Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Heart murmurs – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/heart-murmurs

  A heart murmur is a blowing, whooshing, or rasping sound heard during a heartbeat. The sound is caused by turbulent (rough) blood flow through the heart valves or near the heart. […] Murmurs can happen for many reasons, such as: […] When a valve does not close tightly and blood leaks backward (regurgitation) […] When blood flows through a narrowed or stiff heart valve (stenosis). […] Other heart murmurs may indicate an abnormality in the heart. These abnormal murmurs can be caused by: […] Problems of the aortic valve (aortic regurgitation, aortic stenosis) […] Problems of the mitral valve (chronic or acute mitral regurgitation, mitral stenosis) […] Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy […] Pulmonary regurgitation (backflow of blood into the right ventricle, caused by failure of the pulmonary valve to close completely)

• #2 Heart Murmur: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17083-heart-murmur

  A murmur is caused by turbulent or abnormal blood flow across your heart valves. […] Some heart murmurs are due to a heart problem or other condition, including: […] Anemia: or low red blood cell count, can cause a murmur because it affects blood viscosity (thickness). […] Carcinoid syndrome or carcinoid heart disease is a slow-growing tumor (cancer) caused by extra hormones, which can affect your heart. […] Congenital heart defect: Your heart may have a structural problem thats been there since birth. […] Endocarditis is a heart infection. […] Heart valve disease means one or more heart valves arent working correctly, preventing good blood circulation. […] Hyperthyroidism, also called overactive thyroid, the gland makes too much thyroid hormone. […] Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a type of heart disease that makes your heart muscle larger, thicker or stiffer.

• #3 Heart murmurs – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-murmurs/symptoms-causes/syc-20373171

  Heart murmurs can be present at birth (congenital) or develop later in life (acquired). […] A heart murmur is caused by rapid, choppy (turbulent) blood flow through the heart. A heart murmur may happen: […] In children, worrisome murmurs are usually due to a problem with the heart’s structure that’s present at birth (congenital heart defect). […] Congenital causes of worrisome heart murmurs include: […] In adults, worrisome heart murmurs are usually due to heart valve problems that develop later in life (acquired heart valve disease). […] Things that can damage the heart valves include:

• #4 Heart murmur – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_murmur

  Heart murmurs are unique heart sounds produced when blood flows across a heart valve or blood vessel. This occurs when turbulent blood flow creates a sound loud enough to hear with a stethoscope. The sound differs from normal heart sounds by their characteristics. For example, heart murmurs may have a distinct pitch, duration and timing. The major way health care providers examine the heart on physical exam is heart auscultation; another clinical technique is palpation, which can detect by touch when such turbulence causes the vibrations called cardiac thrill. A murmur is a sign found during the cardiac exam. Murmurs are of various types and are important in the detection of cardiac and valvular pathologies (i.e. can be a sign of heart diseases or defects). […] There are two types of murmur. A functional murmur is a benign heart murmur that is primarily due to physiologic conditions outside the heart. The other type of heart murmur is due to a structural defect in the heart itself. Defects may be due to narrowing of one or more valves (stenosis), backflow of blood, through a leaky valve (regurgitation), or the presence of abnormal passages through which blood flows in or near the heart.

• #5 Systolic Murmurs – Clinical Methods – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK345/

  A murmur is a series of vibrations of variable duration, audible with a stethoscope at the chest wall, that emanates from the heart or great vessels. A systolic murmur is a murmur that begins during or after the first heart sound and ends before or during the second heart sound. […] Murmurs are created by disturbance of laminar blood flow (i.e., turbulence), but turbulence per se does not produce adequate acoustic force to be audible at the chest wall. The most widely accepted theory concerning the generation of murmurs was popularized by Bruns and incorporates the concept of vortex shedding. Vortices are tiny eddies created by an obstruction to the laminar flow of blood. […] An important variable in this theory is velocity. At normal velocities in the cardiovascular system, vortex shedding is minimal and the flow of blood is not audible. When the velocity of blood flow increases substantially (as in high cardiac output states), vortex shedding increases to the point where the frequencies generated are audible to the human ear (with the help of a stethoscope).

• #6 Physiology, Cardiovascular Murmurs – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525958/

  Cardiac auscultation is an essential physical exam tool for providers. […] Since early detection of cardiac murmurs can be essential to reducing morbidity and mortality, healthcare providers should master these murmurs and their common etiologies. […] Murmurs of the cardiac system develop due to alterations in blood flow or mechanical operation. […] The development of murmurs is highly dependent on the etiology and is not always associated with a pathologic process; benign murmurs are common in children and during pregnancy. […] Murmurs develop from a multitude of mechanisms. […] Regardless of underlying etiology, all involve the creation of disturbed blood flow, which produces a murmur. […] Aortic stenosis is caused by narrowing the aortic valve and is the most common valvular pathology in the developed world. […] Less commonly, rheumatic heart disease can affect the aortic valve.

• #7 Heart Murmurs Topic Review | Learn the Heart

  https://www.healio.com/cardiology/learn-the-heart/cardiology-review/topic-reviews/heart-murmurs

  Disease of the cardiac valves and other cardiac structures frequently results in abnormal, turbulent blood flow within the heart, causing murmurs. […] There are four major causes of cardiac murmurs. […] Valvular stenosis: If blood is forced through a tight area, turbulent blood flow ensues, as is the case in valvular stenosis. […] Valvular insufficiency: Blood abnormally travels backward through an incompetent valve in valvular insufficiency, causing turbulence when it meets normal, forward blood flow. […] Congenital anomaly: If blood is forced through a congenital anomaly from one chamber to another, as in an atrial septal defect or ventricular septal defect, a murmur is produced — again due to turbulence. […] Increased blood flow: Yet another cause of cardiac murmurs is increased flow of blood through a normal valve.

• #8 Heart Murmurs in Children: Evaluation and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0300/p250.html

  Up to 8.6% of infants and 80% of children have a heart murmur during their early years of life. The presence of a murmur can indicate conditions ranging from no discernable pathology to acquired or congenital heart disease. […] In infants with a murmur, physicians should review the obstetric and family histories to detect the possibility of congenital heart pathologies. […] The first step in evaluating an infant with a heart murmur is to review the obstetric and family histories. Although most congenital heart disease is not caused by a known genetic abnormality, the probability of congenital heart disease is higher in children who have siblings or other family members with congenital heart disease. […] Between 0.6% and 8.6% of infants who are asymptomatic with no apparent signs of a congenital syndrome have a heart murmur. Most of these murmurs are innocent; however, 37% of murmurs in infants with no apparent signs of congenital syndromes are diagnosed with congenital heart disease, and 2.5% of infants with a murmur have a critical lesion requiring procedural interventions early in life.

• #9 Heart Murmurs (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/murmurs.html

  The most common type of heart murmur is called functional or innocent. An innocent heart murmur is the sound of blood moving through a healthy heart in a normal way. Just as you might hear air moving through an air duct or water flowing through a pipe, doctors can hear blood moving through the heart even when there’s no heart problem. […] Some murmurs can indicate a problem with the heart. In these cases, doctors will have a child see a pediatric cardiologist. […] About 1 out of every 100 babies is born with a structural heart problem, or congenital heart defect. […] Several kinds of heart problems can cause heart murmurs, including: Septal defects, which involve the walls (or septum) between the upper or lower chambers of the heart. A hole in the septum can let blood flow through it into the heart’s other chambers. This extra blood flow may cause a murmur.

• #10 Heart Murmurs | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-murmurs

  Innocent heart murmurs are sounds made by blood circulating through the heart’s chambers and valves, or through blood vessels near the heart. […] Non-innocent (or abnormal) heart murmurs are often caused by defective heart valves. For example, a stenotic heart valve has a smaller-than-normal opening and can’t open completely. Or a valve may also be unable to close completely. This leads to regurgitation, which is blood leaking backward through the valve when it should be closed. […] Certain congenital defects and other conditions such as pregnancy, fever, anemia or thyrotoxicosis (a condition caused by an overactive thyroid gland) can also cause murmurs.

• #11 Heart murmurs – causes, symptoms & treatment – BHF

  https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/conditions/heart-murmurs

  Innocent heart murmurs are caused by blood flowing through your heart faster than usual. This can be caused by: […] Abnormal heart murmurs are caused by a problem with your heart. The problem could be: […] An infection sometimes bad bacteria can infect your heart muscle and cause conditions like rheumatic fever. […] A congenital heart condition structural problems with the heart which develop when a baby is in the womb. […] Heart valve disease a problem with your heart valves could interrupt the normal blood flow.

• #12 What Is A Heart Murmur? Does It Need To Be Treated? – Heart Foundation NZ

  https://www.heartfoundation.org.nz/your-heart/heart-conditions/what-is-a-heart-murmur

  Many heart murmurs are harmless this is called an „innocent heart murmur”. […] Sometimes, however, murmurs can be a sign of a problem with your heart, which may need to be checked by a healthcare professional. […] A number of different things can cause a heart murmur. […] Many cases will be innocent, but some heart murmurs are caused by a problem with the heart valves. […] Sometimes people have been born with a heart valve issue. […] Alternatively, a heart murmur can develop as a result of: stiffening or hardening of heart valves due to age, wear and tear (stenosis), which interrupts normal flow of blood through the valves, a heart attack, infection of the heart valves, long term effects of rheumatic fever. […] Other causes of a heart murmur include: congenital heart conditions (heart conditions that you’re born with), pregnancy, fever, extreme physical exercise, rapid growth, anaemia, over-active thyroid gland.

• #13 What Is a Heart Murmur? | Mass General Brigham

  https://www.massgeneralbrigham.org/en/about/newsroom/articles/what-is-a-heart-murmur

  Heart murmurs are common in children, and most are harmless. Up to 75% of children have a heart murmur at some point, says Dr. Philippides. These tend to be benign, and theyre just caused by high blood flow inside a healthy heart. […] Other causes of high blood flow that may lead to a benign heart murmur include: Anemia, Fever, Intense exercise, Overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism), Pregnancy, Rapid growth in children and teenagers. […] Murmurs caused by these types of conditions or states are typically harmless and dont require monitoring or treatment, says Dr. Philippides. A benign heart murmur is often temporary. […] Some murmurs can be caused by significant heart or heart valve problems, says Dr. Philippides. Causes of serious heart murmurs include: Calcium deposits on heart valves due to the aging process, Congenital heart conditions such as valve abnormalities or holes in the heart, Infections of the heart lining or valves that cause damage to the heart, Rheumatic fever. […] In addition, certain factors raise your risk of developing a heart murmur, such as: Aging, Family history of heart defects or heart valve problems, History of an infection that affected your heart, Intravenous (IV) drug use, which increases the risk of valve infections.

• #14 Heart murmur | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/heart-murmur

  A heart murmur is a 'swishing’, 'whooshing’ or 'rasping’ noise heard between regular heart beats. […] It can be harmless or a possible sign a heart condition. […] Whether you have other symptoms will depend on the medical condition causing the murmur. […] Heart murmurs might be present at birth (congenital) or develop later in life. […] Heart murmurs can either be harmless (also known as 'innocent’ heart murmurs), or can indicate an underlying heart problem. […] Innocent murmurs can be caused by: situations that increase your heart rate and blood flow such as exercise, pregnancy or when you are growing rapidly, such as during adolescence, a fever, hyperthyroidism, low iron levels (anaemia). […] Abnormal heart murmurs are caused by a problem with the structure of your heart or a problem with your heart valves.

• #15 Heart murmur: Innocent or serious? – Mayo Clinic Health System

  https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/heart-murmur

  You may have heard the term „heart murmur.” A murmur is an extra heart sound that can be heard by a stethoscope. Sometimes, the murmur sounds like a humming, which can be faint or loud. It might be temporary or persistent. Heart murmurs may be present at birth or develop later in life during pregnancy, phases of rapid growth like adolescence or from a fever or anemia. […] Multiple factors can cause a murmur. It could be a heart valve problem or a hole in the heart. […] The valves in your heart act as doors between the chambers, or rooms, of the heart. In the case of a murmur, a valve may be tight or leaky. When heart valves are narrow, this is called stenosis. A murmur also could be from a leaky valve, called regurgitation. […] A murmur also may occur from high blood flow in people with a fever or with low red blood cells, called anemia. […] Some people have a family history of heart murmur and heart disease. Some are born with a congenital condition causing a murmur. Others have had a recent severe infection or illness that could damage a heart valve and need immediate medical attention.

• #16 Heart Murmurs – Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/heart-health/heart-murmur

  A heart murmur is an extra heart sound. […] Several conditions can cause a heart murmur. […] Possible causes of heart murmurs include: congenital heart defects, including atrial septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus (cardiac shunt), and valve defects. […] Endocarditis, which is an infection of the heart. […] Heart valve disease — either regurgitation or stenosis, which is the most common cause of abnormal heart murmurs in adults. […] Rheumatic fever, which is a complication of an untreated streptococcus bacterial infection such as strep throat. […] Innocent heart murmurs in children and adults can result from anything that temporarily increases blood flow. This includes: anemia, exercise, fever, growth spurts in children, hyperthyroidism, pregnancy.

• #17 Abnormal and

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/heart-valve-problems-and-causes/innocent-heart-murmur

  A heart murmur is an unusual heart sound. Many times a heart murmur isn’t dangerous and is called an “innocent” murmur. Abnormal heart murmurs may point to an underlying heart condition that should be studied further. […] Abnormal heart murmurs in adults are usually related to defective heart valves. Abnormal heart murmurs in adults may be related to: Problems of the aortic valve (aortic regurgitation, aortic stenosis), Problems of the mitral valve (chronic or acute mitral regurgitation, mitral stenosis), Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Pulmonary regurgitation (backflow of blood into the right ventricle, caused by failure of the pulmonary valve to close completely), Pulmonary valve stenosis, Problems of the tricuspid valve (tricuspid regurgitation, tricuspid stenosis). […] Significant murmurs in children are more likely to be caused by: Anomalous pulmonary venous return (an abnormal formation of the pulmonary veins), Atrial septal defect (ASD), Coarctation of the aorta, Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), Ventricular septal defect (VSD).

• #18 Heart murmurs – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/heart-murmurs

  Pulmonary valve stenosis […] Problems of the tricuspid valve (tricuspid regurgitation, tricuspid stenosis). […] Significant murmurs in children are more likely to be caused by: […] Anomalous pulmonary venous return (an abnormal formation of the pulmonary veins) […] Atrial septal defect (ASD) […] Coarctation of the aorta […] Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) […] Ventricular septal defect (VSD). […] Multiple murmurs may result from a combination of heart problems.

• #18 Heart murmurs – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/heart-murmurs

  A heart murmur is a blowing, whooshing, or rasping sound heard during a heartbeat. The sound is caused by turbulent (rough) blood flow through the heart valves or near the heart. […] Murmurs can happen for many reasons, such as: […] When a valve does not close tightly and blood leaks backward (regurgitation) […] When blood flows through a narrowed or stiff heart valve (stenosis). […] Other heart murmurs may indicate an abnormality in the heart. These abnormal murmurs can be caused by: […] Problems of the aortic valve (aortic regurgitation, aortic stenosis) […] Problems of the mitral valve (chronic or acute mitral regurgitation, mitral stenosis) […] Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy […] Pulmonary regurgitation (backflow of blood into the right ventricle, caused by failure of the pulmonary valve to close completely)

• #19 Heart Murmur – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/heart-murmur-a-to-z

  Congenital heart problems. Congenital means the disorder was present at birth. Congenital heart problems include: […] Septal defects. These are also known as holes in the heart. They are abnormal openings in the heart’s septum (the wall between the heart’s left and right sides). […] Patent ductus arteriosus. Before birth, the channel between the pulmonary artery and the aorta (called the ductus arteriosus) allows blood to bypass the lungs because the fetus is not breathing. Once a child is born and his or her lungs are functioning, the ductus arteriosus normally closes. Patent ductus arteriosus occurs when blood flow through the ductus arteriosus continues after birth. […] Endocarditis. Endocarditis is an inflammation and infection of the heart valves and endocardium, the inner lining of the heart chambers. A heart valve infection can cause a heart murmur by causing blood to leak backwards, or the infected valve can partially obstruct blood flow.

• #20 Common causes of cardiac murmurs in infants and children – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/common-causes-of-cardiac-murmurs-in-infants-and-children

  Common causes of heart murmurs in infants and children will be reviewed here. […] Heart murmurs are common in infants and children. Being able to distinguish a murmur associated with heart disease from a benign etiology is important for diagnosis and management (table 1). […] Common causes of cardiac murmurs in infants and children include patent ductus arteriosus, tricuspid regurgitation, ventricular septal defects, peripheral pulmonary stenosis, pulmonary stenosis, aortic stenosis, and coarctation of the aorta. […] In children over 1 year, common causes include innocent Still murmur, cervical venous hum, atrial septal defect, mitral regurgitation, and bicuspid aortic valve.

• #21 Heart murmur – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_murmur

  Systolic murmur loudest below the left scapula: classic for a coarctation of the aorta. Coarctation of the aorta is narrowing of the aorta. This can occur in Turner syndrome, an X-linked disorder with absence of one X-chromosome. Other exam findings of coarctation of the aorta include radio-femoral delay. This is when the femoral pulse is later than the radial pulse. The pulses in the lower extremity may be weaker than those of the upper extremity. Another exam finding is of varying blood pressure in the upper and lower extremities. This presents as higher blood pressure in the arms and lower blood pressure in the legs. […] Harsh holosystolic (pansystolic) murmur at the left lower sternal border: classic for a ventricular septal defect (VSD). This may lead to the development of the delayed-onset cyanotic heart disease known as Eisenmenger syndrome. Eisenmenger syndrome is a reversal of the left-to-right heart shunt. This is the result of hypertrophy of the right ventricle over time. This causes a right-to-left heart shunt. The VSD allows deoxygenated blood to flow from the right to left side of the heart. This blood bypasses the lungs. The lack of oxygenation in the pulmonary circulation results in cyanosis.

• #22 Heart murmur – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_murmur

  Widely split fixed S2 and systolic ejection murmur at the left upper sternal border: classic for a patent foramen ovale (PFO) or atrial septal defect (ASD). A PFO is lack of closure of the foramen ovale. At first, this produces a left-to-right heart shunt. This does not produce cyanosis, but causes pulmonary hypertension. Longstanding uncorrected atrial septal defects can also result in Eisenmenger syndrome. Eisenmenger syndrome can result in cyanosis. […] A medical provider (e.g. doctor) may order tests for further evaluation of a heart murmur. The echocardiogram is a common test used. This is also known as an „echo” or ultrasound of the heart. It shows the heart structures and blood flow through the heart. Further testing is usually done when symptoms that may be of concern are present.

• #23 Heart Murmurs: Causes, Symptoms, and How to Fix Them

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/heart-murmur-explained-3157001

  A heart murmur can sometimes be harmless and pose no risk to your health. Other heart murmurs may be a sign of heart disease, particularly if they develop (or worsen) later in life and are accompanied by symptoms like fatigue, shortness of breath, and chest pain. […] Abnormal heart murmurs can be caused by a variety of heart diseases. The most common causes vary based on a person’s age. […] Abnormal murmurs are most common among adults over 60. They can be caused by: Mitral valve prolapse (caused by the bulging of the valve), Aortic valve stenosis (caused by the narrowing of the valve), Mitral regurgitation (caused when blood backflow into the heart), Endocarditis (a type of heart infection), Arrhythmias (an abnormal heart rhythm), A previous heart attack. […] A murmur may be the result of a congenital heart defect, such as: Tetralogy of Fallot (a birth defect that affects blood flow through the heart), Ventricular septal defects (a birth defect that causes an abnormal connection between the lower chambers of the heart).

• #24 Heart murmur | Heart, Blood, Facts, & Description | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/heart-murmur

  Risk factors that may cause heart murmurs in infants include the use of alcohol, drugs, narcotics or certain medications during pregnancy and uncontrolled diabetes or rubella (German measles) during pregnancy. In adults, certain medical conditions are risk factors for heart murmurs, such as anemia; hyperthyroidism; pulmonary hypertension; certain autoimmune disorders, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis; and cardiomyopathy.

• #25

  https://reverehealth.com/live-better/causes-treatment-heart-murmurs/

  People with a family history of a heart defect are at an increased risk of developing heart murmurs. In addition, people with any of the following conditions may be at higher risk: Hypertension (high blood pressure), Hyperthyroidism, Endocarditis, Pulmonary hypertension (high blood pressure in the lungs), Carcinoid syndrome, Hypereosinophilic syndrome, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Rheumatoid arthritis, Weakened heart muscle, History of rheumatic fever. […] Factors that increase your baby’s risk of pregnancy include illnesses like uncontrolled diabetes or rubella infections during pregnancy, or certain medications or illegal drugs taken during pregnancy.

• #26 Heart Murmur Causes | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/blood-heart-circulation/heart-murmurs/causes.html

  Abnormal murmurs are signs of a heart problem. In children, abnormal heart murmurs are usually caused by problems they are born with, such as a heart valve that doesn’t work right or a hole in the wall between two heart chambers. […] In adults, abnormal murmurs are most often caused by damaged heart valves. Heart valves operate like one-way gates, helping blood flow in one direction between heart chambers as well as into and out of the heart. […] When disease or an infection damages a heart valve, it can cause scarring and can affect how well the valve works. The valve may not be able to close properly, so blood can leak through. Or the valve may become too narrow or stiff to let enough blood through. When a damaged heart valve cannot close properly, the problem is called regurgitation. When the valve can’t let enough blood through, the problem is called stenosis.

• #27 Heart Murmurs: Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/heart-murmur-causes-treatments

  The „murmur” is the sound of blood flowing. It may be passing through an abnormal heart valve, for instance. Or it may be that a condition makes your heart beat faster and forces your heart to handle more blood quicker than normal. […] But there are exceptions. Murmurs can be linked to a damaged or overworked heart valve. Some people are born with valve problems. Others get them as a part of aging or from other heart problems. […] A murmur could also be from a problem with a heart valve. The valves open and close to let blood flow through the heart’s two upper chambers (called the atria) and two lower chambers (called the ventricles). Valve problems include: […] Other heart conditions that can cause a murmur include: […] Sometimes, a murmur does signal a heart problem. In that case, it could be serious if you don’t treat it.

• #28 Heart Murmur > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/heart-murmur

  When a heart murmur is harmless, a doctor can hear the sound of blood flowing through the heart with a stethoscope, but there is no structural abnormality causing the noise. These harmless murmurs are more commonly detected among children, in pregnant women, and in people who are thin, but its possible for anyone to be diagnosed with a harmless murmur at any age. […] An abnormal heart murmur may be a sign of a congenital defect, present at birth, or a problem may have developed later in life. The location and volume of the sound, as well as its length and timing, may help a doctor figure out what may be causing the murmur. […] Possible problems include: […] Leaky heart valve. Heart valves that function properly close tightly at a designated time during the heartbeat cycle, which keeps blood moving forward through the heart. Sometimes, a heart valve becomes damaged and doesnt shut entirely. When this happens, some blood may leak backwards through the valve, when it should have moved forward. The sound of the blood swooshing backwards creates a murmur sound.

• #29 Heart Murmur > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/heart-murmur

  Narrowed heart valve. Properly functioning heart valves open fully at the correct time to allow blood to move through the heart. If a heart valve becomes stiff and narrow over time, it wont open fully when the blood is supposed to pass through and it will obstruct blood flow. It may take longer for the blood to pass through the valve, and more pressure may be needed to move it forward. The sound of the blood moving more forcefully through a narrow opening for a longer time frame than usual creates an abnormal heart murmur. This condition is more common among older adults, who are more likely to have hardened blood vessels and heart valves. […] Hole in the heart wall. Occasionally, a baby is born with a hole in a wall between two heart chambers, and adults may develop such a hole after a heart attack or surgery. If blood is leaking through an abnormal opening between heart chambers, it can lead to shortness of breath or other symptoms. The abnormal blood-flow pattern also causes a heart murmur. […] Certain infectious diseases. Sometimes, bacterial endocarditisan infection of the hearts inner liningmay cause a heart murmur. Rheumatic feveran infection thats related to strep throat, which is very rare in the U.S.may cause damage to heart valves, possibly leading to a murmur.

• #30 Heart Murmur Causes | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/blood-heart-circulation/heart-murmurs/causes.html

  Heart valves can be damaged by heart disease or by infections like rheumatic fever or endocarditis. The normal wear and tear that comes with aging can also cause some damage. […] Some heart murmurs are caused by a thicker than normal heart. When the heart muscle grows too large, it can get in the way of normal blood flow and cause a murmur.

• #31 Heart murmurs – Augusta HealthSearchClose SearchSearch IconSearch IconClose Search IconMobile Menu IconMobile Menu Close IconInstagramFacebookTwitterYoutube

  https://www.augustahealth.com/disease/heart-murmurs/

  In adults, abnormal murmurs are most often due to acquired heart valve problems. In children, abnormal murmurs are usually caused by structural problems of the heart (congenital heart defects). […] Common congenital defects that cause heart murmurs include: Holes in the heart. Known as septal defects, holes in the heart may or may not be serious, depending on the size of the hole and its location. Cardiac shunts. Cardiac shunts occur when there’s an abnormal blood flow between the heart chambers or blood vessels, which may lead to a heart murmur. Heart valve problems present from birth. Examples include valves that don’t allow enough blood through them (stenosis) or those that don’t close properly and leak (regurgitation). […] In older children and adults, causes of abnormal heart murmurs include infections and conditions that damage the structures of the heart. For example: Valve calcification. This hardening or thickening of valves, as in mitral stenosis or aortic valve stenosis, can occur as you age. Valves may become narrowed (stenotic), making it harder for blood to flow through your heart, resulting in murmurs. Endocarditis. This infection of the inner lining of your heart and valves typically occurs when bacteria or other germs from another part of your body, such as your mouth, spread through your bloodstream and get stuck in your heart. Left untreated, endocarditis can damage or destroy your heart valves. This condition usually occurs in people who already have heart valve problems. […] Rheumatic fever. Although now rare in the United States, rheumatic fever is a serious condition that can occur when you don’t receive prompt or complete treatment for a strep throat infection. It can permanently affect the heart valves and interfere with normal blood flow through your heart.

• #32 Heart Murmur – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/heart-murmur-a-to-z

  Cardiac myxoma. A cardiac myxoma is a rare, benign (noncancerous) tumor that can grow inside the heart and partially obstruct blood flow. […] Asymmetric septal hypertrophy. Asymmetric septal hypertrophy is an abnormal thickening of the heart muscle inside the lower left chamber (left ventricle) of the heart. The thickened muscle makes the outflow passage narrow just below the aortic valve. This condition, also called idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, is seen in people with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

• #33 Heart Murmur Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/heart-murmur.html

  Congenital heart problems – Congenital means the disorder was present at birth. Congenital heart problems include: […] Endocarditis – Endocarditis is an inflammation and infection of the heart valves and endocardium, the inner lining of the heart chambers. A heart valve infection can cause a heart murmur by causing blood to leak backwards, or the infected valve can partially obstruct blood flow. […] Cardiac myxoma – A cardiac myxoma is a rare, benign (noncancerous) tumor that can grow inside the heart and partially obstruct blood flow. […] Asymmetric septal hypertrophy – Asymmetric septal hypertrophy is an abnormal thickening of the heart muscle inside the lower left chamber (left ventricle) of the heart. The thickened muscle makes the outflow passage narrow just below the aortic valve. This condition, also called idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, is seen in people with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

• #34 Physiology, Cardiovascular Murmurs – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525958/

  Aortic regurgitation, also known as aortic insufficiency, is a decrescendo blowing diastolic murmur heard best at the left lower sternal border, heard when blood flows retrograde into the left ventricle. […] This type of murmur is usually mid-systolic, caused by increased cardiac output. […] It is associated with no symptoms, typically seen in childhood and pregnancy, and resolves spontaneously. […] Pulmonary stenosis is a systolic murmur best heard at the upper left sternal border and commonly associated with tetralogy of Fallot, carcinoid syndrome, congenital rubella syndrome, and Noonan syndrome. […] Chronic rheumatic heart disease is a sequela of untreated streptococcal pharyngitis and acute rheumatic fever. […] Autoimmune driven destruction occurs as a result of molecular mimicry between streptococcal M protein and the cardiac tissue. […] Infective endocarditis is associated with bacterial vegetative growths, most commonly seen on the tricuspid valve. […] This can lead to tricuspid stenosis and tricuspid regurgitation. […] Murmurs may develop from a leak in any of the prostheses available for the four cardiac valves.

• #35 Heart murmur sounds: Descriptions and causes

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/heart-murmur-sounds

  Abnormal heart murmurs can develop due to problems with the heart valves. […] According to the British Heart Foundation (BHF), most heart murmurs are harmless. However, they can indicate an underlying heart condition, such as a heart valve disease or a congenital heart abnormality. […] Abnormal heart murmurs develop due to a problem with the heart, such as an infection, congenital heart condition, or heart valve disease. […] Some causes of an atypical heart murmur can include: Endocarditis: Germs or infections can travel from another part of the body and lodge in the damaged areas of the heart. Without treatment, endocarditis can affect the heart and cause a heart murmur. […] Heart valve disease: The heart consists of four valves that keep blood flowing in the right direction. A damaged heart valve can disrupt blood flow across the heart resulting in a heart murmur.

• #36 Heart murmur sounds: Descriptions and causes

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/heart-murmur-sounds

  Chronic rheumatic heart disease: One or more episodes of rheumatic fever can damage the heart valves, leading to a heart murmur. […] Congenital heart defects: A person with a congenital heart abnormality has issues in the structures of their heart from birth. This abnormality can affect the functions of the heart valves, resulting in a heart murmur. Atypical connections in the heart and blood vessels can also cause murmurs.

• #37 Heart Murmur Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, When to Worry

  https://www.medicinenet.com/heart_murmur/article.htm

  Some valve diseases are due to infection (endocarditis). […] Other risk factors for heart valve abnormalities include atherosclerotic heart disease, heart attack, aortic aneurysm, and connective tissue disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus and Marfan syndrome. […] A heart murmur itself does not cause symptoms. […] The treatment for heart murmur depends upon the particular cause and the underlying medical status of the patient. […] A heart murmur is the physical finding of an underlying structural issue within the heart. […] It is important to remember that a heart murmur is a physical finding and is not a disease or a structural heart problem.

• #38 Heart murmur: Causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326802

  Abnormal heart murmurs may happen due to various factors, including: […] This is the result of a defect in the hearts structure. Some of these conditions can be present at birth or acquired. […] Calcium can build up in the heart valves with age. This reduces the opening of the valves, making it harder for blood to pass through them. […] Sometimes, the aortic valve becomes dilated or stretched and stops working properly. This causes blood to leak backward, producing a heart murmur. […] This is a bacterial infection of the hearts lining, which can also affect the valves. […] People with this condition have chronic inflammation in the heart valves, which affects the function of the valves and, therefore, the blood flow through those valves. […] Tumors can also form on a heart valve. […] Arterial and ventricular septal defects mean there are holes in the walls between the upper or lower chambers, respectively. […] Other conditions that can cause heart murmurs include:

• #39 Heart murmur | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/heart-murmur

  Some of the causes include congenital defects of the heart, rheumatic heart disease, infection (endocarditis) of the aortic valve, Marfans syndrome and hypertension. […] Anaemia – the bloods inability to deliver sufficient oxygen to the cells. […] Hyperthyroidism – overactive thyroid gland. […] Stress – emotional stress can sometimes interfere with the force of the heartbeat, increasing the blood flow (as happens with anaemia and hyperthyroidism).

• #39 Heart murmur | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/heart-murmur

  A heart murmur is a whooshing, humming or rasping sound between the heartbeat sounds. […] This is caused by noisy blood flow within the heart. […] Blood can flow abnormally through the heart for many reasons, including defective valves, congenital heart disorders and anaemia. […] A heart murmur is usually innocent, and generally does not mean there is an abnormality. […] However, a heart murmur may also be caused by faulty blood flow within the heart. This can be triggered by a range of conditions including: […] Congenital heart disorders – sometimes, during fetal development, the heart and blood vessels fail to grow properly. […] Some of the causes of mitral regurgitation include rheumatic heart disease, infection (endocarditis) of the mitral valve, hypertension (high blood pressure) and congenital defects of the heart.

• #40 Abnormal and

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/heart-valve-problems-and-causes/innocent-heart-murmur

  Heart murmurs related to valve problems should receive follow-up care. […] Not every murmur is associated with valve disease. Murmurs can also be caused by conditions that may temporarily increase blood flow such as: Exercise, Pregnancy, Hyperthyroidism, Anemia, Rapid growth spurts in children. […] Although some heart murmurs indicate heart valve problems, others are considered harmless. These are “innocent” murmurs. […] Your health care professional will investigate the root cause of the heart murmur. Clues about the cause can be based on the loudness, location and quality of the murmur. […] The location, duration and loudness of the murmur can help your health care provider determine which heart valve is involved as well as the severity. […] As with most conditions, heart murmurs and any underlying problems can vary in severity and risk.

• #41 Heart murmur – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_murmur

  Most murmurs are normal variants that can present at various ages which relate to changes of the body with age such as chest size, blood pressure, and pliability or rigidity of structures. […] Heart murmurs are frequently categorized by timing. These include systolic heart murmurs, diastolic heart murmurs, or continuous murmurs. These differ in the part of the heartbeat they make sound, during systole, or diastole. Yet, continuous murmurs create sound throughout both parts of the heartbeat. Continuous murmurs are not placed into the categories of diastolic or systolic murmurs. […] Murmurs have seven main characteristics. These include timing, shape, location, radiation, intensity, pitch and quality. Timing refers to whether the murmur is a systolic, diastolic, or continuous murmur. Shape refers to the intensity over time. Murmurs can be crescendo, decrescendo or crescendo-decrescendo. Crescendo murmurs increase in intensity over time. Decrescendo murmurs decrease in intensity over time. Crescendo-decrescendo murmurs have both shapes over time. These have progressive increase in intensity, peak, and progressive decrease in intensity. Crescendo-decrescendo murmurs resemble a diamond or kite shape.

• #42 Systolic Murmurs – Clinical Methods – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK345/

  Systolic murmurs may be classified as ejection murmurs, regurgitant murmurs, or extracardiac sounds that simulate systolic heart murmurs. Ejection murmurs emanate from the semilunar valves or surrounding structures (i.e., the aortic or pulmonic root). Regurgitant murmurs are created when blood flows from a high-pressure „donor” chamber to a low-pressure „recipient” chamber. […] Functional systolic murmurs occur in the absence of cardiac structural abnormalities. They are frequently encountered in healthy individuals, but may also accompany a variety of high cardiac output states. Organic systolic murmurs evolve from structural abnormalities in the heart or great vessels. Systolic ejection murmurs may be functional or organic, but systolic regurgitant murmurs indicate organic heart disease.

• #43 Systolic Heart Murmur: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23328-systolic-heart-murmur

  A systolic heart murmur may sound like a swish or whoosh after the first heart sound. Blood moving in your heart across a valve is the most common cause of this sound. […] Ejection murmurs may occur because of: Aortic stenosis: Narrowing in the aortic valve, which lets blood pass from your heart to your aorta. Atrial septal defect: A hole in the atrial septum which is the wall separating your hearts two upper chambers (atria). Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: A genetic heart condition where the septum between your hearts two lower chambers (ventricles) thickens. Pulmonic stenosis: Narrowing in the pulmonary valve that connects your heart and lungs. […] Regurgitant murmurs may occur because of: Mitral valve regurgitation: Normally blood leaves the left atrium (left-sided upper chamber) during diastole (heart filling period) through the mitral valve before it enters the left ventricle (left-sided bottom heart chamber). During systole (heart contraction period), these valves close allowing the one-directional flow of blood. However, in mitral regurgitation, blood flow leaks backward into the left atrium during systole. Tricuspid valve regurgitation: The tricuspid valve separates the right atrium (right upper chamber) from the right ventricle (right bottom chamber). During cardiac filling, the valve opens to allow blood to fill the ventricle and closes during diastole to allow one-way forward blood flow. However, in tricuspid regurgitation blood flow leaks backward into the right atrium during systole. Ventricular septal defects: A hole in the wall between your hearts ventricles.

• #44 Heart Murmurs in Pediatric Patients: When Do You Refer? | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1999/0801/p558.html

  Many normal children have heart murmurs, but most children do not have heart disease. […] Pathologic causes of systolic murmurs include atrial and ventricular septal defects, pulmonary or aortic outflow tract abnormalities, and patent ductus arteriosus. […] Systolic murmurs have only a few possible causes: blood flow across an outflow tract (pulmonary or aortic), a ventricular septal defect; atrioventricular valve regurgitation, or persistent patency of the arterial duct (ductus arteriosus). […] All murmurs louder than grade 3 are pathologic. […] Patients with venous hums do not require pediatric cardiology referral. […] All other diastolic murmurs are pathologic and therefore warrant referral. […] Atrial septal defect is the pathologic diagnosis that is frequently missed or easily confused with a functional murmur.

• #45 Heart murmur – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_murmur

  Mitral regurgitation is a holosystolic murmur. One can best hear it at the apex location and it may radiate to the axilla or precordium. When associated with mitral valve prolapse, one may hear a systolic click. In this scenario, valsalva maneuver will decrease left ventricular preload. This will move the murmur onset closer to S1. Isometric handgrip will increase left ventricular afterload. This will increase murmur intensity. In acute severe mitral regurgitation, one may not hear a holosystolic murmur. […] Ventricular septal defect (VSD) will present as a holosystolic murmur. One can hear it at the left lower sternal border. It has association with a palpable thrill, and increases with isometric handgrip. A right to left shunt (Eisenmenger syndrome) may develop with uncorrected VSDs. This is due to worsening pulmonary hypertension. Pulmonary hypertension will increase the murmur intensity and may present with cyanosis.

• #46 Heart murmur – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_murmur

  Aortic valve regurgitation will present as a diastolic decrescendo murmur. One can hear it at the left lower sternal border. One may also hear it at the right lower sternal border (when associated with a dilated aorta). Other possible exam findings are bounding carotid and peripheral pulses. These are also known as Corrigan’s pulse or Watson’s water hammer pulse. Another possible finding is a widened pulse pressure. […] Mitral stenosis presents as a diastolic low-pitched decrescendo murmur. It is best heard at the cardiac apex in the left lateral decubitus position. Mitral stenosis may have an opening snap. Increasing severity will shorten the time between S2 (A2) and the opening snap. For example, in severe MS the opening snap will occur earlier after A2. […] Continuous machinery murmur, at the left upper sternal border: classic for a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Signs of infants associated with serious cases of PDA are poor feeding, failure to thrive and respiratory distress. Other examination findings may include widened pulse pressures and bounding pulses. A machinery murmur is also known as a Gibson murmur.

• #47 Heart Murmurs

  https://www.utmb.edu/pedi_ed/CoreV2/Cardiology/cardiologyV2/cardiologyV24.html

  Murmurs are additional sounds generated by turbulent blood flow in the heart and blood vessels. Murmurs may be systolic, diastolic or continuous. […] Systolic murmurs are the most common types of murmurs in children and based on their timing within systole, they are classified into: […] Innocent murmurs are the most common cause of SEM. Other causes include stenotic lesions (aortic and pulmonary stenosis, coarctation of the aorta, tetralogy of Fallot) or relative pulmonary stenosis due to increased flow from an ASD. […] Diastolic murmurs are usually abnormal, and may be early, mid or late diastolic. […] Continuous murmurs are heard during both systole and diastole. They occur when there is a constant shunt between a high and low pressure blood vessel. Examples: patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and systemic arterio-venous fistulas. […] Obstructive lesions include AS, PS, Coarctation of the aorta, TOF, etc.

• #48 Heart Murmurs Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/heart-vascular/conditions/heart-murmurs

  A heart murmur is an abnormal sound — such as a whooshing or swishing — that is caused by blood moving in or around your heart during your heartbeat cycle. Heart murmurs can be congenital, meaning that they are present at birth, or they can develop later in life. […] Some abnormal heart murmurs are caused by congenital conditions, but other abnormal heart murmurs can develop later in life. No matter when it develops, an abnormal heart murmur requires follow-up testing and can sometimes indicate underlying heart problems, including: […] You are more likely to develop a heart murmur if you have a family history of heart defects or certain medical conditions, including high blood pressure, endocarditis, rheumatoid arthritis, a previous or current case of rheumatic fever, or high blood pressure in the lungs (pulmonary hypertension).

• #49 Heart Murmurs

  https://www.rwjbh.org/treatment-care/heart-and-vascular-care/diseases-conditions/heart-murmurs/

  A normal heartbeat makes two sounds like „lubb-dupp, which are the sounds of your heart valves closing. Heart murmurs are sounds during your heartbeat cycle, such as whooshing or swishing, made by turbulent blood in or near your heart. These sounds can be heard with a stethoscope. […] An abnormal heart murmur is more serious. In children, abnormal murmurs are usually caused by congenital heart disease. In adults, abnormal murmurs are most often due to acquired heart valve problems. […] Although there are several causes for heart murmurs, certain traits, conditions or habits may raise your risk for the condition. These are known as risk factors. […] High blood pressure is a risk factor for a heart murmur. […] Other conditions that may contribute to development of heart murmurs: Congenital heart defects, Heart valve abnormalities, Endocarditis, Rheumatic fever.

• #50 Causes of innocent and dangerous heart murmurs | Top Doctors

  https://www.topdoctors.co.uk/medical-articles/causes-of-innocent-and-dangerous-heart-murmurs

  Heart murmurs are the additional, unusual sounds in between the normal sounds and are generally quite innocent. […] They are caused by excessive strain on the heart muscle which then the blood can often make the extra sound. Examples of this include: exercise, stress, dehydration, fever, pregnancy, deficient oxygen-carrying conditions such as anaemia, overactive thyroid. […] The majority of people who suffer from serious heart murmurs tend to actually be born with the condition, as opposed to others where it is a result of some complications developed by the heart. […] There are various causes of more serious heart murmurs. Some of those are from a problem with the heart structure (i.e. a whole in the partition between the chambers). […] The main bulk of noisier murmurs comes from the valves, coming down to two conditions: either they fail to open properly or they fail to close properly.

• #51 Causes of innocent and dangerous heart murmurs | Top Doctors

  https://www.topdoctors.co.uk/medical-articles/causes-of-innocent-and-dangerous-heart-murmurs

  Majority of the narrowing valve is due to ageing, where the valves become thick and rigid over time. […] Another cause may be damage to the valves from a staph infection during childhood, for example, usually the left side. […] The main problem comes from a leaking of the valve. […] Sometimes heart enlargement or development of heart failure can affect other valves and mitral valves causing functional regurgitation and leaky valve. […] These are the most common causes of dangerous murmurs.

• #52 Heart murmur – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_murmur

  The need for treatment depends on the diagnosis and severity. In some cases, the condition causing the heart murmur may prompt monitoring. Sometimes, heart murmurs disappear on their own. This happens when the cause of the heart murmur is no longer present. Monitoring will help determine how the condition changes. It may stay the same, worsen, or improve. In other cases, the condition causing the heart murmur may not prompt any further tests. […] Treatment ranges from medication to surgeries.

Zobacz więcej