Materiały źródłowe

• #1 COVID-19 Vaccine Basics | COVID-19 | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/covid/vaccines/how-they-work.html

  COVID-19 vaccines help our bodies develop immunity to the virus that causes COVID-19 without us having to get the illness. […] Different COVID-19 vaccines may work in our bodies differently but all provide protection against the virus that causes COVID-19. […] All COVID-19 vaccines prompt our bodies to recognize and help protect us from the virus that causes COVID-19. […] None of these vaccines can give you COVID-19. […] Vaccines cannot cause infection with the virus that causes COVID-19 or other viruses. […] COVID-19 vaccines do not affect or interact with our DNA. […] At the end of the process, our bodies have learned how to help protect against future infection with the virus that causes COVID-19. […] The benefit is that people get this protection from a vaccine, without ever having to risk the potentially serious consequences of getting sick with COVID-19.

• #2 COVID-19 vaccines: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007775.htm

  COVID-19 vaccines are used to prepare the body’s immune system to protect against COVID-19. […] COVID-19 vaccines protect people from getting COVID-19 and from getting more severe symptoms if they do get COVID-19. These vaccines „teach” your body how to defend against the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19. […] COVID-19 vaccines have been shown to do a very good job of: Preventing infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19. […] The Novavax vaccine is a protein subunit vaccine. The vaccine includes harmless pieces of the „spike” protein that causes COVID-19. The vaccine triggers the body to develop antibodies to protect you from the virus. […] COVID-19 vaccines: DO NOT contain any live virus, and they cannot give you COVID-19. […] Serious health events from COVID-19 vaccines, such as an allergic reaction, are rare. Adverse events after COVID-19 vaccination are very rare. […] Rare cases of myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle) and pericarditis (inflammation of the outer lining of the heart) have been reported in children and teens ages 5 years and older after getting the COVID-19 vaccine.

• #3 Different types of COVID-19 vaccines: How they work

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/different-types-of-covid-19-vaccines/art-20506465

  COVID-19 vaccines lower your risk of getting sick, seriously ill or dying from the disease. […] Each COVID-19 vaccine causes the immune system to create proteins called antibodies. These proteins fight infection with the COVID-19 virus. […] An mRNA vaccine gives cells instructions for how to make the S protein found on the surface of the COVID-19 virus. […] This causes the body to create antibodies. […] In this type of vaccine, material from the virus that causes COVID-19 is placed in a modified version of a different virus. […] The viral vector gives cells instructions to make copies of the COVID-19 virus S protein. […] Once the immune system recognizes the S proteins, it creates antibodies and defensive white blood cells. […] Subunit vaccines include only the parts of a virus that best stimulate the immune system. […] This type of COVID-19 vaccine has harmless S proteins in it.

• #4 Facts About COVID-19 Vaccines | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparedness-and-response/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19/facts-about-covid-19-vaccines

  Fact: Blood donated by individuals who have received an FDA-approved/authorized COVID-19 vaccine and meet all required eligibility criteria for blood donation is safe for transfusion. […] Fact: Information about ingredients in the COVID-19 vaccines is available on public websites. FDA-approved and authorized COVID-19 vaccines do not contain microchips, pesticides, or any type of metal. […] Bottom Line: As with all FDA-approved vaccines, all of the FDA-approved and authorized COVID-19 vaccines contain ingredients needed to ensure their safety and effectiveness and help protect you from serious outcomes of COVID-19, including hospitalization and death. None of the COVID-19 vaccines contain microchips, pesticides or metals. […] Fact: COVID-19 vaccines dont cause COVID-19 or other diseases such as mpox (monkeypox), flu, or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). […] Bottom Line: None of the FDA-approved or authorized COVID-19 vaccines can cause COVID-19. The vaccines will not infect you with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or another virus.

• #5 Debunking myths about COVID-19 – Mayo Clinic Health System

  https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/featured-topic/covid-19-vaccine-myths-debunked

  Getting a COVID-19 vaccine reduces the risk of infection with the COVID-19 virus and slows the spread of COVID-19. Also, vaccination can prevent severe illness from COVID-19. […] COVID-19 vaccines don’t cause you to become sick with COVID-19. The COVID-19 vaccines authorized for use in the U.S. don’t contain the live virus that causes COVID-19. […] Currently, there is no evidence that any COVID-19 vaccine causes fertility problems. COVID-19 vaccination is recommended for people who are trying to become pregnant or might become pregnant in the future. […] COVID-19 vaccines deliver instructions to teach the body how to build protection against the COVID-19 virus. The Pfizer BioNTech and the Moderna COVID-19 vaccines use genetically engineered messenger RNA (mRNA). […] It’s safer to build immunity from a COVID-19 vaccine than it is to develop immunity from getting sick with COVID-19. […] COVID-19 vaccines don’t change your DNA.

• #6 Different types of COVID-19 vaccines: How they work

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/different-types-of-covid-19-vaccines/art-20506465

  COVID-19 vaccines lower your risk of getting sick, seriously ill or dying from the disease. […] Each COVID-19 vaccine causes the immune system to create proteins called antibodies. These proteins fight infection with the COVID-19 virus. […] An mRNA vaccine gives cells instructions for how to make the S protein found on the surface of the COVID-19 virus. […] This causes the body to create antibodies. […] In this type of vaccine, material from the virus that causes COVID-19 is placed in a modified version of a different virus. […] The viral vector gives cells instructions to make copies of the COVID-19 virus S protein. […] Once the immune system recognizes the S proteins, it creates antibodies and defensive white blood cells. […] Subunit vaccines include only the parts of a virus that best stimulate the immune system. […] This type of COVID-19 vaccine has harmless S proteins in it.

• #7 COVID-19 vaccines: Get the facts

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/coronavirus-vaccine/art-20484859

  COVID-19 vaccines help the body get ready to clear out infection with the virus that causes COVID-19. […] Both the Pfizer-BioNTech and the Moderna COVID-19 vaccines use genetically engineered messenger RNA (mRNA). […] The Novavax COVID-19 adjuvanted vaccine is a protein subunit vaccine. […] With a protein subunit vaccine, the body reacts to the proteins and creates antibodies and defensive white blood cells. […] No. The COVID-19 vaccines available in the U.S. don’t use the live virus that causes COVID-19. […] The vaccines that help protect against COVID-19 are safe and effective. […] In some people, COVID-19 vaccines can lead to heart complications called myocarditis and pericarditis. […] The risk of myocarditis or pericarditis after a COVID-19 vaccine is rare. […] These complications are rare and also may happen after getting sick with the virus that causes COVID-19.

• #8 COVID-19 Vaccine: Guidelines, Schedule & Efficacy

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/procedures/covid-vaccine

  COVID vaccines train your immune system to fight off COVID-19. Most work by giving your body a set of instructions (mRNA) to make a harmless piece of the virus for your immune system to recognize. Others work by causing an immune reaction to COVIDs spike protein. […] COVID vaccines are preventive treatments that train your body to recognize and quickly fight a COVID-19 infection. This means if you’re exposed to COVID, you might not get sick or you’ll get less severely sick than you would have without vaccination. […] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and World Health Organization (WHO) authorized the first COVID vaccines for emergency use in 2020. They were effective against the original strain of COVID. Since then, SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID, has changed (mutated). New variants, like many Omicron subvariants, are different enough from the original strain that the first vaccines aren’t as effective against it. Some manufacturers have created updated vaccines that train your immune system to recognize new variants and continue to provide protection.

• #9 COVID-19 vaccines: Get the facts

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/coronavirus-vaccine/art-20484859

  COVID-19 vaccines help the body get ready to clear out infection with the virus that causes COVID-19. […] Both the Pfizer-BioNTech and the Moderna COVID-19 vaccines use genetically engineered messenger RNA (mRNA). […] The Novavax COVID-19 adjuvanted vaccine is a protein subunit vaccine. […] With a protein subunit vaccine, the body reacts to the proteins and creates antibodies and defensive white blood cells. […] No. The COVID-19 vaccines available in the U.S. don’t use the live virus that causes COVID-19. […] The vaccines that help protect against COVID-19 are safe and effective. […] In some people, COVID-19 vaccines can lead to heart complications called myocarditis and pericarditis. […] The risk of myocarditis or pericarditis after a COVID-19 vaccine is rare. […] These complications are rare and also may happen after getting sick with the virus that causes COVID-19.

• #10 Different types of COVID-19 vaccines: How they work

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/different-types-of-covid-19-vaccines/art-20506465

  COVID-19 vaccines lower your risk of getting sick, seriously ill or dying from the disease. […] Each COVID-19 vaccine causes the immune system to create proteins called antibodies. These proteins fight infection with the COVID-19 virus. […] An mRNA vaccine gives cells instructions for how to make the S protein found on the surface of the COVID-19 virus. […] This causes the body to create antibodies. […] In this type of vaccine, material from the virus that causes COVID-19 is placed in a modified version of a different virus. […] The viral vector gives cells instructions to make copies of the COVID-19 virus S protein. […] Once the immune system recognizes the S proteins, it creates antibodies and defensive white blood cells. […] Subunit vaccines include only the parts of a virus that best stimulate the immune system. […] This type of COVID-19 vaccine has harmless S proteins in it.

• #11 Different types of COVID-19 vaccines: How they work

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/different-types-of-covid-19-vaccines/art-20506465

  COVID-19 vaccines lower your risk of getting sick, seriously ill or dying from the disease. […] Each COVID-19 vaccine causes the immune system to create proteins called antibodies. These proteins fight infection with the COVID-19 virus. […] An mRNA vaccine gives cells instructions for how to make the S protein found on the surface of the COVID-19 virus. […] This causes the body to create antibodies. […] In this type of vaccine, material from the virus that causes COVID-19 is placed in a modified version of a different virus. […] The viral vector gives cells instructions to make copies of the COVID-19 virus S protein. […] Once the immune system recognizes the S proteins, it creates antibodies and defensive white blood cells. […] Subunit vaccines include only the parts of a virus that best stimulate the immune system. […] This type of COVID-19 vaccine has harmless S proteins in it.

• #12 COVID-19 vaccines: Get the facts

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/coronavirus-vaccine/art-20484859

  COVID-19 vaccines help the body get ready to clear out infection with the virus that causes COVID-19. […] Both the Pfizer-BioNTech and the Moderna COVID-19 vaccines use genetically engineered messenger RNA (mRNA). […] The Novavax COVID-19 adjuvanted vaccine is a protein subunit vaccine. […] With a protein subunit vaccine, the body reacts to the proteins and creates antibodies and defensive white blood cells. […] No. The COVID-19 vaccines available in the U.S. don’t use the live virus that causes COVID-19. […] The vaccines that help protect against COVID-19 are safe and effective. […] In some people, COVID-19 vaccines can lead to heart complications called myocarditis and pericarditis. […] The risk of myocarditis or pericarditis after a COVID-19 vaccine is rare. […] These complications are rare and also may happen after getting sick with the virus that causes COVID-19.

• #13 COVID-19 Vaccine Basics | COVID-19 | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/covid/vaccines/how-they-work.html

  COVID-19 vaccines help our bodies develop immunity to the virus that causes COVID-19 without us having to get the illness. […] Different COVID-19 vaccines may work in our bodies differently but all provide protection against the virus that causes COVID-19. […] All COVID-19 vaccines prompt our bodies to recognize and help protect us from the virus that causes COVID-19. […] None of these vaccines can give you COVID-19. […] Vaccines cannot cause infection with the virus that causes COVID-19 or other viruses. […] COVID-19 vaccines do not affect or interact with our DNA. […] At the end of the process, our bodies have learned how to help protect against future infection with the virus that causes COVID-19. […] The benefit is that people get this protection from a vaccine, without ever having to risk the potentially serious consequences of getting sick with COVID-19.

• #14

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/COVID-19/Pages/The-Science-Behind-the-COVID-19-Vaccine-Parent-FAQs.aspx

  Since COVID vaccines were recommended for everyone age 6 months and up, millions of children and teens have been safely vaccinated. […] The COVID vaccine works similarly to other vaccines your child has had. Germs such as SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, invade and multiply inside the body. The vaccine prepares your child’s immune system to recognize and make antibodies that fight the virus. […] The COVID mRNA vaccines contain messenger RNA (mRNA), which is made up of nucleic acids. Nucleic acids, found naturally in all our cells, instructs them to make protein. […] The COVID subunit vaccine includes a part (protein) of the virus that best stimulates your immune system. Once your immune system recognizes the protein, it creates antibodies and defensive white blood cells. […] No, the COVID vaccines made with messenger RNA do not interact with your DNA at all. […] Millions of kids have safely received COVID vaccines. […] The vaccines continue to be monitored very closely. In fact, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) says that COVID-19 vaccines have „the most intensive safety monitoring in U.S. history.”

• #15 Debunking myths about COVID-19 – Mayo Clinic Health System

  https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/featured-topic/covid-19-vaccine-myths-debunked

  Getting a COVID-19 vaccine reduces the risk of infection with the COVID-19 virus and slows the spread of COVID-19. Also, vaccination can prevent severe illness from COVID-19. […] COVID-19 vaccines don’t cause you to become sick with COVID-19. The COVID-19 vaccines authorized for use in the U.S. don’t contain the live virus that causes COVID-19. […] Currently, there is no evidence that any COVID-19 vaccine causes fertility problems. COVID-19 vaccination is recommended for people who are trying to become pregnant or might become pregnant in the future. […] COVID-19 vaccines deliver instructions to teach the body how to build protection against the COVID-19 virus. The Pfizer BioNTech and the Moderna COVID-19 vaccines use genetically engineered messenger RNA (mRNA). […] It’s safer to build immunity from a COVID-19 vaccine than it is to develop immunity from getting sick with COVID-19. […] COVID-19 vaccines don’t change your DNA.

• #16 COVID-19 Vaccine Basics | COVID-19 | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/covid/vaccines/how-they-work.html

  Clinical trials for vaccines compare outcomes (such as how many people get sick) between people who are vaccinated and people who are not. Results from these trials have shown that COVID-19 vaccines are safe and effective, especially against severe illness, hospitalization, and death. […] These vaccines were found to meet the high standards for safety, effectiveness, and manufacturing quality FDA requires of an approved product.

• #17 Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Vaccine Safety | Vaccine Safety | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/vaccine-safety/vaccines/covid-19.html

  COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) is a disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. […] You can protect against severe COVID-19 disease with vaccination. […] COVID-19 vaccines continue to be monitored for safety, even after FDA approval, to make sure they continue to meet FDA’s standards for safety and effectiveness. […] The evidence suggests that, although rare, these events are linked to certain types of COVID-19 vaccinations. […] Data shows that people who receive COVID-19 vaccines are less likely to die from COVID-19 or COVID-19-related complications than those who are unvaccinated. […] COVID-19 vaccines do not increase the risk of death from non-COVID causes when compared to those who have not been vaccinated. […] An adverse event (any side effect or health problem after vaccination that is concerning to you, even if you are not sure if the vaccine caused the event) can be caused by the vaccine or be a coincidental event that is not related to the vaccine, such as an unrelated fever, that happened following vaccination.

• #18 Comparing the COVID-19 Vaccines: How Are They Different? > News > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/covid-19-vaccine-comparison

  COVID-19 is now in its fifth year, and the subvariants of the Omicron strain continue to drive infections in the United States. The good news is that vaccines, which have been updated each year since 2022, are still expected to be effective at preventing severe disease, hospitalization, and death from COVID. […] Research has suggested that people who are infected after vaccination also are less likely to report Long COVID (defined as signs, symptoms, and conditions that continue or develop after acute COVID infection), compared to those who were not vaccinated. […] Understanding how effective the latest updated vaccines are in the real world beyond the clinical trials can be difficult, since companies manufacture updated vaccines based on preclinical information and educated predictions of which variants will be circulating when the shots become available (a similar process is used for the annual flu shot). But, according to a CDC summary issued in November, the 2024-2025 vaccines are expected to work well against strains such as KP.3.1.1 that are predominant, and variants that could become more common, including XEC and MC.1. […] Earlier studies of its original vaccine showed it to be 90% effective overall against lab-confirmed, symptomatic infection and 100% effective against moderate and severe disease in Phase 3 trial results published in The New England Journal of Medicine in December 2021.

• #19 COVID-19 vaccines: Get the facts

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/coronavirus-vaccine/art-20484859

  Yes. Catching the virus that causes COVID-19 or getting a COVID-19 vaccination gives you protection, also called immunity, from the virus. […] Also, the virus that causes COVID-19 can change, also called mutate. Vaccination with the most up-to-date variant that is spreading or expected to spread helps keep you from getting sick again. […] The COVID-19 vaccines available in the United States are: Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine 2024-2025 formula, available for people age 6 months and older. Moderna COVID-19 vaccine 2024-2025 formula, available for people age 6 months and older. Novavax COVID-19 vaccine 2024-2025 formula, available for people age 12 years and older. […] In June 2024, the FDA recommended COVID-19 vaccine updates to target a strain of the COVID-19 virus called JN.1. […] The Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines for 2024-2025 focus on building protection against the KP.2 virus strain.

• #20 COVID-19 Vaccine: Guidelines, Schedule & Efficacy

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/procedures/covid-vaccine

  COVID vaccines train your immune system to fight off COVID-19. Most work by giving your body a set of instructions (mRNA) to make a harmless piece of the virus for your immune system to recognize. Others work by causing an immune reaction to COVIDs spike protein. […] COVID vaccines are preventive treatments that train your body to recognize and quickly fight a COVID-19 infection. This means if you’re exposed to COVID, you might not get sick or you’ll get less severely sick than you would have without vaccination. […] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and World Health Organization (WHO) authorized the first COVID vaccines for emergency use in 2020. They were effective against the original strain of COVID. Since then, SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID, has changed (mutated). New variants, like many Omicron subvariants, are different enough from the original strain that the first vaccines aren’t as effective against it. Some manufacturers have created updated vaccines that train your immune system to recognize new variants and continue to provide protection.

• #21 COVID-19 vaccines: Get the facts

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/coronavirus-vaccine/art-20484859

  The COVID-19 vaccine can lower the risk of death or serious illness caused by COVID-19. […] If you have a history of severe allergic reactions not related to vaccines or injectable medicines, you may still get a COVID-19 vaccine. […] A COVID-19 vaccine might prevent your child from getting the virus that causes COVID-19. It also may prevent your child from becoming seriously ill or having to stay in the hospital due to the COVID-19 virus. […] COVID-19 vaccination will protect most people from getting sick with COVID-19. But some people who are up to date with their vaccines may still get COVID-19. These are called vaccine breakthrough infections. […] Researchers continue to study what happens when someone has COVID-19 a second time.

• #22 COVID Vaccines Reduce Long COVID Risk, New Study Shows > News > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/covid-vaccines-reduce-long-covid-risk-new-study-shows

  The good news is, the risk of developing Long COVID has dropped significantly since the start of the pandemic and, according to a new study, we have COVID-19 vaccines to thank for much of this decline. […] The study also revealed that COVID-19 vaccinations played a key role in the drop in Long COVID cases. […] About 70% of the decline was attributable to vaccination, they found. There are several reasons to explain why vaccines may prevent Long COVID, says Dr. Al-Aly. First, vaccines reduce the risk of severe acute infections, which are linked to a greater risk of Long COVID. […] Indeed, I would argue that for those at the lowest risk for complications of the virus (based on age and the absence of chronic diseases, which increase the risk from SARS-CoV-2 infection), the most important reason to continue to get vaccinated is to reduce the likelihood of getting Long COVID. […] The fact that vaccines can reduce both the risk of COVID and the risk of Long COVID is a powerful argument for continuing to get the shot every year now and for the foreseeable future.

• #23 Comparing the COVID-19 Vaccines: How Are They Different? > News > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/covid-19-vaccine-comparison

  COVID-19 is now in its fifth year, and the subvariants of the Omicron strain continue to drive infections in the United States. The good news is that vaccines, which have been updated each year since 2022, are still expected to be effective at preventing severe disease, hospitalization, and death from COVID. […] Research has suggested that people who are infected after vaccination also are less likely to report Long COVID (defined as signs, symptoms, and conditions that continue or develop after acute COVID infection), compared to those who were not vaccinated. […] Understanding how effective the latest updated vaccines are in the real world beyond the clinical trials can be difficult, since companies manufacture updated vaccines based on preclinical information and educated predictions of which variants will be circulating when the shots become available (a similar process is used for the annual flu shot). But, according to a CDC summary issued in November, the 2024-2025 vaccines are expected to work well against strains such as KP.3.1.1 that are predominant, and variants that could become more common, including XEC and MC.1. […] Earlier studies of its original vaccine showed it to be 90% effective overall against lab-confirmed, symptomatic infection and 100% effective against moderate and severe disease in Phase 3 trial results published in The New England Journal of Medicine in December 2021.

• #24 Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Vaccine Safety | Vaccine Safety | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/vaccine-safety/vaccines/covid-19.html

  COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) is a disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. […] You can protect against severe COVID-19 disease with vaccination. […] COVID-19 vaccines continue to be monitored for safety, even after FDA approval, to make sure they continue to meet FDA’s standards for safety and effectiveness. […] The evidence suggests that, although rare, these events are linked to certain types of COVID-19 vaccinations. […] Data shows that people who receive COVID-19 vaccines are less likely to die from COVID-19 or COVID-19-related complications than those who are unvaccinated. […] COVID-19 vaccines do not increase the risk of death from non-COVID causes when compared to those who have not been vaccinated. […] An adverse event (any side effect or health problem after vaccination that is concerning to you, even if you are not sure if the vaccine caused the event) can be caused by the vaccine or be a coincidental event that is not related to the vaccine, such as an unrelated fever, that happened following vaccination.

• #25 Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Vaccine Safety | Vaccine Safety | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/vaccine-safety/vaccines/covid-19.html

  Myocarditis and pericarditis after COVID-19 vaccination are rare. […] Myocarditis has been most frequently seen in adolescent and young adult males within 7 days of their second mRNA COVID-19 vaccine dose. […] Guillain-Barr syndrome (GBS) is a rare disorder in which the body’s immune system damages nerves. […] Based on data from the Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD), the rate of GBS within the first 21 days after receiving the JJ/Janssen COVID-19 vaccine was found to be 21 times higher than after receiving the Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna (mRNA) COVID-19 vaccines. […] After reviewing data reports, a link between the JJ/Janssen vaccine and TTS was found.

• #26 COVID-19 vaccines: Get the facts

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/coronavirus-vaccine/art-20484859

  COVID-19 vaccines help the body get ready to clear out infection with the virus that causes COVID-19. […] Both the Pfizer-BioNTech and the Moderna COVID-19 vaccines use genetically engineered messenger RNA (mRNA). […] The Novavax COVID-19 adjuvanted vaccine is a protein subunit vaccine. […] With a protein subunit vaccine, the body reacts to the proteins and creates antibodies and defensive white blood cells. […] No. The COVID-19 vaccines available in the U.S. don’t use the live virus that causes COVID-19. […] The vaccines that help protect against COVID-19 are safe and effective. […] In some people, COVID-19 vaccines can lead to heart complications called myocarditis and pericarditis. […] The risk of myocarditis or pericarditis after a COVID-19 vaccine is rare. […] These complications are rare and also may happen after getting sick with the virus that causes COVID-19.

• #27 Myocarditis and Covid-19 vaccines – BHF

  https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/heart-matters-magazine/news/coronavirus-and-your-health/myocarditis-and-covid-19-vaccines-should-you-be-worried

  There’s a link between mRNA Covid-19 vaccines and an increased risk of myocarditis and pericarditis. […] While reports of myocarditis following any Covid-19 vaccine are rare, cases are more common in young males under the age of 25, according to the UKs Green Book on vaccines. […] Research shows that Covid-19 itself is much more likely to cause myocarditis than a vaccine in most people. […] There are many different causes of myocarditis, so not all cases that happen after vaccination are because of the vaccine. […] Myocarditis is commonly caused by viruses, such as flu or Covid-19.

• #28 Q&A: What Causes Rare Instances of Myocarditis After mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines? < Yale School of Medicine

  https://medicine.yale.edu/news-article/qanda-what-causes-rare-instances-of-myocarditis-after-mrna-covid-19-vaccines/

  Myocarditis is a rare side effect of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines, which have been used with great success as protection against the SARS CoV-2 virus and its variants. […] Myocarditis risk depends on the age and sex of the vaccine recipient. It is most common in younger malesadolescents or young adults. The highest risk group is males between 12 and 17 years of age. […] One is autoimmune myocarditis, which is when the immune cells start to attack our own host cells. […] Our second hypothesis was myocarditis caused by hypersensitivity. […] And then the third hypothesis is the one that we found to be most likely, which is inflammation-related myocarditis. […] Autoimmune-related myocarditis is more difficult to treat. […] In comparison, getting COVID could lead to more severe, more prolonged myocarditis. […] There are ways to reduce the risk for myocarditis, like spacing apart the first and second dose. […] Instances of myocarditis have not been seen after the booster doses. […] There are others, such as the smallpox vaccine, that can also on rare occasion cause a similar thing.

• #29 Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Vaccine Safety | Vaccine Safety | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/vaccine-safety/vaccines/covid-19.html

  Myocarditis and pericarditis after COVID-19 vaccination are rare. […] Myocarditis has been most frequently seen in adolescent and young adult males within 7 days of their second mRNA COVID-19 vaccine dose. […] Guillain-Barr syndrome (GBS) is a rare disorder in which the body’s immune system damages nerves. […] Based on data from the Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD), the rate of GBS within the first 21 days after receiving the JJ/Janssen COVID-19 vaccine was found to be 21 times higher than after receiving the Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna (mRNA) COVID-19 vaccines. […] After reviewing data reports, a link between the JJ/Janssen vaccine and TTS was found.

• #30 Q&A: What Causes Rare Instances of Myocarditis After mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines? < Yale School of Medicine

  https://medicine.yale.edu/news-article/qanda-what-causes-rare-instances-of-myocarditis-after-mrna-covid-19-vaccines/

  Myocarditis is a rare side effect of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines, which have been used with great success as protection against the SARS CoV-2 virus and its variants. […] Myocarditis risk depends on the age and sex of the vaccine recipient. It is most common in younger malesadolescents or young adults. The highest risk group is males between 12 and 17 years of age. […] One is autoimmune myocarditis, which is when the immune cells start to attack our own host cells. […] Our second hypothesis was myocarditis caused by hypersensitivity. […] And then the third hypothesis is the one that we found to be most likely, which is inflammation-related myocarditis. […] Autoimmune-related myocarditis is more difficult to treat. […] In comparison, getting COVID could lead to more severe, more prolonged myocarditis. […] There are ways to reduce the risk for myocarditis, like spacing apart the first and second dose. […] Instances of myocarditis have not been seen after the booster doses. […] There are others, such as the smallpox vaccine, that can also on rare occasion cause a similar thing.

• #31 COVID-19 vaccines and cardiac inflammation | Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care

  https://www.health.gov.au/our-work/covid-19-vaccines/advice-for-providers/clinical-guidance/myocarditis-pericarditis

  Cases of myocarditis and pericarditis after COVID-19 vaccines are rare: mostly reported in males under 40 years of age, after the second dose. […] There is a link between COVID-19 vaccines and rare side effects of myocarditis and pericarditis. […] Myocarditis and pericarditis occur in the general population from a variety of causes. Not all cases that occur after vaccination are caused by the vaccine. Myocarditis and pericarditis can also be caused by COVID-19. […] The risk of myocarditis is higher (although still rare) after vaccination with Moderna original formulation compared with Pfizer original formulation. […] Evidence suggests that AstraZeneca and Novavax are probably associated with a small increased risk of myocarditis and pericarditis. […] Most myocarditis and pericarditis cases linked to COVID-19 vaccination have been mild and patients have recovered quickly.

• #32 Questions and Answers about COVID-19 Vaccines | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/vaccine-education-center/vaccine-details/covid-19-vaccine/prevent-covid

  The mRNA vaccines are approved for those 6 months of age and older. […] The clinical trials in those 5 years of age and younger showed the vaccines to be safe and effective against severe disease. […] Cases of myocarditis, or inflammation of the heart, have been reported in a small number of people after receipt of the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine. […] The cases of myocarditis occur more often in boys and young men and more often after the second dose. […] Available data suggest that the incidence of myocarditis following mRNA vaccines is about 1 to 10 per 100,000 vaccine recipients; however, this risk increases in males between 16 and 39 years of age to about 1 per 10,000 vaccine recipients. […] Infertility has not been found to be an issue in women or men infected with or vaccinated against COVID-19. […] The COVID-19 vaccines available in the U.S. do not contain any blood products, including red blood cells, white blood cells or platelets.

• #33 Questions and Answers about COVID-19 Vaccines | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/vaccine-education-center/vaccine-details/covid-19-vaccine/prevent-covid

  With this said, the COVID-19 vaccine will be updated this fall so that it protects against a common and currently circulating strain of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. […] The short answer to this question is no, but lets look a bit more closely. […] It is important to realize that mRNA vaccines undergo several steps during production, including multiple purification steps. […] First, it is important to realize that we are exposed to DNA fragments all the time. […] The short answer to this question is no. […] As parents weigh the relative risk and benefits of getting their youngest children vaccinated against COVID-19, some wonder about the need for their child to get a relatively new vaccine when the disease doesnt seem too bad in most children. […] A review of the literature, published in August 2022, found that an individual is at least 7 times more likely to experience myocarditis resulting from a COVID-19 infection than from a COVID-19 vaccine.

• #34 COVID-19 Vaccines FAQ

  https://www.nfid.org/infectious-diseases/covid-19/covid-vaccine-faq/

  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that everyone age 6 months and older get an updated 2024-2025 COVID-19 vaccine to protect against the potentially serious outcomes of COVID-19, including severe disease, hospitalization, and death. […] Yes, you should still get vaccinated even if you already had COVID-19. Vaccination helps the body produce more antibodies than natural infection alone. […] Yes, data show that all the COVID-19 vaccines currently available in the US are effective in reducing the risk of severe disease, hospitalization, and death, even with new variants. […] COVID-19 vaccines remain the best way to prevent hospitalization, long-term health outcomes, and death. […] The risk of myocarditis is up to 6 times higher after COVID-19 infection than after mRNA vaccination.

• #35 COVID-19 vaccines and cardiac inflammation | Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care

  https://www.health.gov.au/our-work/covid-19-vaccines/advice-for-providers/clinical-guidance/myocarditis-pericarditis

  Cases of myocarditis and pericarditis after COVID-19 vaccines are rare: mostly reported in males under 40 years of age, after the second dose. […] There is a link between COVID-19 vaccines and rare side effects of myocarditis and pericarditis. […] Myocarditis and pericarditis occur in the general population from a variety of causes. Not all cases that occur after vaccination are caused by the vaccine. Myocarditis and pericarditis can also be caused by COVID-19. […] The risk of myocarditis is higher (although still rare) after vaccination with Moderna original formulation compared with Pfizer original formulation. […] Evidence suggests that AstraZeneca and Novavax are probably associated with a small increased risk of myocarditis and pericarditis. […] Most myocarditis and pericarditis cases linked to COVID-19 vaccination have been mild and patients have recovered quickly.

• #36 COVID 19 vaccine and heart patients Myocarditis and pericarditis | VCU Health

  https://www.vcuhealth.org/pauley-heart-center/the-beat/latest-updates/covid-19-vaccine-and-heart-patients-myocarditis-and-pericarditis/

  The risk of myocarditis or pericarditis associated with SARS-CoV2 mRNA vaccines is extremely low and significantly lower than the risk associated with COVID-19. […] The CDC continues to recommend that everyone aged 12 years and older get vaccinated for COVID-19. The known risks of COVID-19 illness and its related, possibly severe complications, such as long-term health problems, hospitalization, and even death, far outweigh the potential risks of having a rare adverse reaction to vaccination, including the possible risk of myocarditis or pericarditis. […] The likelihood of developing myocarditis or pericarditis following SARS-CoV2 mRNA vaccination is extremely low. While there is a small risk of myocarditis or pericarditis with the mRNA COVID-19 vaccine, the risk is much lower than either the risk of myocarditis from natural COVID-19 infection or the risk of other COVID-19 associated complications such as severe disease and death. […] The great majority of cases of myocarditis and pericarditis after SARS-CoV2 mRNA vaccination are mild and self-limiting, with symptoms resolving within a few days and without consequences.

• #37 What causes rare myocarditis in young men after Covid vaccines?

  https://www.statnews.com/2023/05/05/myocarditis-covid-vaccines-study/

  A new study sheds light on what may be causing very rare cases of heart inflammation in young men after receiving an mRNA Covid vaccine. […] Early hypotheses as to what was driving the heart inflammation, called myocarditis, included an allergic response to the vaccine, vaccine-induced antibodies, or an autoimmune response in which the immune system attacks the bodys own healthy tissue by mistake. But the study, published Friday in Science Immunology, doesnt find evidence for any of these mechanisms. […] Instead, when looking at cases in 23 patients, the researchers found signs of a revved-up immune system driven by inflammatory proteins. […] The researchers behind the study explored each of the leading possibilities as to the root cause of myocarditis after vaccination. […] They found elevated levels of inflammatory proteins, such as ones called interleukin-15, and also found a proliferation of tissue-damaging immune cells that looked to be activated by inflammatory proteins. Taken together, the findings support the idea that the myocarditis cases were driven by an overactive immune system.

• #38 Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Vaccine Safety | Vaccine Safety | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/vaccine-safety/vaccines/covid-19.html

  Myocarditis and pericarditis after COVID-19 vaccination are rare. […] Myocarditis has been most frequently seen in adolescent and young adult males within 7 days of their second mRNA COVID-19 vaccine dose. […] Guillain-Barr syndrome (GBS) is a rare disorder in which the body’s immune system damages nerves. […] Based on data from the Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD), the rate of GBS within the first 21 days after receiving the JJ/Janssen COVID-19 vaccine was found to be 21 times higher than after receiving the Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna (mRNA) COVID-19 vaccines. […] After reviewing data reports, a link between the JJ/Janssen vaccine and TTS was found.

• #39 COVID-19: Vaccine safety and side effects – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/coronavirus-disease-covid-19/vaccines/safety-side-effects.html

  Only vaccines that meet Health Canada’s regulatory requirements for safety, effectiveness and quality are approved for use in Canada. COVID-19 vaccines reduce the risk of severe illness, death and post COVID-19 condition (long COVID). […] Serious reactions following vaccination are rare. After a COVID-19 vaccine, there’s a very small chance that there will be a serious side effect. […] Blood clots with low levels of blood platelets occurred after vaccination with the following viral vector COVID-19 vaccines: AstraZeneca Vaxzevria/Covishield, Janssen Jcovden (Johnson and Johnson). […] This condition involving blood clots (thrombosis) with low platelets (thrombocytopenia) is referred to as thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS). […] In Canada, if blood tests are positive for antibodies that affect platelets, this condition has been called vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT).

• #40 COVID-19: Vaccine safety and side effects – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/coronavirus-disease-covid-19/vaccines/safety-side-effects.html

  Only vaccines that meet Health Canada’s regulatory requirements for safety, effectiveness and quality are approved for use in Canada. COVID-19 vaccines reduce the risk of severe illness, death and post COVID-19 condition (long COVID). […] Serious reactions following vaccination are rare. After a COVID-19 vaccine, there’s a very small chance that there will be a serious side effect. […] Blood clots with low levels of blood platelets occurred after vaccination with the following viral vector COVID-19 vaccines: AstraZeneca Vaxzevria/Covishield, Janssen Jcovden (Johnson and Johnson). […] This condition involving blood clots (thrombosis) with low platelets (thrombocytopenia) is referred to as thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS). […] In Canada, if blood tests are positive for antibodies that affect platelets, this condition has been called vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT).

• #41 Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Vaccine Safety | Vaccine Safety | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/vaccine-safety/vaccines/covid-19.html

  Myocarditis and pericarditis after COVID-19 vaccination are rare. […] Myocarditis has been most frequently seen in adolescent and young adult males within 7 days of their second mRNA COVID-19 vaccine dose. […] Guillain-Barr syndrome (GBS) is a rare disorder in which the body’s immune system damages nerves. […] Based on data from the Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD), the rate of GBS within the first 21 days after receiving the JJ/Janssen COVID-19 vaccine was found to be 21 times higher than after receiving the Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna (mRNA) COVID-19 vaccines. […] After reviewing data reports, a link between the JJ/Janssen vaccine and TTS was found.

• #42 AstraZeneca admits its Covid vaccine can cause rare side effect in court documents for first timeSearch IconSearch IconLogin iconFacebook iconInstagram iconX iconSnapchat iconLinkedIn iconYouTube iconSaveComment speech bubble iconX IconFacebook IconWhatsA

  https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2024/04/28/astrazeneca-admits-covid-vaccine-causes-rare-side-effect/

  AstraZeneca has admitted for the first time in court documents that its Covid vaccine can cause a rare side effect, in an apparent about-turn that could pave the way for a multi-million pound legal payout. […] AstraZeneca is contesting the claims but has accepted, in a legal document submitted to the High Court in February, that its Covid vaccine “can, in very rare cases, cause TTS”. […] TTS – which stands for Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome – causes people to have blood clots and a low blood platelet count. […] AstraZeneca said: “It is admitted that the AZ vaccine can, in very rare cases, cause TTS. The causal mechanism is not known. […] Scientists first identified a link between the vaccine and a new illness called vaccine-induced immune thrombocytopenia and thrombosis (VITT) as early as March 2021, shortly after the Covid-19 vaccine rollout began.

• #43 Studying the link between COVID-19 vaccines and rare blood clots – UKRI

  https://www.ukri.org/who-we-are/how-we-are-doing/research-outcomes-and-impact/mrc/studying-the-link-between-covid-19-vaccines-and-rare-blood-clots/

  Overview: Although blood clots linked to the COVID vaccine remain extremely rare there appears to be a higher risk in people shortly after the first dose of the AstraZeneca (AZ) vaccine. […] Risk rate: according to government guidance from June 2021, around 10 people develop this condition for every million of AZ vaccine doses given.

• #44 Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Vaccine Safety | Vaccine Safety | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/vaccine-safety/vaccines/covid-19.html

  Myocarditis and pericarditis after COVID-19 vaccination are rare. […] Myocarditis has been most frequently seen in adolescent and young adult males within 7 days of their second mRNA COVID-19 vaccine dose. […] Guillain-Barr syndrome (GBS) is a rare disorder in which the body’s immune system damages nerves. […] Based on data from the Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD), the rate of GBS within the first 21 days after receiving the JJ/Janssen COVID-19 vaccine was found to be 21 times higher than after receiving the Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna (mRNA) COVID-19 vaccines. […] After reviewing data reports, a link between the JJ/Janssen vaccine and TTS was found.

• #45 Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Vaccine Safety | Vaccine Safety | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/vaccine-safety/vaccines/covid-19.html

  Myocarditis and pericarditis after COVID-19 vaccination are rare. […] Myocarditis has been most frequently seen in adolescent and young adult males within 7 days of their second mRNA COVID-19 vaccine dose. […] Guillain-Barr syndrome (GBS) is a rare disorder in which the body’s immune system damages nerves. […] Based on data from the Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD), the rate of GBS within the first 21 days after receiving the JJ/Janssen COVID-19 vaccine was found to be 21 times higher than after receiving the Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna (mRNA) COVID-19 vaccines. […] After reviewing data reports, a link between the JJ/Janssen vaccine and TTS was found.

• #46 NASEM releases evidence review on COVID-19 vaccine safety | AHA News

  https://www.aha.org/news/headline/2024-04-16-nasem-releases-evidence-review-covid-19-vaccine-safety

  The Pfizer and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines can cause myocarditis, but do not appear to cause infertility, Guillain-Barr syndrome, Bells palsy, thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) or heart attack, according to a new National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine report examining whether COVID-19 vaccines can cause certain harms. […] The Janssen COVID-19 vaccine may cause TTS and Guillain-Barr syndrome, the study committee found, although there are a limited number of published studies on this vaccine, reflecting its limited use in the U.S. […] Despite a large body of evidence from extraordinary efforts by investigators around the world, our committee found that in many cases, if not most, evidence was insufficient to accept or reject causality for a particular potential harm from a specific COVID-19 vaccine, said Anne Bass, vice chair of the study committee and a professor of clinical medicine at Weill Cornell Medicine and rheumatologist at the Hospital for Special Surgery and New York Presbyterian Hospital. […] In other cases, we did find sufficient evidence to favor rejection, favor acceptance, or establish causality. It is important to note, however, that identifying a harm does not mean that it occurs frequently. Harms associated with vaccines are rare.

• #47 Acute pancreatitis occurring after COVID-19 vaccine: a case report and literature review | The Egyptian Journal of Internal Medicine | Full Text

  https://ejim.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43162-024-00362-0

  Vaccines are uncommon causes of pancreatitis, and only a few case reports have described COVID-19 vaccine-related pancreatitis. […] The initiation of symptoms 1 week after the vaccine might indicate that the potential cause of pancreatitis was the administration of the COVID-19 vaccine. […] As aforementioned, the COVID-19 vaccine was demonstrated to be a possible cause of acute pancreatitis. […] However, we should be aware that acute pancreatitis induced by the vaccine may occur a few days or weeks after the vaccine, especially in patients who have risk factors for acute pancreatitis.

• #48 Can a COVID-19 Vaccine or a COVID-19 Infection Cause Shingles?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/covid-vaccine-herpes

  Shingles is a reactivation of varicella-zoster virus (VZV), the virus that causes chickenpox. It can lead to a painful, blistering skin rash. Shingles is also called herpes zoster. […] You may have read that some people develop shingles after getting the COVID-19 vaccine. While this is possible, its still uncommon. […] Published reports show that people can develop shingles days or weeks after receiving the COVID-19 vaccine. […] Research shows that getting shingles after COVID-19 vaccines predominantly links with the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines, including the ones that Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna produce. […] Experts dont yet know why the COVID-19 vaccines may increase the risk of shingles. Its possible that it could happen due to immune system changes that happen after getting a vaccine.

• #49 Can a COVID-19 Vaccine or a COVID-19 Infection Cause Shingles?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/covid-vaccine-herpes

  Similar to getting shingles after a COVID-19 vaccine, the reason why COVID-19 can lead to shingles is unclear. It may happen due to immune dysfunction that occurs from COVID-19. […] This observation isnt specific to COVID-19. Other vaccines and infections link with the onset of shingles. Experts do not know the reasons for this yet, but theyre likely related to immune system changes or dysfunction.

• #50 COVID-19: Skin Reactions to COVID-19 Vaccines – DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/skin-reactions-to-covid-19-vaccines

  The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to the development and approval of vaccines against the responsible virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). More than 100 companies and institutions worldwide have developed vaccine candidates. […] The majority of current literature regarding cutaneous reactions relate specifically to mRNA COVID-19 vaccinations. […] The COVID-19 vaccines may cause a delayed localized hypersensitivity reaction presenting as a pruritic and painful erythematous reaction near the injection site. […] Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis may be triggered by Covid vaccines. […] COVID-19 vaccination may trigger exacerbation of a pre-existing inflammatory skin condition such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. […] The vaccine leads to increased levels of IL-2, TNF-, and IFN- the exact cytokines involved in the development of lichen planus. Reports of this condition following vaccination have been made.

• #51 New Study: Is There a Link Between COVID-19 Vaccination and POTS?

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/newsroom/new-study-is-there-a-link-between-covid-19-vaccination-and-pots/

  Findings from a recent study by Cedars-Sinai investigators suggest it may be helpful to keep an eye on patients with underlying health issues after COVID-19 vaccination to monitor for post-vaccine POTS, a condition that causes an abnormal increase in heart rate after standing or sitting up. […] A new research study from the Smidt Heart Institute at Cedars-Sinai aimed to understand the possible connection between COVID-19 vaccination and a difficult-to-diagnose heart condition called postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, or POTS. […] Although there is an association between POTS and COVID-19 vaccination, a previous study of patient data across the Cedars-Sinai Health System found that patients diagnosed with COVID-19 were five times more likely to develop the cardiac condition after infection than after vaccination. […] COVID-19 infection itself seems to be either causing or unmasking a startling amount of POTS or POTS-like conditions globally, said Debbie L. Teodorescu, MD, a cardiology fellow at the Smidt Heart Institute and first author of the study.

• #52 New Study: Is There a Link Between COVID-19 Vaccination and POTS?

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/newsroom/new-study-is-there-a-link-between-covid-19-vaccination-and-pots/

  Findings from a recent study by Cedars-Sinai investigators suggest it may be helpful to keep an eye on patients with underlying health issues after COVID-19 vaccination to monitor for post-vaccine POTS, a condition that causes an abnormal increase in heart rate after standing or sitting up. […] A new research study from the Smidt Heart Institute at Cedars-Sinai aimed to understand the possible connection between COVID-19 vaccination and a difficult-to-diagnose heart condition called postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, or POTS. […] Although there is an association between POTS and COVID-19 vaccination, a previous study of patient data across the Cedars-Sinai Health System found that patients diagnosed with COVID-19 were five times more likely to develop the cardiac condition after infection than after vaccination. […] COVID-19 infection itself seems to be either causing or unmasking a startling amount of POTS or POTS-like conditions globally, said Debbie L. Teodorescu, MD, a cardiology fellow at the Smidt Heart Institute and first author of the study.

• #53 What causes COVID-19 vaccine side effects? | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/what-causes-covid-19-vaccine-side-effects.html

  But why do the vaccines sometimes cause these unpleasant symptoms, and are they cause for concern? It might seem counterintuitive, but side effects are a sign the vaccine is doing its job, experts told Live Science. […] The COVID-19 mRNA vaccines tell the body to make the coronavirus „spike” protein, which the virus uses to enter and infect cells. […] The presence of this spike protein initiates an immune response from three types of cells: macrophages, T cells and B cells, said Dr. Nitin Desai, CEO and chief marketing officer of COVID PreCheck, a digital health passport for recent COVID-19 tests and vaccination. […] All of these immune cells produce inflammatory proteins known as cytokines. […] Cytokines are chemical messengers that help coordinate the immune response and also trigger a fever which is a common side effect of the COVID-19 vaccines.

• #54 What causes rare myocarditis in young men after Covid vaccines?

  https://www.statnews.com/2023/05/05/myocarditis-covid-vaccines-study/

  A new study sheds light on what may be causing very rare cases of heart inflammation in young men after receiving an mRNA Covid vaccine. […] Early hypotheses as to what was driving the heart inflammation, called myocarditis, included an allergic response to the vaccine, vaccine-induced antibodies, or an autoimmune response in which the immune system attacks the bodys own healthy tissue by mistake. But the study, published Friday in Science Immunology, doesnt find evidence for any of these mechanisms. […] Instead, when looking at cases in 23 patients, the researchers found signs of a revved-up immune system driven by inflammatory proteins. […] The researchers behind the study explored each of the leading possibilities as to the root cause of myocarditis after vaccination. […] They found elevated levels of inflammatory proteins, such as ones called interleukin-15, and also found a proliferation of tissue-damaging immune cells that looked to be activated by inflammatory proteins. Taken together, the findings support the idea that the myocarditis cases were driven by an overactive immune system.

• #55 Q&A: What Causes Rare Instances of Myocarditis After mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines? < Yale School of Medicine

  https://medicine.yale.edu/news-article/qanda-what-causes-rare-instances-of-myocarditis-after-mrna-covid-19-vaccines/

  Myocarditis is a rare side effect of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines, which have been used with great success as protection against the SARS CoV-2 virus and its variants. […] Myocarditis risk depends on the age and sex of the vaccine recipient. It is most common in younger malesadolescents or young adults. The highest risk group is males between 12 and 17 years of age. […] One is autoimmune myocarditis, which is when the immune cells start to attack our own host cells. […] Our second hypothesis was myocarditis caused by hypersensitivity. […] And then the third hypothesis is the one that we found to be most likely, which is inflammation-related myocarditis. […] Autoimmune-related myocarditis is more difficult to treat. […] In comparison, getting COVID could lead to more severe, more prolonged myocarditis. […] There are ways to reduce the risk for myocarditis, like spacing apart the first and second dose. […] Instances of myocarditis have not been seen after the booster doses. […] There are others, such as the smallpox vaccine, that can also on rare occasion cause a similar thing.

• #56 COVID-19: Skin Reactions to COVID-19 Vaccines – DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/skin-reactions-to-covid-19-vaccines

  Anaphylaxis to vaccines generally is usually due to individual vaccine components, such as egg protein, gelatin, and other additives. However, the cause of vaccine anaphylaxis with the COVID-19 vaccine cases is unclear, but polyethylene glycol (PEG 2000) is a candidate allergen. […] Identification of risk factors for allergy symptoms after COVID-19 vaccination will guide safe vaccination practices for individuals at the highest risk. […] The established vaccines have a satisfactory safety profile.

• #57 Scientists Describe Rare Syndrome Following Covid Vaccinations – The New York Times

  https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/19/health/covid-post-vaccination-syndrome.html

  The new study is small, and the condition it is studying is “very heterogeneous,” said Dr. Gregory Poland, emeritus editor of the journal Vaccine and president of Atria Research Institute. […] Like people with long Covid, those with post-vaccination syndrome showed reactivation of Epstein-Barr virus, a virus that may lie dormant in the body and is linked to mononucleosis, multiple sclerosis and other conditions. […] Some cases of long Covid are thought to result from the persistence of the spike protein of the coronavirus, resulting in a heightened state of inflammation in the body. […] Dr. Iwasaki and her team found that people with post-vaccination syndrome had significantly higher plasma levels of the coronavirus spike protein than everyone else — including those with long Covid — from 26 to 709 days after receiving the vaccine.

• #58 Scientists find clues on why COVID vaccine causes chronic health problems in some | Fox News

  https://www.foxnews.com/health/scientists-find-clues-covid-vaccine-causes-chronic-health-problems

  For a majority of people, the COVID vaccine doesnt cause adverse health effects but a small percentage experience chronic symptoms that can last for months or even years. […] Yale researchers recently made some discoveries about why certain people experience this condition, which they have dubbed „post-vaccination syndrome” (PVS). […] „Post-vaccination syndrome is real, and has been found [to occur] from many vaccines, including COVID,” Dr. Marc Siegel, clinical professor of medicine at NYU Langone Health and Fox News senior medical analyst, told Fox News Digital. […] „Fewer vaccine doses and no viral infection means the bodys immune system has had little opportunity to develop a defense to the virus,” said the researchers. […] „In this new study, she reports that in a very small percentage of those who received COVID vaccines (and experienced prolonged side effects), there may be the presence of persistent spike protein,” Siegel confirmed. […] „This needs to be further studied in terms of understanding how common prolonged COVID vaccine side effects are and how to predict them and treat them.”

• #59 What causes rare myocarditis in young men after Covid vaccines?

  https://www.statnews.com/2023/05/05/myocarditis-covid-vaccines-study/

  A new study sheds light on what may be causing very rare cases of heart inflammation in young men after receiving an mRNA Covid vaccine. […] Early hypotheses as to what was driving the heart inflammation, called myocarditis, included an allergic response to the vaccine, vaccine-induced antibodies, or an autoimmune response in which the immune system attacks the bodys own healthy tissue by mistake. But the study, published Friday in Science Immunology, doesnt find evidence for any of these mechanisms. […] Instead, when looking at cases in 23 patients, the researchers found signs of a revved-up immune system driven by inflammatory proteins. […] The researchers behind the study explored each of the leading possibilities as to the root cause of myocarditis after vaccination. […] They found elevated levels of inflammatory proteins, such as ones called interleukin-15, and also found a proliferation of tissue-damaging immune cells that looked to be activated by inflammatory proteins. Taken together, the findings support the idea that the myocarditis cases were driven by an overactive immune system.

• #60 Q&A: What Causes Rare Instances of Myocarditis After mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines? < Yale School of Medicine

  https://medicine.yale.edu/news-article/qanda-what-causes-rare-instances-of-myocarditis-after-mrna-covid-19-vaccines/

  Myocarditis is a rare side effect of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines, which have been used with great success as protection against the SARS CoV-2 virus and its variants. […] Myocarditis risk depends on the age and sex of the vaccine recipient. It is most common in younger malesadolescents or young adults. The highest risk group is males between 12 and 17 years of age. […] One is autoimmune myocarditis, which is when the immune cells start to attack our own host cells. […] Our second hypothesis was myocarditis caused by hypersensitivity. […] And then the third hypothesis is the one that we found to be most likely, which is inflammation-related myocarditis. […] Autoimmune-related myocarditis is more difficult to treat. […] In comparison, getting COVID could lead to more severe, more prolonged myocarditis. […] There are ways to reduce the risk for myocarditis, like spacing apart the first and second dose. […] Instances of myocarditis have not been seen after the booster doses. […] There are others, such as the smallpox vaccine, that can also on rare occasion cause a similar thing.

• #61 Myocarditis and Covid-19 vaccines – BHF

  https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/heart-matters-magazine/news/coronavirus-and-your-health/myocarditis-and-covid-19-vaccines-should-you-be-worried

  There’s a link between mRNA Covid-19 vaccines and an increased risk of myocarditis and pericarditis. […] While reports of myocarditis following any Covid-19 vaccine are rare, cases are more common in young males under the age of 25, according to the UKs Green Book on vaccines. […] Research shows that Covid-19 itself is much more likely to cause myocarditis than a vaccine in most people. […] There are many different causes of myocarditis, so not all cases that happen after vaccination are because of the vaccine. […] Myocarditis is commonly caused by viruses, such as flu or Covid-19.

• #62 Scientists find clues on why COVID vaccine causes chronic health problems in some | Fox News

  https://www.foxnews.com/health/scientists-find-clues-covid-vaccine-causes-chronic-health-problems

  For a majority of people, the COVID vaccine doesnt cause adverse health effects but a small percentage experience chronic symptoms that can last for months or even years. […] Yale researchers recently made some discoveries about why certain people experience this condition, which they have dubbed „post-vaccination syndrome” (PVS). […] „Post-vaccination syndrome is real, and has been found [to occur] from many vaccines, including COVID,” Dr. Marc Siegel, clinical professor of medicine at NYU Langone Health and Fox News senior medical analyst, told Fox News Digital. […] „Fewer vaccine doses and no viral infection means the bodys immune system has had little opportunity to develop a defense to the virus,” said the researchers. […] „In this new study, she reports that in a very small percentage of those who received COVID vaccines (and experienced prolonged side effects), there may be the presence of persistent spike protein,” Siegel confirmed. […] „This needs to be further studied in terms of understanding how common prolonged COVID vaccine side effects are and how to predict them and treat them.”

• #63 What causes COVID-19 vaccine side effects? | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/what-causes-covid-19-vaccine-side-effects.html

  COVID-19 vaccines introduce just enough spike protein to the immune system to trigger a response. […] Unlike in severe cases of COVID-19, however, the vaccines do not trigger an out-of-control response known as a cytokine storm, where the body is flooded with the inflammatory chemicals, which then damage organs, Desai said. […] The mRNA COVID-19 vaccines may trigger stronger side effects than the flu shot in part because these vaccines stimulate a stronger immune response, Desai said. […] People who previously recovered from COVID-19 are also likelier to have strong side effects even after the first shot. […] Overall, taking your chances with COVID-19 is much riskier than getting a vaccine, Bailey said.

• #64 New Study: Is There a Link Between COVID-19 Vaccination and POTS?

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/newsroom/new-study-is-there-a-link-between-covid-19-vaccination-and-pots/

  Findings from a recent study by Cedars-Sinai investigators suggest it may be helpful to keep an eye on patients with underlying health issues after COVID-19 vaccination to monitor for post-vaccine POTS, a condition that causes an abnormal increase in heart rate after standing or sitting up. […] A new research study from the Smidt Heart Institute at Cedars-Sinai aimed to understand the possible connection between COVID-19 vaccination and a difficult-to-diagnose heart condition called postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, or POTS. […] Although there is an association between POTS and COVID-19 vaccination, a previous study of patient data across the Cedars-Sinai Health System found that patients diagnosed with COVID-19 were five times more likely to develop the cardiac condition after infection than after vaccination. […] COVID-19 infection itself seems to be either causing or unmasking a startling amount of POTS or POTS-like conditions globally, said Debbie L. Teodorescu, MD, a cardiology fellow at the Smidt Heart Institute and first author of the study.

• #65 Scientists Describe Rare Syndrome Following Covid Vaccinations – The New York Times

  https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/19/health/covid-post-vaccination-syndrome.html

  The new study is small, and the condition it is studying is “very heterogeneous,” said Dr. Gregory Poland, emeritus editor of the journal Vaccine and president of Atria Research Institute. […] Like people with long Covid, those with post-vaccination syndrome showed reactivation of Epstein-Barr virus, a virus that may lie dormant in the body and is linked to mononucleosis, multiple sclerosis and other conditions. […] Some cases of long Covid are thought to result from the persistence of the spike protein of the coronavirus, resulting in a heightened state of inflammation in the body. […] Dr. Iwasaki and her team found that people with post-vaccination syndrome had significantly higher plasma levels of the coronavirus spike protein than everyone else — including those with long Covid — from 26 to 709 days after receiving the vaccine.

• #66 Why COVID Vaccine Causes Chronic Health Issues In Some: Scientists Find Key Clues

  https://www.ndtv.com/science/study-reveals-potential-causes-of-long-term-health-issues-after-covid-vaccination-7790904

  Some individuals with PVS also had elevated levels of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein […] Although COVID-19 vaccines are generally safe, some people experience long-lasting symptoms, a condition termed 'post-vaccination syndrome’ (PVS). […] Dr. Marc Siegel, clinical professor of medicine at NYU Langone Health, emphasized that PVS is a real condition that has been observed following various vaccines, including COVID-19 vaccines. […] Some individuals with PVS also had elevated levels of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, which plays a role in the virus’s ability to infect cells. This has previously been linked to an increased risk of developing long COVID. […] „We don’t yet know if spike protein levels directly cause chronic symptoms, as some participants with PVS had no detectable spike protein,” Iwasaki explained. „But it could be one contributing factor.” […] Additional potential contributors to PVS include autoimmunity, tissue damage, and the reactivation of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), the study suggested. […] Researchers agree that more studies are needed to improve diagnosis and treatment options for PVS.

• #67 Scientists Describe Rare Syndrome Following Covid Vaccinations – The New York Times

  https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/19/health/covid-post-vaccination-syndrome.html

  “Something else is allowing this sort of late-phase expression of spike protein, and we don’t really know what that is,” she said. […] “I would like to see more data on this topic,” he said. […] “One of the things that maybe scientists got trapped into a little bit during the pandemic is this perception that we should have all the answers, and if we can’t give it a definitive answer, then we shouldn’t be talking about it,” he said. […] “We can’t say for certainty that this can’t happen.”

• #68 A review of neurological side effects of COVID-19 vaccination | European Journal of Medical Research | Full Text

  https://eurjmedres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40001-023-00992-0

  Each type of vaccine can play a different role in increasing the risk of manifestation of these disorders. […] The mechanism of induction of this disorder is the development of autoimmunity by molecular mimicry. […] More generally, the majority of demyelinating syndromes are related to mRNA-based vaccines, followed by adenovirus-based vaccines. […] The most important and most common complications are cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (more about AstraZeneca), transverse myelitis (more about Pfizer, Moderna, AstraZeneca, and Johnson Johnson), Bell’s palsy (more about Pfizer, Moderna, AstraZeneca), GBS (more about Pfizer, AstraZeneca, and Johnson Johnson), and the first manifestation of MS (more about Pfizer). […] Finally, discovering whether these disorders are accidental or whether the vaccine is the main cause of them requires future studies, ongoing efforts to gather evidence, and long-term monitoring.

• #69

  https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/5704

  The aim of this review is to provide explanations for many of the reported adverse reactions associated with spike-based Covid-19 vaccination and to draw appropriate conclusions. […] Based on the comparatively disproportionate spectrum of adverse reactions of spike-based vaccines, an overwhelming body of evidence supports the consequences of the main mode of action of spike-based Covid-19 vaccines, namely the downregulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) by spikes. This enzyme is a key protective counterregulator in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. […] A causal relationship between an activated renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and vasoconstrictive and ischaemic sequelae can be considered to be proven. […] The exceptionally wide range, frequency and severity of reported adverse reactions associated with spike-based Covid-19 vaccination exceeds the known level of conventional vaccination and is a cause for serious concern. From a pharmacological point of view, spikes are highly potent substances, but they are not innocuous antigens. Therefore, they do not appear to be suitable for preventive immunisation against comparatively harmless infections.

• #70 Scientists find clues on why COVID vaccine causes chronic health problems in some | Fox News

  https://www.foxnews.com/health/scientists-find-clues-covid-vaccine-causes-chronic-health-problems

  For a majority of people, the COVID vaccine doesnt cause adverse health effects but a small percentage experience chronic symptoms that can last for months or even years. […] Yale researchers recently made some discoveries about why certain people experience this condition, which they have dubbed „post-vaccination syndrome” (PVS). […] „Post-vaccination syndrome is real, and has been found [to occur] from many vaccines, including COVID,” Dr. Marc Siegel, clinical professor of medicine at NYU Langone Health and Fox News senior medical analyst, told Fox News Digital. […] „Fewer vaccine doses and no viral infection means the bodys immune system has had little opportunity to develop a defense to the virus,” said the researchers. […] „In this new study, she reports that in a very small percentage of those who received COVID vaccines (and experienced prolonged side effects), there may be the presence of persistent spike protein,” Siegel confirmed. […] „This needs to be further studied in terms of understanding how common prolonged COVID vaccine side effects are and how to predict them and treat them.”

• #71 Scientists Describe Rare Syndrome Following Covid Vaccinations – The New York Times

  https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/19/health/covid-post-vaccination-syndrome.html

  The Covid-19 vaccines were powerfully protective, preventing millions of deaths. But in a small number of people, the shots may have led to a constellation of side effects that includes fatigue, exercise intolerance, brain fog, tinnitus and dizziness, together referred to as “post-vaccination syndrome,” according to a small new study. […] Some people with this syndrome appear to show distinct biological changes, the research found — among them differences in immune cells, reawakening of a dormant virus called Epstein-Barr, and the persistence of a coronavirus protein in their blood. […] “It’s not like this study determined what’s making people sick,” she said, “but it’s the first kind of glimpse at what may be going on within these people.” […] Thousands of people have said that Covid vaccines harmed them.

• #72 Scientists Describe Rare Syndrome Following Covid Vaccinations – The New York Times

  https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/19/health/covid-post-vaccination-syndrome.html

  The Covid-19 vaccines were powerfully protective, preventing millions of deaths. But in a small number of people, the shots may have led to a constellation of side effects that includes fatigue, exercise intolerance, brain fog, tinnitus and dizziness, together referred to as “post-vaccination syndrome,” according to a small new study. […] Some people with this syndrome appear to show distinct biological changes, the research found — among them differences in immune cells, reawakening of a dormant virus called Epstein-Barr, and the persistence of a coronavirus protein in their blood. […] “It’s not like this study determined what’s making people sick,” she said, “but it’s the first kind of glimpse at what may be going on within these people.” […] Thousands of people have said that Covid vaccines harmed them.

• #73 Immune markers of post-vaccination syndrome indicate future research directions | Yale News

  https://news.yale.edu/2025/02/19/immune-markers-post-vaccination-syndrome-indicate-future-research-directions

  COVID-19 vaccines have been instrumental in reducing the impact of the pandemic, preventing severe illness and death, and they appear to protect against long COVID. However, some individuals have reported chronic symptoms that developed soon after receiving a COVID-19 vaccine. This little-understood, persistent condition, referred to as post-vaccination syndrome (PVS), remains unrecognized by medical authorities, and little is known about its biological underpinnings. […] Some of the most common chronic symptoms of PVS include exercise intolerance, excessive fatigue, brain fog, insomnia, and dizziness. They develop shortly after vaccination, within a day or two, can become more severe in the days that follow, and persist over time. […] Its clear that some individuals are experiencing significant challenges after vaccination. Our responsibility as scientists and clinicians is to listen to their experiences, rigorously investigate the underlying causes, and seek ways to help.

• #74 Scientists Describe Rare Syndrome Following Covid Vaccinations – The New York Times

  https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/19/health/covid-post-vaccination-syndrome.html

  The Covid-19 vaccines were powerfully protective, preventing millions of deaths. But in a small number of people, the shots may have led to a constellation of side effects that includes fatigue, exercise intolerance, brain fog, tinnitus and dizziness, together referred to as “post-vaccination syndrome,” according to a small new study. […] Some people with this syndrome appear to show distinct biological changes, the research found — among them differences in immune cells, reawakening of a dormant virus called Epstein-Barr, and the persistence of a coronavirus protein in their blood. […] “It’s not like this study determined what’s making people sick,” she said, “but it’s the first kind of glimpse at what may be going on within these people.” […] Thousands of people have said that Covid vaccines harmed them.

• #75 Immune markers of post-vaccination syndrome indicate future research directions | Yale News

  https://news.yale.edu/2025/02/19/immune-markers-post-vaccination-syndrome-indicate-future-research-directions

  COVID-19 vaccines have been instrumental in reducing the impact of the pandemic, preventing severe illness and death, and they appear to protect against long COVID. However, some individuals have reported chronic symptoms that developed soon after receiving a COVID-19 vaccine. This little-understood, persistent condition, referred to as post-vaccination syndrome (PVS), remains unrecognized by medical authorities, and little is known about its biological underpinnings. […] Some of the most common chronic symptoms of PVS include exercise intolerance, excessive fatigue, brain fog, insomnia, and dizziness. They develop shortly after vaccination, within a day or two, can become more severe in the days that follow, and persist over time. […] Its clear that some individuals are experiencing significant challenges after vaccination. Our responsibility as scientists and clinicians is to listen to their experiences, rigorously investigate the underlying causes, and seek ways to help.

• #76 Scientists Describe Rare Syndrome Following Covid Vaccinations – The New York Times

  https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/19/health/covid-post-vaccination-syndrome.html

  The Covid-19 vaccines were powerfully protective, preventing millions of deaths. But in a small number of people, the shots may have led to a constellation of side effects that includes fatigue, exercise intolerance, brain fog, tinnitus and dizziness, together referred to as “post-vaccination syndrome,” according to a small new study. […] Some people with this syndrome appear to show distinct biological changes, the research found — among them differences in immune cells, reawakening of a dormant virus called Epstein-Barr, and the persistence of a coronavirus protein in their blood. […] “It’s not like this study determined what’s making people sick,” she said, “but it’s the first kind of glimpse at what may be going on within these people.” […] Thousands of people have said that Covid vaccines harmed them.

• #77 Immune markers of post-vaccination syndrome indicate future research directions | Yale News

  https://news.yale.edu/2025/02/19/immune-markers-post-vaccination-syndrome-indicate-future-research-directions

  COVID-19 vaccines have been instrumental in reducing the impact of the pandemic, preventing severe illness and death, and they appear to protect against long COVID. However, some individuals have reported chronic symptoms that developed soon after receiving a COVID-19 vaccine. This little-understood, persistent condition, referred to as post-vaccination syndrome (PVS), remains unrecognized by medical authorities, and little is known about its biological underpinnings. […] Some of the most common chronic symptoms of PVS include exercise intolerance, excessive fatigue, brain fog, insomnia, and dizziness. They develop shortly after vaccination, within a day or two, can become more severe in the days that follow, and persist over time. […] Its clear that some individuals are experiencing significant challenges after vaccination. Our responsibility as scientists and clinicians is to listen to their experiences, rigorously investigate the underlying causes, and seek ways to help.

• #78 Scientists Describe Rare Syndrome Following Covid Vaccinations – The New York Times

  https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/19/health/covid-post-vaccination-syndrome.html

  The Covid-19 vaccines were powerfully protective, preventing millions of deaths. But in a small number of people, the shots may have led to a constellation of side effects that includes fatigue, exercise intolerance, brain fog, tinnitus and dizziness, together referred to as “post-vaccination syndrome,” according to a small new study. […] Some people with this syndrome appear to show distinct biological changes, the research found — among them differences in immune cells, reawakening of a dormant virus called Epstein-Barr, and the persistence of a coronavirus protein in their blood. […] “It’s not like this study determined what’s making people sick,” she said, “but it’s the first kind of glimpse at what may be going on within these people.” […] Thousands of people have said that Covid vaccines harmed them.

• #79 Scientists Describe Rare Syndrome Following Covid Vaccinations – The New York Times

  https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/19/health/covid-post-vaccination-syndrome.html

  The Covid-19 vaccines were powerfully protective, preventing millions of deaths. But in a small number of people, the shots may have led to a constellation of side effects that includes fatigue, exercise intolerance, brain fog, tinnitus and dizziness, together referred to as “post-vaccination syndrome,” according to a small new study. […] Some people with this syndrome appear to show distinct biological changes, the research found — among them differences in immune cells, reawakening of a dormant virus called Epstein-Barr, and the persistence of a coronavirus protein in their blood. […] “It’s not like this study determined what’s making people sick,” she said, “but it’s the first kind of glimpse at what may be going on within these people.” […] Thousands of people have said that Covid vaccines harmed them.

• #80 Immune markers of post-vaccination syndrome indicate future research directions | Yale News

  https://news.yale.edu/2025/02/19/immune-markers-post-vaccination-syndrome-indicate-future-research-directions

  COVID-19 vaccines have been instrumental in reducing the impact of the pandemic, preventing severe illness and death, and they appear to protect against long COVID. However, some individuals have reported chronic symptoms that developed soon after receiving a COVID-19 vaccine. This little-understood, persistent condition, referred to as post-vaccination syndrome (PVS), remains unrecognized by medical authorities, and little is known about its biological underpinnings. […] Some of the most common chronic symptoms of PVS include exercise intolerance, excessive fatigue, brain fog, insomnia, and dizziness. They develop shortly after vaccination, within a day or two, can become more severe in the days that follow, and persist over time. […] Its clear that some individuals are experiencing significant challenges after vaccination. Our responsibility as scientists and clinicians is to listen to their experiences, rigorously investigate the underlying causes, and seek ways to help.

• #81 Immune markers of post-vaccination syndrome indicate future research directions | Yale News

  https://news.yale.edu/2025/02/19/immune-markers-post-vaccination-syndrome-indicate-future-research-directions

  COVID-19 vaccines have been instrumental in reducing the impact of the pandemic, preventing severe illness and death, and they appear to protect against long COVID. However, some individuals have reported chronic symptoms that developed soon after receiving a COVID-19 vaccine. This little-understood, persistent condition, referred to as post-vaccination syndrome (PVS), remains unrecognized by medical authorities, and little is known about its biological underpinnings. […] Some of the most common chronic symptoms of PVS include exercise intolerance, excessive fatigue, brain fog, insomnia, and dizziness. They develop shortly after vaccination, within a day or two, can become more severe in the days that follow, and persist over time. […] Its clear that some individuals are experiencing significant challenges after vaccination. Our responsibility as scientists and clinicians is to listen to their experiences, rigorously investigate the underlying causes, and seek ways to help.

• #82 Scientists Describe Rare Syndrome Following Covid Vaccinations – The New York Times

  https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/19/health/covid-post-vaccination-syndrome.html

  The Covid-19 vaccines were powerfully protective, preventing millions of deaths. But in a small number of people, the shots may have led to a constellation of side effects that includes fatigue, exercise intolerance, brain fog, tinnitus and dizziness, together referred to as “post-vaccination syndrome,” according to a small new study. […] Some people with this syndrome appear to show distinct biological changes, the research found — among them differences in immune cells, reawakening of a dormant virus called Epstein-Barr, and the persistence of a coronavirus protein in their blood. […] “It’s not like this study determined what’s making people sick,” she said, “but it’s the first kind of glimpse at what may be going on within these people.” […] Thousands of people have said that Covid vaccines harmed them.

• #83 Why COVID Vaccine Causes Chronic Health Issues In Some: Scientists Find Key Clues

  https://www.ndtv.com/science/study-reveals-potential-causes-of-long-term-health-issues-after-covid-vaccination-7790904

  Some individuals with PVS also had elevated levels of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein […] Although COVID-19 vaccines are generally safe, some people experience long-lasting symptoms, a condition termed 'post-vaccination syndrome’ (PVS). […] Dr. Marc Siegel, clinical professor of medicine at NYU Langone Health, emphasized that PVS is a real condition that has been observed following various vaccines, including COVID-19 vaccines. […] Some individuals with PVS also had elevated levels of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, which plays a role in the virus’s ability to infect cells. This has previously been linked to an increased risk of developing long COVID. […] „We don’t yet know if spike protein levels directly cause chronic symptoms, as some participants with PVS had no detectable spike protein,” Iwasaki explained. „But it could be one contributing factor.” […] Additional potential contributors to PVS include autoimmunity, tissue damage, and the reactivation of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), the study suggested. […] Researchers agree that more studies are needed to improve diagnosis and treatment options for PVS.

• #84 Immune markers of post-vaccination syndrome indicate future research directions | Yale News

  https://news.yale.edu/2025/02/19/immune-markers-post-vaccination-syndrome-indicate-future-research-directions

  When the researchers measured levels of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein the part of the virus that enables it to penetrate and infect host cells and what COVID-19 vaccines use to trigger immune responses against the virus they found that some individuals with PVS, even those without evidence for infection, had higher levels of spike protein than controls. […] Krumholz explained that PVS might be similar to how different infections can cause chronic symptoms through distinct biological pathways. One person might develop chronic symptoms due to immune dysregulation, while another experiences lingering effects from viral reactivation. […] A deeper understanding of PVS and its drivers could lead to better vaccines that have fewer side effects, effective methods for diagnosing the syndrome, and targets for treatment. […] Our focus must remain on understanding what these people are experiencing through rigorous science and addressing the needs of those affected with compassion and an open mind.

• #85 Scientists Describe Rare Syndrome Following Covid Vaccinations – The New York Times

  https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/19/health/covid-post-vaccination-syndrome.html

  The new study is small, and the condition it is studying is “very heterogeneous,” said Dr. Gregory Poland, emeritus editor of the journal Vaccine and president of Atria Research Institute. […] Like people with long Covid, those with post-vaccination syndrome showed reactivation of Epstein-Barr virus, a virus that may lie dormant in the body and is linked to mononucleosis, multiple sclerosis and other conditions. […] Some cases of long Covid are thought to result from the persistence of the spike protein of the coronavirus, resulting in a heightened state of inflammation in the body. […] Dr. Iwasaki and her team found that people with post-vaccination syndrome had significantly higher plasma levels of the coronavirus spike protein than everyone else — including those with long Covid — from 26 to 709 days after receiving the vaccine.

• #86 Why COVID Vaccine Causes Chronic Health Issues In Some: Scientists Find Key Clues

  https://www.ndtv.com/science/study-reveals-potential-causes-of-long-term-health-issues-after-covid-vaccination-7790904

  Some individuals with PVS also had elevated levels of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein […] Although COVID-19 vaccines are generally safe, some people experience long-lasting symptoms, a condition termed 'post-vaccination syndrome’ (PVS). […] Dr. Marc Siegel, clinical professor of medicine at NYU Langone Health, emphasized that PVS is a real condition that has been observed following various vaccines, including COVID-19 vaccines. […] Some individuals with PVS also had elevated levels of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, which plays a role in the virus’s ability to infect cells. This has previously been linked to an increased risk of developing long COVID. […] „We don’t yet know if spike protein levels directly cause chronic symptoms, as some participants with PVS had no detectable spike protein,” Iwasaki explained. „But it could be one contributing factor.” […] Additional potential contributors to PVS include autoimmunity, tissue damage, and the reactivation of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), the study suggested. […] Researchers agree that more studies are needed to improve diagnosis and treatment options for PVS.

• #87 Scientists Describe Rare Syndrome Following Covid Vaccinations – The New York Times

  https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/19/health/covid-post-vaccination-syndrome.html

  The new study is small, and the condition it is studying is “very heterogeneous,” said Dr. Gregory Poland, emeritus editor of the journal Vaccine and president of Atria Research Institute. […] Like people with long Covid, those with post-vaccination syndrome showed reactivation of Epstein-Barr virus, a virus that may lie dormant in the body and is linked to mononucleosis, multiple sclerosis and other conditions. […] Some cases of long Covid are thought to result from the persistence of the spike protein of the coronavirus, resulting in a heightened state of inflammation in the body. […] Dr. Iwasaki and her team found that people with post-vaccination syndrome had significantly higher plasma levels of the coronavirus spike protein than everyone else — including those with long Covid — from 26 to 709 days after receiving the vaccine.

• #88 Why COVID Vaccine Causes Chronic Health Issues In Some: Scientists Find Key Clues

  https://www.ndtv.com/science/study-reveals-potential-causes-of-long-term-health-issues-after-covid-vaccination-7790904

  Some individuals with PVS also had elevated levels of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein […] Although COVID-19 vaccines are generally safe, some people experience long-lasting symptoms, a condition termed 'post-vaccination syndrome’ (PVS). […] Dr. Marc Siegel, clinical professor of medicine at NYU Langone Health, emphasized that PVS is a real condition that has been observed following various vaccines, including COVID-19 vaccines. […] Some individuals with PVS also had elevated levels of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, which plays a role in the virus’s ability to infect cells. This has previously been linked to an increased risk of developing long COVID. […] „We don’t yet know if spike protein levels directly cause chronic symptoms, as some participants with PVS had no detectable spike protein,” Iwasaki explained. „But it could be one contributing factor.” […] Additional potential contributors to PVS include autoimmunity, tissue damage, and the reactivation of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), the study suggested. […] Researchers agree that more studies are needed to improve diagnosis and treatment options for PVS.

• #89 Why COVID Vaccine Causes Chronic Health Issues In Some: Scientists Find Key Clues

  https://www.ndtv.com/science/study-reveals-potential-causes-of-long-term-health-issues-after-covid-vaccination-7790904

  Some individuals with PVS also had elevated levels of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein […] Although COVID-19 vaccines are generally safe, some people experience long-lasting symptoms, a condition termed 'post-vaccination syndrome’ (PVS). […] Dr. Marc Siegel, clinical professor of medicine at NYU Langone Health, emphasized that PVS is a real condition that has been observed following various vaccines, including COVID-19 vaccines. […] Some individuals with PVS also had elevated levels of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, which plays a role in the virus’s ability to infect cells. This has previously been linked to an increased risk of developing long COVID. […] „We don’t yet know if spike protein levels directly cause chronic symptoms, as some participants with PVS had no detectable spike protein,” Iwasaki explained. „But it could be one contributing factor.” […] Additional potential contributors to PVS include autoimmunity, tissue damage, and the reactivation of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), the study suggested. […] Researchers agree that more studies are needed to improve diagnosis and treatment options for PVS.

• #90 Scientists find clues on why COVID vaccine causes chronic health problems in some

  https://nypost.com/2025/02/24/health/scientists-find-clues-on-why-covid-vaccine-causes-chronic-health-problems-in-some/

  For a majority of people, the COVID vaccine doesnt cause adverse health effects but a small percentage experience chronic symptoms that can last for months or even years. […] Yale researchers recently made some discoveries about why certain people experience this condition, which they have dubbed post-vaccination syndrome (PVS). […] Post-vaccination syndrome is real, and has been found [to occur] from many vaccines, including COVID, Dr. Marc Siegel, clinical professor of medicine at NYU Langone Health and Fox News senior medical analyst, told Fox News Digital. […] Some of the people with PVS also had higher levels of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, which enables the virus to penetrate and infect host cells. This has also been linked to a higher risk of developing long COVID. […] In this new study, she reports that in a very small percentage of those who received COVID vaccines (and experienced prolonged side effects), there may be the presence of persistent spike protein, Siegel confirmed. […] Factors including autoimmunity, tissue damage and reactivation of Epstein-Barr virus can increase risk. […] Siegel agreed, adding, This needs to be further studied in terms of understanding how common prolonged COVID vaccine side effects are and how to predict them and treat them.

• #91 Why COVID Vaccine Causes Chronic Health Issues In Some: Scientists Find Key Clues

  https://www.ndtv.com/science/study-reveals-potential-causes-of-long-term-health-issues-after-covid-vaccination-7790904

  Some individuals with PVS also had elevated levels of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein […] Although COVID-19 vaccines are generally safe, some people experience long-lasting symptoms, a condition termed 'post-vaccination syndrome’ (PVS). […] Dr. Marc Siegel, clinical professor of medicine at NYU Langone Health, emphasized that PVS is a real condition that has been observed following various vaccines, including COVID-19 vaccines. […] Some individuals with PVS also had elevated levels of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, which plays a role in the virus’s ability to infect cells. This has previously been linked to an increased risk of developing long COVID. […] „We don’t yet know if spike protein levels directly cause chronic symptoms, as some participants with PVS had no detectable spike protein,” Iwasaki explained. „But it could be one contributing factor.” […] Additional potential contributors to PVS include autoimmunity, tissue damage, and the reactivation of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), the study suggested. […] Researchers agree that more studies are needed to improve diagnosis and treatment options for PVS.

• #92 Scientists find clues on why COVID vaccine causes chronic health problems in some

  https://nypost.com/2025/02/24/health/scientists-find-clues-on-why-covid-vaccine-causes-chronic-health-problems-in-some/

  For a majority of people, the COVID vaccine doesnt cause adverse health effects but a small percentage experience chronic symptoms that can last for months or even years. […] Yale researchers recently made some discoveries about why certain people experience this condition, which they have dubbed post-vaccination syndrome (PVS). […] Post-vaccination syndrome is real, and has been found [to occur] from many vaccines, including COVID, Dr. Marc Siegel, clinical professor of medicine at NYU Langone Health and Fox News senior medical analyst, told Fox News Digital. […] Some of the people with PVS also had higher levels of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, which enables the virus to penetrate and infect host cells. This has also been linked to a higher risk of developing long COVID. […] In this new study, she reports that in a very small percentage of those who received COVID vaccines (and experienced prolonged side effects), there may be the presence of persistent spike protein, Siegel confirmed. […] Factors including autoimmunity, tissue damage and reactivation of Epstein-Barr virus can increase risk. […] Siegel agreed, adding, This needs to be further studied in terms of understanding how common prolonged COVID vaccine side effects are and how to predict them and treat them.

• #93 Immune markers of post-vaccination syndrome indicate future research directions | Yale News

  https://news.yale.edu/2025/02/19/immune-markers-post-vaccination-syndrome-indicate-future-research-directions

  When the researchers measured levels of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein the part of the virus that enables it to penetrate and infect host cells and what COVID-19 vaccines use to trigger immune responses against the virus they found that some individuals with PVS, even those without evidence for infection, had higher levels of spike protein than controls. […] Krumholz explained that PVS might be similar to how different infections can cause chronic symptoms through distinct biological pathways. One person might develop chronic symptoms due to immune dysregulation, while another experiences lingering effects from viral reactivation. […] A deeper understanding of PVS and its drivers could lead to better vaccines that have fewer side effects, effective methods for diagnosing the syndrome, and targets for treatment. […] Our focus must remain on understanding what these people are experiencing through rigorous science and addressing the needs of those affected with compassion and an open mind.

• #94 Immune markers of post-vaccination syndrome indicate future research directions | Yale News

  https://news.yale.edu/2025/02/19/immune-markers-post-vaccination-syndrome-indicate-future-research-directions

  When the researchers measured levels of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein the part of the virus that enables it to penetrate and infect host cells and what COVID-19 vaccines use to trigger immune responses against the virus they found that some individuals with PVS, even those without evidence for infection, had higher levels of spike protein than controls. […] Krumholz explained that PVS might be similar to how different infections can cause chronic symptoms through distinct biological pathways. One person might develop chronic symptoms due to immune dysregulation, while another experiences lingering effects from viral reactivation. […] A deeper understanding of PVS and its drivers could lead to better vaccines that have fewer side effects, effective methods for diagnosing the syndrome, and targets for treatment. […] Our focus must remain on understanding what these people are experiencing through rigorous science and addressing the needs of those affected with compassion and an open mind.

• #95 General determination of causation between Covid-19 vaccines and possible adverse events

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7846216/

  The availability of multiple Covid-19 vaccines following clinical trial results indicating high efficacy in preventing Covid-19 are encouraging for prospects for controlling the Covid-19 pandemic. […] However, though powered to assess the vaccines efficacy and detect common adverse events, these and similar phase three randomized controlled trials cannot identify causal associations for serious adverse events that are very rare or much more likely among populations not included in the clinical trials. […] Efforts to decide if a particular vaccine can cause a particular type of adverse event should consider multiple factors, including temporality, size of effect and uncertainty inherent in its measurement, coherence across multiple lines of evidence, and biological plausibility. […] However, lack of a clear biological mechanism for the vaccine to cause the particular adverse event should not be used to preclude a causal association.

• #96 General determination of causation between Covid-19 vaccines and possible adverse events

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7846216/

  The availability of multiple Covid-19 vaccines following clinical trial results indicating high efficacy in preventing Covid-19 are encouraging for prospects for controlling the Covid-19 pandemic. […] However, though powered to assess the vaccines efficacy and detect common adverse events, these and similar phase three randomized controlled trials cannot identify causal associations for serious adverse events that are very rare or much more likely among populations not included in the clinical trials. […] Efforts to decide if a particular vaccine can cause a particular type of adverse event should consider multiple factors, including temporality, size of effect and uncertainty inherent in its measurement, coherence across multiple lines of evidence, and biological plausibility. […] However, lack of a clear biological mechanism for the vaccine to cause the particular adverse event should not be used to preclude a causal association.

• #97 General determination of causation between Covid-19 vaccines and possible adverse events

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7846216/

  The availability of multiple Covid-19 vaccines following clinical trial results indicating high efficacy in preventing Covid-19 are encouraging for prospects for controlling the Covid-19 pandemic. […] However, though powered to assess the vaccines efficacy and detect common adverse events, these and similar phase three randomized controlled trials cannot identify causal associations for serious adverse events that are very rare or much more likely among populations not included in the clinical trials. […] Efforts to decide if a particular vaccine can cause a particular type of adverse event should consider multiple factors, including temporality, size of effect and uncertainty inherent in its measurement, coherence across multiple lines of evidence, and biological plausibility. […] However, lack of a clear biological mechanism for the vaccine to cause the particular adverse event should not be used to preclude a causal association.

• #98 Feature Article: Long-term Side Effects of COVID-19 Vaccine? What We Know. | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/parents-pack/parents-pack-newsletter/newsletter-archive/long-term-side-effects-covid-19-vaccine

  Since COVID-19 vaccines are new, some people have asked about their effects on those who take them. […] To answer this question, scientists study the available evidence, and while the rules of science do not allow scientists to say that long-term effects can never happen, the evidence is strong that these vaccines will not cause long-term harm. […] Even with this history in mind, some reasonably wonder about the COVID-19 vaccines because they have not previously been approved for use in people. […] Now that millions of doses have been administered, we have learned about a few rare but severe side effects. […] In each of these cases, the side effect occurred within a few days up to a few weeks of vaccination, but all occurred well before two months after vaccination. […] Likewise, COVID-19 infection also causes myocarditis and GBS and is associated with a variety of blood clotting issues, and the risk of experiencing them is greater following infection than following vaccination.

• #99 General determination of causation between Covid-19 vaccines and possible adverse events

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7846216/

  The availability of multiple Covid-19 vaccines following clinical trial results indicating high efficacy in preventing Covid-19 are encouraging for prospects for controlling the Covid-19 pandemic. […] However, though powered to assess the vaccines efficacy and detect common adverse events, these and similar phase three randomized controlled trials cannot identify causal associations for serious adverse events that are very rare or much more likely among populations not included in the clinical trials. […] Efforts to decide if a particular vaccine can cause a particular type of adverse event should consider multiple factors, including temporality, size of effect and uncertainty inherent in its measurement, coherence across multiple lines of evidence, and biological plausibility. […] However, lack of a clear biological mechanism for the vaccine to cause the particular adverse event should not be used to preclude a causal association.

• #100 General determination of causation between Covid-19 vaccines and possible adverse events

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7846216/

  The availability of multiple Covid-19 vaccines following clinical trial results indicating high efficacy in preventing Covid-19 are encouraging for prospects for controlling the Covid-19 pandemic. […] However, though powered to assess the vaccines efficacy and detect common adverse events, these and similar phase three randomized controlled trials cannot identify causal associations for serious adverse events that are very rare or much more likely among populations not included in the clinical trials. […] Efforts to decide if a particular vaccine can cause a particular type of adverse event should consider multiple factors, including temporality, size of effect and uncertainty inherent in its measurement, coherence across multiple lines of evidence, and biological plausibility. […] However, lack of a clear biological mechanism for the vaccine to cause the particular adverse event should not be used to preclude a causal association.

• #101 General determination of causation between Covid-19 vaccines and possible adverse events

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7846216/

  The availability of multiple Covid-19 vaccines following clinical trial results indicating high efficacy in preventing Covid-19 are encouraging for prospects for controlling the Covid-19 pandemic. […] However, though powered to assess the vaccines efficacy and detect common adverse events, these and similar phase three randomized controlled trials cannot identify causal associations for serious adverse events that are very rare or much more likely among populations not included in the clinical trials. […] Efforts to decide if a particular vaccine can cause a particular type of adverse event should consider multiple factors, including temporality, size of effect and uncertainty inherent in its measurement, coherence across multiple lines of evidence, and biological plausibility. […] However, lack of a clear biological mechanism for the vaccine to cause the particular adverse event should not be used to preclude a causal association.

• #102 General determination of causation between Covid-19 vaccines and possible adverse events

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7846216/

  The availability of multiple Covid-19 vaccines following clinical trial results indicating high efficacy in preventing Covid-19 are encouraging for prospects for controlling the Covid-19 pandemic. […] However, though powered to assess the vaccines efficacy and detect common adverse events, these and similar phase three randomized controlled trials cannot identify causal associations for serious adverse events that are very rare or much more likely among populations not included in the clinical trials. […] Efforts to decide if a particular vaccine can cause a particular type of adverse event should consider multiple factors, including temporality, size of effect and uncertainty inherent in its measurement, coherence across multiple lines of evidence, and biological plausibility. […] However, lack of a clear biological mechanism for the vaccine to cause the particular adverse event should not be used to preclude a causal association.

• #103 Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Vaccine Safety | Vaccine Safety | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/vaccine-safety/vaccines/covid-19.html

  COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) is a disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. […] You can protect against severe COVID-19 disease with vaccination. […] COVID-19 vaccines continue to be monitored for safety, even after FDA approval, to make sure they continue to meet FDA’s standards for safety and effectiveness. […] The evidence suggests that, although rare, these events are linked to certain types of COVID-19 vaccinations. […] Data shows that people who receive COVID-19 vaccines are less likely to die from COVID-19 or COVID-19-related complications than those who are unvaccinated. […] COVID-19 vaccines do not increase the risk of death from non-COVID causes when compared to those who have not been vaccinated. […] An adverse event (any side effect or health problem after vaccination that is concerning to you, even if you are not sure if the vaccine caused the event) can be caused by the vaccine or be a coincidental event that is not related to the vaccine, such as an unrelated fever, that happened following vaccination.

• #104 COVID-19: Vaccine safety and side effects – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/coronavirus-disease-covid-19/vaccines/safety-side-effects.html

  Guillain-Barr syndrome is a rare neurological disorder that causes the body’s immune system to damage nerve cells. […] These rare reactions have been reported following vaccination with the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines, protein-based Novavax Nuvaxovid vaccine, viral vector Janssen Jcovden (Johnson and Johnson) vaccine. […] Vaccine safety monitoring involves a collaboration of many different groups, including: Health Canada as the regulatory authority, the Public Health Agency of Canada that conducts national monitoring for safety, health care providers, vaccine manufacturers, provincial and territorial public health authorities, local public health units. […] Advisory Committee on Causality Assessment.

• #105 COVID-19: Vaccine safety and side effects – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/coronavirus-disease-covid-19/vaccines/safety-side-effects.html

  Guillain-Barr syndrome is a rare neurological disorder that causes the body’s immune system to damage nerve cells. […] These rare reactions have been reported following vaccination with the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines, protein-based Novavax Nuvaxovid vaccine, viral vector Janssen Jcovden (Johnson and Johnson) vaccine. […] Vaccine safety monitoring involves a collaboration of many different groups, including: Health Canada as the regulatory authority, the Public Health Agency of Canada that conducts national monitoring for safety, health care providers, vaccine manufacturers, provincial and territorial public health authorities, local public health units. […] Advisory Committee on Causality Assessment.

• #106 COVID-19: Vaccine safety and side effects – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/coronavirus-disease-covid-19/vaccines/safety-side-effects.html

  Guillain-Barr syndrome is a rare neurological disorder that causes the body’s immune system to damage nerve cells. […] These rare reactions have been reported following vaccination with the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines, protein-based Novavax Nuvaxovid vaccine, viral vector Janssen Jcovden (Johnson and Johnson) vaccine. […] Vaccine safety monitoring involves a collaboration of many different groups, including: Health Canada as the regulatory authority, the Public Health Agency of Canada that conducts national monitoring for safety, health care providers, vaccine manufacturers, provincial and territorial public health authorities, local public health units. […] Advisory Committee on Causality Assessment.

• #107 COVID-19: Vaccine safety and side effects – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/coronavirus-disease-covid-19/vaccines/safety-side-effects.html

  Guillain-Barr syndrome is a rare neurological disorder that causes the body’s immune system to damage nerve cells. […] These rare reactions have been reported following vaccination with the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines, protein-based Novavax Nuvaxovid vaccine, viral vector Janssen Jcovden (Johnson and Johnson) vaccine. […] Vaccine safety monitoring involves a collaboration of many different groups, including: Health Canada as the regulatory authority, the Public Health Agency of Canada that conducts national monitoring for safety, health care providers, vaccine manufacturers, provincial and territorial public health authorities, local public health units. […] Advisory Committee on Causality Assessment.

• #108 COVID-19: Vaccine safety and side effects – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/coronavirus-disease-covid-19/vaccines/safety-side-effects.html

  Guillain-Barr syndrome is a rare neurological disorder that causes the body’s immune system to damage nerve cells. […] These rare reactions have been reported following vaccination with the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines, protein-based Novavax Nuvaxovid vaccine, viral vector Janssen Jcovden (Johnson and Johnson) vaccine. […] Vaccine safety monitoring involves a collaboration of many different groups, including: Health Canada as the regulatory authority, the Public Health Agency of Canada that conducts national monitoring for safety, health care providers, vaccine manufacturers, provincial and territorial public health authorities, local public health units. […] Advisory Committee on Causality Assessment.

• #109 COVID-19: Vaccine safety and side effects – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/coronavirus-disease-covid-19/vaccines/safety-side-effects.html

  Guillain-Barr syndrome is a rare neurological disorder that causes the body’s immune system to damage nerve cells. […] These rare reactions have been reported following vaccination with the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines, protein-based Novavax Nuvaxovid vaccine, viral vector Janssen Jcovden (Johnson and Johnson) vaccine. […] Vaccine safety monitoring involves a collaboration of many different groups, including: Health Canada as the regulatory authority, the Public Health Agency of Canada that conducts national monitoring for safety, health care providers, vaccine manufacturers, provincial and territorial public health authorities, local public health units. […] Advisory Committee on Causality Assessment.

• #110 COVID-19: Vaccine safety and side effects – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/coronavirus-disease-covid-19/vaccines/safety-side-effects.html

  Guillain-Barr syndrome is a rare neurological disorder that causes the body’s immune system to damage nerve cells. […] These rare reactions have been reported following vaccination with the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines, protein-based Novavax Nuvaxovid vaccine, viral vector Janssen Jcovden (Johnson and Johnson) vaccine. […] Vaccine safety monitoring involves a collaboration of many different groups, including: Health Canada as the regulatory authority, the Public Health Agency of Canada that conducts national monitoring for safety, health care providers, vaccine manufacturers, provincial and territorial public health authorities, local public health units. […] Advisory Committee on Causality Assessment.

• #111 COVID-19 vaccination was a rare potential etiology for cause of death after medicolegal autopsy. A Finnish nationwide study | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.13.24302742v1.full-text

  COVID-19 vaccinations began globally at the end of 2020. By the end of 2021, 9.8 million doses were given in Finland. […] Autopsies in post vaccination deaths may give insight to the extent of fatal health conditions with potential COVID-19 vaccine etiology and provide new hypotheses of possible causalities between vaccination and severe health conditions. […] We found 428 autopsy cases with a mention of COVID-19 vaccination, and prior to autopsy, vaccination was suspected to play a part in 76 deaths. Post autopsy, a forensic pathologist considered vaccination as a potential etiology in five underlying and seven contributory causes of death. […] In relation to the number of vaccinations within Finland, a suspicion of vaccine-related serious adverse reaction was rarely an indication for medicolegal autopsy.

• #112 COVID-19 vaccination was a rare potential etiology for cause of death after medicolegal autopsy. A Finnish nationwide study | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.13.24302742v1.full-text

  Regarding vaccination safety, continuing evaluation of suspected vaccine-related deaths is essential, and an autopsy should be part of the investigation when such a suspicion arises. […] We set out to evaluate how often the basis for medicolegal autopsy was a suspected fatal adverse reaction to COVID-19 vaccination in Finland, and we describe cases in which COVID-19 vaccination remained as a potential etiology for a health condition considered as any cause of death after the autopsy. […] In this nationwide analysis, we searched 8,048 medicolegal autopsy reports comprising all medicolegal autopsies in Finland from Dec 26, 2020 to Dec 31, 2021. […] According to our data, 76 cases included a pre-autopsy suspicion of a relationship between COVID-19 vaccination and death, and, after the autopsy, forensic pathologist considered COVID-19 vaccination as a potential etiology for five underlying, and seven contributory causes of death, mainly from thromboembolic causes (7/12). […] Our study highlights the need for further research related to diabetes, acute pancreatitis and EGPA as potential serious adverse reactions of COVID-19 vaccines.

• #113 New Comprehensive Review Examines Potential Harms of COVID-19 Vaccination and Intramuscular Vaccination | National Academies

  https://www.nationalacademies.org/news/2024/04/new-comprehensive-review-examines-potential-harms-of-covid-19-vaccination-and-intramuscular-vaccination

  The report says that for all conclusions that do not establish a causal link, future studies that estimate effects more precisely or that better minimize bias and confounding variables could lead to a different finding. […] “Despite a large body of evidence from extraordinary efforts by investigators around the world, our committee found that in many cases, if not most, evidence was insufficient to accept or reject causality for a particular potential harm from a specific COVID-19 vaccine,” said committee vice chair Anne Bass, professor of clinical medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, and a rheumatologist at the Hospital for Special Surgery and New York Presbyterian Hospital. “In other cases, we did find sufficient evidence to favor rejection, favor acceptance, or establish causality. It is important to note, however, that identifying a harm does not mean that it occurs frequently. Harms associated with vaccines are rare.” […] The report says all conclusions must be assessed in the context of the established harms of COVID-19 infection and the well-documented benefits of COVID-19 vaccines in preventing infection.

• #114 Can COVID-19 or COVID-19 Vaccines Cause Heart Damage?

  https://www.unitypoint.org/news-and-articles/can-covid19-or-covid19-vaccines-cause-heart-damage

  The COVID-19 virus can cause short and long-term damage to the heart and cardiovascular system as well. […] COVID-19 causes a severe inflammatory response in the body, which impacts multiple organs and the heart is one of them. […] The COVID-19 virus can cause a variety of heart issues, including heart attacks. […] Due to all the inflammation, COVID can also cause heart damage without necessarily leading to a heart attack. This damage may be temporary or permanent. […] The heart inflammation caused by COVID-19 can directly cause myocarditis. […] While the virus that causes COVID-19 can cause heart inflammation, rarely, so can the COVID-19 mRNA vaccines (Pfizer and Moderna). […] Overall, heart inflammation is an extremely rare side effect of the COVID-19 vaccine. In fact, heart inflammation is much more common if you get the COVID-19 virus.

• #115 COVID 19 vaccine and heart patients Myocarditis and pericarditis | VCU Health

  https://www.vcuhealth.org/pauley-heart-center/the-beat/latest-updates/covid-19-vaccine-and-heart-patients-myocarditis-and-pericarditis/

  The risk of myocarditis or pericarditis associated with SARS-CoV2 mRNA vaccines is extremely low and significantly lower than the risk associated with COVID-19. […] The CDC continues to recommend that everyone aged 12 years and older get vaccinated for COVID-19. The known risks of COVID-19 illness and its related, possibly severe complications, such as long-term health problems, hospitalization, and even death, far outweigh the potential risks of having a rare adverse reaction to vaccination, including the possible risk of myocarditis or pericarditis. […] The likelihood of developing myocarditis or pericarditis following SARS-CoV2 mRNA vaccination is extremely low. While there is a small risk of myocarditis or pericarditis with the mRNA COVID-19 vaccine, the risk is much lower than either the risk of myocarditis from natural COVID-19 infection or the risk of other COVID-19 associated complications such as severe disease and death. […] The great majority of cases of myocarditis and pericarditis after SARS-CoV2 mRNA vaccination are mild and self-limiting, with symptoms resolving within a few days and without consequences.

• #116 COVID-19 Vaccines FAQ

  https://www.nfid.org/infectious-diseases/covid-19/covid-vaccine-faq/

  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that everyone age 6 months and older get an updated 2024-2025 COVID-19 vaccine to protect against the potentially serious outcomes of COVID-19, including severe disease, hospitalization, and death. […] Yes, you should still get vaccinated even if you already had COVID-19. Vaccination helps the body produce more antibodies than natural infection alone. […] Yes, data show that all the COVID-19 vaccines currently available in the US are effective in reducing the risk of severe disease, hospitalization, and death, even with new variants. […] COVID-19 vaccines remain the best way to prevent hospitalization, long-term health outcomes, and death. […] The risk of myocarditis is up to 6 times higher after COVID-19 infection than after mRNA vaccination.

• #117 Q&A: What Causes Rare Instances of Myocarditis After mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines? < Yale School of Medicine

  https://medicine.yale.edu/news-article/qanda-what-causes-rare-instances-of-myocarditis-after-mrna-covid-19-vaccines/

  Myocarditis is a rare side effect of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines, which have been used with great success as protection against the SARS CoV-2 virus and its variants. […] Myocarditis risk depends on the age and sex of the vaccine recipient. It is most common in younger malesadolescents or young adults. The highest risk group is males between 12 and 17 years of age. […] One is autoimmune myocarditis, which is when the immune cells start to attack our own host cells. […] Our second hypothesis was myocarditis caused by hypersensitivity. […] And then the third hypothesis is the one that we found to be most likely, which is inflammation-related myocarditis. […] Autoimmune-related myocarditis is more difficult to treat. […] In comparison, getting COVID could lead to more severe, more prolonged myocarditis. […] There are ways to reduce the risk for myocarditis, like spacing apart the first and second dose. […] Instances of myocarditis have not been seen after the booster doses. […] There are others, such as the smallpox vaccine, that can also on rare occasion cause a similar thing.

• #118 COVID Vaccine and Myocarditis

  https://www.webmd.com/vaccines/covid-19-vaccine/covid-19-vaccine-myocarditis

  A rare side effect of the COVID-19 vaccines that has been report is a type of inflammation in the heart muscle called myocarditis. […] Yes, but experts arent sure what the link is. Most of these cases occurred: […] Most people who got it quickly recovered after getting treatment and some rest. Experts are monitoring the side effects but need more research to know for sure what the causes and long-term effects might be. […] Research released in August 2024 reports that COVID-19 infection can cause myocarditis and that this myocarditis is more likely to cause long-term heart complications than myocarditis which was caused by the vaccine.

• #119 Can COVID-19 or COVID-19 Vaccines Cause Heart Damage?

  https://www.unitypoint.org/news-and-articles/can-covid19-or-covid19-vaccines-cause-heart-damage

  COVID-19 can cause both short-term and long-term effects on the heart. […] Twenty to 25 percent of people who are hospitalized with COVID-19 will experience some sort of heart issue. […] The only firm testing guidelines are when myocarditis (heart muscle inflammation) surfaces. […] The best way to protect yourself is a heart-healthy lifestyle, avoid contracting the virus and get the COVID-19 vaccine and booster dose(s).

• #120

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/COVID-19/Pages/The-Science-Behind-the-COVID-19-Vaccine-Parent-FAQs.aspx

  Since COVID vaccines were recommended for everyone age 6 months and up, millions of children and teens have been safely vaccinated. […] The COVID vaccine works similarly to other vaccines your child has had. Germs such as SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, invade and multiply inside the body. The vaccine prepares your child’s immune system to recognize and make antibodies that fight the virus. […] The COVID mRNA vaccines contain messenger RNA (mRNA), which is made up of nucleic acids. Nucleic acids, found naturally in all our cells, instructs them to make protein. […] The COVID subunit vaccine includes a part (protein) of the virus that best stimulates your immune system. Once your immune system recognizes the protein, it creates antibodies and defensive white blood cells. […] No, the COVID vaccines made with messenger RNA do not interact with your DNA at all. […] Millions of kids have safely received COVID vaccines. […] The vaccines continue to be monitored very closely. In fact, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) says that COVID-19 vaccines have „the most intensive safety monitoring in U.S. history.”

• #121 Debunking myths about COVID-19 – Mayo Clinic Health System

  https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/featured-topic/covid-19-vaccine-myths-debunked

  Getting a COVID-19 vaccine reduces the risk of infection with the COVID-19 virus and slows the spread of COVID-19. Also, vaccination can prevent severe illness from COVID-19. […] COVID-19 vaccines don’t cause you to become sick with COVID-19. The COVID-19 vaccines authorized for use in the U.S. don’t contain the live virus that causes COVID-19. […] Currently, there is no evidence that any COVID-19 vaccine causes fertility problems. COVID-19 vaccination is recommended for people who are trying to become pregnant or might become pregnant in the future. […] COVID-19 vaccines deliver instructions to teach the body how to build protection against the COVID-19 virus. The Pfizer BioNTech and the Moderna COVID-19 vaccines use genetically engineered messenger RNA (mRNA). […] It’s safer to build immunity from a COVID-19 vaccine than it is to develop immunity from getting sick with COVID-19. […] COVID-19 vaccines don’t change your DNA.

• #122 New Study: Is There a Link Between COVID-19 Vaccination and POTS?

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/newsroom/new-study-is-there-a-link-between-covid-19-vaccination-and-pots/

  Findings from a recent study by Cedars-Sinai investigators suggest it may be helpful to keep an eye on patients with underlying health issues after COVID-19 vaccination to monitor for post-vaccine POTS, a condition that causes an abnormal increase in heart rate after standing or sitting up. […] A new research study from the Smidt Heart Institute at Cedars-Sinai aimed to understand the possible connection between COVID-19 vaccination and a difficult-to-diagnose heart condition called postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, or POTS. […] Although there is an association between POTS and COVID-19 vaccination, a previous study of patient data across the Cedars-Sinai Health System found that patients diagnosed with COVID-19 were five times more likely to develop the cardiac condition after infection than after vaccination. […] COVID-19 infection itself seems to be either causing or unmasking a startling amount of POTS or POTS-like conditions globally, said Debbie L. Teodorescu, MD, a cardiology fellow at the Smidt Heart Institute and first author of the study.

• #123 Feature Article: Long-term Side Effects of COVID-19 Vaccine? What We Know. | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/parents-pack/parents-pack-newsletter/newsletter-archive/long-term-side-effects-covid-19-vaccine

  Since COVID-19 vaccines are new, some people have asked about their effects on those who take them. […] To answer this question, scientists study the available evidence, and while the rules of science do not allow scientists to say that long-term effects can never happen, the evidence is strong that these vaccines will not cause long-term harm. […] Even with this history in mind, some reasonably wonder about the COVID-19 vaccines because they have not previously been approved for use in people. […] Now that millions of doses have been administered, we have learned about a few rare but severe side effects. […] In each of these cases, the side effect occurred within a few days up to a few weeks of vaccination, but all occurred well before two months after vaccination. […] Likewise, COVID-19 infection also causes myocarditis and GBS and is associated with a variety of blood clotting issues, and the risk of experiencing them is greater following infection than following vaccination.

• #124 Feature Article: Long-term Side Effects of COVID-19 Vaccine? What We Know. | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/parents-pack/parents-pack-newsletter/newsletter-archive/long-term-side-effects-covid-19-vaccine

  Since COVID-19 vaccines are new, some people have asked about their effects on those who take them. […] To answer this question, scientists study the available evidence, and while the rules of science do not allow scientists to say that long-term effects can never happen, the evidence is strong that these vaccines will not cause long-term harm. […] Even with this history in mind, some reasonably wonder about the COVID-19 vaccines because they have not previously been approved for use in people. […] Now that millions of doses have been administered, we have learned about a few rare but severe side effects. […] In each of these cases, the side effect occurred within a few days up to a few weeks of vaccination, but all occurred well before two months after vaccination. […] Likewise, COVID-19 infection also causes myocarditis and GBS and is associated with a variety of blood clotting issues, and the risk of experiencing them is greater following infection than following vaccination.

• #125 COVID 19 vaccine and heart patients Myocarditis and pericarditis | VCU Health

  https://www.vcuhealth.org/pauley-heart-center/the-beat/latest-updates/covid-19-vaccine-and-heart-patients-myocarditis-and-pericarditis/

  The risk of myocarditis or pericarditis associated with SARS-CoV2 mRNA vaccines is extremely low and significantly lower than the risk associated with COVID-19. […] The CDC continues to recommend that everyone aged 12 years and older get vaccinated for COVID-19. The known risks of COVID-19 illness and its related, possibly severe complications, such as long-term health problems, hospitalization, and even death, far outweigh the potential risks of having a rare adverse reaction to vaccination, including the possible risk of myocarditis or pericarditis. […] The likelihood of developing myocarditis or pericarditis following SARS-CoV2 mRNA vaccination is extremely low. While there is a small risk of myocarditis or pericarditis with the mRNA COVID-19 vaccine, the risk is much lower than either the risk of myocarditis from natural COVID-19 infection or the risk of other COVID-19 associated complications such as severe disease and death. […] The great majority of cases of myocarditis and pericarditis after SARS-CoV2 mRNA vaccination are mild and self-limiting, with symptoms resolving within a few days and without consequences.

• #126 Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Vaccine Safety | Vaccine Safety | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/vaccine-safety/vaccines/covid-19.html

  COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) is a disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. […] You can protect against severe COVID-19 disease with vaccination. […] COVID-19 vaccines continue to be monitored for safety, even after FDA approval, to make sure they continue to meet FDA’s standards for safety and effectiveness. […] The evidence suggests that, although rare, these events are linked to certain types of COVID-19 vaccinations. […] Data shows that people who receive COVID-19 vaccines are less likely to die from COVID-19 or COVID-19-related complications than those who are unvaccinated. […] COVID-19 vaccines do not increase the risk of death from non-COVID causes when compared to those who have not been vaccinated. […] An adverse event (any side effect or health problem after vaccination that is concerning to you, even if you are not sure if the vaccine caused the event) can be caused by the vaccine or be a coincidental event that is not related to the vaccine, such as an unrelated fever, that happened following vaccination.

• #127 General determination of causation between Covid-19 vaccines and possible adverse events

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7846216/

  Confirmation or refutation of causal associations requires that the strength of available data be taken into account. […] Given the important differences between various Covid-19 vaccines, each will need separate assessment, though similar vaccines may share adverse effects. […] However, if a vaccine is confirmed to cause a specific adverse event in one population, the assumption should be that it can cause that adverse event in all populations, unless data of at least equivalent quality show the contrary in a different population. […] In such settings, even case-control studies to evaluate signals will often be impractical due to challenges such as relevant medical data on individuals not being collected before or at the time of vaccination or during the course of the adverse event. […] Given the need to assess Covid-19 safety signals rapidly and credibly, it is critical that country governments and vaccine manufacturers share relevant evidence as quickly as possible with the World Health Organization, regulators, and other stakeholders.

• #128 A review of neurological side effects of COVID-19 vaccination | European Journal of Medical Research | Full Text

  https://eurjmedres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40001-023-00992-0

  Each type of vaccine can play a different role in increasing the risk of manifestation of these disorders. […] The mechanism of induction of this disorder is the development of autoimmunity by molecular mimicry. […] More generally, the majority of demyelinating syndromes are related to mRNA-based vaccines, followed by adenovirus-based vaccines. […] The most important and most common complications are cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (more about AstraZeneca), transverse myelitis (more about Pfizer, Moderna, AstraZeneca, and Johnson Johnson), Bell’s palsy (more about Pfizer, Moderna, AstraZeneca), GBS (more about Pfizer, AstraZeneca, and Johnson Johnson), and the first manifestation of MS (more about Pfizer). […] Finally, discovering whether these disorders are accidental or whether the vaccine is the main cause of them requires future studies, ongoing efforts to gather evidence, and long-term monitoring.

• #129 Myocarditis and Covid-19 vaccines – BHF

  https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/heart-matters-magazine/news/coronavirus-and-your-health/myocarditis-and-covid-19-vaccines-should-you-be-worried

  There’s a link between mRNA Covid-19 vaccines and an increased risk of myocarditis and pericarditis. […] While reports of myocarditis following any Covid-19 vaccine are rare, cases are more common in young males under the age of 25, according to the UKs Green Book on vaccines. […] Research shows that Covid-19 itself is much more likely to cause myocarditis than a vaccine in most people. […] There are many different causes of myocarditis, so not all cases that happen after vaccination are because of the vaccine. […] Myocarditis is commonly caused by viruses, such as flu or Covid-19.

• #130 A review of neurological side effects of COVID-19 vaccination | European Journal of Medical Research | Full Text

  https://eurjmedres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40001-023-00992-0

  Each type of vaccine can play a different role in increasing the risk of manifestation of these disorders. […] The mechanism of induction of this disorder is the development of autoimmunity by molecular mimicry. […] More generally, the majority of demyelinating syndromes are related to mRNA-based vaccines, followed by adenovirus-based vaccines. […] The most important and most common complications are cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (more about AstraZeneca), transverse myelitis (more about Pfizer, Moderna, AstraZeneca, and Johnson Johnson), Bell’s palsy (more about Pfizer, Moderna, AstraZeneca), GBS (more about Pfizer, AstraZeneca, and Johnson Johnson), and the first manifestation of MS (more about Pfizer). […] Finally, discovering whether these disorders are accidental or whether the vaccine is the main cause of them requires future studies, ongoing efforts to gather evidence, and long-term monitoring.

• #131 COVID-19: Vaccine safety and side effects – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/coronavirus-disease-covid-19/vaccines/safety-side-effects.html

  Only vaccines that meet Health Canada’s regulatory requirements for safety, effectiveness and quality are approved for use in Canada. COVID-19 vaccines reduce the risk of severe illness, death and post COVID-19 condition (long COVID). […] Serious reactions following vaccination are rare. After a COVID-19 vaccine, there’s a very small chance that there will be a serious side effect. […] Blood clots with low levels of blood platelets occurred after vaccination with the following viral vector COVID-19 vaccines: AstraZeneca Vaxzevria/Covishield, Janssen Jcovden (Johnson and Johnson). […] This condition involving blood clots (thrombosis) with low platelets (thrombocytopenia) is referred to as thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS). […] In Canada, if blood tests are positive for antibodies that affect platelets, this condition has been called vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT).

• #132 NASEM releases evidence review on COVID-19 vaccine safety | AHA News

  https://www.aha.org/news/headline/2024-04-16-nasem-releases-evidence-review-covid-19-vaccine-safety

  The Pfizer and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines can cause myocarditis, but do not appear to cause infertility, Guillain-Barr syndrome, Bells palsy, thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) or heart attack, according to a new National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine report examining whether COVID-19 vaccines can cause certain harms. […] The Janssen COVID-19 vaccine may cause TTS and Guillain-Barr syndrome, the study committee found, although there are a limited number of published studies on this vaccine, reflecting its limited use in the U.S. […] Despite a large body of evidence from extraordinary efforts by investigators around the world, our committee found that in many cases, if not most, evidence was insufficient to accept or reject causality for a particular potential harm from a specific COVID-19 vaccine, said Anne Bass, vice chair of the study committee and a professor of clinical medicine at Weill Cornell Medicine and rheumatologist at the Hospital for Special Surgery and New York Presbyterian Hospital. […] In other cases, we did find sufficient evidence to favor rejection, favor acceptance, or establish causality. It is important to note, however, that identifying a harm does not mean that it occurs frequently. Harms associated with vaccines are rare.

• #133 COVID-19 vaccines and cardiac inflammation | Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care

  https://www.health.gov.au/our-work/covid-19-vaccines/advice-for-providers/clinical-guidance/myocarditis-pericarditis

  Cases of myocarditis and pericarditis after COVID-19 vaccines are rare: mostly reported in males under 40 years of age, after the second dose. […] There is a link between COVID-19 vaccines and rare side effects of myocarditis and pericarditis. […] Myocarditis and pericarditis occur in the general population from a variety of causes. Not all cases that occur after vaccination are caused by the vaccine. Myocarditis and pericarditis can also be caused by COVID-19. […] The risk of myocarditis is higher (although still rare) after vaccination with Moderna original formulation compared with Pfizer original formulation. […] Evidence suggests that AstraZeneca and Novavax are probably associated with a small increased risk of myocarditis and pericarditis. […] Most myocarditis and pericarditis cases linked to COVID-19 vaccination have been mild and patients have recovered quickly.

• #134 General determination of causation between Covid-19 vaccines and possible adverse events

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7846216/

  Confirmation or refutation of causal associations requires that the strength of available data be taken into account. […] Given the important differences between various Covid-19 vaccines, each will need separate assessment, though similar vaccines may share adverse effects. […] However, if a vaccine is confirmed to cause a specific adverse event in one population, the assumption should be that it can cause that adverse event in all populations, unless data of at least equivalent quality show the contrary in a different population. […] In such settings, even case-control studies to evaluate signals will often be impractical due to challenges such as relevant medical data on individuals not being collected before or at the time of vaccination or during the course of the adverse event. […] Given the need to assess Covid-19 safety signals rapidly and credibly, it is critical that country governments and vaccine manufacturers share relevant evidence as quickly as possible with the World Health Organization, regulators, and other stakeholders.

• #135 Investigating the point prevalence, types, severity, causes and predictors of vaccines administration errors during COVID-19 pandemic in Jordan | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0312050

  There is a paucity of research regarding COVID-19 vaccines administration errors (VAEs) during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, types, severity, causes and predictors of VAEs in Jordan during the recent pandemic. […] Vaccine administration errors (VAEs) encompass a range of preventable incidents that deviate from established guidelines and best practices, ranging from incorrect vaccine selection or dosage to improper storage, handling, and administration techniques. […] Understanding the causes and contributing factors of VAEs is crucial for developing targeted interventions. […] Despite the potential for increased errors during the COVID-19 vaccination effort, there remained a significant gap in research specifically examining the prevalence, types, and causes of VAEs related to COVID-19 vaccines, particularly within the Jordanian context.

• #136 Investigating the point prevalence, types, severity, causes and predictors of vaccines administration errors during COVID-19 pandemic in Jordan | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0312050

  This study aimed to investigate the point prevalence, types, severity, causes, and predictors of COVID-19 VAEs during the initial phase of the mass vaccination campaign in Jordan. […] The point prevalence of VAEs was 2.4% (209 errors / 8743 vaccine doses). […] These VAEs were categorized into six types: timing (interval) error, dosing error, incorrect vaccine product, site/route error, documentation error, and other. […] Identifying these errors causes and formulating strategies to reduce them is crucial for enhancing vaccination results. […] Our study revealed a COVID-19 VAE prevalence of 2.4% in Jordan, a figure notably higher than the highest reported prevalence in the pre-pandemic era. […] This discrepancy likely reflected the unprecedented scale and urgency of the COVID-19 vaccination campaign.

• #137 Investigating the point prevalence, types, severity, causes and predictors of vaccines administration errors during COVID-19 pandemic in Jordan | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0312050

  This study aimed to investigate the point prevalence, types, severity, causes, and predictors of COVID-19 VAEs during the initial phase of the mass vaccination campaign in Jordan. […] The point prevalence of VAEs was 2.4% (209 errors / 8743 vaccine doses). […] These VAEs were categorized into six types: timing (interval) error, dosing error, incorrect vaccine product, site/route error, documentation error, and other. […] Identifying these errors causes and formulating strategies to reduce them is crucial for enhancing vaccination results. […] Our study revealed a COVID-19 VAE prevalence of 2.4% in Jordan, a figure notably higher than the highest reported prevalence in the pre-pandemic era. […] This discrepancy likely reflected the unprecedented scale and urgency of the COVID-19 vaccination campaign.

• #138 Investigating the point prevalence, types, severity, causes and predictors of vaccines administration errors during COVID-19 pandemic in Jordan | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0312050

  This study aimed to investigate the point prevalence, types, severity, causes, and predictors of COVID-19 VAEs during the initial phase of the mass vaccination campaign in Jordan. […] The point prevalence of VAEs was 2.4% (209 errors / 8743 vaccine doses). […] These VAEs were categorized into six types: timing (interval) error, dosing error, incorrect vaccine product, site/route error, documentation error, and other. […] Identifying these errors causes and formulating strategies to reduce them is crucial for enhancing vaccination results. […] Our study revealed a COVID-19 VAE prevalence of 2.4% in Jordan, a figure notably higher than the highest reported prevalence in the pre-pandemic era. […] This discrepancy likely reflected the unprecedented scale and urgency of the COVID-19 vaccination campaign.

• #139 Investigating the point prevalence, types, severity, causes and predictors of vaccines administration errors during COVID-19 pandemic in Jordan | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0312050

  This study aimed to investigate the point prevalence, types, severity, causes, and predictors of COVID-19 VAEs during the initial phase of the mass vaccination campaign in Jordan. […] The point prevalence of VAEs was 2.4% (209 errors / 8743 vaccine doses). […] These VAEs were categorized into six types: timing (interval) error, dosing error, incorrect vaccine product, site/route error, documentation error, and other. […] Identifying these errors causes and formulating strategies to reduce them is crucial for enhancing vaccination results. […] Our study revealed a COVID-19 VAE prevalence of 2.4% in Jordan, a figure notably higher than the highest reported prevalence in the pre-pandemic era. […] This discrepancy likely reflected the unprecedented scale and urgency of the COVID-19 vaccination campaign.

• #140 Investigating the point prevalence, types, severity, causes and predictors of vaccines administration errors during COVID-19 pandemic in Jordan | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0312050

  This study aimed to investigate the point prevalence, types, severity, causes, and predictors of COVID-19 VAEs during the initial phase of the mass vaccination campaign in Jordan. […] The point prevalence of VAEs was 2.4% (209 errors / 8743 vaccine doses). […] These VAEs were categorized into six types: timing (interval) error, dosing error, incorrect vaccine product, site/route error, documentation error, and other. […] Identifying these errors causes and formulating strategies to reduce them is crucial for enhancing vaccination results. […] Our study revealed a COVID-19 VAE prevalence of 2.4% in Jordan, a figure notably higher than the highest reported prevalence in the pre-pandemic era. […] This discrepancy likely reflected the unprecedented scale and urgency of the COVID-19 vaccination campaign.

• #141 Investigating the point prevalence, types, severity, causes and predictors of vaccines administration errors during COVID-19 pandemic in Jordan | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0312050

  This study aimed to investigate the point prevalence, types, severity, causes, and predictors of COVID-19 VAEs during the initial phase of the mass vaccination campaign in Jordan. […] The point prevalence of VAEs was 2.4% (209 errors / 8743 vaccine doses). […] These VAEs were categorized into six types: timing (interval) error, dosing error, incorrect vaccine product, site/route error, documentation error, and other. […] Identifying these errors causes and formulating strategies to reduce them is crucial for enhancing vaccination results. […] Our study revealed a COVID-19 VAE prevalence of 2.4% in Jordan, a figure notably higher than the highest reported prevalence in the pre-pandemic era. […] This discrepancy likely reflected the unprecedented scale and urgency of the COVID-19 vaccination campaign.

• #142 Investigating the point prevalence, types, severity, causes and predictors of vaccines administration errors during COVID-19 pandemic in Jordan | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0312050

  This study aimed to investigate the point prevalence, types, severity, causes, and predictors of COVID-19 VAEs during the initial phase of the mass vaccination campaign in Jordan. […] The point prevalence of VAEs was 2.4% (209 errors / 8743 vaccine doses). […] These VAEs were categorized into six types: timing (interval) error, dosing error, incorrect vaccine product, site/route error, documentation error, and other. […] Identifying these errors causes and formulating strategies to reduce them is crucial for enhancing vaccination results. […] Our study revealed a COVID-19 VAE prevalence of 2.4% in Jordan, a figure notably higher than the highest reported prevalence in the pre-pandemic era. […] This discrepancy likely reflected the unprecedented scale and urgency of the COVID-19 vaccination campaign.

• #143 COVID-19 vaccines and cardiac inflammation | Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care

  https://www.health.gov.au/our-work/covid-19-vaccines/advice-for-providers/clinical-guidance/myocarditis-pericarditis

  In children aged 6 months to less than 5 years, there is no clear attributable risk of myocarditis and pericarditis after COVID-19 vaccines. […] Some scientific reports have proposed that inadvertent injection of a COVID-19 vaccine into a blood vessel may have been a contributing cause of serious adverse events following immunisation, such as myocarditis and thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS). […] ATAGI emphasise that the overwhelming benefits of recommended vaccination in protecting against COVID-19 greatly outweigh the rare risk of these conditions.

• #144 COVID-19 vaccine wastage in the midst of vaccine inequity: causes, types and practical steps | BMJ Global Health

  https://gh.bmj.com/content/7/4/e009010

  There has been open and closed vial COVID-19 vaccine wastage in low-income, middle-income and high-income countries, with wastage rates of up to 30%. […] Ultimately, some vaccine wastage is inevitable. […] Despite the lack of exact numbers, many striking examples of COVID-19 vaccine wastage have been reported worldwide, highlighting the urgent need to better report, identify the root cause of wastage and, ultimately, reduce vaccine wastage rates globally. […] While accurate data on the difference in wastage between COVID-19 vaccines are not yet available, based on the characteristics of the various vaccines, differences in wastage are expected. […] Therefore, the optimal COVID-19 vaccine to minimise vaccine wastage rates is context dependent. […] COVID-19 has highlighted critical issues of vaccine wastage and the need for all countries to develop detailed plans to monitor and reduce vaccine wastage.

• #145 COVID-19 vaccine wastage in the midst of vaccine inequity: causes, types and practical steps | BMJ Global Health

  https://gh.bmj.com/content/7/4/e009010

  There has been open and closed vial COVID-19 vaccine wastage in low-income, middle-income and high-income countries, with wastage rates of up to 30%. […] Ultimately, some vaccine wastage is inevitable. […] Despite the lack of exact numbers, many striking examples of COVID-19 vaccine wastage have been reported worldwide, highlighting the urgent need to better report, identify the root cause of wastage and, ultimately, reduce vaccine wastage rates globally. […] While accurate data on the difference in wastage between COVID-19 vaccines are not yet available, based on the characteristics of the various vaccines, differences in wastage are expected. […] Therefore, the optimal COVID-19 vaccine to minimise vaccine wastage rates is context dependent. […] COVID-19 has highlighted critical issues of vaccine wastage and the need for all countries to develop detailed plans to monitor and reduce vaccine wastage.

• #146 COVID-19 vaccine wastage in the midst of vaccine inequity: causes, types and practical steps | BMJ Global Health

  https://gh.bmj.com/content/7/4/e009010

  There has been open and closed vial COVID-19 vaccine wastage in low-income, middle-income and high-income countries, with wastage rates of up to 30%. […] Ultimately, some vaccine wastage is inevitable. […] Despite the lack of exact numbers, many striking examples of COVID-19 vaccine wastage have been reported worldwide, highlighting the urgent need to better report, identify the root cause of wastage and, ultimately, reduce vaccine wastage rates globally. […] While accurate data on the difference in wastage between COVID-19 vaccines are not yet available, based on the characteristics of the various vaccines, differences in wastage are expected. […] Therefore, the optimal COVID-19 vaccine to minimise vaccine wastage rates is context dependent. […] COVID-19 has highlighted critical issues of vaccine wastage and the need for all countries to develop detailed plans to monitor and reduce vaccine wastage.

• #147 Causes and costs of global COVID-19 vaccine inequity – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37870569/

  Despite the rapid development of safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines and the widely recognized health and economic benefits of vaccination, there exist stark differences in vaccination rates across country income groups. […] The paper reviews the factors behind global COVID-19 vaccine inequity and the health, social, and economic costs triggered by this inequity. […] The main contributors to vaccine inequity include vaccine nationalism, intellectual property rights, constraints in manufacturing capacity, poor resilience of healthcare systems, and vaccine hesitancy. […] Vaccine inequity has high costs, including preventable deaths and cases of illnesses in low-income countries, slow economic recovery, and large learning losses among children. […] Increasing vaccination rates in low-income countries is in the self-interest of higher-income countries as it may prevent the emergence of new variants and continuous disruptions to global supply chains.

• #148

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00281-023-00998-0

  Despite the rapid development of safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines and the widely recognized health and economic benefits of vaccination, there exist stark differences in vaccination rates across country income groups. […] The main contributors to vaccine inequity include vaccine nationalism, intellectual property rights, constraints in manufacturing capacity, poor resilience of healthcare systems, and vaccine hesitancy. […] The persistent global inequity in vaccination rates has daunting health, social, and economic consequences. […] Low vaccination rates have caused preventable deaths and illnesses, slowed down the economic recovery process, and exacerbated socioeconomic inequities both within and between countries, among other factors. […] The objective of the paper is to examine the health, social, and economic costs caused by COVID-19 vaccine inequity and to draw lessons for pandemic preparedness.

• #149 Causes and costs of global COVID-19 vaccine inequity – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37870569/

  Despite the rapid development of safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines and the widely recognized health and economic benefits of vaccination, there exist stark differences in vaccination rates across country income groups. […] The paper reviews the factors behind global COVID-19 vaccine inequity and the health, social, and economic costs triggered by this inequity. […] The main contributors to vaccine inequity include vaccine nationalism, intellectual property rights, constraints in manufacturing capacity, poor resilience of healthcare systems, and vaccine hesitancy. […] Vaccine inequity has high costs, including preventable deaths and cases of illnesses in low-income countries, slow economic recovery, and large learning losses among children. […] Increasing vaccination rates in low-income countries is in the self-interest of higher-income countries as it may prevent the emergence of new variants and continuous disruptions to global supply chains.

• #150

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00281-023-00998-0

  Despite the rapid development of safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines and the widely recognized health and economic benefits of vaccination, there exist stark differences in vaccination rates across country income groups. […] The main contributors to vaccine inequity include vaccine nationalism, intellectual property rights, constraints in manufacturing capacity, poor resilience of healthcare systems, and vaccine hesitancy. […] The persistent global inequity in vaccination rates has daunting health, social, and economic consequences. […] Low vaccination rates have caused preventable deaths and illnesses, slowed down the economic recovery process, and exacerbated socioeconomic inequities both within and between countries, among other factors. […] The objective of the paper is to examine the health, social, and economic costs caused by COVID-19 vaccine inequity and to draw lessons for pandemic preparedness.

• #151 Causes and Costs of Global COVID-19 Vaccine Inequity – Public Health Post

  https://publichealthpost.org/disease/causes-and-costs-of-global-covid-19-vaccine-inequity/

  The rapid development of effective and safe COVID-19 vaccines played a key role in containing the costs of the pandemic. […] The main contributors to vaccine inequity included vaccine nationalism (i.e., the stockpiling of vaccines by higher-income countries), infrastructure and logistical barriers (e.g., preserving ultra-cold chains and administering vaccines in remote areas), vaccine hesitancy spread by misinformation and mistrust in institutions, and unfair global distribution of vaccine manufacturing capacity. […] A more equal global distribution of vaccines could have prevented many deaths in lower-income countries, and reduced disruptions to childhood immunizations and endemic disease management. […] Moreover, a more equitable distribution of vaccines is in the self-interest of higher-income countries as it might have prevented the emergence of new variants and continuous disruptions to global supply chains. […] Given the high health, social, and economic costs of vaccine inequity, ensuring a more equitable global distribution of vaccines is a key component of pandemic preparedness.

• #152 Causes and Costs of Global COVID-19 Vaccine Inequity – Public Health Post

  https://publichealthpost.org/disease/causes-and-costs-of-global-covid-19-vaccine-inequity/

  The rapid development of effective and safe COVID-19 vaccines played a key role in containing the costs of the pandemic. […] The main contributors to vaccine inequity included vaccine nationalism (i.e., the stockpiling of vaccines by higher-income countries), infrastructure and logistical barriers (e.g., preserving ultra-cold chains and administering vaccines in remote areas), vaccine hesitancy spread by misinformation and mistrust in institutions, and unfair global distribution of vaccine manufacturing capacity. […] A more equal global distribution of vaccines could have prevented many deaths in lower-income countries, and reduced disruptions to childhood immunizations and endemic disease management. […] Moreover, a more equitable distribution of vaccines is in the self-interest of higher-income countries as it might have prevented the emergence of new variants and continuous disruptions to global supply chains. […] Given the high health, social, and economic costs of vaccine inequity, ensuring a more equitable global distribution of vaccines is a key component of pandemic preparedness.

• #153 Causes and costs of global COVID-19 vaccine inequity – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37870569/

  Despite the rapid development of safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines and the widely recognized health and economic benefits of vaccination, there exist stark differences in vaccination rates across country income groups. […] The paper reviews the factors behind global COVID-19 vaccine inequity and the health, social, and economic costs triggered by this inequity. […] The main contributors to vaccine inequity include vaccine nationalism, intellectual property rights, constraints in manufacturing capacity, poor resilience of healthcare systems, and vaccine hesitancy. […] Vaccine inequity has high costs, including preventable deaths and cases of illnesses in low-income countries, slow economic recovery, and large learning losses among children. […] Increasing vaccination rates in low-income countries is in the self-interest of higher-income countries as it may prevent the emergence of new variants and continuous disruptions to global supply chains.

• #154 Causes and costs of global COVID-19 vaccine inequity – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37870569/

  Despite the rapid development of safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines and the widely recognized health and economic benefits of vaccination, there exist stark differences in vaccination rates across country income groups. […] The paper reviews the factors behind global COVID-19 vaccine inequity and the health, social, and economic costs triggered by this inequity. […] The main contributors to vaccine inequity include vaccine nationalism, intellectual property rights, constraints in manufacturing capacity, poor resilience of healthcare systems, and vaccine hesitancy. […] Vaccine inequity has high costs, including preventable deaths and cases of illnesses in low-income countries, slow economic recovery, and large learning losses among children. […] Increasing vaccination rates in low-income countries is in the self-interest of higher-income countries as it may prevent the emergence of new variants and continuous disruptions to global supply chains.

• #155 Causes and Costs of Global COVID-19 Vaccine Inequity – Public Health Post

  https://publichealthpost.org/disease/causes-and-costs-of-global-covid-19-vaccine-inequity/

  The rapid development of effective and safe COVID-19 vaccines played a key role in containing the costs of the pandemic. […] The main contributors to vaccine inequity included vaccine nationalism (i.e., the stockpiling of vaccines by higher-income countries), infrastructure and logistical barriers (e.g., preserving ultra-cold chains and administering vaccines in remote areas), vaccine hesitancy spread by misinformation and mistrust in institutions, and unfair global distribution of vaccine manufacturing capacity. […] A more equal global distribution of vaccines could have prevented many deaths in lower-income countries, and reduced disruptions to childhood immunizations and endemic disease management. […] Moreover, a more equitable distribution of vaccines is in the self-interest of higher-income countries as it might have prevented the emergence of new variants and continuous disruptions to global supply chains. […] Given the high health, social, and economic costs of vaccine inequity, ensuring a more equitable global distribution of vaccines is a key component of pandemic preparedness.

• #156 Causes and costs of global COVID-19 vaccine inequity – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37870569/

  Despite the rapid development of safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines and the widely recognized health and economic benefits of vaccination, there exist stark differences in vaccination rates across country income groups. […] The paper reviews the factors behind global COVID-19 vaccine inequity and the health, social, and economic costs triggered by this inequity. […] The main contributors to vaccine inequity include vaccine nationalism, intellectual property rights, constraints in manufacturing capacity, poor resilience of healthcare systems, and vaccine hesitancy. […] Vaccine inequity has high costs, including preventable deaths and cases of illnesses in low-income countries, slow economic recovery, and large learning losses among children. […] Increasing vaccination rates in low-income countries is in the self-interest of higher-income countries as it may prevent the emergence of new variants and continuous disruptions to global supply chains.

• #157 Causes and Costs of Global COVID-19 Vaccine Inequity – Public Health Post

  https://publichealthpost.org/disease/causes-and-costs-of-global-covid-19-vaccine-inequity/

  The rapid development of effective and safe COVID-19 vaccines played a key role in containing the costs of the pandemic. […] The main contributors to vaccine inequity included vaccine nationalism (i.e., the stockpiling of vaccines by higher-income countries), infrastructure and logistical barriers (e.g., preserving ultra-cold chains and administering vaccines in remote areas), vaccine hesitancy spread by misinformation and mistrust in institutions, and unfair global distribution of vaccine manufacturing capacity. […] A more equal global distribution of vaccines could have prevented many deaths in lower-income countries, and reduced disruptions to childhood immunizations and endemic disease management. […] Moreover, a more equitable distribution of vaccines is in the self-interest of higher-income countries as it might have prevented the emergence of new variants and continuous disruptions to global supply chains. […] Given the high health, social, and economic costs of vaccine inequity, ensuring a more equitable global distribution of vaccines is a key component of pandemic preparedness.

• #158 Causes and costs of global COVID-19 vaccine inequity – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37870569/

  Despite the rapid development of safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines and the widely recognized health and economic benefits of vaccination, there exist stark differences in vaccination rates across country income groups. […] The paper reviews the factors behind global COVID-19 vaccine inequity and the health, social, and economic costs triggered by this inequity. […] The main contributors to vaccine inequity include vaccine nationalism, intellectual property rights, constraints in manufacturing capacity, poor resilience of healthcare systems, and vaccine hesitancy. […] Vaccine inequity has high costs, including preventable deaths and cases of illnesses in low-income countries, slow economic recovery, and large learning losses among children. […] Increasing vaccination rates in low-income countries is in the self-interest of higher-income countries as it may prevent the emergence of new variants and continuous disruptions to global supply chains.

• #159 Causes and Costs of Global COVID-19 Vaccine Inequity – Public Health Post

  https://publichealthpost.org/disease/causes-and-costs-of-global-covid-19-vaccine-inequity/

  The rapid development of effective and safe COVID-19 vaccines played a key role in containing the costs of the pandemic. […] The main contributors to vaccine inequity included vaccine nationalism (i.e., the stockpiling of vaccines by higher-income countries), infrastructure and logistical barriers (e.g., preserving ultra-cold chains and administering vaccines in remote areas), vaccine hesitancy spread by misinformation and mistrust in institutions, and unfair global distribution of vaccine manufacturing capacity. […] A more equal global distribution of vaccines could have prevented many deaths in lower-income countries, and reduced disruptions to childhood immunizations and endemic disease management. […] Moreover, a more equitable distribution of vaccines is in the self-interest of higher-income countries as it might have prevented the emergence of new variants and continuous disruptions to global supply chains. […] Given the high health, social, and economic costs of vaccine inequity, ensuring a more equitable global distribution of vaccines is a key component of pandemic preparedness.

• #160 Causes and costs of global COVID-19 vaccine inequity – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37870569/

  Despite the rapid development of safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines and the widely recognized health and economic benefits of vaccination, there exist stark differences in vaccination rates across country income groups. […] The paper reviews the factors behind global COVID-19 vaccine inequity and the health, social, and economic costs triggered by this inequity. […] The main contributors to vaccine inequity include vaccine nationalism, intellectual property rights, constraints in manufacturing capacity, poor resilience of healthcare systems, and vaccine hesitancy. […] Vaccine inequity has high costs, including preventable deaths and cases of illnesses in low-income countries, slow economic recovery, and large learning losses among children. […] Increasing vaccination rates in low-income countries is in the self-interest of higher-income countries as it may prevent the emergence of new variants and continuous disruptions to global supply chains.

• #161

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00281-023-00998-0

  Despite the rapid development of safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines and the widely recognized health and economic benefits of vaccination, there exist stark differences in vaccination rates across country income groups. […] The main contributors to vaccine inequity include vaccine nationalism, intellectual property rights, constraints in manufacturing capacity, poor resilience of healthcare systems, and vaccine hesitancy. […] The persistent global inequity in vaccination rates has daunting health, social, and economic consequences. […] Low vaccination rates have caused preventable deaths and illnesses, slowed down the economic recovery process, and exacerbated socioeconomic inequities both within and between countries, among other factors. […] The objective of the paper is to examine the health, social, and economic costs caused by COVID-19 vaccine inequity and to draw lessons for pandemic preparedness.

• #162 Causes and costs of global COVID-19 vaccine inequity – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37870569/

  Despite the rapid development of safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines and the widely recognized health and economic benefits of vaccination, there exist stark differences in vaccination rates across country income groups. […] The paper reviews the factors behind global COVID-19 vaccine inequity and the health, social, and economic costs triggered by this inequity. […] The main contributors to vaccine inequity include vaccine nationalism, intellectual property rights, constraints in manufacturing capacity, poor resilience of healthcare systems, and vaccine hesitancy. […] Vaccine inequity has high costs, including preventable deaths and cases of illnesses in low-income countries, slow economic recovery, and large learning losses among children. […] Increasing vaccination rates in low-income countries is in the self-interest of higher-income countries as it may prevent the emergence of new variants and continuous disruptions to global supply chains.

• #163

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00281-023-00998-0

  The lack of access to good-quality healthcare often translates into larger age-specific COVID-19 infection fatality rates in developing countries compared to developed ones. […] Global fair distribution of vaccines could have reduced the health burden in lower-income countries, and it may prevent future burdens. […] Low vaccination rates in lower-income countries have also been responsible for a slower recovery. […] Higher-income countries have an economic incentive to provide equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines. […] It has been suggested that global COVID-19 vaccine inequity translates into an increased risk of the spread of new immune-evasive variants. […] The paper has presented evidence of global COVID-19 vaccine inequity and discussed the main factors contributing to this inequity and its health, social, and economic consequences.

• #164

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00281-023-00998-0

  The lack of access to good-quality healthcare often translates into larger age-specific COVID-19 infection fatality rates in developing countries compared to developed ones. […] Global fair distribution of vaccines could have reduced the health burden in lower-income countries, and it may prevent future burdens. […] Low vaccination rates in lower-income countries have also been responsible for a slower recovery. […] Higher-income countries have an economic incentive to provide equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines. […] It has been suggested that global COVID-19 vaccine inequity translates into an increased risk of the spread of new immune-evasive variants. […] The paper has presented evidence of global COVID-19 vaccine inequity and discussed the main factors contributing to this inequity and its health, social, and economic consequences.

• #165

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00281-023-00998-0

  The lack of access to good-quality healthcare often translates into larger age-specific COVID-19 infection fatality rates in developing countries compared to developed ones. […] Global fair distribution of vaccines could have reduced the health burden in lower-income countries, and it may prevent future burdens. […] Low vaccination rates in lower-income countries have also been responsible for a slower recovery. […] Higher-income countries have an economic incentive to provide equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines. […] It has been suggested that global COVID-19 vaccine inequity translates into an increased risk of the spread of new immune-evasive variants. […] The paper has presented evidence of global COVID-19 vaccine inequity and discussed the main factors contributing to this inequity and its health, social, and economic consequences.

• #166 Causes and Costs of Global COVID-19 Vaccine Inequity – Public Health Post

  https://publichealthpost.org/disease/causes-and-costs-of-global-covid-19-vaccine-inequity/

  The rapid development of effective and safe COVID-19 vaccines played a key role in containing the costs of the pandemic. […] The main contributors to vaccine inequity included vaccine nationalism (i.e., the stockpiling of vaccines by higher-income countries), infrastructure and logistical barriers (e.g., preserving ultra-cold chains and administering vaccines in remote areas), vaccine hesitancy spread by misinformation and mistrust in institutions, and unfair global distribution of vaccine manufacturing capacity. […] A more equal global distribution of vaccines could have prevented many deaths in lower-income countries, and reduced disruptions to childhood immunizations and endemic disease management. […] Moreover, a more equitable distribution of vaccines is in the self-interest of higher-income countries as it might have prevented the emergence of new variants and continuous disruptions to global supply chains. […] Given the high health, social, and economic costs of vaccine inequity, ensuring a more equitable global distribution of vaccines is a key component of pandemic preparedness.

• #167 Causes and costs of global COVID-19 vaccine inequity – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37870569/

  Despite the rapid development of safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines and the widely recognized health and economic benefits of vaccination, there exist stark differences in vaccination rates across country income groups. […] The paper reviews the factors behind global COVID-19 vaccine inequity and the health, social, and economic costs triggered by this inequity. […] The main contributors to vaccine inequity include vaccine nationalism, intellectual property rights, constraints in manufacturing capacity, poor resilience of healthcare systems, and vaccine hesitancy. […] Vaccine inequity has high costs, including preventable deaths and cases of illnesses in low-income countries, slow economic recovery, and large learning losses among children. […] Increasing vaccination rates in low-income countries is in the self-interest of higher-income countries as it may prevent the emergence of new variants and continuous disruptions to global supply chains.

• #168 Causes and Costs of Global COVID-19 Vaccine Inequity – Public Health Post

  https://publichealthpost.org/disease/causes-and-costs-of-global-covid-19-vaccine-inequity/

  The rapid development of effective and safe COVID-19 vaccines played a key role in containing the costs of the pandemic. […] The main contributors to vaccine inequity included vaccine nationalism (i.e., the stockpiling of vaccines by higher-income countries), infrastructure and logistical barriers (e.g., preserving ultra-cold chains and administering vaccines in remote areas), vaccine hesitancy spread by misinformation and mistrust in institutions, and unfair global distribution of vaccine manufacturing capacity. […] A more equal global distribution of vaccines could have prevented many deaths in lower-income countries, and reduced disruptions to childhood immunizations and endemic disease management. […] Moreover, a more equitable distribution of vaccines is in the self-interest of higher-income countries as it might have prevented the emergence of new variants and continuous disruptions to global supply chains. […] Given the high health, social, and economic costs of vaccine inequity, ensuring a more equitable global distribution of vaccines is a key component of pandemic preparedness.

• #169

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00281-023-00998-0

  The lack of access to good-quality healthcare often translates into larger age-specific COVID-19 infection fatality rates in developing countries compared to developed ones. […] Global fair distribution of vaccines could have reduced the health burden in lower-income countries, and it may prevent future burdens. […] Low vaccination rates in lower-income countries have also been responsible for a slower recovery. […] Higher-income countries have an economic incentive to provide equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines. […] It has been suggested that global COVID-19 vaccine inequity translates into an increased risk of the spread of new immune-evasive variants. […] The paper has presented evidence of global COVID-19 vaccine inequity and discussed the main factors contributing to this inequity and its health, social, and economic consequences.

• #170 Causes and Costs of Global COVID-19 Vaccine Inequity – Public Health Post

  https://publichealthpost.org/disease/causes-and-costs-of-global-covid-19-vaccine-inequity/

  The rapid development of effective and safe COVID-19 vaccines played a key role in containing the costs of the pandemic. […] The main contributors to vaccine inequity included vaccine nationalism (i.e., the stockpiling of vaccines by higher-income countries), infrastructure and logistical barriers (e.g., preserving ultra-cold chains and administering vaccines in remote areas), vaccine hesitancy spread by misinformation and mistrust in institutions, and unfair global distribution of vaccine manufacturing capacity. […] A more equal global distribution of vaccines could have prevented many deaths in lower-income countries, and reduced disruptions to childhood immunizations and endemic disease management. […] Moreover, a more equitable distribution of vaccines is in the self-interest of higher-income countries as it might have prevented the emergence of new variants and continuous disruptions to global supply chains. […] Given the high health, social, and economic costs of vaccine inequity, ensuring a more equitable global distribution of vaccines is a key component of pandemic preparedness.

• #171 What causes COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy? Ignorance and the lack of bliss in the United Kingdom | Humanities and Social Sciences Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-022-01092-w

  Understanding vaccine hesitancy has become increasingly important during the COVID-19 pandemic as governments around the globe have been struggling to convince portions of their populations to participate in vaccination protocols. […] The data indicate that the critical factor in vaccine hesitancy among the respondents was anxiety rather than familiarity with vaccines. […] False information and homemade remedies were increasingly shared online, and sometimes promoted by conservative politicians. […] The SAGE working group on vaccine hesitancy defined the latter as delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccination despite availability of vaccination services, noting that this complex problem is context specific and influenced by factors such as complacency, convenience and confidence. […] Research on the factors influencing vaccine hesitancy and strategies for mitigating it predates the emergence of COVID-19 is not new, but it took centre stage as the pandemic progressed.

• #172 What causes COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy? Ignorance and the lack of bliss in the United Kingdom | Humanities and Social Sciences Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-022-01092-w

  Understanding vaccine hesitancy has become increasingly important during the COVID-19 pandemic as governments around the globe have been struggling to convince portions of their populations to participate in vaccination protocols. […] The data indicate that the critical factor in vaccine hesitancy among the respondents was anxiety rather than familiarity with vaccines. […] False information and homemade remedies were increasingly shared online, and sometimes promoted by conservative politicians. […] The SAGE working group on vaccine hesitancy defined the latter as delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccination despite availability of vaccination services, noting that this complex problem is context specific and influenced by factors such as complacency, convenience and confidence. […] Research on the factors influencing vaccine hesitancy and strategies for mitigating it predates the emergence of COVID-19 is not new, but it took centre stage as the pandemic progressed.

• #173 What causes COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy? Ignorance and the lack of bliss in the United Kingdom | Humanities and Social Sciences Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-022-01092-w

  A systematic review of existing peer-reviewed research using key search terms Vaccine hesitancy AND COVID-19 found lower acceptance of vaccines among women, Blacks/Africans, unemployed people, and lower income, lower education, lower age cohorts. […] This review of fifteen studies found that the most common reasons given for refusal were: being against vaccines in general, concerns about safety/thinking that a vaccine produced in a rush is too dangerous, considering the vaccine useless because of the harmless nature of COVID-19, general lack of trust, doubts about the efficiency of the vaccine, belief to be already immunized, doubt about the provenience of vaccine. […] Concern about the safety of vaccines or their potential side-effects was the most common reason expressed for vaccine hesitancy in both a study of Chinese adults and a study of low to middle income countries.

• #174 Causes of Vaccine Hesitancy in Adults for the Influenza and COVID-19 Vaccines: A Systematic Literature Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/9/1518

  Vaccine hesitancy was labelled as one of the top ten threats to global health by the World Health Organization in 2019 and is associated with negative health outcomes. […] Previous reviews on cause of vaccines have not included vaccine hesitancy related to the COVID-19 vaccine. This review aimed to fill this gap by synthesising the findings of studies identifying causes of vaccine hesitancy to the COVID-19 and influenza vaccines. […] Four themes were identified as causes of vaccine hesitancy comprising: concerns over safety, lack of trust, lack of need for vaccination and cultural reasons. […] Our findings suggest that scientific knowledge of vaccines and size of clinical trials during their development reduce vaccine hesitancy. […] Concerns over vaccine safety vaccination were identified in the vast majority of included studies.

• #175 Causes of COVID Vaccine Hesitancy – Petrie-Flom Center

  https://petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/2021/11/30/covid-vaccine-hesitancy-misinformation/

  COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy is further exacerbated by waves of misinformation promulgated on social media. […] Prior research conducted in developed countries reveals five main individual-level determinants of pre-COVID vaccine hesitancy (commonly referred to as the 5 C model drivers of vaccine hesitancy): (1) Confidence (trust in vaccine’s effectiveness and safety, vaccine administrators and their motives); (2) Complacency (perceiving infection risks as low and vaccination as unnecessary); (3) Convenience / Constraints (structural or psychological barriers to converting vaccination intentions into vaccine uptake); (4) Risk Calculation (perceiving higher risks related to vaccination than the infection itself); and (5) Collective Responsibility (willingness to vaccinate to protect others through herd immunity).

• #176 What causes COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy? Ignorance and the lack of bliss in the United Kingdom | Humanities and Social Sciences Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-022-01092-w

  A systematic review of existing peer-reviewed research using key search terms Vaccine hesitancy AND COVID-19 found lower acceptance of vaccines among women, Blacks/Africans, unemployed people, and lower income, lower education, lower age cohorts. […] This review of fifteen studies found that the most common reasons given for refusal were: being against vaccines in general, concerns about safety/thinking that a vaccine produced in a rush is too dangerous, considering the vaccine useless because of the harmless nature of COVID-19, general lack of trust, doubts about the efficiency of the vaccine, belief to be already immunized, doubt about the provenience of vaccine. […] Concern about the safety of vaccines or their potential side-effects was the most common reason expressed for vaccine hesitancy in both a study of Chinese adults and a study of low to middle income countries.

• #177 Causes of Vaccine Hesitancy in Adults for the Influenza and COVID-19 Vaccines: A Systematic Literature Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/9/1518

  Vaccine hesitancy was labelled as one of the top ten threats to global health by the World Health Organization in 2019 and is associated with negative health outcomes. […] Previous reviews on cause of vaccines have not included vaccine hesitancy related to the COVID-19 vaccine. This review aimed to fill this gap by synthesising the findings of studies identifying causes of vaccine hesitancy to the COVID-19 and influenza vaccines. […] Four themes were identified as causes of vaccine hesitancy comprising: concerns over safety, lack of trust, lack of need for vaccination and cultural reasons. […] Our findings suggest that scientific knowledge of vaccines and size of clinical trials during their development reduce vaccine hesitancy. […] Concerns over vaccine safety vaccination were identified in the vast majority of included studies.

• #178 Causes of COVID Vaccine Hesitancy – Petrie-Flom Center

  https://petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/2021/11/30/covid-vaccine-hesitancy-misinformation/

  COVID-19 vaccines see these five hesitancy determinants again, only further exacerbated by waves of misinformation promulgated on social media, including through “bot” accounts, that prey on the concerns and insecurities of an already vulnerable public. […] The responses indicate that whether an individual remains hesitant about receiving a COVID-19 vaccine may depend on personal beliefs, informed by a background that is a totality of, for example, race (and its historical past), gender, education, life experience, and information consumption. This individualized background then forms a value system that informs the personal decision-making process as to whether to receive a COVID-19 vaccine. […] One participant responded: “No, I will not be taking a [COVID-19] vaccine” because “they didn’t have enough studies. It takes at least a year and a half, two years or three years for them to complete a study and they did it in four months.”

• #179 Causes of Vaccine Hesitancy in Adults for the Influenza and COVID-19 Vaccines: A Systematic Literature Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/9/1518

  There was hesitancy associated with the COVID-19 vaccine in particular in terms of safety. […] Many participants underestimated the size of clinical trials with only 15% of respondents correctly identifying that the Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna clinical trials combined had over 50,000 participants. […] There was concern that both the coronavirus and influenza vaccines contain live COVID-19 and influenza strains and that these can cause COVID-19 and influenza, respectively, in addition to the concern that the COVID-19 vaccine could harm those with lower levels of immunity or with comorbidities. […] Lack of trust was another theme identified in the vast majority of included studies and whilst there were specific concerns regarding the COVID-19 vaccine, there was a considerable lack of trust in both the influenza and COVID-19 vaccines.

• #180 Causes of COVID Vaccine Hesitancy – Petrie-Flom Center

  https://petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/2021/11/30/covid-vaccine-hesitancy-misinformation/

  COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy is further exacerbated by waves of misinformation promulgated on social media. […] Prior research conducted in developed countries reveals five main individual-level determinants of pre-COVID vaccine hesitancy (commonly referred to as the 5 C model drivers of vaccine hesitancy): (1) Confidence (trust in vaccine’s effectiveness and safety, vaccine administrators and their motives); (2) Complacency (perceiving infection risks as low and vaccination as unnecessary); (3) Convenience / Constraints (structural or psychological barriers to converting vaccination intentions into vaccine uptake); (4) Risk Calculation (perceiving higher risks related to vaccination than the infection itself); and (5) Collective Responsibility (willingness to vaccinate to protect others through herd immunity).

• #181 What causes COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy? Ignorance and the lack of bliss in the United Kingdom | Humanities and Social Sciences Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-022-01092-w

  A systematic review of existing peer-reviewed research using key search terms Vaccine hesitancy AND COVID-19 found lower acceptance of vaccines among women, Blacks/Africans, unemployed people, and lower income, lower education, lower age cohorts. […] This review of fifteen studies found that the most common reasons given for refusal were: being against vaccines in general, concerns about safety/thinking that a vaccine produced in a rush is too dangerous, considering the vaccine useless because of the harmless nature of COVID-19, general lack of trust, doubts about the efficiency of the vaccine, belief to be already immunized, doubt about the provenience of vaccine. […] Concern about the safety of vaccines or their potential side-effects was the most common reason expressed for vaccine hesitancy in both a study of Chinese adults and a study of low to middle income countries.

• #182 Causes of Vaccine Hesitancy in Adults for the Influenza and COVID-19 Vaccines: A Systematic Literature Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/9/1518

  Vaccine hesitancy was labelled as one of the top ten threats to global health by the World Health Organization in 2019 and is associated with negative health outcomes. […] Previous reviews on cause of vaccines have not included vaccine hesitancy related to the COVID-19 vaccine. This review aimed to fill this gap by synthesising the findings of studies identifying causes of vaccine hesitancy to the COVID-19 and influenza vaccines. […] Four themes were identified as causes of vaccine hesitancy comprising: concerns over safety, lack of trust, lack of need for vaccination and cultural reasons. […] Our findings suggest that scientific knowledge of vaccines and size of clinical trials during their development reduce vaccine hesitancy. […] Concerns over vaccine safety vaccination were identified in the vast majority of included studies.

• #183 Causes of Vaccine Hesitancy in Adults for the Influenza and COVID-19 Vaccines: A Systematic Literature Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/9/1518

  Vaccine hesitancy was labelled as one of the top ten threats to global health by the World Health Organization in 2019 and is associated with negative health outcomes. […] Previous reviews on cause of vaccines have not included vaccine hesitancy related to the COVID-19 vaccine. This review aimed to fill this gap by synthesising the findings of studies identifying causes of vaccine hesitancy to the COVID-19 and influenza vaccines. […] Four themes were identified as causes of vaccine hesitancy comprising: concerns over safety, lack of trust, lack of need for vaccination and cultural reasons. […] Our findings suggest that scientific knowledge of vaccines and size of clinical trials during their development reduce vaccine hesitancy. […] Concerns over vaccine safety vaccination were identified in the vast majority of included studies.

• #184 Causes of COVID Vaccine Hesitancy – Petrie-Flom Center

  https://petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/2021/11/30/covid-vaccine-hesitancy-misinformation/

  COVID-19 vaccines see these five hesitancy determinants again, only further exacerbated by waves of misinformation promulgated on social media, including through “bot” accounts, that prey on the concerns and insecurities of an already vulnerable public. […] The responses indicate that whether an individual remains hesitant about receiving a COVID-19 vaccine may depend on personal beliefs, informed by a background that is a totality of, for example, race (and its historical past), gender, education, life experience, and information consumption. This individualized background then forms a value system that informs the personal decision-making process as to whether to receive a COVID-19 vaccine. […] One participant responded: “No, I will not be taking a [COVID-19] vaccine” because “they didn’t have enough studies. It takes at least a year and a half, two years or three years for them to complete a study and they did it in four months.”

• #185 What causes COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy? Ignorance and the lack of bliss in the United Kingdom | Humanities and Social Sciences Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-022-01092-w

  Understanding vaccine hesitancy has become increasingly important during the COVID-19 pandemic as governments around the globe have been struggling to convince portions of their populations to participate in vaccination protocols. […] The data indicate that the critical factor in vaccine hesitancy among the respondents was anxiety rather than familiarity with vaccines. […] False information and homemade remedies were increasingly shared online, and sometimes promoted by conservative politicians. […] The SAGE working group on vaccine hesitancy defined the latter as delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccination despite availability of vaccination services, noting that this complex problem is context specific and influenced by factors such as complacency, convenience and confidence. […] Research on the factors influencing vaccine hesitancy and strategies for mitigating it predates the emergence of COVID-19 is not new, but it took centre stage as the pandemic progressed.

• #186 Causes of Vaccine Hesitancy in Adults for the Influenza and COVID-19 Vaccines: A Systematic Literature Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/9/1518

  There was hesitancy associated with the COVID-19 vaccine in particular in terms of safety. […] Many participants underestimated the size of clinical trials with only 15% of respondents correctly identifying that the Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna clinical trials combined had over 50,000 participants. […] There was concern that both the coronavirus and influenza vaccines contain live COVID-19 and influenza strains and that these can cause COVID-19 and influenza, respectively, in addition to the concern that the COVID-19 vaccine could harm those with lower levels of immunity or with comorbidities. […] Lack of trust was another theme identified in the vast majority of included studies and whilst there were specific concerns regarding the COVID-19 vaccine, there was a considerable lack of trust in both the influenza and COVID-19 vaccines.

• #187 Causes of COVID Vaccine Hesitancy – Petrie-Flom Center

  https://petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/2021/11/30/covid-vaccine-hesitancy-misinformation/

  COVID-19 vaccines see these five hesitancy determinants again, only further exacerbated by waves of misinformation promulgated on social media, including through “bot” accounts, that prey on the concerns and insecurities of an already vulnerable public. […] The responses indicate that whether an individual remains hesitant about receiving a COVID-19 vaccine may depend on personal beliefs, informed by a background that is a totality of, for example, race (and its historical past), gender, education, life experience, and information consumption. This individualized background then forms a value system that informs the personal decision-making process as to whether to receive a COVID-19 vaccine. […] One participant responded: “No, I will not be taking a [COVID-19] vaccine” because “they didn’t have enough studies. It takes at least a year and a half, two years or three years for them to complete a study and they did it in four months.”

• #188 Causes of COVID Vaccine Hesitancy – Petrie-Flom Center

  https://petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/2021/11/30/covid-vaccine-hesitancy-misinformation/

  One participant responded that the vaccine “is too new. You don’t really know, and I don’t want to put anything in me even with a 10% chance that I might get [COVID-19] because I have underlying condition, so I don’t know if that’s going to make me sick, they don’t know if you’re going to get [COVID-19], like you know how you could still get the flu even if you get a flu shot.” […] One participant responded “I’m already against it. I’m paranoid.” […] One participant commented on the mixed messages from the federal government: “With that guy [President Trump] in the office, I used to look at how he’s been bouncing Doctor Fauci around.” […] The late Justice Antonin Scalia, writing for the majority in Bruesewitz v. Wyeth LLC (2011), summed up what vaccination has accomplished in the last 75 years, that “the elimination of communicable diseases through vaccination became ‘one of the greatest achievements’ of public health in the 20th century.”

• #189 What causes COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy? Ignorance and the lack of bliss in the United Kingdom | Humanities and Social Sciences Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-022-01092-w

  Understanding vaccine hesitancy has become increasingly important during the COVID-19 pandemic as governments around the globe have been struggling to convince portions of their populations to participate in vaccination protocols. […] The data indicate that the critical factor in vaccine hesitancy among the respondents was anxiety rather than familiarity with vaccines. […] False information and homemade remedies were increasingly shared online, and sometimes promoted by conservative politicians. […] The SAGE working group on vaccine hesitancy defined the latter as delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccination despite availability of vaccination services, noting that this complex problem is context specific and influenced by factors such as complacency, convenience and confidence. […] Research on the factors influencing vaccine hesitancy and strategies for mitigating it predates the emergence of COVID-19 is not new, but it took centre stage as the pandemic progressed.

• #190 Causes of COVID Vaccine Hesitancy – Petrie-Flom Center

  https://petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/2021/11/30/covid-vaccine-hesitancy-misinformation/

  COVID-19 vaccines see these five hesitancy determinants again, only further exacerbated by waves of misinformation promulgated on social media, including through “bot” accounts, that prey on the concerns and insecurities of an already vulnerable public. […] The responses indicate that whether an individual remains hesitant about receiving a COVID-19 vaccine may depend on personal beliefs, informed by a background that is a totality of, for example, race (and its historical past), gender, education, life experience, and information consumption. This individualized background then forms a value system that informs the personal decision-making process as to whether to receive a COVID-19 vaccine. […] One participant responded: “No, I will not be taking a [COVID-19] vaccine” because “they didn’t have enough studies. It takes at least a year and a half, two years or three years for them to complete a study and they did it in four months.”

• #191 What causes COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy? Ignorance and the lack of bliss in the United Kingdom | Humanities and Social Sciences Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-022-01092-w

  Understanding vaccine hesitancy has become increasingly important during the COVID-19 pandemic as governments around the globe have been struggling to convince portions of their populations to participate in vaccination protocols. […] The data indicate that the critical factor in vaccine hesitancy among the respondents was anxiety rather than familiarity with vaccines. […] False information and homemade remedies were increasingly shared online, and sometimes promoted by conservative politicians. […] The SAGE working group on vaccine hesitancy defined the latter as delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccination despite availability of vaccination services, noting that this complex problem is context specific and influenced by factors such as complacency, convenience and confidence. […] Research on the factors influencing vaccine hesitancy and strategies for mitigating it predates the emergence of COVID-19 is not new, but it took centre stage as the pandemic progressed.

• #192 Causes of Vaccine Hesitancy in Adults for the Influenza and COVID-19 Vaccines: A Systematic Literature Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/9/1518

  For the COVID-19 vaccine in particular, a lack of trust in the government and belief in conspiracy theories played a large role in vaccine hesitancy. […] This review has identified four main themes underpinning the reasons behind vaccine hesitancy in adults in relation to the influenza and COVID-19 vaccines. […] Targeted approaches to specific concerns from trusted sources are needed to address this.

• #193 Causes of COVID Vaccine Hesitancy – Petrie-Flom Center

  https://petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/2021/11/30/covid-vaccine-hesitancy-misinformation/

  COVID-19 vaccines see these five hesitancy determinants again, only further exacerbated by waves of misinformation promulgated on social media, including through “bot” accounts, that prey on the concerns and insecurities of an already vulnerable public. […] The responses indicate that whether an individual remains hesitant about receiving a COVID-19 vaccine may depend on personal beliefs, informed by a background that is a totality of, for example, race (and its historical past), gender, education, life experience, and information consumption. This individualized background then forms a value system that informs the personal decision-making process as to whether to receive a COVID-19 vaccine. […] One participant responded: “No, I will not be taking a [COVID-19] vaccine” because “they didn’t have enough studies. It takes at least a year and a half, two years or three years for them to complete a study and they did it in four months.”

• #194 ‘Turbo Cancer’ and mRNA: The myth that defies biology and physics | Global Vaccine Data Network

  http://globalvaccinedatanetwork.org/news/turbo_cancer_and_mrna_myth_that_defies_biology_and_physics

  Amidst the post-COVID vaccine world, a curious term, „Turbo Cancer,” has emerged in anti-vaccine circles. The claim? That mRNA vaccines are causing an epidemic of fast-growing, aggressive cancers. However, lets dive into the science and show why this doesnt hold up. […] The invention that mRNA vaccines are causing an epidemic of aggressive cancers is unfounded, and cancer epidemiology provides no support for the „Turbo Cancer” narrative. […] Even SARS-CoV-2, the virus behind COVID-19, has been investigated for a possible association with cancer, though studies so far show limited evidence of direct causation. […] Vaccines, on the other hand, can reduce and prevent cancer risk by preventing viral infections (e.g., HPV and hepatitis vaccines) or treat cancer by providing personalised immunotherapy.

• #195 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines and Turbo Cancer: The Latest Myth That Won’t Disappear

  https://www.contagionlive.com/view/mrna-covid-19-vaccines-and-turbo-cancer-the-latest-myth-that-won-t-disappear

  The claim suggests that messenger RNA (mRNA) COVID-19 vaccines specifically cancer causing DNA from simian virus 40 (SV40) in vaccines are the cause of an epidemic of fast-growing and abnormally aggressive cancers, or turbo cancer. […] Although some COVID-19 vaccines contain small fragments of SV40, these fragments are neither the same as the virus itself nor carcinogenic. […] In fact, the epidemiological oncology data are quite clear: There is no evidence of this phenomenon. […] On a more technical note, there is no plausible mechanism of action for this to happen as (1) mRNA cannot alter DNA, as it cannot enter a cells nucleus; (2) mRNA fragments rapidly degrade post vaccination and do not linger to disrupt tumor suppression; and (3) mRNA vaccine ingredients cannot accumulate in the body. […] Results from follow-up studies from clinical trial participants and results from global pharmacovigilance surveys have not found any truth to the claims of vaccine-induced turbo cancer.

• #196 2021 Archives /news/2021-News/ | University of Maryland School of Medicine

  https://www.ihv.org/news/2021-archives/correio-braziliense-its-obvious-that-no-vaccine-causes-aids-says-one-of-the-virologists-who-discovered-hiv.html

  I haven’t read his exact words, but it’s hard to believe anyone would claim that the covid-19 vaccine causes AIDS. […] But it is obvious that neither the covid-19 vaccine nor any other vaccine causes AIDS.

• #197 COVID-19 vaccines and blood cancer latest evidence | Blood Cancer UK

  https://bloodcancer.org.uk/news/whats-the-latest-evidence-regarding-covid-19-vaccines-and-blood-cancer/

  „We also know that COVID-19 vaccines can induce protective T-cell responses even in patients who dont make antibodies effectively.” […] „The QResearch study also showed that continuing to have doses of COVID-19 vaccines is important for people with blood cancer to maintain their immunity.” […] „We are aware that claims have been made about a link between COVID-19 vaccines and cancer. There are no controlled, large-scale studies (studies with the most robust scientific evidence) that demonstrate an increased cancer risk following COVID-19 vaccination.”

• #198 Meeting the challenge of vaccine hesitancy | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/91/9_suppl_1/S50

  Addressing misinformation and disinformation is crucial in promoting vaccine acceptance and combating hesitancy; it requires that we provide accurate information and counter false narratives through education, public awareness campaigns, and proactive communication strategies, while remaining empathetic and culturally competent. […] Investing in research, especially targeting vulnerable groups like BIPOC, children, and pregnant individuals, is crucial to counter vaccine hesitancy. […] To ensure the safety of pregnant patients, healthcare systems and organizations must conduct surveillance and maintain transparency regarding vaccine effects during pregnancy.

• #199 Causes of Vaccine Hesitancy in Adults for the Influenza and COVID-19 Vaccines: A Systematic Literature Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/9/1518

  For the COVID-19 vaccine in particular, a lack of trust in the government and belief in conspiracy theories played a large role in vaccine hesitancy. […] This review has identified four main themes underpinning the reasons behind vaccine hesitancy in adults in relation to the influenza and COVID-19 vaccines. […] Targeted approaches to specific concerns from trusted sources are needed to address this.

• #200 Meeting the challenge of vaccine hesitancy | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/91/9_suppl_1/S50

  Addressing misinformation and disinformation is crucial in promoting vaccine acceptance and combating hesitancy; it requires that we provide accurate information and counter false narratives through education, public awareness campaigns, and proactive communication strategies, while remaining empathetic and culturally competent. […] Investing in research, especially targeting vulnerable groups like BIPOC, children, and pregnant individuals, is crucial to counter vaccine hesitancy. […] To ensure the safety of pregnant patients, healthcare systems and organizations must conduct surveillance and maintain transparency regarding vaccine effects during pregnancy.

• #201 Meeting the challenge of vaccine hesitancy | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/91/9_suppl_1/S50

  Addressing misinformation and disinformation is crucial in promoting vaccine acceptance and combating hesitancy; it requires that we provide accurate information and counter false narratives through education, public awareness campaigns, and proactive communication strategies, while remaining empathetic and culturally competent. […] Investing in research, especially targeting vulnerable groups like BIPOC, children, and pregnant individuals, is crucial to counter vaccine hesitancy. […] To ensure the safety of pregnant patients, healthcare systems and organizations must conduct surveillance and maintain transparency regarding vaccine effects during pregnancy.

• #202 Meeting the challenge of vaccine hesitancy | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/91/9_suppl_1/S50

  Addressing misinformation and disinformation is crucial in promoting vaccine acceptance and combating hesitancy; it requires that we provide accurate information and counter false narratives through education, public awareness campaigns, and proactive communication strategies, while remaining empathetic and culturally competent. […] Investing in research, especially targeting vulnerable groups like BIPOC, children, and pregnant individuals, is crucial to counter vaccine hesitancy. […] To ensure the safety of pregnant patients, healthcare systems and organizations must conduct surveillance and maintain transparency regarding vaccine effects during pregnancy.

• #203 Meeting the challenge of vaccine hesitancy | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/91/9_suppl_1/S50

  Addressing misinformation and disinformation is crucial in promoting vaccine acceptance and combating hesitancy; it requires that we provide accurate information and counter false narratives through education, public awareness campaigns, and proactive communication strategies, while remaining empathetic and culturally competent. […] Investing in research, especially targeting vulnerable groups like BIPOC, children, and pregnant individuals, is crucial to counter vaccine hesitancy. […] To ensure the safety of pregnant patients, healthcare systems and organizations must conduct surveillance and maintain transparency regarding vaccine effects during pregnancy.

• #204 Causes of Vaccine Hesitancy in Adults for the Influenza and COVID-19 Vaccines: A Systematic Literature Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/9/1518

  For the COVID-19 vaccine in particular, a lack of trust in the government and belief in conspiracy theories played a large role in vaccine hesitancy. […] This review has identified four main themes underpinning the reasons behind vaccine hesitancy in adults in relation to the influenza and COVID-19 vaccines. […] Targeted approaches to specific concerns from trusted sources are needed to address this.

• #205 Causes of Vaccine Hesitancy in Adults for the Influenza and COVID-19 Vaccines: A Systematic Literature Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/9/1518

  Vaccine hesitancy was labelled as one of the top ten threats to global health by the World Health Organization in 2019 and is associated with negative health outcomes. […] Previous reviews on cause of vaccines have not included vaccine hesitancy related to the COVID-19 vaccine. This review aimed to fill this gap by synthesising the findings of studies identifying causes of vaccine hesitancy to the COVID-19 and influenza vaccines. […] Four themes were identified as causes of vaccine hesitancy comprising: concerns over safety, lack of trust, lack of need for vaccination and cultural reasons. […] Our findings suggest that scientific knowledge of vaccines and size of clinical trials during their development reduce vaccine hesitancy. […] Concerns over vaccine safety vaccination were identified in the vast majority of included studies.

• #206 COVID-19 vaccines: Get the facts

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/coronavirus-vaccine/art-20484859

  Looking to get the facts about COVID-19 vaccines? Here’s what you need to know about the different vaccines and the benefits of getting vaccinated. […] As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to cause illness, you might have questions about COVID-19 vaccines. […] Staying up to date with a COVID-19 vaccine can: Help prevent serious illness and death due to COVID-19 for both children and adults. Help prevent you from needing to go to the hospital due to COVID-19. Be a less risky way to protect yourself compared to getting sick with the virus that causes COVID-19. Lower long-term risk for cardiovascular complications after COVID-19. […] How well a COVID-19 vaccine protects you also depends on timing, such as when you got the shot. And your level of protection depends on how the virus that causes COVID-19 changes and what variants the vaccine protects against.

• #207 Questions About COVID-19 Vaccination | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/coronavirus/coronavirus-questions/questions-about-covid-19-vaccination

  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends everyone ages 6 months and older get a 2024-2025 updated vaccine to protect against potentially serious outcomes of COVID-19 illness, including long-lasting effects of the disease, known as long COVID. […] Yes. The virus that causes COVID-19 continues to cause sickness and death. Vaccination remains an effective way to prevent severe illness and the spread of the disease. […] You’re not as well-protected now as you were then. […] The virus that causes COVID-19 has changed, or mutated, in form since the pandemic’s early days, creating a need for updated vaccine formulations that target newer forms of the virus. […] Vaccination will provide extra protection against another case of COVID-19. […] Severe COVID-19 illness, and even death, have occurred in people of all ages, including healthy people.

• #208 COVID-19 vaccines: Get the facts

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/coronavirus-vaccine/art-20484859

  Looking to get the facts about COVID-19 vaccines? Here’s what you need to know about the different vaccines and the benefits of getting vaccinated. […] As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to cause illness, you might have questions about COVID-19 vaccines. […] Staying up to date with a COVID-19 vaccine can: Help prevent serious illness and death due to COVID-19 for both children and adults. Help prevent you from needing to go to the hospital due to COVID-19. Be a less risky way to protect yourself compared to getting sick with the virus that causes COVID-19. Lower long-term risk for cardiovascular complications after COVID-19. […] How well a COVID-19 vaccine protects you also depends on timing, such as when you got the shot. And your level of protection depends on how the virus that causes COVID-19 changes and what variants the vaccine protects against.

• #209 Questions About COVID-19 Vaccination | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/coronavirus/coronavirus-questions/questions-about-covid-19-vaccination

  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends everyone ages 6 months and older get a 2024-2025 updated vaccine to protect against potentially serious outcomes of COVID-19 illness, including long-lasting effects of the disease, known as long COVID. […] Yes. The virus that causes COVID-19 continues to cause sickness and death. Vaccination remains an effective way to prevent severe illness and the spread of the disease. […] You’re not as well-protected now as you were then. […] The virus that causes COVID-19 has changed, or mutated, in form since the pandemic’s early days, creating a need for updated vaccine formulations that target newer forms of the virus. […] Vaccination will provide extra protection against another case of COVID-19. […] Severe COVID-19 illness, and even death, have occurred in people of all ages, including healthy people.

• #210 Questions About COVID-19 Vaccination | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/coronavirus/coronavirus-questions/questions-about-covid-19-vaccination

  Vaccination helps protect you against severe illness, hospitalization and death. […] Research shows the vaccines can help protect you from getting COVID-19, although fully vaccinated people can get infected. […] Vaccination has been shown to greatly reduce the risk of getting seriously ill and being hospitalized if you do get COVID-19. […] The newest COVID-19 vaccines target an Omicron variant called XBB.1.5 and are expected to also increase defenses against related variants that are now circulating. […] Experts in infectious diseases now say that achieving herd immunity against the virus that causes COVID-19 is unlikely. That’s because, among other factors, the virus is continually mutating, creating new variants; it can be spread by people without symptoms (making it harder to track and control); rates of vaccination and use of other precautionary measures in the population are inadequate; and protection against new COVID-19 infection provided by previous infection or vaccination isn’t lasting.

• #211 COVID-19 vaccines: Get the facts

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/coronavirus-vaccine/art-20484859

  Looking to get the facts about COVID-19 vaccines? Here’s what you need to know about the different vaccines and the benefits of getting vaccinated. […] As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to cause illness, you might have questions about COVID-19 vaccines. […] Staying up to date with a COVID-19 vaccine can: Help prevent serious illness and death due to COVID-19 for both children and adults. Help prevent you from needing to go to the hospital due to COVID-19. Be a less risky way to protect yourself compared to getting sick with the virus that causes COVID-19. Lower long-term risk for cardiovascular complications after COVID-19. […] How well a COVID-19 vaccine protects you also depends on timing, such as when you got the shot. And your level of protection depends on how the virus that causes COVID-19 changes and what variants the vaccine protects against.

• #212 Questions About COVID-19 Vaccination | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/coronavirus/coronavirus-questions/questions-about-covid-19-vaccination

  Vaccination helps protect you against severe illness, hospitalization and death. […] Research shows the vaccines can help protect you from getting COVID-19, although fully vaccinated people can get infected. […] Vaccination has been shown to greatly reduce the risk of getting seriously ill and being hospitalized if you do get COVID-19. […] The newest COVID-19 vaccines target an Omicron variant called XBB.1.5 and are expected to also increase defenses against related variants that are now circulating. […] Experts in infectious diseases now say that achieving herd immunity against the virus that causes COVID-19 is unlikely. That’s because, among other factors, the virus is continually mutating, creating new variants; it can be spread by people without symptoms (making it harder to track and control); rates of vaccination and use of other precautionary measures in the population are inadequate; and protection against new COVID-19 infection provided by previous infection or vaccination isn’t lasting.

• #213 COVID-19 vaccines: Get the facts

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/coronavirus-vaccine/art-20484859

  Looking to get the facts about COVID-19 vaccines? Here’s what you need to know about the different vaccines and the benefits of getting vaccinated. […] As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to cause illness, you might have questions about COVID-19 vaccines. […] Staying up to date with a COVID-19 vaccine can: Help prevent serious illness and death due to COVID-19 for both children and adults. Help prevent you from needing to go to the hospital due to COVID-19. Be a less risky way to protect yourself compared to getting sick with the virus that causes COVID-19. Lower long-term risk for cardiovascular complications after COVID-19. […] How well a COVID-19 vaccine protects you also depends on timing, such as when you got the shot. And your level of protection depends on how the virus that causes COVID-19 changes and what variants the vaccine protects against.

• #214 Questions About COVID-19 Vaccination | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/coronavirus/coronavirus-questions/questions-about-covid-19-vaccination

  Vaccination helps protect you against severe illness, hospitalization and death. […] Research shows the vaccines can help protect you from getting COVID-19, although fully vaccinated people can get infected. […] Vaccination has been shown to greatly reduce the risk of getting seriously ill and being hospitalized if you do get COVID-19. […] The newest COVID-19 vaccines target an Omicron variant called XBB.1.5 and are expected to also increase defenses against related variants that are now circulating. […] Experts in infectious diseases now say that achieving herd immunity against the virus that causes COVID-19 is unlikely. That’s because, among other factors, the virus is continually mutating, creating new variants; it can be spread by people without symptoms (making it harder to track and control); rates of vaccination and use of other precautionary measures in the population are inadequate; and protection against new COVID-19 infection provided by previous infection or vaccination isn’t lasting.

• #215 COVID-19 vaccines: Get the facts

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/coronavirus-vaccine/art-20484859

  Looking to get the facts about COVID-19 vaccines? Here’s what you need to know about the different vaccines and the benefits of getting vaccinated. […] As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to cause illness, you might have questions about COVID-19 vaccines. […] Staying up to date with a COVID-19 vaccine can: Help prevent serious illness and death due to COVID-19 for both children and adults. Help prevent you from needing to go to the hospital due to COVID-19. Be a less risky way to protect yourself compared to getting sick with the virus that causes COVID-19. Lower long-term risk for cardiovascular complications after COVID-19. […] How well a COVID-19 vaccine protects you also depends on timing, such as when you got the shot. And your level of protection depends on how the virus that causes COVID-19 changes and what variants the vaccine protects against.

• #216 Debunking myths about COVID-19 – Mayo Clinic Health System

  https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/featured-topic/covid-19-vaccine-myths-debunked

  Getting a COVID-19 vaccine reduces the risk of infection with the COVID-19 virus and slows the spread of COVID-19. Also, vaccination can prevent severe illness from COVID-19. […] COVID-19 vaccines don’t cause you to become sick with COVID-19. The COVID-19 vaccines authorized for use in the U.S. don’t contain the live virus that causes COVID-19. […] Currently, there is no evidence that any COVID-19 vaccine causes fertility problems. COVID-19 vaccination is recommended for people who are trying to become pregnant or might become pregnant in the future. […] COVID-19 vaccines deliver instructions to teach the body how to build protection against the COVID-19 virus. The Pfizer BioNTech and the Moderna COVID-19 vaccines use genetically engineered messenger RNA (mRNA). […] It’s safer to build immunity from a COVID-19 vaccine than it is to develop immunity from getting sick with COVID-19. […] COVID-19 vaccines don’t change your DNA.

• #217 COVID-19 vaccines: Get the facts

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/coronavirus-vaccine/art-20484859

  Looking to get the facts about COVID-19 vaccines? Here’s what you need to know about the different vaccines and the benefits of getting vaccinated. […] As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to cause illness, you might have questions about COVID-19 vaccines. […] Staying up to date with a COVID-19 vaccine can: Help prevent serious illness and death due to COVID-19 for both children and adults. Help prevent you from needing to go to the hospital due to COVID-19. Be a less risky way to protect yourself compared to getting sick with the virus that causes COVID-19. Lower long-term risk for cardiovascular complications after COVID-19. […] How well a COVID-19 vaccine protects you also depends on timing, such as when you got the shot. And your level of protection depends on how the virus that causes COVID-19 changes and what variants the vaccine protects against.

• #218 COVID Vaccines Reduce Long COVID Risk, New Study Shows > News > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/covid-vaccines-reduce-long-covid-risk-new-study-shows

  The good news is, the risk of developing Long COVID has dropped significantly since the start of the pandemic and, according to a new study, we have COVID-19 vaccines to thank for much of this decline. […] The study also revealed that COVID-19 vaccinations played a key role in the drop in Long COVID cases. […] About 70% of the decline was attributable to vaccination, they found. There are several reasons to explain why vaccines may prevent Long COVID, says Dr. Al-Aly. First, vaccines reduce the risk of severe acute infections, which are linked to a greater risk of Long COVID. […] Indeed, I would argue that for those at the lowest risk for complications of the virus (based on age and the absence of chronic diseases, which increase the risk from SARS-CoV-2 infection), the most important reason to continue to get vaccinated is to reduce the likelihood of getting Long COVID. […] The fact that vaccines can reduce both the risk of COVID and the risk of Long COVID is a powerful argument for continuing to get the shot every year now and for the foreseeable future.

• #219 Comparing the COVID-19 Vaccines: How Are They Different? > News > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/covid-19-vaccine-comparison

  COVID-19 is now in its fifth year, and the subvariants of the Omicron strain continue to drive infections in the United States. The good news is that vaccines, which have been updated each year since 2022, are still expected to be effective at preventing severe disease, hospitalization, and death from COVID. […] Research has suggested that people who are infected after vaccination also are less likely to report Long COVID (defined as signs, symptoms, and conditions that continue or develop after acute COVID infection), compared to those who were not vaccinated. […] Understanding how effective the latest updated vaccines are in the real world beyond the clinical trials can be difficult, since companies manufacture updated vaccines based on preclinical information and educated predictions of which variants will be circulating when the shots become available (a similar process is used for the annual flu shot). But, according to a CDC summary issued in November, the 2024-2025 vaccines are expected to work well against strains such as KP.3.1.1 that are predominant, and variants that could become more common, including XEC and MC.1. […] Earlier studies of its original vaccine showed it to be 90% effective overall against lab-confirmed, symptomatic infection and 100% effective against moderate and severe disease in Phase 3 trial results published in The New England Journal of Medicine in December 2021.

• #220 Feeling Rough After Your COVID Shot? Congrats, It’s Working! | UC San Francisco

  https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2024/06/427851/feeling-rough-after-your-covid-shot-congrats-its-working

  Fewer than 1 in 4 people in the U.S. have received last years updated COVID-19 vaccine, despite a death toll of more than 23,000 Americans this year. […] But a new study, led by UC San Francisco, has found that the symptoms indicate a robust immune response that is likely to lessen the chances of infection. […] The study, which appears online June 10 in Annals of Internal Medicine, is based on symptom reports and antibody responses from 363 people, who had the Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna mRNA vaccines when they were first introduced. […] After the second dose of the vaccine, the researchers found that those with seven or more symptoms had nearly double the antibody levels of those who did not have symptoms. […] Generally, we found that the higher the number of side effects, the higher the level of antibodies, said first author Ethan Dutcher, MD, PhD, a postdoctoral researcher in the UCSF Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and the Weill Institute for Neurosciences. […] With COVID-19 vaccines likely here to stay, identifying what predicts a strong antibody response will remain important, said co-senior author Aric Prather, PhD, professor in the UCSF Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences.

• #221 Feeling Rough After Your COVID Shot? Congrats, It’s Working! | UC San Francisco

  https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2024/06/427851/feeling-rough-after-your-covid-shot-congrats-its-working

  Fewer than 1 in 4 people in the U.S. have received last years updated COVID-19 vaccine, despite a death toll of more than 23,000 Americans this year. […] But a new study, led by UC San Francisco, has found that the symptoms indicate a robust immune response that is likely to lessen the chances of infection. […] The study, which appears online June 10 in Annals of Internal Medicine, is based on symptom reports and antibody responses from 363 people, who had the Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna mRNA vaccines when they were first introduced. […] After the second dose of the vaccine, the researchers found that those with seven or more symptoms had nearly double the antibody levels of those who did not have symptoms. […] Generally, we found that the higher the number of side effects, the higher the level of antibodies, said first author Ethan Dutcher, MD, PhD, a postdoctoral researcher in the UCSF Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and the Weill Institute for Neurosciences. […] With COVID-19 vaccines likely here to stay, identifying what predicts a strong antibody response will remain important, said co-senior author Aric Prather, PhD, professor in the UCSF Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences.

• #222

  https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/herd-immunity-lockdowns-and-covid-19

  ’Herd immunity’, also known as 'population immunity’, is the indirect protection from an infectious disease that happens when a population is immune either through vaccination or immunity developed through previous infection. […] WHO supports achieving 'herd immunity’ through vaccination, not by allowing a disease to spread through any segment of the population, as this would result in unnecessary cases and deaths. […] Herd immunity against COVID-19 should be achieved by protecting people through vaccination, not by exposing them to the pathogen that causes the disease. […] To safely achieve herd immunity against COVID-19, a substantial proportion of a population would need to be vaccinated, lowering the overall amount of virus able to spread in the whole population. […] The proportion of the population that must be vaccinated against COVID-19 to begin inducing herd immunity is not known. This is an important area of research and will likely vary according to the community, the vaccine, the populations prioritized for vaccination, and other factors.

• #223 The radically unequal distribution of Covid-19 vaccinations: a predictable yet avoidable symptom of the fundamental causes of inequality | Humanities and Social Sciences Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-022-01073-z

  The Covid-19 pandemic and its social and economic fallout has thrust social and health-related inequalities into the spotlight. […] However, now that highly efficacious vaccines are available, one might reasonably presume that we have in our hands the tools to address pandemic-associated inequalities. […] While many other life-saving prevention measures have been distributed unequally in ways these theories would predict, the COVID-19 vaccines represent a different kind of case. […] It is time that we ensure the equitable distribution of this life-saving benefit. […] The Covid-19 pandemic represents a unique case where inequality may not simply represent a temporary and unwanted consequence of progress but may actually undo our efforts to defeat the virus. […] Given these facts, any population where the virus is allowed to spread unchecked puts even fully vaccinated groups in jeopardy for subsequent rounds of infection.

• #224

  https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/herd-immunity-lockdowns-and-covid-19

  ’Herd immunity’, also known as 'population immunity’, is the indirect protection from an infectious disease that happens when a population is immune either through vaccination or immunity developed through previous infection. […] WHO supports achieving 'herd immunity’ through vaccination, not by allowing a disease to spread through any segment of the population, as this would result in unnecessary cases and deaths. […] Herd immunity against COVID-19 should be achieved by protecting people through vaccination, not by exposing them to the pathogen that causes the disease. […] To safely achieve herd immunity against COVID-19, a substantial proportion of a population would need to be vaccinated, lowering the overall amount of virus able to spread in the whole population. […] The proportion of the population that must be vaccinated against COVID-19 to begin inducing herd immunity is not known. This is an important area of research and will likely vary according to the community, the vaccine, the populations prioritized for vaccination, and other factors.

• #225

  https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/herd-immunity-lockdowns-and-covid-19

  ’Herd immunity’, also known as 'population immunity’, is the indirect protection from an infectious disease that happens when a population is immune either through vaccination or immunity developed through previous infection. […] WHO supports achieving 'herd immunity’ through vaccination, not by allowing a disease to spread through any segment of the population, as this would result in unnecessary cases and deaths. […] Herd immunity against COVID-19 should be achieved by protecting people through vaccination, not by exposing them to the pathogen that causes the disease. […] To safely achieve herd immunity against COVID-19, a substantial proportion of a population would need to be vaccinated, lowering the overall amount of virus able to spread in the whole population. […] The proportion of the population that must be vaccinated against COVID-19 to begin inducing herd immunity is not known. This is an important area of research and will likely vary according to the community, the vaccine, the populations prioritized for vaccination, and other factors.

• #226 Causes and costs of global COVID-19 vaccine inequity – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37870569/

  Despite the rapid development of safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines and the widely recognized health and economic benefits of vaccination, there exist stark differences in vaccination rates across country income groups. […] The paper reviews the factors behind global COVID-19 vaccine inequity and the health, social, and economic costs triggered by this inequity. […] The main contributors to vaccine inequity include vaccine nationalism, intellectual property rights, constraints in manufacturing capacity, poor resilience of healthcare systems, and vaccine hesitancy. […] Vaccine inequity has high costs, including preventable deaths and cases of illnesses in low-income countries, slow economic recovery, and large learning losses among children. […] Increasing vaccination rates in low-income countries is in the self-interest of higher-income countries as it may prevent the emergence of new variants and continuous disruptions to global supply chains.

• #227

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00281-023-00998-0

  The lack of access to good-quality healthcare often translates into larger age-specific COVID-19 infection fatality rates in developing countries compared to developed ones. […] Global fair distribution of vaccines could have reduced the health burden in lower-income countries, and it may prevent future burdens. […] Low vaccination rates in lower-income countries have also been responsible for a slower recovery. […] Higher-income countries have an economic incentive to provide equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines. […] It has been suggested that global COVID-19 vaccine inequity translates into an increased risk of the spread of new immune-evasive variants. […] The paper has presented evidence of global COVID-19 vaccine inequity and discussed the main factors contributing to this inequity and its health, social, and economic consequences.

• #228 The radically unequal distribution of Covid-19 vaccinations: a predictable yet avoidable symptom of the fundamental causes of inequality | Humanities and Social Sciences Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-022-01073-z

  We argue that a national vaccine program should serve as a prototype of a more just form of medical innovation, which minimizes the influence of socioeconomic resources on health. […] In order to promote an equitable distribution of vaccines, we need to ensure that price levels, access, and acceptability do not depend on the resources at hand among individuals and nations.

• #229 Repeat COVID-19 vaccinations elicit antibodies that neutralize variants, other viruses – WashU Medicine

  https://medicine.washu.edu/news/repeat-covid-19-vaccinations-elicit-antibodies-that-neutralize-variants-other-viruses/

  Matt Miller Health-care workers received the first doses of the COVID-19 vaccine in December 2020. A study by researchers at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis has found that repeat vaccination with updated versions of the COVID-19 vaccine promotes the development of antibodies that neutralize a wide range of variants of the virus that causes COVID-19, as well as related coronaviruses. […] The findings suggest that periodic re-vaccination for COVID-19, far from hindering the body’s ability to recognize and respond to new variants, may instead cause people to gradually build up a stock of broadly neutralizing antibodies that protect them from emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants and some other coronavirus species as well, even ones that have not yet emerged to infect humans. […] Taken together, the findings suggest that regular re-vaccination with updated COVID-19 vaccines against variants might give people the tools to fight off not only the SARS-CoV-2 variants represented in the vaccines, but also other SARS-CoV-2 variants and related coronaviruses, possibly including ones that have not yet emerged.

• #230 COVID-19 vaccines: Get the facts

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/coronavirus-vaccine/art-20484859

  Yes. Catching the virus that causes COVID-19 or getting a COVID-19 vaccination gives you protection, also called immunity, from the virus. […] Also, the virus that causes COVID-19 can change, also called mutate. Vaccination with the most up-to-date variant that is spreading or expected to spread helps keep you from getting sick again. […] The COVID-19 vaccines available in the United States are: Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine 2024-2025 formula, available for people age 6 months and older. Moderna COVID-19 vaccine 2024-2025 formula, available for people age 6 months and older. Novavax COVID-19 vaccine 2024-2025 formula, available for people age 12 years and older. […] In June 2024, the FDA recommended COVID-19 vaccine updates to target a strain of the COVID-19 virus called JN.1. […] The Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines for 2024-2025 focus on building protection against the KP.2 virus strain.

• #231 COMIRNATY® (COVID-19 Vaccine, mRNA) | Safety Info

  https://www.comirnaty.com/

  Older adult male and young woman hugging COMIRNATY is a vaccine for use in people 12 years of age and older to protect against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). […] Getting vaccinated with the 2024-2025 Formula of COMIRNATY can help protect against COVID-19. […] The formula of COMIRNATY was updated following the FDA’s recommendation that COVID-19 vaccines should be updated to help protect against circulating strains of the virus that causes COVID-19. […] The resulting immune response, which includes antibodies, is what recognizes and helps fight COVID-19 if you are exposed to the virus in the future. […] COMIRNATY does not contain SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. COMIRNATY cannot give you COVID-19.

• #232 COVID-19 vaccines: Get the facts

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/coronavirus-vaccine/art-20484859

  Yes. Catching the virus that causes COVID-19 or getting a COVID-19 vaccination gives you protection, also called immunity, from the virus. […] Also, the virus that causes COVID-19 can change, also called mutate. Vaccination with the most up-to-date variant that is spreading or expected to spread helps keep you from getting sick again. […] The COVID-19 vaccines available in the United States are: Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine 2024-2025 formula, available for people age 6 months and older. Moderna COVID-19 vaccine 2024-2025 formula, available for people age 6 months and older. Novavax COVID-19 vaccine 2024-2025 formula, available for people age 12 years and older. […] In June 2024, the FDA recommended COVID-19 vaccine updates to target a strain of the COVID-19 virus called JN.1. […] The Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines for 2024-2025 focus on building protection against the KP.2 virus strain.

• #233 COVID-19 vaccines: Get the facts

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/coronavirus-vaccine/art-20484859

  Yes. Catching the virus that causes COVID-19 or getting a COVID-19 vaccination gives you protection, also called immunity, from the virus. […] Also, the virus that causes COVID-19 can change, also called mutate. Vaccination with the most up-to-date variant that is spreading or expected to spread helps keep you from getting sick again. […] The COVID-19 vaccines available in the United States are: Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine 2024-2025 formula, available for people age 6 months and older. Moderna COVID-19 vaccine 2024-2025 formula, available for people age 6 months and older. Novavax COVID-19 vaccine 2024-2025 formula, available for people age 12 years and older. […] In June 2024, the FDA recommended COVID-19 vaccine updates to target a strain of the COVID-19 virus called JN.1. […] The Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines for 2024-2025 focus on building protection against the KP.2 virus strain.

• #234 COVID-19 vaccines: Get the facts

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/coronavirus-vaccine/art-20484859

  Yes. Catching the virus that causes COVID-19 or getting a COVID-19 vaccination gives you protection, also called immunity, from the virus. […] Also, the virus that causes COVID-19 can change, also called mutate. Vaccination with the most up-to-date variant that is spreading or expected to spread helps keep you from getting sick again. […] The COVID-19 vaccines available in the United States are: Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine 2024-2025 formula, available for people age 6 months and older. Moderna COVID-19 vaccine 2024-2025 formula, available for people age 6 months and older. Novavax COVID-19 vaccine 2024-2025 formula, available for people age 12 years and older. […] In June 2024, the FDA recommended COVID-19 vaccine updates to target a strain of the COVID-19 virus called JN.1. […] The Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines for 2024-2025 focus on building protection against the KP.2 virus strain.

• #235 Covid-19 – St. Mary’s County Health Department

  https://smchd.org/health-topics/infectious-disease/covid-19/

  COVID-19 vaccines are the best way to prevent serious illness due to COVID-19. The vaccine teaches our immune system how to recognize and fight the virus that causes COVID-19. […] Staying up-to-date with COVID-19 vaccination is effective in decreasing the risk of both COVID infection and serious illness. […] The updated 2024-2025 COVID-19 vaccines are now available in Maryland. Vaccine protection decreases over time, so it is important to stay up to date with your COVID-19 vaccine. […] The updated 2024-2025 COVID-19 vaccines are available for Marylanders aged 6 months and older and have been formulated to better protect against current variants. […] If you test positive for COVID-19 and are more likely to get significant illness from infection, treatments are available that can reduce your chances of being hospitalized, dying from the illness, and developing post-COVID conditions.

• #236 COVID-19 vaccines: Get the facts

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/coronavirus-vaccine/art-20484859

  Yes. Catching the virus that causes COVID-19 or getting a COVID-19 vaccination gives you protection, also called immunity, from the virus. […] Also, the virus that causes COVID-19 can change, also called mutate. Vaccination with the most up-to-date variant that is spreading or expected to spread helps keep you from getting sick again. […] The COVID-19 vaccines available in the United States are: Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine 2024-2025 formula, available for people age 6 months and older. Moderna COVID-19 vaccine 2024-2025 formula, available for people age 6 months and older. Novavax COVID-19 vaccine 2024-2025 formula, available for people age 12 years and older. […] In June 2024, the FDA recommended COVID-19 vaccine updates to target a strain of the COVID-19 virus called JN.1. […] The Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines for 2024-2025 focus on building protection against the KP.2 virus strain.

• #237 Covid-19 – St. Mary’s County Health Department

  https://smchd.org/health-topics/infectious-disease/covid-19/

  COVID-19 vaccines are the best way to prevent serious illness due to COVID-19. The vaccine teaches our immune system how to recognize and fight the virus that causes COVID-19. […] Staying up-to-date with COVID-19 vaccination is effective in decreasing the risk of both COVID infection and serious illness. […] The updated 2024-2025 COVID-19 vaccines are now available in Maryland. Vaccine protection decreases over time, so it is important to stay up to date with your COVID-19 vaccine. […] The updated 2024-2025 COVID-19 vaccines are available for Marylanders aged 6 months and older and have been formulated to better protect against current variants. […] If you test positive for COVID-19 and are more likely to get significant illness from infection, treatments are available that can reduce your chances of being hospitalized, dying from the illness, and developing post-COVID conditions.

• #238 New Comprehensive Review Examines Potential Harms of COVID-19 Vaccination and Intramuscular Vaccination | National Academies

  https://www.nationalacademies.org/news/2024/04/new-comprehensive-review-examines-potential-harms-of-covid-19-vaccination-and-intramuscular-vaccination

  The report says that for all conclusions that do not establish a causal link, future studies that estimate effects more precisely or that better minimize bias and confounding variables could lead to a different finding. […] “Despite a large body of evidence from extraordinary efforts by investigators around the world, our committee found that in many cases, if not most, evidence was insufficient to accept or reject causality for a particular potential harm from a specific COVID-19 vaccine,” said committee vice chair Anne Bass, professor of clinical medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, and a rheumatologist at the Hospital for Special Surgery and New York Presbyterian Hospital. “In other cases, we did find sufficient evidence to favor rejection, favor acceptance, or establish causality. It is important to note, however, that identifying a harm does not mean that it occurs frequently. Harms associated with vaccines are rare.” […] The report says all conclusions must be assessed in the context of the established harms of COVID-19 infection and the well-documented benefits of COVID-19 vaccines in preventing infection.

• #239 COVID 19 vaccine and heart patients Myocarditis and pericarditis | VCU Health

  https://www.vcuhealth.org/pauley-heart-center/the-beat/latest-updates/covid-19-vaccine-and-heart-patients-myocarditis-and-pericarditis/

  The risk of myocarditis or pericarditis associated with SARS-CoV2 mRNA vaccines is extremely low and significantly lower than the risk associated with COVID-19. […] The CDC continues to recommend that everyone aged 12 years and older get vaccinated for COVID-19. The known risks of COVID-19 illness and its related, possibly severe complications, such as long-term health problems, hospitalization, and even death, far outweigh the potential risks of having a rare adverse reaction to vaccination, including the possible risk of myocarditis or pericarditis. […] The likelihood of developing myocarditis or pericarditis following SARS-CoV2 mRNA vaccination is extremely low. While there is a small risk of myocarditis or pericarditis with the mRNA COVID-19 vaccine, the risk is much lower than either the risk of myocarditis from natural COVID-19 infection or the risk of other COVID-19 associated complications such as severe disease and death. […] The great majority of cases of myocarditis and pericarditis after SARS-CoV2 mRNA vaccination are mild and self-limiting, with symptoms resolving within a few days and without consequences.

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