of 3520 individuals (mean of approximately 251 patients per study, median of 67) and concluded that the incidence rate ranges from 3 to 62%.

• #19 Dysphagia in the intensive care unit: epidemiology, mechanisms, and clinical management | Critical Care | Full Text

  https://ccforum.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13054-019-2400-2

  In a subsequent retrospective observational cohort study, a dysphagia prevalence of up to 84% was reported. […] A recent larger study (DYnAMICS) performed by us included 1304 medical and surgical ICU patients with potential PED risk reported an incidence rate of 12.4% (18.3% in unselected emergency admissions) after systematic screening. […] In summary, the clinical consequences of dysphagia in the critically ill are important, with prolonged length of hospitalization, increased resource use, increased treatment costs, and increased mortality. […] Awareness for dysphagia on the ICU should be increased, and systematic screening protocols should be established.

• #20 The global prevalence of oropharyngeal dysphagia in different populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Journal of Translational Medicine | Full Text

  https://translational-medicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12967-022-03380-0

  Oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) refers to any abnormality in the physiology of swallowing in the upper gastrointestinal tract, which leads to the related clinical complications, such as malnutrition, dehydration, and sever complication, such as aspiration pneumonia, suffocation, and eventually, premature death. […] The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to standardize the global prevalence of OD in different populations. […] The overall estimate of the global prevalence rate of OD was 43.8% (95% CI 33.3-54.9%) and the highest prevalence rate was estimated in Africa with 64.2% (95% CI 53.2-73.9%). […] The results of the present systematic review and meta-analysis revealed that the prevalence of OD is high in different populations and its trend has been increasing in recent years.

• #21 The global prevalence of oropharyngeal dysphagia in different populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Journal of Translational Medicine | Full Text

  https://translational-medicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12967-022-03380-0

  International data reported the prevalence of OD in the general populations between 2.3 and 16.0%. […] The prevalence of OD is high with predisposing conditions, such as aging and stroke. […] The results of the present study indicated that the prevalence of OD is high in different populations and its trend has been increasing in recent years.

• #22 Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) – symptoms, causes and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/dysphagia

  Dysphagia is when you have trouble swallowing solids and liquids. […] Dysphagia can cause coughing, gagging or choking when you are eating or drinking, or the feeling of food getting stuck in your throat. […] There are many causes of dysphagia, and treatment depends on the cause. […] Dysphagia can lead to dehydration, weight loss and malnutrition if not treated. […] Dysphagia can be a sign of a serious medical condition. […] Your doctor can diagnose the cause of your dysphagia and help you access treatment. […] Dysphagia can lead to dehydration and malnutrition if not managed properly. […] Dysphagia can also lead to aspiration. This means that food or drink go into your airways, rather than your oesophagus and stomach. Aspiration can lead to pneumonia. […] Dysphagia cannot be prevented. However, treatment can help prevent complications. […] Dysphagia is a common condition seen in many long-term care clients, with chewing and swallowing problems affecting between 30 and 50% of Australian aged care residents. It can have serious consequences, such as choking and aspiration pneumonia, if not appropriately managed.

• #23 Adult-onset dysphagia

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2024/supplement-december/adult-onset-dysphagia

  Dysphagia, characterised by a difficulty in swallowing, stems from various causes and is frequently encountered in general practice. […] The rise in dysphagia in Australia’s ageing population necessitates proper management to prevent complications. […] Dysphagia carries a significant disease burden among our communities, with notably high morbidity and mortality rates, although global reports vary with population-based incidences estimated to be between 2 and 20%. […] Australian-specific reports reflect these data, indicating that 20% of Australians aged 50 years experience dysphagia, which increases to up to 50% in those residing in long-term care facilities. […] Dysphagia is more prevalent in women than men across all age groups. […] Chronic dysphagia is common in the geriatric population and is a serious risk factor for the development of aspiration pneumonia. […] The prevalence of adult-onset dysphagia in Australia will continue to rise with a rapidly growing ageing population.

• #24 Dysphagia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/dysphagia?lang=us

  Dysphagia refers to subjective awareness of difficulty or obstruction during swallowing. It is a relatively common and increasingly prevalent clinical problem. […] Dysphagia is common in older age groups. Women are more prone to have dysphagia than men (80% vs 20%).

• #25 Impact of anxiety and depression on the swallowing process among patients with neurological disorders and head and neck neoplasia: systemic review | The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery | Full Text

  https://ejnpn.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s41983-023-00674-y

  Dysphagia is associated with depression and anxiety due to the severity, impact of symptoms itself or secondary to the underlying cause. […] Epidemiology of dysphagia is underestimated. Its Incidence among individuals above the age 50 in several European and US populations was 16 to 22% based on survey studies in the early 1990s. […] The prevalence was broad in different countries and geographical regions, ranging between 3 to 27%. Dysphagia was found to be more prevalent in the male (male-to-female ratio 1.5:1) and elderly populations. […] Dysphagia is associated with and positively correlated to depression and anxiety scores observed in Parkinson disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS) and stroke. […] A bidirectional positive correlation exists with a vicious circle that loops between dysphagia and psychological disease. […] Moreover, the severity of dysphagia shows correlation with depression and/or anxiety scores.

• #26 Dysphagia: Nutritional Management and Implications | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/1195655

  However, due to the potential for poor quality of life and increased disease burden associated with dysphagia, urgent and comprehensive healthcare interventions are critical globally, particularly in Africa. […] Though the prevalence data vary by region, the elderly are predominantly affected and there is a greater concentration of the condition among those who are institutionalized, with hospitalized patients having higher incidence when compared to community-dwelling individuals. […] The current incidence suggests 52.9% females compared with 47.1% of males who were diagnosed with dysphagia. […] In view of the statistics and the impact on functionality, health and maintenance, it is clear that dysphagia affects quality of life and the magnitude of its impact is directly related to early comprehensive multi-disciplinary but individualized care.

• #27 Advanced Certificate in Pediatric Dysphagia | New York Medical College

  https://www.nymc.edu/shsp/programs/pediatric-dysphagia-certificate/

  Eating and drinking are daily activities that are necessary for survival, but for some children, eating and drinking is not such a simple task. Between 25%-45% of typically developing children demonstrate feeding and swallowing problems. The incidence of such problems is even higher (30%-80%) for children with developmental disorders. […] These problems can have severe consequences, such as growth failure, malnutrition, dehydration and increased susceptibility to chronic illness. These disorders are more common due to improved survival rates of children born prematurely, with low birth weight, and with complex medical conditions.

• #28 Swallowing Disorders in RA: Epidemiology and Patient Management – Rheumatology Advisor

  https://www.rheumatologyadvisor.com/features/swallowing-disorders-in-ra-epidemiology-and-patient-management/

  Dysphagia was positively associated with self-reported RA disease severity, regardless of length of disease duration or years of medication use. […] Significantly reduced quality of life was found in patients with RA with vs without dysphagia. […] Only 46% of the patients with dysphagia had ever sought professional help, which reportedly improved symptoms in 74% of these individuals. […] The prevalence of dysphagia found in this study definitely aligns with what we see in practice at our institution and in the dysphagia literature at large. […] In general, dysphagia is underreported by patients and thus underdiagnosed. […] In a recent study from our group, 29% of healthy community-dwelling aging adults (age 60) who did not have a diagnosis known to result in dysphagia, admitted having moderate to severe swallowing impairment when completing a swallowing questionnaire.

• #29 Dysphagia in the intensive care unit: epidemiology, mechanisms, and clinical management | Critical Care | Full Text

  https://ccforum.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13054-019-2400-2

  Dysphagia may present in all critically ill patients and large-scale clinical data show that e.g. post-extubation dysphagia (PED) is commonly observed in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. […] Recent data demonstrate that dysphagia is mostly persisting and that its presence is independently associated with adverse patient-centered clinical outcomes. […] From a clinical perspective, dysphagia is well-known to be associated with an increased risk of aspiration and aspiration-induced pneumonia, delayed resumption of oral intake/malnutrition, decreased quality of life, prolonged ICU and hospital length of stay, and increased morbidity and mortality. […] In light of high mortality rates associated with the presence of dysphagia and the observation that dysphagia is not systematically screened for on most ICUs, this review describes epidemiology, terminology, and potential mechanisms of dysphagia on the ICU.

• #30 Dysphagia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dysphagia/symptoms-causes/syc-20372028

  Dysphagia is a medical term for difficulty swallowing. Dysphagia can be a painful condition. In some cases, swallowing is impossible. […] Dysphagia can happen at any age, but it’s more common in older adults. The causes of swallowing problems vary, and treatment depends on the cause. […] The following are risk factors for dysphagia: Aging. Older adults are at higher risk of swallowing difficulties. This is due to natural aging and wear and tear on the esophagus as well as a greater risk of certain conditions, such as stroke or Parkinson’s disease. But dysphagia isn’t considered a typical sign of aging. […] Certain health conditions. People with certain neurological or nervous system disorders are more likely to have difficulty swallowing. […] Difficulty swallowing can lead to: Malnutrition, weight loss and dehydration. Dysphagia can make it difficult to take in enough food and fluids.

• #31 Dysphagia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dysphagia/symptoms-causes/syc-20372028

  Aspiration pneumonia. Food or liquid entering the airway during attempts to swallow can cause aspiration pneumonia as a result of the food introducing bacteria into the lungs. […] Choking. Food stuck in the throat can cause choking. If food completely blocks the airway and no one intervenes with a successful Heimlich maneuver, death can occur.

• #32 | National Foundation of Swallowing Disorders – A community for those impacted by dysphagia

  https://swallowingdisorderfoundation.com/resources/news-resources/

  Jeannie Gaffigan, comedy writer, mother of five, and wife of comedian, Jim Gaffigan, underwent surgery in April 2017 to remove a life-threatening tumor near her brain stem. Damage to her vagal nerve resulted in dysphagia. Jeannie initially required a feeding tube due to the inability to swallow and is currently undergoing swallow rehabilitation. […] Research out of Johns Hopkins University suggests that at least 1 in 3 adults in the US will develop difficulty swallowing as they age. A startling statistic coming from their report states that 25% of aging adults diagnosed with dysphagia will die within one month of receiving their diagnosis, and 50% dying within a year. Dysphagia can result in serious medical complications including choking, pneumonia, malnutrition, dehydration, weight loss, all of which can lead to death. It is critical that dysphagia clinicians and researchers continue to improve the prevention and treatment of this disorder.

• #33 Swallowing Disorders in RA: Epidemiology and Patient Management – Rheumatology Advisor

  https://www.rheumatologyadvisor.com/features/swallowing-disorders-in-ra-epidemiology-and-patient-management/

  From a clinical perspective, older patients and those with moderate to severe RA and secondary Sjgren syndrome seem especially affected by swallowing difficulties. […] The presence of swallowing difficulty can result in anything from challenges in swallowing medications, a sensation of food sticking, and increased risk for aspiration to impaired nutrition and weight loss all of which are associated with adverse effects on quality of life. […] Patients with secondary Sjogren syndrome or temporomandibular (TMJ) involvement are the ones who are most at risk of developing swallowing disorders. […] Many immunosuppressants can increase the risk for secondary fungal infection in the throat (candidiasis), which could exacerbate a preexisting swallowing problem. […] In the management of swallowing disorders, its important to take a systematic approach and make timely and proper referral for instrumental examination to a swallowing specialist.

• #34 | National Foundation of Swallowing Disorders – A community for those impacted by dysphagia

  https://swallowingdisorderfoundation.com/resources/news-resources/

  Dysphagia affects 3.0% of all adult US inpatients (aged 45–90 years) and is associated with a significantly longer hospital length of stay, higher inpatient costs, a higher likelihood of discharge to post-acute care facility, and inpatient mortality when compared to those with similar patient, hospital size, and clinical characteristics without dysphagia. Dysphagia has a substantial health and cost burden on the US healthcare system.

• #35

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00455-020-10213-z

  Dysphagia prevalence in younger community dwelling adults and across nations is sparse. We investigated the prevalence of swallowing problems in an unselected cohort of people aged 1865 years. […] The prevalence of swallowing problems in many medical conditions such as stroke (880%), dementia (up to 100%), and Parkinson’s disease (up to 81%) is well documented, although there is still a concern of underreporting. […] Concerns regarding swallowing exist in people undiagnosed with dysphagia, who may feel uncomfortable seeking professional help. Dysphagia may be under reported resulting in a hidden population. […] This is the largest study to date, covering the widest geographical range, of self-reported swallowing difficulties in community populations. […] We may need a two pronged approach: partly to raise awareness with the public that swallow difficulties should be checked out, without causing undue concern. Secondarily to educate professionals to ask about how people are managing with eating and drinking.

• #36

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00455-020-10213-z

  There are people in the community with swallow difficulties who are not receiving support. Dysphagia professionals are aware that the disorder exists where there is an underlying condition. […] A formal comparison of clinically assessed and/or instrumentally measured features of the swallow in comparison to what people report with and without swallow impairments would contribute to the teasing out of what is a swallow problem.

• #37 Oro-Pharyngeal Dysphagia in Parkinson’s Disease and Related Movement Disorders

  https://www.e-jmd.org/journal/view.php?number=260

  The pathophysiology of the preparation and execution of swallowing is complex and has not yet been fully understood. […] Dysfunctions of the dopaminergic neural network seem to affect the supramedullary swallowing system and cause dysphagia in PD. […] Dysphagia is one of the crucial nonmotor symptoms of PD that can lead patients to malnutrition, dehydration, and aspiration pneumonia. […] The early detection and individualized treatment of dysphagia for each patient with PD is crucial to prevent complications of the disease and improve the quality of life of the patient. […] A recent study showed that the functional dysphagia scale (FDS) and the Schwab and England activities of daily living (S-E ADL) scale can effectively predict the occurrence of aspiration pneumonia in patients with PD.

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