Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Pneumococcus – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/topics/pneumococcus

  Pneumococcus is a Gram-positive lancet-shaped diplococcus with a polysaccharide capsule external to the wall. According to the capsular antigenic differences, more than 90 serotypes have been identified, of which a limited number cause invasive pneumococcal disease. […] Among the causes of death due to pneumococcal infection, pneumonia represents 81% and meningitis 12%. […] It is estimated that, globally, more than 90% of bacterial meningitis is caused by S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and N. meningitidis. […] The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) was introduced in the Region in the year 2000, as of December 2019, 37 countries and territories in the Region have introduced one of the two pneumococcal vaccines in their regular programs. […] The PAHO Technical Advisory Group on Vaccine-preventable Diseases (TAG) and WHO’s Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on Immunization concluded that the evidence available indicates significant impact both for PCV10 and PCV13 on pneumonia, diseases caused by the corresponding vaccines serotypes, and in carriage. […] Globally, it has been estimated that pneumococcal pneumonia has decreased by more than a third and deaths due to pneumococcal infections have decreased by 51% from 2000 to 2015, following the introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in many countries.

• #2 Pneumococcal Vaccine | Vaccine Knowledge Project

  https://vaccineknowledge.ox.ac.uk/pneumococcal-vaccine

  Pneumococcal bacteria, Streptococcus pneumoniae, can cause a range of problems from ear infections to pneumonia (serious chest infections), as well as other life-threatening conditions such as meningitis (inflammation of the brain) and septicaemia (blood poisoning). […] There are over 100 different types of pneumococcal bacteria, but vaccines have been produced to protect against only some of these types, the ones that cause the most disease. […] The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) used in the UK gives protection against 13 types of pneumococcal bacteria that cause pneumococcal disease and is given to babies in the UK. […] The pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV) gives protection against 23 types of pneumococcal bacteria that cause pneumococcal disease and is given to adults in the UK aged 65 years and over, or those who are at a greater risk of complications from pneumococcal disease due to other health conditions.

• #3 Pneumococcal Vaccine

  https://www.hse.ie/eng/health/immunisation/hcpinfo/othervaccines/pneumo/

  Pneumococcal disease is a bacterial infection caused by streptococcus pneumoniae of which there are more than 90 serotypes. […] Over the years streptococcus pneumoniae has become resistant to many medications making the treatment of pneumococcal infections much more difficult. Prevention of disease through vaccination is now more important than ever. […] Pneumococcal infection is responsible for 50% of community acquired pneumonia and bacteraemia where the overall mortality rate can be as high as 25%. […] Pneumococcal disease can lead to significant morbidity and mortality, particularly amongst the very young, the very old, those with impaired immunity and those with anatomic or functional asplenia. […] Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines and pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines are licensed in Ireland.

• #4 Pneumococcal Vaccine Safety | Vaccine Safety | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/vaccine-safety/vaccines/pneumococcal.html

  Pneumococcal disease is a serious infection caused by pneumococcus, which can cause many illnesses including pneumonia. […] Pneumococcal disease is a serious infection caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria, sometimes referred to as pneumococcus. […] You can protect against serious pneumococcal infections with vaccination. […] FDA approved Pneumovax 23 (PPSV23) in 1983. It helps protect against serious infections caused by 23 types of pneumococcal bacteria. […] There are people who should and should not get each type of pneumococcal vaccine. […] CDC and FDA are committed to monitoring the safety of vaccines. […] The Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) is an early warning system co-managed by CDC and FDA that monitors for potential vaccine safety problems.

• #5 Pneumococcal Disease | Mass.gov

  https://www.mass.gov/info-details/pneumococcal-disease

  Pneumococcal disease is any illness caused by a bacteria called Streptococcus pneumoniae, or pneumococcus. Pneumococcus can cause many types of infection: Pneumonia (lung infection), Meningitis (infection of the lining of the brain and spinal cord), Bacteremia (bloodstream infection), Otitis media (middle ear infection), Sinusitis (sinus infection). […] Pneumococcal disease is one of the most common causes of vaccine-preventable death in this country, killing thousands of people in the United States each year. Pneumococcal infection is the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia and is also a leading cause of meningitis and bacteremia. […] Yes, there are safe and effective vaccines designed to prevent pneumococcal disease. Pneumococcal vaccines are the best way to protect against serious pneumococcal infections. CDC recommends pneumococcal vaccination for people based on their age or if they have certain risk conditions. […] MA Department of Public Health and CDC recommends pneumococcal vaccination for: Children: All children younger than 5-years-old, Children 5 through 18-years-old with certain risk conditions; Adults: All adults 50 years or older, 19 through 49-years-old with certain risk conditions.

• #6 Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine – what you need to know: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007605.htm

  Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine can prevent pneumococcal disease. […] Pneumococcal disease refers to any illness caused by pneumococcal bacteria. These bacteria can cause many types of illnesses, including pneumonia, which is an infection of the lungs. Pneumococcal bacteria are one of the most common causes of pneumonia. […] Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine helps protect against bacteria that cause pneumococcal disease. There are three pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV13, PCV15, and PCV20). […] Most pneumococcal infections are mild. However, some can result in long-term problems, such as brain damage or hearing loss. Meningitis, bacteremia, and pneumonia caused by pneumococcal disease can be fatal.

• #7 Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) – What you need to know Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/special-topic/pneumococcal-conjugate-vaccine-pcv13-what-you-need-to-know

  Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine can prevent pneumococcal disease. […] Pneumococcal disease refers to any illness caused by pneumococcal bacteria. These bacteria can cause many types of illnesses, including pneumonia, which is an infection of the lungs. Pneumococcal bacteria are one of the most common causes of pneumonia. […] Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine helps protect against bacteria that cause pneumococcal disease. […] Most pneumococcal infections are mild. However, some can result in long-term problems, such as brain damage or hearing loss. Meningitis, bacteremia, and pneumonia caused by pneumococcal disease can be fatal. […] Adults 19 through 64 years old with certain medical conditions or other risk factors who have not already received a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine should receive pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.

• #8 Pneumococcal Disease – NFID

  https://www.nfid.org/infectious-disease/pneumococcal/

  Pneumococcal disease is caused by bacteria that can infect different parts of the body and is a leading cause of serious illness in people of all ages. […] Pneumococcal (noo-muh-KOK-uhl) disease is caused by bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae) that can infect different parts of the body. […] Pneumococcal disease is spread from person to person through coughing, sneezing, and close contact. […] Pneumococcal pneumonia is a leading bacterial cause of hospitalized pneumonia in the US. […] Pneumococcal meningitis kills about 1 in 6 older patients who are infected and bacteremia kill about 1 in 8 adults and both conditions can also result in lifelong disability including deafness, brain damage, and limb amputation. […] Vaccination is the best way to protect against pneumococcal disease.

• #9 Pneumococcal Vaccine: Why It’s Important

  https://healthlibrary.ecuhealth.org/Library/HealthSheets/3,S,40857

  Pneumococcal disease is caused by bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae). This germ is easily spread when someone with the bacteria coughs, sneezes, laughs, or talks. […] Pneumococcal vaccines are the best way to prevent pneumococcal disease. It can be life-threatening. This disease is common in young children. But older adults are at greatest risk for serious illness and death. […] The CDC recommends pneumococcal vaccines for all children younger than 5 years old and all adults 50 years and older. In some cases, other children and adults should also get the vaccines. The specific vaccine advised depends on your age and situation. Your healthcare provider can help you know which vaccine is best for you. […] Two types of vaccines are available to protect against pneumococcal disease: Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) and Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine.

• #10 Pneumococcal Disease: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24231-pneumococcal-disease

  Pneumococcal disease is an infection caused by bacteria called Streptococcus pneumoniae (also known as pneumococcus). It causes contagious and potentially severe illness, including pneumonia, meningitis and sepsis, so early diagnosis and treatment is important. Vaccines are the best protection against developing infection. […] Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria cause pneumococcal disease. These bacteria are often found in the noses and throats of healthy people, especially children. Illness develops when the bacteria spread and set up infection in your body. […] Getting vaccinated is the most effective way to reduce your risk of developing pneumococcal disease. Vaccines are currently recommended for: Children younger than 2. (Its currently part of the standard immunization schedule for babies and children in the United States). […] Pneumococcal vaccines are safe and dont cause pneumococcal disease.

• #11 Pneumococcal: The Disease & Vaccines | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/vaccine-education-center/vaccine-details/pneumococcal-vaccine

  Much like Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), pneumococcal bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae) affect the most defenseless of the population (infants, toddlers and the elderly). The diseases caused by pneumococcus include meningitis (inflammation of the lining of the brain), bloodstream infections and pneumonia (infection of the lungs). […] Before the vaccine, every year pneumococcus caused about 700 cases of meningitis, 17,000 cases of bloodstream infections, 200 deaths and 5 million ear infections in children. […] Infants and young children are at greatest risk of serious infection because they are unable to develop immunity to the sugar (or polysaccharide) that coats the bacteria, something that older children can do when they are more than 2 years of age. […] Pneumococcus is known as an opportunistic infection because it lives in the respiratory tract of people without causing disease, but when the respiratory tract is compromised by an infection such as influenza, the bacteria then invade the lungs (pneumonia), bloodstream (sepsis), or brain and spinal cord (meningitis).

• #12 Pneumococcal vaccine – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/vaccinations/pneumococcal-vaccine/

  The pneumococcal vaccine helps protect against serious illnesses like pneumonia and meningitis. […] The pneumococcal vaccine helps protect against some types of bacterial infections that can cause serious illnesses like: meningitis (an infection in the brain and spinal cord), sepsis (a life-threatening reaction to an infection), pneumonia (an infection in the lungs). […] The pneumococcal vaccine is recommended for babies, older people, and people at higher risk of getting seriously ill from pneumococcal infections. […] You’re at higher risk of getting seriously ill from pneumococcal infections if you have: sickle cell disease, coeliac disease, problems with your spleen or you’ve had your spleen removed, a long-term condition that affects your breathing such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or cystic fibrosis, a long-term condition that affects your heart such as coronary heart disease or heart failure, chronic kidney disease, a long-term condition that affects your liver such as cirrhosis, diabetes, a weakened immune system due to a condition such as HIV, or a treatment such as steroid medicine or chemotherapy, a condition where fluid that protects the brain and spinal cord leaks out (cerebrospinal fluid leaks), cochlear implants.

• #13 Pneumococcal vaccines: Canadian Immunization Guide – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/canadian-immunization-guide-part-4-active-vaccines/page-16-pneumococcal-vaccine.html

  Streptococcus pneumoniae infections are a major cause of illness and death worldwide. […] Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), which includes bacteremia and meningitis, is most common in the very young, older adults and persons at increased risk due to underlying medical, social, behavioral, or environmental risk factors. […] Pneumococcal vaccines are recommended for routine immunization of infants, children and adults, as well as those at increased risk of IPD. […] S. pneumoniae is a common cause of pneumonia and IPD. […] Severe infections such as IPD can lead to significant mortality and morbidity with lifelong complications. […] Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent IPD. […] The bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae is the cause of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and a common cause of respiratory infections including community acquired pneumonia (CAP) and acute otitis media (AOM).

• #14 Pneumococcal vaccines – frequently asked questions (FAQs) | NCIRS

  https://ncirs.org.au/ncirs-fact-sheets-faqs-and-other-resources/pneumococcal-vaccines-frequently-asked-questions-faqs

  Pneumococcal disease is a group of clinical conditions caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae (also called pneumococcus). The most severe form is known as invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). […] Different types of pneumococci are called serotypes. Over 100 serotypes have been identified, but only a limited number cause disease. Pneumococcal vaccines vary in the number of serotypes they cover. […] Two types of pneumococcal vaccines are currently registered for use in Australia: (i) pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs); and (ii) a pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV). These vaccine types are not interchangeable. They do not contain live bacteria, so they cannot cause pneumococcal disease. […] Pneumococcal vaccination is recommended for infants and children aged under 5 years, all people with specified risk conditions, First Nations adults aged 50 years and over and non-First Nations adults aged 70 years and over.

• #15 Pneumococcal vaccine – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumococcal_vaccine

  Pneumococcal vaccines are vaccines against the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae. Their use can prevent some cases of pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis. There are two types of pneumococcal vaccines: conjugate vaccines and polysaccharide vaccines. The recommended three or four doses are between 71 and 93% effective at preventing severe pneumococcal disease. The polysaccharide vaccines, while effective in healthy adults, are not effective in children less than two years old or those with poor immune function. Whole-cell vaccinations were developed alongside characterisation of the subtypes of pneumococcus from the early 1900s. The first polysaccharide vaccine (tetravalent) was developed in 1945. The current 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine was developed in the 1980s. The first conjugate vaccine (heptavalent) reached market in 2000. Different pneumococcal vaccines provide protection against different serotypes. In particular, their coverage of antibiotic-resistant serotypes varies. Early vaccines did not cover certain serotypes which later became a major contributor to antibiotic-resistant infections. Subsequent vaccines are designed to address this gap. Rates of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) including cases caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria have fallen substantially in South Africa following the introduction of PCV7. Among children under two years of age, the overall incidence of IPD declined nearly 70% after PCV introduction, and rates of IPD caused by bacteria specifically targeted by the vaccine decreased nearly 90%. The pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine most commonly used today consists of purified polysaccharides from 23 serotypes. Immunity is induced primarily through stimulation of B-cells which release IgM without the assistance of T cells. This immune response is less robust than the response provoked by conjugated vaccines, which has several consequences. The vaccine is ineffective in children less than 2 years old, presumably due to their less mature immune systems. Non-response is also common amongst older adults. Immunity is not lifelong, so individuals must be re-vaccinated at age 65 if their initial vaccination was given at age 60 or younger. The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) consists of capsular polysaccharides covalently bound to the diphtheria toxoid CRM197, which is highly immunogenic but non-toxic. This combination provokes a significantly more robust immune response by recruiting CRM197-specific type 2 helper T cells, which allow for immunoglobulin type switching and production of memory B cells. Among other things, this results in mucosal immunity and the eventual establishment of lifelong immunity after several exposures. For targeted serotypes, the PCV reduces colonization rates and provides herd immunity. It appears to also reduce the development of antimicrobial resistance among targeted serotypes.

• #16 Pneumococcal Vaccine – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507794/

  Pneumococcal vaccines are vaccines that work against the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae. These vaccines come in 2 formulations: polysaccharide vaccine and conjugate vaccine. The advent of pneumococcal vaccines has proven to significantly advance in treating and preventing a widespread and sometimes deadly disease. Currently, PCV13, PCV15, PPSV23, and PCV20 are used for immunization. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) and Advisor Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) have revised the recommendations for routine administration of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, which is reflected in the administration section. In 2021, PCV20 and PCV15 were approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for adults aged 18 years and older based on clinical trials that compared antibody responses to PCV20 and PCV15 with those to PCV13. In 2022, the FDA approved expanded indications for PCV15, including individuals aged 6 weeks through 17 years. PCV15 is anticipated to decrease pneumococcal disease incidence in children as it induces immunity against additional pneumococcal disease-causing serotypes. The ACIP suggests either PCV20 alone or PCV15 in series with PPSV23 for adults 65 and older and 19 to 64 years with risk factors or underlying medical conditions.

• #17 Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine: MedlinePlus Drug InformationLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a610017.html

  Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13, PCV15, PCV20, and PCV21) can prevent pneumococcal disease. […] Pneumococcal disease refers to any illness caused by pneumococcal bacteria. These bacteria can cause many types of illnesses, including pneumonia, which is an infection of the lungs. Pneumococcal bacteria are one of the most common causes of pneumonia. […] Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine helps protect against bacteria that cause pneumococcal disease. […] There are four pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV13, PCV15, PCV20, and PCV21). The different vaccines are recommended for different people based on their age and medical status. […] Most pneumococcal infections are mild. However, some can result in long-term problems, such as brain damage or hearing loss. Meningitis, bacteremia, and pneumonia caused by pneumococcal disease can be fatal.

• #18 Pneumococcal Vaccine – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507794/

  Both vaccines promote active immunization against the serotypes of the conjugate and capsular polysaccharides contained in the formulation of the vaccine. Immunity develops approximately 2 to 3 weeks after vaccination and lasts 5 years. However, in children and the elderly, re-immunization may be necessary sooner. […] This vaccine formulation demonstrates improved antibody response compared to the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine because it contains purified capsular polysaccharides of pneumococcal serotypes conjugated to a carrier protein. PCV 13 actively immunizes against invasive disease caused by S. pneumoniae capsular serotypes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6B, 6A, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F, and 23F. All of the serotypes are individually conjugated to a CRM197 protein. […] PPSV 23 is recommended for active immunization for preventing pneumococcal disease caused by the 23 serotypes of streptococcus pneumoniae (1, 2, 4, 3, 5, 6B, 7F, 8, 9N and 9V, 10A, 11A, 12F, 14, 15B, 17F, 18C, 19A and 19F, 20, 22F, 23F, and 33F).

• #19 Pneumonia Vaccine: What You Need to Know

  https://www.webmd.com/vaccines/pneumococcal-vaccine-schedule

  The pneumonia vaccine, also known as the pneumococcal vaccine, is given to prevent infection caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria, or pneumococcus. Pneumococcus is serious and can cause significant illnesses, including pneumonia, as well as ear, sinus, and blood infections. […] The pneumonia vaccine cant prevent all cases, but it can lower your chances of catching the infection. People aged 50 or older, children younger than 5, and adults aged 19-49 with a weakened immune system should all get the pneumonia vaccine. […] Like all vaccines, pneumonia vaccines work by stimulating your immune system to fight off the bacteria that causes pneumonia. […] The vaccines contain inactive parts of the pneumococcus bacteria. Your bodys immune system identifies that and learns to attack it as a foreign invader. So, if you do come in contact with a live version of pneumococcus bacteria, your immune systems antibodies will be able to defend your body against it and help prevent you from getting pneumonia.

• #20 American Thoracic Society | Pneumococcal Vaccines

  https://site.thoracic.org/advocacy-patients/patient-resources/pneumococcal-vaccines

  Several large research studies have shown that the vaccines are very effective at reducing the chance of getting serious infection from Streptococcus pneumoniae and the complications associated with it. When all children started to get the PCV vaccine, the rate of severe pneumococcal infection in the US dropped by 88%. […] Pneumococcal vaccines are 60%-80% effective when they are given to those with weak immune systems (ability to fight infection), people over 65 and older, and people at high-risk for pneumonia. Although the vaccine is less effective in those with weakened immune systems, the vaccine can significantly lower the risk of serious pneumococcal infection and its complications in most people. […] There are two different types of pneumococcal vaccines: PCV (polysaccharide conjugate vaccine) and PPSV (pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine).

• #21 Pneumococcal Vaccine | Vaccine Knowledge Project

  https://vaccineknowledge.ox.ac.uk/pneumococcal-vaccine

  Pneumococcal vaccines are also recommended for people of all ages with some health conditions who are at greater risk of complications from pneumococcal disease. […] It is estimated that in the first 11 years of the pneumococcal vaccine programme (2006-07 to 2016-17), the vaccine prevented nearly 40,000 cases of invasive pneumococcal disease, and about 2000 deaths. […] The original version of the PCV (Prevenar7) was introduced in 2006. […] However, there was an increase in the number of cases caused by other types of pneumococcal bacteria. […] In 2010, the PCV vaccine was changed to Prevenar13 as it covers more strains of pneumococcal bacteria. […] Another study by Public Health England (now UKHSA) published in 2015 confirmed that 8 years of PCV use in England and Wales had reduced the overall incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease by more than 50%.

• #22 Pneumococcal Vaccine | Vaccine Knowledge Project

  https://vaccineknowledge.ox.ac.uk/pneumococcal-vaccine

  However, the 2015 research found that other strains of pneumococcal bacteria were starting to become more common, and could partly replace the strains that are disappearing, especially in non-vaccinated older individuals. […] The PPV is designed to protect against 23 common types of pneumococcus bacteria. […] Most healthy adults develop a good antibody response to a single dose by the third week following immunisation. […] Children younger than two years of age show poor antibody responses to immunisation with PPV23 and there is no evidence of effectiveness of PPV23 in this age group. […] The length of protection offered by the PPV in risk groups and in older adults is variable and dependent upon the type of bacteria. […] The Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (JCVI) now recommends including PCV20 for all adults in risk groups as PCV20 is likely to prevent more disease than PPV23.

• #23 Geographic variation in pneumococcal vaccine efficacy estimated from dynamic modeling of epidemiological data post-PCV7 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-02955-y

  Although mean efficacy of multivalent pneumococcus vaccines has been intensively studied, variance in vaccine efficacy (VE) has been overlooked. […] Different net individual protection across settings can be driven by environmental conditions, local serotype and clonal composition, as well as by socio-demographic and genetic host factors. […] Understanding efficacy variation has implications for population-level effectiveness and other eco-evolutionary feedbacks. […] Here I show that realized VE can vary across epidemiological settings, by applying a multi-site-one-model approach to data post-vaccination. […] According to this model, variable serotype replacement across sites can be explained through variable PCV7 efficacy, ranging from 40% in Norway to 10% in Hong-Kong. […] While the details of how this effect is achieved remain to be determined, here I report three factors negatively associated with the VE readout, including initial prevalence of serotype 19F, daily mean temperature, and the Gini index.

• #24 Geographic variation in pneumococcal vaccine efficacy estimated from dynamic modeling of epidemiological data post-PCV7 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-02955-y

  The study warrants more attention on local modulators of vaccine performance and calls for predictive frameworks within and across populations. […] Although variation in vaccine effects and serotype replacement across communities has been recognized, the reasons for this variation are unclear. […] As the net benefit of vaccination critically depends on the balance between vaccine protection and serotype replacement, and the complex relationship between carriage and disease, an important challenge in pneumococcus epidemiology remains to understand and predict post-vaccination dynamics, going beyond descriptive approaches. […] Accurate estimates of vaccine efficacy against serotype acquisition are crucial to subsequently predict or interpret impact on pneumococcal disease. […] The present study uses a simple epidemiological framework, based on a neutral model for pneumococcus dynamics, to integrate temporal observations pre- and post- PCV7.

• #25 Geographic variation in pneumococcal vaccine efficacy estimated from dynamic modeling of epidemiological data post-PCV7 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-02955-y

  For example, Choi et al. using a similar framework, estimated vaccine efficacy in England VEc=50%, close to the value for Norway estimated here. […] More recently, a meta-regression study, pooling data from different settings together, also reports that the aggregate VEc for all PCV7 serotypes 6 months after completion of the vaccination schedule around 57%. […] Among many possible factors, here I explore only three in a statistical sense, inviting further examination of the local modulators of vaccine performance in the field. […] The first is related to a main assumption of the aggregated (VT/NVT) model, namely that vaccine efficacy is equal against all 7 serotypes included in the vaccine, which although previously assumed, is clearly an approximation. […] Lower vaccine protection against acquisition of some PCV7 serotypes, for example against 19F, has been observed in some studies, and confirmed by more recent meta-analyses.

• #26 Pneumonia Vaccine Side Effects in Babies and Adults

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pneumonia-vaccine-side-effects

  Vaccination cant always prevent all cases of pneumococcal disease. Nevertheless, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), even just 1 dose can help protect against a variety of pneumococcal infections. […] There are two vaccines available for pneumococcal disease: PCV13 (pneumococcal conjugate vaccine) and PPSV23 (pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine). […] Pneumococcal vaccination is recommended for the following groups: all infants and children younger than 2 years old, adults over 65 years old, people who have long-term or chronic health conditions, such as diabetes mellitus or significant cardiovascular disease, individuals with weakened immune systems, adults who smoke tobacco products. […] Pneumococcal disease can potentially cause life threatening illnesses in children, older adults, and people with chronic conditions. […] There are two vaccines available to protect against pneumococcal disease. Which vaccine is given depends on the age and health status of the individual receiving it. […] Side effects of the vaccine are often mild and resolve in a few days. In very rare cases, a severe allergic reaction may occur.

• #27 Pneumococcal Vaccine

  https://www.hse.ie/eng/health/immunisation/hcpinfo/othervaccines/pneumo/

  Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) […] Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV) […] Pneumococcal disease is a very serious disease. It is a major cause of illness and death, particularly amongst the very young. […] PPV23 vaccination is not recommended for healthy children and adults as they are at low risk of pneumococcal disease. […] The most commonly reported adverse reactions are localised redness and swelling at the injection site (10%). […] Revaccination with PPV23 can produce severe local reactions especially if given within 5 years of previous injection. […] One PPV23 pneumococcal vaccine is recommended for anyone aged 65 years or older irrespective of immune status. […] A once only booster vaccination is recommended 5 years after the first vaccination for those who received a previous dose at less than 65 years of age. […] Some patients at high risk of invasive pneumococcal disease are recommended both the PCV13 vaccine and the PPV23 vaccines. […] Pneumococcal vaccine may be given at the same time as influenza vaccine but at a different site.

• #28 Pneumococcal vaccines – frequently asked questions (FAQs) | NCIRS

  https://ncirs.org.au/ncirs-fact-sheets-faqs-and-other-resources/pneumococcal-vaccines-frequently-asked-questions-faqs

  Pneumococcal vaccination can occur once a person has recovered from pneumococcal disease. […] There are data that suggest those who have had IPD are at increased risk of pneumococcal disease in future. This is considered a risk condition, and people who have had IPD are recommended to receive additional doses of pneumococcal vaccine. […] The only absolute contraindication for pneumococcal vaccines is anaphylaxis (a severe allergic reaction) after a previous dose of the relevant vaccine or its components. […] Among Australian children, 3 doses of 13vPCV is around 90% effective in preventing IPD caused by the serotypes included in the vaccine. […] Pneumococcal vaccination programs have also led to a reduction in hospitalisations due to pneumonia and middle ear infections. […] The risk of pneumococcal disease varies widely among people based on a range of factors, including age and underlying medical conditions.

• #29 Acute respiratory failure due to eosinophilic pneumonia following pneumococcal vaccination

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6930081/

  A 68-year-old woman under maintenance hemodialysis was admitted to our hospital with fever and dyspnea that had developed two days after the second vaccination with the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23). […] The patient was diagnosed as having eosinophilic pneumonia caused by the pneumococcal vaccination and was successfully treated by 3-weeks administration of a steroid. […] Thus, EP is a rare, but life-threatening condition following pneumococcal vaccination. […] We speculate that the pneumococcal vaccination was causally related to the development of EP in our patient, because it developed soon after the PPV23 vaccination, and no other potential causes of EP could be identified, such as exposure to drugs, dust and toxic substances. […] The positive result of the DLST for PPV23 further lent support to our notion of a causal association of PPV23 with the EP, although DLST has been reported to yield false-positive results in some cases.

• #30 Severe polyserositis induced by the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine: a case report | Journal of Medical Case Reports | Full Text

  https://jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13256-017-1305-4

  The United States Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends administration of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in series with the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine for prevention of pneumonia in the elderly. […] Reports of autoimmune or auto-inflammatory diseases as a result of pneumococcal vaccination, especially pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, are extremely rare. […] The incidence of autoimmune or auto-inflammatory diseases as a result of pneumococcal vaccination is extremely rare. […] This appears to be the first case report of systemic inflammation secondary to PCV13 in a patient without previous underlying autoimmune disease. […] This case demonstrates a rare adverse effect likely related to PCV13 vaccination. […] Thus, to our knowledge this report documents the first systematic inflammatory reaction to PCV13 in a patient without previous autoimmune disease.

• #31 Pneumonia Shot Pain: How Long It Lasts & When to Worry

  https://www.myvaccinelawyer.com/vaccine-injury-lawyer/resources/pneumonia-shot-pain

  SIRVA is a recognized vaccine-related injury and may require medical treatment, physical therapy, or even legal action if it leads to long-term complications. If your shoulder pain doesn’t improve, it’s important to seek medical advice and understand your legal options. […] While most people experience only mild side effects from the pneumococcal vaccine, serious vaccine-related injuries can occur. Some individuals develop long-lasting pain or limited mobility due to improper administration or an adverse reaction. […] Potential Serious Injuries Linked to the Pneumonia Shot include Shoulder Injury Related to Vaccine Administration (SIRVA) caused by an injection placed too high or too deep, leading to chronic pain, weakness, and reduced mobility. […] The pneumococcal vaccine is an important tool in preventing serious infections, but if you have experienced lasting pain, weakness, or mobility issues after receiving the shot, it could be more than a typical side effect. While mild soreness is expected, prolonged pain may be a sign of a vaccine-related injury, such as Shoulder Injury Related to Vaccine Administration (SIRVA).

• #32 Pneumococcus – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/topics/pneumococcus

  Pneumococcus is a Gram-positive lancet-shaped diplococcus with a polysaccharide capsule external to the wall. According to the capsular antigenic differences, more than 90 serotypes have been identified, of which a limited number cause invasive pneumococcal disease. […] Among the causes of death due to pneumococcal infection, pneumonia represents 81% and meningitis 12%. […] It is estimated that, globally, more than 90% of bacterial meningitis is caused by S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and N. meningitidis. […] The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) was introduced in the Region in the year 2000, as of December 2019, 37 countries and territories in the Region have introduced one of the two pneumococcal vaccines in their regular programs. […] The PAHO Technical Advisory Group on Vaccine-preventable Diseases (TAG) and WHO’s Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on Immunization concluded that the evidence available indicates significant impact both for PCV10 and PCV13 on pneumonia, diseases caused by the corresponding vaccines serotypes, and in carriage. […] Globally, it has been estimated that pneumococcal pneumonia has decreased by more than a third and deaths due to pneumococcal infections have decreased by 51% from 2000 to 2015, following the introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in many countries.

• #33 The Pneumonia Vaccine Explained | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/blog/pneumonia-vaccine.html

  People who have a high risk of complications from exposure to Streptococcus pneumoniae, including those who have cancer, HIV or who are taking immune-suppressing medication, may get a dose of PCV13 followed by PPSV23 to provide the greatest immunity. […] Both pneumococcal vaccines are not only effective, they’re also remarkably safe. […] The reason: There’s no bacteria in the vaccine. […] Since PCV13 was added to the childhood vaccination schedule, the incidence of pneumococcal disease has dropped dramaticallyand not just among young children. […] „The vaccine indirectly protects adults by stopping children from spreading the bacteria,” says Dr. Ben-Aderet. […] But if you’re immune-compromised, or you spend a significant chunk of time in places where you might be exposed to Streptococcus pneumoniae, your doctor may recommend PCV13 followed by PPSV23 several months to a year later.

• #34

  https://historyofvaccines.org/diseases/pneumonia-pneumococcal-disease/

  Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria, also called pneumococcal bacteria, pneumococci (plural), and pneumococcus (singular), are one of the leading causes of illness in young children. […] Collectively, the different illnesses caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae are referred to as pneumococcal disease. […] Individuals with sickle cell disease, certain immune deficiencies, or chronic renal disease, and those taking immunosuppressive drugs or using cochlear implants, are at an increased risk for pneumococcal infection. […] Pneumococcus is the cause of up to 36% of community-acquired pneumonia cases, and 50% of community-acquired cases that require hospitalization. […] A pneumococcal vaccine that protected against 14 strains was licensed in 1977, and expanded to protect against 23 strains in 1983. […] A separate vaccine for children called PCV7 was licensed in 2000. […] Since the initial recommendation, invasive pneumococcal disease in children has dropped by nearly 80% in the United States.

• #35 Estimated impact of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on pneumonia mortality in South Africa, 1999 through 2016: An ecological modelling study | PLOS Medicine

  https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1003537

  Data on the national-level impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) introduction on mortality are lacking from Africa. PCV was introduced in South Africa in 2009. […] This study found that the introduction of PCV was associated with substantial reduction in all-cause pneumonia deaths in children aged 1 month to 19 years. […] The bacterium, Streptococcus pneumoniae, causes a third of childhood pneumonia deaths in sub-Saharan Africa. […] The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) has been used in South Africa since 2009 and has been found to be effective in reducing vaccine-serotype invasive pneumococcal disease. […] We estimated that pneumonia mortality reduced between 23% and 33% in children younger than 19 years, with an estimated 18,000 deaths prevented between 2009 and 2016.

• #36 Causes of delayed immunization with pneumococcal vaccine and aetiological patterns of pneumonia in young children

  https://www.redalyc.org/journal/1702/170263176021/html/

  Causes of delayed immunization with pneumococcal vaccine and aetiological patterns of pneumonia in young children. […] To analyze the causes of delayed immunization with pneumococcal vaccine, as well as the impact of vaccination on the aetiology and severity of pneumonia in young children. […] Vaccination refusals in the described cases amounted to 52.7%, temporary medical contraindication was 47.2%. Among the main reasons for vaccination refusals, distrust of the vaccine is a prevailing one 39.9%. […] Severe pneumonia in unvaccinated children was 42.9% (CI 95%, 26.5-59.3) of the total number of cases. In vaccinated children, the proportion of severe pneumonia was 22.2 % (CI 95%, 8.6 35.8) of the total number of cases. […] Thus, cases of severe pneumonia development in unvaccinated children are 20.7% more than in vaccinated children, p0.05.

• #37 Pneumoccocal Vaccine Scorecard – Every Breath Counts

  https://stoppneumonia.org/how-to-avert-1-63-million-child-deaths/

  As PCV is one of the most expensive childhood vaccines, strategies to improve the cost-effectiveness of PCV programs are urgently needed. […] There are also next-generation PCVs coming that offer protection against more sero-types. […] Reductions in antimicrobial resistance as higher PCV vaccination means lower demand for antibiotics to treat pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis.

• #38 Causes of delayed immunization with pneumococcal vaccine and aetiological patterns of pneumonia in young children

  https://www.redalyc.org/journal/1702/170263176021/html/

  It should be noted that the applied for the comparison 95 % CI did not show statistically significant differences in the two groups, which indicates the need for further study of the issue of increasing the sample size. […] Pneumonia accounted for 12 % of the causes of mortality of children under five years of age in 2017. […] Streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality from respiratory infection around the world. […] Pneumonia is one of the main causes of infant mortality in Kazakhstan; in 2008, it accounted for 31.5 % of all deaths among children under one year of age. […] The emergence and spread of resistant strains of pneumococci are associated with various factors, but one of the most important is the irrational use of antibiotics. […] The incidence rate, severity of clinical manifestations of pneumococcal infection, high mortality, despite the ongoing antibiotic therapy, as well as an increase in the prevalence of pneumococcal strains resistant to antimicrobial agents, determine the need for continuous monitoring of pathogens and expansion of researches in the treatment and prevention of pneumococcal infection.

• #39 American Thoracic Society | Pneumococcal Vaccines

  https://site.thoracic.org/advocacy-patients/patient-resources/pneumococcal-vaccines

  Vaccination of children with PCV has been very successful with a major drop in severe invasive pneumococcal disease in children. This has also been a benefit to adults by decreasing the overall amount of pneumococcal disease spread in the population. […] Recent advances in technology producing both vaccine classes have resulted in increasing number of pneumococcal pneumoniae strains contained within each vaccine.

• #40 The Medical Letter Home Page | The Medical Letter, Inc.

  https://secure.medicalletter.org/TML-article-1713a

  The FDA has licensed Capvaxive (PCV21; Merck), a 21-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, for prevention of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and pneumococcal pneumonia in adults. […] In the US, vaccination against S. pneumoniae has substantially reduced the incidence of pneumococcal disease in children and adults. […] The new 21-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine Capvaxive contains serotypes that collectively account for 85% of invasive pneumococcal disease in older adults in the US, including 8 serotypes that are not included in other currently available pneumococcal vaccines. It is a recommended option for adults who are candidates for pneumococcal vaccination.

• #41 Pneumococcal Vaccine Breakthrough and Failure in Infants and Children: A Narrative Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/11/12/1750

  However, for those who experience vaccine breakthrough or failure, the burden of remaining PD caused by vaccine serotypes is associated with substantial morbidity or mortality. […] Most of the residual PD is caused by non-vaccine serotypes. […] These reviews, which focus primarily on the epidemiology of IPD, are important in defining the VT serotypes responsible for residual IPD. […] The risk of breakthrough disease and vaccine failure is higher for certain serotypes and is associated with receipt of fewer primary infant PCV doses, which may impact the likelihood of achieving protective thresholds. […] Comorbidities, such as immunodeficiencies and cardiac abnormalities, may affect the host response and, thus, increase the risk of breakthrough disease.

• #42 Pneumoccocal Vaccine Scorecard – Every Breath Counts

  https://stoppneumonia.org/how-to-avert-1-63-million-child-deaths/

  There are highly effective vaccines to prevent pneumonia. These include the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) and the haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine (Hib), which target the leading bacterial causes of childhood pneumonia, as well as vaccines against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (DTP), measles (MCV), flu, and COVID-19. […] Critically, new vaccines are becoming available that target a leading cause of viral pneumonia respiratory syncytial virus or RSV and a vaccine to prevent a leading bacterial cause of pneumonia klebsiella pneumoniae is in development. […] More than one in three children under five globally are still not fully protected and more than half of child pneumonia deaths are in countries with no and low pneumonia vaccine coverage. […] Of great concern, almost half (7) are yet to introduce the PCV (Chad, China, Egypt, Guinea, Somalia, South Sudan, Viet Nam).

• #43 Pneumococcal Disease – NFID

  https://www.nfid.org/infectious-disease/pneumococcal/

  In the US, there are 2 types of pneumococcal vaccines (conjugate and polysaccharide) currently available. […] Many at-risk adults have not been vaccinated against pneumococcal disease. […] Having influenza (flu) increases the risk of getting pneumococcal disease so protection against pneumococcal disease is especially important during flu season. […] COVID-19 vaccines may be administered on the same day as pneumococcal vaccines, but each vaccine should be injected in a different site. […] Antibiotics are used to treat pneumococcal disease. However, pneumococcal bacteria can be resistant to treatment with 1 or more antibiotics commonly used for treatment.

• #44 Pneumococcal vaccine helping infants and older adults | Shine365

  https://shine365.marshfieldclinic.org/wellness/pneumococcal-vaccine/

  Young children and people over the age of 65 should get the pneumococcal vaccine. […] Pneumococcal disease is any health problem caused by the bacterium streptococcus pneumoniae. […] The bacteria can cause a variety of illnesses, from pneumococcal pneumonia to ear infections and sinus infections. […] The pneumococcal vaccine offers protection against all of these. […] Normally, the pneumococcal vaccine is given to infants and adults older than 65. […] However, people with certain conditions should also get the vaccine. […] The vaccine helps prevent disease by making it hard for the pneumococcus to survive inside the body. […] There are two types of the vaccine: pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV) and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV). […] Currently, the PCV is preferred because it causes a stronger and longer-lasting immune response. […] We recommend them for everyone in the groups mentioned above because they are proven to decrease the costs, illnesses, hospitalizations and even deaths that can come from pneumococcal disease.

• #45 Pneumococcal: The Disease & Vaccines | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/vaccine-education-center/vaccine-details/pneumococcal-vaccine

  Pneumococcus is a common cause of ear infections in infants and young children. However, other bacteria also cause ear infections in this age group. The pneumococcal vaccine prevents between 6 and 15 of every 100 ear infections caused by pneumococcus. […] Pneumococcal bacteria still cause hundreds of cases of meningitis, bloodstream infections and pneumonia every year in the United States. Because the pneumococcal vaccine does not cause serious side effects, the benefits of the vaccine clearly outweigh its risks.

• #46 Pneumococcal Vaccine – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507794/

  The pneumococcal vaccine is safe and effective and can help reduce the risk of infection with certain types of pneumonia, sepsis, and meningitis. The CDC suggests shared clinical decision-making between patients and clinicians as it has been shown to increase vaccination rates among adults. All interprofessional healthcare team members, including clinicians (MDs, DOs, NPs, PAs), nursing staff, and pharmacists, should educate patients on the benefits of the pneumococcal vaccine, answer patient questions, alleviate any concerns they may have about the vaccine, and provide information for the patient in the unlikely event that they experience an adverse reaction.

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