Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Pneumococcal Disease Surveillance and Trends | Pneumococcal | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pneumococcal/php/surveillance/index.html

  CDC tracks invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) using 2 surveillance systems. […] CDC collects national information about IPD through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS). CDC receives NNDSS data each week. […] CDC collaborates with some state health departments to conduct IPD surveillance. […] IPD surveillance in the United States began in 1998. IPD rates dramatically declined in children and adults after the United States began using pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) in 2000. […] CDC data show that IPD rates in the United States decreased dramatically after introduction of PCVs. […] From 1998 through 2021, IPD rates among children less than 5 years old decreased by 95% overall. […] IPD rates in adults decreased after PCVs were used in children. PCV use in children can provide herd immunity and decrease IPD rates in adults. […] Gavi, The Vaccine Alliance, has helped many low-income countries introduce a PCV into their national immunization programs. Countries that introduced a PCV have seen large reductions in IPD and pneumonia.

• #2 Use of Pneumococcal Disease Epidemiology to Set Policy and Prevent Disease during 20 Years of the Emerging Infections Program

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4550168/

  This program has been a flexible platform for following trends of this disease and evaluating vaccine effectiveness. […] We report the contributions of Active Bacterial Core surveillance to every pneumococcal vaccine policy decision in the United States during the past 20 years. […] Surveillance for invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) began in 1995 as part of the EIP/Active Bacterial Core surveillance (ABCs) programs in California, Connecticut, Georgia, Maryland, Minnesota, Oregon, and Tennessee. […] ABCs have reported estimates of disease burden every year since 1998. […] A seminal paper containing data collected during 19951998 highlighted the increased risk for disease among children 2 years of age and adults 65 years of age, as well as substantial racial disparity in every age group.

• #3 Impact of vaccination on invasive pneumococcal disease in Italy 2007–2017: surveillance challenges and epidemiological changes | Epidemiology & Infection | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/impact-of-vaccination-on-invasive-pneumococcal-disease-in-italy-20072017-surveillance-challenges-and-epidemiological-changes/7B74A5D4779D68586DBCAB2861451FA7

  Surveillance of new cases of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in Italy was started in 2007 by the Ministry of Health (MoH). In 2012, pneumococcal childhood vaccination was introduced at the national level and, in 2017, for citizens aged 65 years and over. […] We describe here IPD epidemiology in Italy over the past 10 years investigating the impact of the vaccine programme on disease burden. […] The existing surveillance system aims at describing and monitoring the epidemiology of IPD, including the distribution of circulating serogroups/serotypes and at assessing the impact of vaccination programmes. […] The surveillance of IPD was introduced in Europe in 2010, and varies markedly across the countries, including differences in laboratory methods to confirm cases, reporting protocols and medical practices.

• #4 Use of Pneumococcal Disease Epidemiology to Set Policy and Prevent Disease during 20 Years of the Emerging Infections Program

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4550168/

  This program has been a flexible platform for following trends of this disease and evaluating vaccine effectiveness. […] We report the contributions of Active Bacterial Core surveillance to every pneumococcal vaccine policy decision in the United States during the past 20 years. […] Surveillance for invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) began in 1995 as part of the EIP/Active Bacterial Core surveillance (ABCs) programs in California, Connecticut, Georgia, Maryland, Minnesota, Oregon, and Tennessee. […] ABCs have reported estimates of disease burden every year since 1998. […] A seminal paper containing data collected during 19951998 highlighted the increased risk for disease among children 2 years of age and adults 65 years of age, as well as substantial racial disparity in every age group.

• #5 Use of Pneumococcal Disease Epidemiology to Set Policy and Prevent Disease during 20 Years of the Emerging Infections Program

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4550168/

  This analysis, which was conducted as pneumococcal conjugate vaccines were undergoing clinical trials, helped to highlight the need to include the conjugate vaccine in the US pediatric vaccine schedule and to improve use of PPV23 among adults. […] Having a solid surveillance infrastructure in place has provided major opportunities for EIPs to conduct special studies. […] Early EIP data served a major baseline for assessing the benefits of introduction of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7, Prevnar; Pfizer, Pearl River, NY, USA) in 2000. […] EIP/ABCs surveillance documented a 94% reduction in disease among children 5 years of age in the United States by 2003, in spite of the widespread shortages. […] The EIPs have elucidated the complex mechanisms at play when increases in nonvaccine-type disease are observed after reductions in vaccine-type disease and when antimicrobial drug resistance increases in response to inappropriate antimicrobial drug use and decreases in response to vaccination. […] The EIPs have contributed in fundamental ways to every pneumococcal vaccine recommendation in the United States since 2000.

• #6 Surveillance of pneumococcal diseases in Central and Eastern Europe

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4994721/

  Pneumococcal infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The burden of disease associated with S. pneumoniae is largely preventable through routine vaccination. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (e.g. PCV7, PCV13) provide protection from invasive pneumococcal disease as well as non-invasive infection (pneumonia, acute otitis media), and decrease vaccine-type nasopharyngeal colonisation, thus reducing transmission to unvaccinated individuals. […] Surveillance for pneumococcal disease is important to understand local epidemiology, serotype distribution and antibiotic resistance rates. Surveillance systems also help to inform policy development, including vaccine recommendations, and monitor the impact of pneumococcal vaccination. National pneumococcal surveillance systems exist in a number of countries in Central and Eastern Europe (such as Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Slovakia), and some have introduced PCVs (Czech Republic, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Russia, Slovakia and Turkey).

• #7 Surveillance of pneumococcal diseases in Central and Eastern Europe

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4994721/

  Pneumococcal surveillance data from a number of countries in Central and Eastern Europe together with Kazakhstan were presented at the 7th Pneumo Surveillance Summit, which took place in Istanbul in September 2014. This article reviews the epidemiology of pneumococcal disease, presents the latest pneumococcal surveillance data from Central and Eastern Europe, and discusses any similarities and differences in these data, as well as the potential implications for vaccination policies in the region. […] Surveillance for invasive pneumococcal disease is important to understand local epidemiology and serotype distribution, and monitor the impact of pneumococcal vaccination, including any additional herd protection conferred to unvaccinated individuals and the incidence of disease caused by non-vaccine serotypes (i.e. replacement disease).

• #8 Serotype-Specific Changes in Invasive Pneumococcal Disease after Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Introduction: A Pooled Analysis of Multiple Surveillance Sites | PLOS Medicine

  https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001517

  Vaccine-serotype (VT) invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) rates declined substantially following introduction of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) into national immunization programs. […] Increases in non-vaccine-serotype (NVT) IPD rates occurred in some sites, presumably representing serotype replacement. […] High-quality, population-based surveillance of serotype-specific IPD rates is needed to monitor vaccine impact as more countries, including low-income countries, introduce PCVs and as higher valency PCVs are used. […] Vaccination with PCV7 was subsequently introduced in several other high- and middle-income countries, and IPD caused by the serotypes included in the vaccine declined substantially in children and in adults (because of reduced bacterial transmission and herd protection) in the US and virtually all these countries.

• #9 Pneumococcal Disease Factsheet – Health Protection Surveillance Centre

  https://www.hpsc.ie/a-z/vaccinepreventable/pneumococcaldisease/factsheets/pneumococcaldiseasefactsheet/

  Pneumococcal infection is a leading cause of death worldwide. Mortality is highest in patients who develop bacteraemia or meningitis. Pneumococcal pneumonia is estimated to affect 0.1% of the population every year. […] The introduction of PCV vaccine resulted in a dramatic decline in incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease in children 5 years of age (94% decline) in 2018. […] In 2018, NIAC recommended the use of PCV vaccination for children and adults at medium and high risk of invasive pneumococcal disease (see table). […] For details on the epidemiology of pneumococcal disease in Ireland click here.

• #10 Invasive Pneumococcal Disease – Taiwan Centers for Disease Control

  https://www.cdc.gov.tw/En/Category/ListContent/bg0g_VU_Ysrgkes_KRUDgQ?uaid=lS42udX_s0u2fN0qLcdrnw

  Pneumococcal disease is an infection caused by the Streptococcus pneumoniae, also known as pneumococcus. […] Each year, approximately 600 cases of IPD are reported in Taiwan. And that is most common in the younger under age 5 and the elder over age 65. The number of cases peaks in December and January. […] The annual incidence of IPD per 100,000 populations has varied between 2.23 to 3.61, which mainly affected children under 5 years of age and the elder over 65 years of age. […] Since PCV13 had been approved and replaced PCV7 to use for child in 2011, the incidence of IPD dramatically decreased in the younger under 5 years of age, especially in infant aged 2 to 4 years. […] The most important way to prevent invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) is to get vaccinated. […] Two different pneumococcal vaccines are available in the market in Taiwan now, including the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) and the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23).

• #11

  https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/445087

  This activity is intended for pediatricians. […] The purpose of the CME online activity is to update the pediatric community on current issues in the prevention and treatment of infections due to Streptococcus pneumoniae. […] Specifically, the speakers will discuss the effectiveness of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) for the prevention of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), highlight strategies for further reduction of IPD, illustrate how changes in antimicrobial management affect the course of respiratory illness in children, and identify what the FDA, AAP, industry, and community can do to prevent future shortages of vaccine supply. […] Discuss the effectiveness of PCV7 in preventing IPD in the pediatric population. […] The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine was effective in reducing the risk of pneumonia in children. This effect was most marked in younger children with positive X-rays. […] Our post-licensure surveillance has shown a striking decrease in invasive disease incidence without evidence of a replacement. […] The observed reduction in invasive disease in adults is suggestive of protection due to herd immunity.

• #12 Serotype-Specific Changes in Invasive Pneumococcal Disease after Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Introduction: A Pooled Analysis of Multiple Surveillance Sites | PLOS Medicine

  https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001517

  However, increases in IPD caused by non-vaccine serotypes occurred in some settings, presumably because of serotype replacement. […] The researchers identified 21 databases that had data about the rate of IPD for at least 2 years before and 1 year after PCV7 introduction. […] These findings show that consistent, rapid, and sustained decreases in overall IPD and in IPD caused by serotypes included in PCV7 occurred in children and thus support the use of PCVs. […] The small increases in IPD caused by non-vaccine serotypes that these findings reveal are likely to be the result of serotype replacement, but changes in antibiotic use and other factors may also be involved. […] The most important public health implication of our analysis was that decreases in overall IPD rates in children—the group targeted for PCV7 vaccination—occurred quickly and were sustained after vaccine introduction despite increases in NVT rates.

• #13 Pneumococcal disease | The Australian Immunisation Handbook

  https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable-diseases/pneumococcal-disease

  Young children and elderly people have the highest incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). Disease burden is also disproportionately high in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. […] From January 2005, 7vPCV was funded under the National Immunisation Program for all infants in Australia. At this time, IPD incidence was greatest in the primary target group of children <2 years of age and for IPD caused by the 7 serotypes in the 7vPCV vaccine. [...] After 7vPCV was introduced, the notification rate of IPD due to 7vPCV serotypes decreased overall in all age groups. However, rates of IPD caused by serotypes that were not contained in 7vPCV increased in Australia and several other countries. This is known as serotype replacement. It was particularly evident among non-Indigenous children aged <5 years, in whom non-vaccine serotypes increased by 168%.

• #14 Invasive pneumococcal disease in the 2020-2023 period

  https://en.ssi.dk/surveillance-and-preparedness/surveillance-in-denmark/annual-reports-on-disease-incidence/i/invasive-pneumococcal-disease-in-the-2020-2023-period

  In April 2020, a temporary vaccination programme with a 23-valent polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine (PPV23) was introduced. […] A study based on Danish data has shown that in this target group and from 15 June to 18 September, the vaccine was 58% (95 % CI: 21-78%) effective against IPD caused by the serotypes it covers. […] Following the introduction of PCV7 and subsequently PCV13 in the childhood vaccination programme, the incidence of IPD caused by the serotypes included in these vaccines has decreased significantly. […] However, an increase has been observed in the share of cases caused by serotypes included in the PCV13 in 2021 and 2022. […] While the incidence of IPD caused by serotypes included in PCV13 has decreased since the implementation of the PCV13 in the childhood vaccination programme, the number of IPD cases caused by serotypes not included in the vaccine has increased.

• #15 Invasive pneumococcal disease in the 2020-2023 period

  https://en.ssi.dk/surveillance-and-preparedness/surveillance-in-denmark/annual-reports-on-disease-incidence/i/invasive-pneumococcal-disease-in-the-2020-2023-period

  The serotypes most frequently causing IPD in the 2020-2023 period were serotypes 8, 3, 22F, 9N and 24F. […] Despite vaccination, efforts to curb the incidence of serotype 3 have been unsuccessful, and the effectiveness of the currently available vaccines against this particular serotype remains unclear. […] Vaccination against pneumococcal disease forms part of the Danish childhood vaccination programme and is also recommended for special risk groups. […] In relation to this, from October 2007, it became mandatory for laboratories to report findings of invasive pneumococci and to submit a bacterial isolate to the SSI for serotype determination, among others.

• #16 Global genomic pathogen surveillance to inform vaccine strategies: a decade-long expedition in pneumococcal genomics | Genome Medicine | Full Text

  https://genomemedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13073-021-00901-2

  Vaccines are powerful agents in infectious disease prevention but often designed to protect against some strains that are most likely to spread and cause diseases. […] Genomics is being widely adopted as the optimum approach for pathogen surveillance with the potential for early and precise identification of high-risk strains. […] The global deployment of PCV has proven to be very effective in reducing pneumococcal disease worldwide. […] Incomplete vaccine coverage of serotypes allows the pneumococcal population to evolve and evade the vaccine; there have been several reports of increases in disease due to non-vaccine serotypes. […] The Global Pneumococcal Sequencing (GPS) project has been providing genomic surveillance since 2011. […] The GPS project has clearly demonstrated the added value of genomics in pathogen surveillance over the past decade by identifying the emerging serotypes and vaccine-escaping strains, thus providing evidence basis to inform future vaccine strategies.

• #17 Pneumococcal vaccines – frequently asked questions (FAQs) | NCIRS

  https://ncirs.org.au/ncirs-fact-sheets-faqs-and-other-resources/pneumococcal-vaccines-frequently-asked-questions-faqs

  In 2016, the rate of IPD in Australia was 6.9 per 100,000 individuals. The highest notification rate was among those aged 85 years and over (34.0 per 100,000 individuals); in children, it was among those aged less than 5 years (14.9 per 100,000 individuals). […] First Nations people are disproportionately impacted by severe pneumococcal disease. […] Pneumococcal vaccination programs have also led to a reduction in hospitalisations due to pneumonia and middle ear infections. […] The impact of these programs has, however, been lower among First Nations people and people with underlying medical conditions that increase their susceptibility to pneumococcal disease. […] Current ATAGI recommendations for pneumococcal vaccination which are included in the Australian Immunisation Handbook were made following thorough review of evidence, including Australian data, by immunisation experts.

• #18 Updated Recommendations for Adult Pneumococcal Vaccination | Resources for Providers

  https://www.ihs.gov/epi/immunization-and-vaccine-preventable-diseases/resources-for-providers/updated-recommendations-for-adult-pneumococcal-vaccination/

  Updated Recommendations for Adult Pneumococcal Vaccination […] On October 20, 2021, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) simplified adult pneumococcal vaccination recommendations across age and risk groups, now including people 19-64 years who have any of a broader group of chronic medical conditions and incorporating use of either 20-valent (PCV20) or 15-valent (PCV15) pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV). Both PCV15 and PCV20 were licensed in 2021 for adults aged ≥18 years and expanded pneumococcal serogroup coverage for adults. This recommendation does not affect the pneumococcal vaccine schedule for children ≤18 years. […] American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/AN) are disproportionately affected by invasive pneumococcal disease and experience higher levels of disease and outbreaks in Tribal communities. Adopting the newest ACIP PCV recommendations may further prevent an additional 30% of invasive pneumococcal disease cases. ACIP outlines two distinct PCV immunization strategies and did not make a preferential recommendation for either among AI/AN individuals.

• #19 Burden of Pneumococcal Disease: An 8-Year Retrospective Analysis of Local Surveillance Data from Three Regions in Uganda (2012-2020)

  https://www.heraldopenaccess.us/openaccess/burden-of-pneumococcal-disease-an-8-year-retrospective-analysis-of-local-surveillance-data-from-three-regions-in-uganda-2012-2020

  Pneumococcal disease is a leading preventable cause of childhood diseases and deaths globally with many of the deaths occurring in low and middle-income countries. […] In Uganda, Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine 13 vaccination campaign was rolled out in 2014 yet data on vaccination coverage, prevalence of pneumococcal disease in children 5years are scarce. […] The prevalence of paediatric pneumococcal infections remains high even after vaccination campaign calling for a review of the vaccination strategy. […] Pneumococcal disease burden was still high (40.6%) despite pneumococcal vaccination roll out. […] However, local surveillance capacity need to be strengthened to capture data on pneumococcal serotypes and pneumococcal disease risk factors.

• #20 Safety Surveillance of Pneumococcal Vaccine Using Three Algorithms: Disproportionality Methods, Empirical Bayes Geometric Mean, and Tree-Based Scan Statistic

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/8/2/242

  Safety surveillance was conducted using the Korea national spontaneous reporting database from 1988 to 2017. […] We aimed to explore potential safety signals for two pneumococcal vaccines in a spontaneous reporting database and compare the results and performances among the algorithms. […] Given the limited application of data mining for safety signal detection and post-marketing safety data for pneumococcal vaccines in the domestic spontaneous reporting system, we aimed to identify potential safety signals of pneumococcal vaccine using the disproportionality methods, EBGM, and tree-based scan statistic. […] The regulatory agency of South Korea introduced pneumococcal vaccines into the National Immunization Program (NIP) for the elderly (23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines; PPSVs) and for children (10- and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines; PCVs) in 2013 and 2014, respectively.

• #21 Safety Surveillance of Pneumococcal Vaccine Using Three Algorithms: Disproportionality Methods, Empirical Bayes Geometric Mean, and Tree-Based Scan Statistic

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/8/2/242

  Among 10,380 vaccine-related AEs, 1135 reports and 101 AE terms were reported following pneumococcal vaccine. […] Discrepancy in the number of detected signals was observed between algorithms. […] Nonetheless, these results should be interpreted with caution due to a lack of a gold standard for signal detection. […] This study identified safety signals for the pneumococcal vaccines using several algorithms. […] However, we found a possible relationship between PCV and cellulitis in the subgroup analysis of pneumococcal vaccines, which warrants further clinical evaluation to confirm the causal relationship. […] Our study tested the applicability of the tree-based scan statistic in the KAERS, where AEs are coded using the WHO-ART. […] Our results are consistent with those of several studies on AEs following pneumococcal vaccine conducted in different countries.

• #22 Safety Surveillance of Pneumococcal Vaccine Using Three Algorithms: Disproportionality Methods, Empirical Bayes Geometric Mean, and Tree-Based Scan Statistic

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/8/2/242

  Cellulitis was detected as a safety signal for both PPSV and PCV, of which cellulitis is documented as a known AE in the reference standard for PPSV, but not in the reference standard for PCV. […] Overall, we identified a discrepancy in the results of signal detection observed among the three algorithms.

• #23

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40264-024-01498-2

  On June 8, 2021, a new 20-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV20, PREVNAR 20, Pfizer, Inc.) was licensed for use in adults aged 18 years by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). […] To describe reports to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) after administration of the 20-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in adults. […] The VAERS received 1976 reports after PCV20 administration in persons aged 19 years (6% of reports involved serious events). […] A data mining alert (EB05=3.812) for the MedDRA Preferred Term Guillain-Barre syndrome was observed for serious reports. […] During the period of this post-licensure review of PCV20, we found most reports were non-serious and comprised mostly local and systemic (e.g., fever) reactions consistent with prelicensure studies. […] In serious reports, we also identified a data mining alert for GBS after receipt of PCV20, which Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the FDA are investigating further.

• #24 Pneumococcal | Health.mil

  https://www.health.mil/Military-Health-Topics/Health-Readiness/Immunization-Healthcare/Vaccine-Preventable-Diseases/Pneumococcal

  Because of the new availability of PCV20 and PCV15, the CDC updated their recommendations for adult pneumococcal vaccinations in January 2022 and published the changes in the Adult Immunization Schedule in February 2022. The CDC recommends PCV20 or PCV15 followed by PPSV23 for all adults over age 65 as well as adults aged 19-64 years with certain underlying medical conditions or other risk factors. […] Therefore, military hospitals and clinics should immediately begin the transition from PCV13 and PPSV23 toward PCV20 or PCV15 followed by PPSV23 as outlined in these recommendations. […] CDC recommends PCV13 for: All children younger than 2 years old, People 2-18 years with certain medical conditions. […] CDC recommends 1 dose of PCV20 or 1 dose of PCV15 followed by 1 dose of PPSV23 1 year later for: All adults age 65 years or older, Adults age 19-64 years with certain underlying medical conditions or risk factors.

• #25 Practice Changing Updates – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/practice-changing-updates

  Lower age cutoff for pneumococcal vaccine indications […] We recommend pneumococcal vaccination for all adults ≥65 years old and adults <65 years old who are at risk for pneumococcal infection or severe complications from pneumococcal infection (Grade 1B). We also suggest pneumococcal vaccination for all adults between 50 to 64 years of age (Grade 2C). [...] In October 2024, the United States Advisory Committee (ACIP) extended pneumococcal vaccination recommendations to include all adults ≥50 years of age, regardless of risk factors [...] This decision is based on knowledge that the incidence of pneumococcal disease starts to increase at age 50 [...] PCV21 for pneumococcal vaccination [...] For choice of vaccine in patients who have not received prior pneumococcal vaccines, we suggest PCV21 (Grade 2C) rather than PCV20 alone or PCV15 followed by PPSV23. [...] In 2024, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) updated guidance on pneumococcal vaccination to include pneumococcal conjugate vaccine 21 (PCV21) alone as an additional option.

• #26 Pneumococcal vaccines – frequently asked questions (FAQs) | NCIRS

  https://ncirs.org.au/ncirs-fact-sheets-faqs-and-other-resources/pneumococcal-vaccines-frequently-asked-questions-faqs

  Pneumococcal disease is a group of clinical conditions caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae (also called pneumococcus). The most severe form is known as invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). […] Different types of pneumococci are called serotypes. Over 100 serotypes have been identified, but only a limited number cause disease. Pneumococcal vaccines vary in the number of serotypes they cover. […] Pneumococcal vaccination is recommended for infants and children aged under 5 years, all people with specified risk conditions, First Nations adults aged 50 years and over and non-First Nations adults aged 70 years and over. […] Two types of pneumococcal vaccines are currently registered for use in Australia: (i) pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs); and (ii) a pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV). These vaccine types are not interchangeable.

• #27 Invasive pneumococcal disease surveillance in Canada, 2021–2022, CCDR 50(5) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/reports-publications/canada-communicable-disease-report-ccdr/monthly-issue/2024-50/issue-5-may-2024/invasive-pneumococcal-disease-surveillance-2021-2022.html

  The objective of this annual surveillance report is to provide a summary of the serotypes and antimicrobial resistance associated with IPD in Canada in 2021 and 2022. […] The number of cases of IPD continued to decrease in 2021 in comparison to previous years, however, 2022 saw a return to pre-COVID-19 levels. […] Continued surveillance of IPD serotypes and antimicrobial resistance in Canada is important to monitor existing trends, identify new trends, and assess the effect of newly recommended PCV15 and PCV20 vaccines.

• #28 Invasive Pneumococcal Diseases in People over 65 in Veneto Region Surveillance

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/11/1202

  Invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPDs) are an important part of invasive bacterial diseases (IBDs) together with meningococcal and Haemophilus influenzae-related diseases. Monitoring vaccination coverage and conducting surveillance are essential for guiding evidence-based prevention campaigns and public health measures. High-quality surveillance is essential for accurately estimating disease burden, tracking changes in serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance, and assessing the impact of vaccination on IPD after vaccine implementation. The regional surveillance system allows for an increasingly comprehensive profile of the epidemiological landscape of IPDs in Veneto. However, the surveillance of pneumococcal infections still presents challenges. The currently available data are likely to be underestimated, mainly referring to the most severe cases, and the serotyping necessary to identify the etiological agent is still not often performed.

• #29 Impact of vaccination on invasive pneumococcal disease in Italy 2007–2017: surveillance challenges and epidemiological changes | Epidemiology & Infection | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/impact-of-vaccination-on-invasive-pneumococcal-disease-in-italy-20072017-surveillance-challenges-and-epidemiological-changes/7B74A5D4779D68586DBCAB2861451FA7

  Enhanced IPD surveillance is implemented in Italy since March 2007, when meningitis monitoring was added to the other invasive disease manifestations, and is coordinated by the MoH. […] We observed an increasing trend in IPD notification rates at the country level, more than doubling from 2007 to 2017. […] Despite the plan ambitiously set a 75% target VC to be achieved by 2019, available data indicate much lower coverage level achieved so far. […] Continuous monitoring of circulating serotypes is of paramount importance to assess the impact of vaccination interventions, vaccine-induced serotypes replacement dynamics and to inform future vaccination strategies. […] Despite its relevance, microbiological surveillance of pneumococcal serotypes in Italy is limited to a fraction, albeit increasing over time, of the reported cases. […] Our study highlighted the existing challenges in describing accurately IPD epidemiology in Italy. […] Important limitations of IPD surveillance in Italy hamper its utility in assessing disease epidemiology in the country.

• #30 Pg1 July 2023

  https://portal.ct.gov/DPH/Epidemiology-and-Emerging-Infections/CTEPI/Volumes/43/No-5-2023/Pg1-July-2023

  Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) is a leading cause of pneumonia, sepsis, and meningitis in children and adults (1). In 2019, there were an estimated 30,300 cases and 3,250 deaths caused by IPD in the United States. […] The Connecticut Department of Public Health (DPH) identifies IPD cases (people with Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from a normally sterile site) through statewide active surveillance as part of the Active Bacterial Core Surveillance project. IPD is reportable to DPH by both physicians and laboratories. Isolates are routinely sent to CDC for serotyping. This article describes annual IPD incidence (per 100,000) in high-risk age groups from 2014-2021 by type including PCV15/nonPCV13 (22F and 33F) and PCV20/nonPCV15 (8, 10A, 11A, 12F, 15B, and 15C due to cross-reactivity) serotypes. The percent of IPD cases caused by PCV15/nonPCV13 and PCV20/nonPCV15 was calculated as an indicator of the potential for reduction in IPD incidence through the use of higher valency vaccines. […] Continued IPD surveillance is needed to monitor potential changes in disease burden that may emerge in PCV15, PCV20 and non-vaccine serotypes as the COVID-19 pandemic wanes. Surveillance will also serve to inform future vaccine development and revisions to national vaccine recommendations.

• #31 Pneumococcus – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/topics/pneumococcus

  Pneumococcal is the second agent causing community-acquired pneumonia (CAPs) and requiring hospitalization after the Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV). […] In the Region of the Americas, the pneumococcal infection incidence rate in 2015 was estimated to be 358 cases per 100,000 children under 5 years of age and have caused around 5,700 deaths occurred. […] The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) was introduced in the Region in the year 2000, as of December 2019, 37 countries and territories in the Region have introduced one of the two pneumococcal vaccines in their regular programs. […] The PAHO Technical Advisory Group on Vaccine-preventable Diseases (TAG) and WHO’s Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on Immunization concluded that the evidence available indicates significant impact both for PCV10 and PCV13 on pneumonia, diseases caused by the corresponding vaccines serotypes, and in carriage.

• #32 Invasive pneumococcal disease – Annual Epidemiological Report for 2022

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/invasive-pneumococcal-disease-annual-epidemiological-report-2022

  In 2022, 17 700 confirmed cases of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) were reported in the European Union/European Economic Area. The crude notification rate was 5.1 cases per 100 000 population, similar to 2018 and 2019. Age-specific rates were highest in infants under one year old (13.4 confirmed cases per 100 000 population) and in adults 65 years old and above (12.6 confirmed cases per 100 000 population), with higher rates reported in males than females among all age groups. […] Of cases under five years old for whom serotype information was available, approximately 46% were caused by a serotype included in the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13). This proportion has increased over the last five years. Among cases 65 years old and above, approximately 71% of cases with serotype information available were caused by serotypes included in the 23-valent polysaccharide. […] Surveillance information on cases, threats and outbreaks for pneumococcal disease.

• #33

  https://journals.lww.com/smj/fulltext/9900/the_status_of_pneumococcal_diseases_and.124.aspx

  Pneumococcal disease, including pneumococcal pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality, particularly among older adults. Vaccines are an effective way to reduce pneumococcal disease in both children and adults. However, the burden of pneumococcal disease, and vaccine uptake and coverage among adults vary between countries. A clear picture of the status in individual countries is needed to inform local healthcare strategies. […] The most recent Communicable Diseases Surveillance Report for Singapore indicated that in 2018, serotypes 3, 19A and 23A were the most common in adults (12.8%, 9.6% and 7.4%, respectively). […] Looking at coverage by pneumococcal vaccines, a retrospective study for the period 1997-2013 found that 62% of pneumococcal isolates from adults were serotypes covered by the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13), but that 30% of serotypes were not covered by any licensed vaccine.

• #34

  https://ibis.utah.gov/epht-view/indicator/view/ImmPneAdu.html

  Pneumococcal disease is common in young children, but older adults are at greatest risk of serious illness and death. Pneumococcal vaccines help protect against pneumococcal infections, including invasive disease. […] A 2006 study published in the medical journal Clinical Infectious Diseases found that hospital patients who received the pneumococcal vaccine were 40 to 70 percent less likely to die than unvaccinated patients. In the study, vaccinated patients had a lower risk of respiratory failure, kidney failure, heart attack, and other complications. Vaccinated patients in the study also spent an average of two fewer days in the hospital. […] Lifetime pneumococcal vaccination rates for Utah adults 65+ have significantly improved since 1997 when data were first collected on the BRFSS. The 2001 rate was 67.3% and by 2020 the rate had increased to 74.5%. However, due to a change in the BRFSS methodology in 2011, it is not possible to know if this is a significant change. Rates have remained above 70% since 2015. […] In 2023, the pneumococcal vaccination rate for adults age 65+ in the United States was 70.2%, while the Utah rate was 72.0%.

• #35 Invasive pneumococcal disease surveillance in Canada, 2021–2022, CCDR 50(5) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/reports-publications/canada-communicable-disease-report-ccdr/monthly-issue/2024-50/issue-5-may-2024/invasive-pneumococcal-disease-surveillance-2021-2022.html

  Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD, Streptococcus pneumoniae) has been a nationally notifiable disease in Canada since 2000. The use of conjugate vaccines has caused a shift in the distribution of serotypes over time. This report is a summary of the demographics, serotypes and antimicrobial resistance of IPD isolates collected in Canada in 2021 and 2022. […] The National Microbiology Laboratory (NML) of the Public Health Agency of Canada in Winnipeg, Manitoba collaborates with provincial and territorial public health laboratories to conduct national surveillance of IPD. […] The incidence of IPD in Canada was 5.62 cases per 100,000 population in 2021, decreasing from the peak of 10.86 cases per 100,000 population in 2018. […] Surveillance of IPD to monitor changing serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance is essential.

• #36 Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection (Pneumococcal Disease) | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/vaccine-preventable-diseases/vaccine-preventable-disease-conditions/streptococcal-strep-diseasesstreptococcus-pneumoniae-infection-pneumococcal-disease

  The pneumococcal vaccines can help prevent infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae. […] In Texas, only invasive cases of Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcal) disease are reportable. The incidence of Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcal) invasive disease cases reported in Texas has been fairly stable for the past ten years with between 1,535-2,029 cases reported each year (1,983 cases in 2019).

• #37 Invasive pneumococcal disease in the 2020-2023 period

  https://en.ssi.dk/surveillance-and-preparedness/surveillance-in-denmark/annual-reports-on-disease-incidence/i/invasive-pneumococcal-disease-in-the-2020-2023-period

  During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, the occurrence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) was historically low, with 369 and 353 cases, respectively, corresponding to incidences of 6.3 and 6.0 per 100,000. […] Since the introduction of pneumococcal vaccination in the childhood vaccination programme in 2007, a steady decline in incidence has been observed. […] Most of this considerable decline is probably due to restrictions as the incidence of IPD increased once again in 2022 and 2023 to 553 and 622 cases, corresponding to incidences of 9.4 and 10.5, respectively. […] The incidence of IPD is highest in very young children under two years of age and in individuals aged 65 years and older. […] Among children below two years of age, the incidence decreased significantly following the introduction of a seven-valent pneumococcal vaccine (PCV7) in 2007 and decreased further after the vaccination programme switched to the 13-valent pneumococcal vaccine (PCV13) in 2010.

• #38 Invasive Pneumococcal Diseases in People over 65 in Veneto Region Surveillance

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/11/1202

  […] […] The invasive pneumococcal disease notification rate ranged from 2.625 to 14.633 cases per 100,000, with the highest value in 2023 and the lowest in 2021. The data indicate that overall IPD notification rates showed an increasing trend. The trend was positive from 2007 to 2018, followed by a sharp decline during the pandemic years, 2020–21. Afterward, a rapid increase was observed. A similar pattern resulted when stratified by age, with higher, but not statistically significant, rates in the older age groups. […] […] […] Despite limitations, this study underscores that the surveillance system in the Veneto Region offers an increasingly comprehensive understanding of the epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal diseases. The findings highlight the positive impact of pneumococcal vaccination in both children and adults, with a significant reduction in IPD cases observed among the elderly from 2007 to 2023 for the serotypes covered by the initial vaccines, PCV7 and PCV13. However, there is a noticeable upward trend in notifications for non-vaccine serotypes.

• #39 Pneumococcus – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/topics/pneumococcus

  Member States should strengthen bacterial pneumonia and meningitis surveillance furtherer, conduct additional epidemiologic and laboratory studies to continue monitoring the trends of the disease, measure PCV impact, and evaluate circulating pneumococcal serotypes. […] PAHO has been coordinating a sentinel surveillance network for pneumonia and bacterial meningitis in the Region of the Americas since 2007. […] Since 1993, the Region of the Americas has a network of laboratories for regional surveillance of bacterial invasive disease, initially known as the SIREVA network (Regional Vaccine System) and now SIREVA II, in which 19 countries participate.

• #40 Impact of national pneumococcal vaccination program on invasive pneumococcal diseases in South Korea | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-20363-9

  The KDCA operates IPD surveillance in accordance with national guideline on vaccine-preventable disease control and prevention, which was adopted and localized from the World Health Organization Surveillance Standards. […] Following the introduction of public pneumococcal vaccination programs in South Korea, we observed a differential impact on IPDs between children and adults. […] Our finding suggests continued monitoring in the midst of new vaccine development, and the public health need to develop novel strategy to mitigate the IPDs from emerging pneumococcal serotypes.

• #41 CAPVAXIVE™ (Pneumococcal 21-valent Conjugate Vaccine) for Health Care Professionals

  https://www.merckvaccines.com/capvaxive/

  CAPVAXIVE is the only FDA-approved pneumococcal conjugate vaccine that helps protect against serotypes responsible for ~84% of invasive pneumococcal disease cases in adults 50 years and older, compared to ~52% by PCV20 on a national level. These values are based on CDC epidemiologic data and do not reflect the efficacy of the respective vaccines. There are currently no studies comparing the efficacy of CAPVAXIVE and PCV20. […] aBased on CDC ABC surveillance data from the years 2018-2022, representing ~35 million persons and 10 states across the US. Regional variations may exist. […] Pneumococcal pneumonia and IPD are serious risks for adult patients.

• #42 Vaxcyte Reports First Quarter 2025 Financial Results and Provides Business Update – BioSpace

  https://www.biospace.com/press-releases/vaxcyte-reports-first-quarter-2025-financial-results-and-provides-business-update

  We continue to make meaningful progress across our pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) candidates, with each milestone bringing us closer to potentially delivering the broadest-spectrum PCVs to address the substantial invasive pneumococcal disease burden in both adults and infants, said Grant Pickering, Chief Executive Officer and Co-founder of Vaxcyte. […] For the pediatric indication, we expect to announce the balance of the VAX-24 infant Phase 2 dose-finding study data by the end of 2025 and share topline data from the VAX-31 infant Phase 2 dose-finding study primary immunization series in mid-2026, followed by complete booster data up to nine months later. […] This study is evaluating the safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of VAX-31 compared to PCV20 in healthy infants. […] In March 2025, Vaxcyte announced VAX-XL, its third-generation PCV candidate designed to provide the broadest coverage of any PCV currently in development for infants or adults. […] The Company plans to initiate an infant Phase 3 program with an optimized dose formulation of VAX-24 or VAX-31, pending the VAX-31 topline Phase 2 dose-finding study readout.

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