Materiały źródłowe

• #1 COVID-19 therapy and vaccination: a clinical narrative review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9914077/

  The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is the most globally impacting health issue our world has faced over the last century. […] Since the beginning of the pandemic, the scientific medical community has worked on therapeutic procedures that interfere with the exaggerated immune response. […] Immunomodulatory therapies are still crucial in moderate to severe COVID-19. Immunomodulator therapies include various medications from steroids to hydroxychloroquine, tocilizumab and Anakinra. […] Convalescent plasma, immunoglobulins, eculizumab, neutralizing IgG1 monoclonal antibodies and remdesivir have positively impacted inpatient mortality and hospital length of stay. […] Eventually, wide population vaccination was proven to be the best tool to overcome the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and help humanity return to regular life.

• #1 Different types of COVID-19 vaccines: How they work

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/different-types-of-covid-19-vaccines/art-20506465

  COVID-19 vaccines lower your risk of getting sick, seriously ill or dying from the disease. […] Each COVID-19 vaccine causes the immune system to create proteins called antibodies. These proteins fight infection with the COVID-19 virus. […] An mRNA vaccine gives cells instructions for how to make the S protein found on the surface of the COVID-19 virus. […] This causes the body to create antibodies. Then if you catch the COVID-19 virus, these antibodies are used to help clear out the virus. […] Once the immune system recognizes the S proteins, it creates antibodies and defensive white blood cells. If infection with the COVID-19 virus happens later, the antibodies help clear out the virus. […] The Novavax COVID-19 vaccine is a protein subunit vaccine. […] Getting vaccinations as they are updated and on schedule gives you the best protection against COVID-19.

• #1 Comparing the COVID-19 Vaccines: How Are They Different? > News > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/covid-19-vaccine-comparison

  Note: The Johnson Johnson (Janssen) COVID-19 vaccine expired as of May 6, 2023, and is no longer available in the U.S. Those who did get the JJ shot are considered up-to-date when they get one updated (20232024 formula) COVID vaccine. […] The good news is that vaccines, which have been updated each year since 2022, are still expected to be effective at preventing severe disease, hospitalization, and death from COVID. […] In the U.S., infants, children, and adults ages 6 months and older are eligible to be vaccinated, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). […] The Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine (brand name: Comirnaty) was granted full Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in August 2021 for people ages 16 and older. […] This is a messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine, which uses a relatively new technology.

• #1 COVID-19 vaccines: Get the facts

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/coronavirus-vaccine/art-20484859

  Yes. Catching the virus that causes COVID-19 or getting a COVID-19 vaccination gives you protection, also called immunity, from the virus. But over time, that protection seems to fade. The COVID-19 vaccine can boost your body’s protection. […] Researchers continue to study what happens when someone has COVID-19 a second time. Later infections are generally milder than the first infection. But severe illness can still happen. Serious illness is more likely among people older than age 65, people with more than four medical conditions and people with weakened immune systems. […] The COVID-19 vaccines available in the United States are: Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine 2024-2025 formula, available for people age 6 months and older. Moderna COVID-19 vaccine 2024-2025 formula, available for people age 6 months and older. Novavax COVID-19 vaccine 2024-2025 formula, available for people age 12 years and older.

• #1 COVID-19 vaccines: Get the facts

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/coronavirus-vaccine/art-20484859

  In July 2022, this vaccine was found to be safe and effective and became available under an emergency use authorization for people age 18 and older. […] COVID-19 vaccines help the body get ready to clear out infection with the virus that causes COVID-19. […] Both the Pfizer-BioNTech and the Moderna COVID-19 vaccines use genetically engineered messenger RNA (mRNA). […] The Novavax COVID-19 adjuvanted vaccine is a protein subunit vaccine. […] With a protein subunit vaccine, the body reacts to the proteins and creates antibodies and defensive white blood cells. […] No. The COVID-19 vaccines available in the U.S. don’t use the live virus that causes COVID-19. Because of this, the COVID-19 vaccines can’t cause you to become sick with COVID-19. […] Some people have no side effects from the COVID-19 vaccine. For those who get them, most side effects go away in a few days.

• #1 How does the COVID-19 vaccine work | Ohio State Medical Center

  https://wexnermedical.osu.edu/infectious-diseases/covid-19/schedule-your-vaccine/how-the-covid-19-vaccine-works

  The COVID-19 vaccine is safe and effective. We know this because our experts have dedicated their lives to studying how infectious diseases and vaccines work. While the COVID-19 vaccines are relatively new, the mRNA technology they use has been studied and refined for decades. […] The vaccine contains messenger RNA made with the genetic code of spike proteins. When you’re injected with the vaccine, this messenger RNA enters your cells and produces a protein to stimulate an immune response, similar to COVID-19. […] Now if you encounter the real virus, your body will recognize COVID-19 and is trained to fight it.

• #1 Comparing the COVID-19 Vaccines: How Are They Different? > News > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/covid-19-vaccine-comparison

  The Novavax vaccine (brand names: Nuvaxovid and Covovax) was the fourth COVID vaccine to be administered in the U.S. […] The Novavax vaccine is the only non-mRNA updated COVID vaccine that has been available in the U.S. […] This vaccine is a protein adjuvant that had a 90% efficacy in its clinical trial, performing almost as well as the mRNA vaccines in their early trials. […] The FDA authorized an updated COVID vaccine from Novavax at the end of August 2024 for everyone ages 12 and older. […] The Novavax vaccine takes a different approach. It contains the spike protein of the coronavirus itself but formulated as a nanoparticle, which cannot cause disease. […] Understanding how effective the latest updated vaccines are in the real world beyond the clinical trials can be difficult, since companies manufacture updated vaccines based on preclinical information and educated predictions of which variants will be circulating when the shots become available.

• #1 COVID-19 Vaccine Safety and Side Effects: Important Information for People with Cancer | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/coronavirus/vaccine-safety-side-effects-for-people-cancer

  The COVID-19 vaccines are safe for people with cancer. If you have questions, contact your MSK doctor. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that people with weakened immune conditions, such as cancer, get vaccinated against COVID-19. […] Yes. We strongly recommend that our patients with cancer get the COVID-19 vaccine. […] The COVID-19 vaccines are safe for patients with severely weakened immune systems, for example, as the result of a stem cell transplant. […] If you are immunocompromised, the CDC recommends that you receive an additional dose of the COVID-19 vaccine. […] All three COVID-19 vaccines provide strong protection against severe disease, hospitalization, and death from COVID-19. […] Yes. The vaccines are safe, effective, and offers critical protection to keep cancer survivors in good health. […] There is no evidence that the vaccine will affect your treatment, but you should discuss any concerns with your doctor.

• #1 Which COVID-19 Vaccine Is Best: For Adults, Children & More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/vaccinations/which-covid-vaccine-is-best

  The U.S. currently uses three COVID-19 vaccines: Pfizer, Moderna, and Novavax. All are safe and effective against the coronavirus, especially in preventing hospitalization and death. […] Today, the CDC recommends any of these three COVID-19 vaccines if you follow the recommended dosing and schedule. […] Clinical trials for the two mRNA vaccines found that both Pfizer and Moderna were safe and had similar effectiveness: 95% for Pfizer and 94.1% for Moderna. […] A 2023 study compared the effectiveness of mRNA and protein subunit vaccines. Researchers found that all the newer vaccines are at least 90% effective regardless of how they work. […] However, a 2023 study suggests that Novavax may cause fewer side effects than mRNA vaccines. […] The CDC recommends that everyone 5 years old and older be vaccinated against COVID-19. Currently, the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines are recommended for children over 6 months old, whereas Novavax is intended for only those over 12 years old.

• #1 COVID-19 therapy and vaccination: a clinical narrative review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9914077/

  The current evidence suggests that vaccines are effective against SARS-CoV-2 variants. […] High-risk groups, including those with obesity, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, chronic liver disease, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases, for whom vaccination protection may be attenuated, now carry a tremendous burden of risk amongst the population. […] Continued genomic surveillance is needed for early detection of any variants that may escape neutralizing antibodies so that vaccines can be updated accordingly.

• #1 COVID-19 vaccines: Get the facts

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/coronavirus-vaccine/art-20484859

  These vaccines have U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) emergency use authorization or approval. […] In June 2024, the FDA recommended COVID-19 vaccine updates to target a strain of the COVID-19 virus called JN.1. […] The Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines for 2024-2025 focus on building protection against the KP.2 virus strain. The Novavax COVID-19 vaccine, adjuvanted 2024-2025 formula will focus on the JN.1 strain. […] In December 2020, the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine two-dose series was found to be both safe and effective in preventing COVID-19 infection in people age 18 and older. […] The Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine is approved under the name Comirnaty for people age 12 and older. […] The FDA approved the vaccine under the name Spikevax for people age 12 and older.

• #1 COVID-19 Vaccines in People with Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/managing-cancer/coronavirus-covid-19-and-cancer/covid-19-vaccines-in-people-with-cancer.html

  People with cancer (or with a history of cancer) can get the COVID-19 vaccine safely. However, the vaccine might be less effective in some people with cancer. […] It’s best to talk with your doctor before getting any type of vaccine. […] The CDC and other expert groups generally recommend that all people, including people with cancer and cancer survivors, stay up to date with the most recent COVID-19 vaccines. […] Even if you’ve already had COVID-19, it’s still important to be vaccinated. […] While the COVID-19 vaccines are safe for people with cancer, they might not be as protective as they are in people without cancer, especially for those with weakened immune systems. […] Because of this, there are different vaccine recommendations for people with weakened immune systems. […] Since the situation for every person is different, it’s best to discuss the benefits, possible risks, and timing of the COVID-19 vaccines with your cancer doctor.

• #1 COVID-19 vaccine effective in people receiving cancer treatment, study finds

  https://www.kumc.edu/about/news/news-archive/cancer_covid_vaccine_study.html

  About 95% of participants achieved a measurable immune response after vaccination, according to study led by a KU School of Medicine professor and published in JAMA Oncology. […] People undergoing active cancer treatment, including stem cell transplant, should receive the COVID-19 vaccine, according to a study published in JAMA Oncology and led by a medical oncology professor at the University of Kansas Medical Center. […] These findings provide guidance to a group largely excluded from clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines. […] Overall, 95% of patients achieved a measurable immune response. […] Most importantly, antibodies increased 20-fold after a third (booster) dose, suggesting a brisk memory B cell response. […] Instead, participants produced a generous reservoir of memory B cells, which will provide lasting protection against the COVID-19 virus. […] Vaccines, like the COVID-19 vaccine, teach our immune system to identify and attack specific viruses. […] These findings tell us that, yes, they absolutely should. If you have a cancer, you can be assured that you’re getting protection from the vaccines.

• #1 General Principles of COVID-19 Vaccines for Immunocompromised Patients – Hematology.org

  https://www.hematology.org/covid-19/covid-19-and-vaccines

  Due to evidence that immunocompromised patients may not mount a sufficient immune response to a two-dose primary series of either mRNA vaccines or a single-dose adenovirus vector-based vaccine, additional doses have been recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as of February 2022. […] A third (additional dose) and fourth (booster) dose of either of the mRNA vaccines have been approved by both the FDA and CDC for immunocompromised patients. […] The third dose should be administered regardless of serological results or antibody levels if the patient meets eligibility criteria. […] Although the safety of additional doses in patients with breakthrough infection is not known, a third additional dose or a booster dose (fourth dose) should be considered as per the CDC recommendations after patients recover from their infection.

• #1 Comparing the COVID-19 Vaccines: How Are They Different? > News > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/covid-19-vaccine-comparison

  Pfizer’s vaccine has been updated over time to target new virus variants. […] The 2024-2025 updated vaccines were approved based on preclinical studies of their efficacy against circulating strains. […] The goal of the vaccines now is to prevent severe disease, hospitalization, and death. […] Research has suggested that people who are infected after vaccination also are less likely to report Long COVID (defined as signs, symptoms, and conditions that continue or develop after acute COVID infection), compared to those who were not vaccinated. […] Moderna uses the same mRNA technology as Pfizer-BioNTech and had a similarly high efficacy at preventing symptomatic disease when the companies applied for authorization. […] The FDA placed a warning label on the Moderna vaccine regarding a likely association with reported cases of heart inflammation in young adults.

• #1 COVID-19 vaccines: Get the facts

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/coronavirus-vaccine/art-20484859

  The CDC recommends getting a COVID-19 vaccine if: You are planning to or trying to get pregnant. You are pregnant now. You are breastfeeding. […] A COVID-19 vaccine might prevent your child from getting the virus that causes COVID-19. It also may prevent your child from becoming seriously ill or having to stay in the hospital due to the COVID-19 virus. […] COVID-19 vaccination will protect most people from getting sick with COVID-19. But some people who are up to date with their vaccines may still get COVID-19. […] Even when people who are vaccinated get symptoms, they tend to be less severe than those felt by unvaccinated people.

• #1

  https://uh.edu/news-events/stories/2024/august/08062024-varadarajan-nanosting-rx-and-vaccine

  A team of researchers, led by the University of Houston, has discovered two new ways of preventing and treating respiratory viruses. […] the development of NanoSTING-SN, a pan-coronavirus nasal vaccine, that can protect against infection and disease by all members of the coronavirus family. […] UH researchers have developed NanoSTING-SN, a nasal vaccine that prevents transmission to the unvaccinated and fights multiple COVID variants. […] NanoSTING-SN can provide improved protection against transmission for COVID variants and related sarbecoviruses. […] Using multiple models, the team demonstrated that a single treatment with NanoSTING not only protects against pathogenic strains of SARS-CoV-2 but also prevents transmission of highly transmissible variants like the Omicron variants.

• #1 COVID-19 vaccine – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/vaccinations/covid-19-vaccine/

  Some people need an extra dose of the COVID-19 vaccine if they have a health condition or treatment that severely weakens their immune system. For example, if they have had a stem cell transplant or CAR-T therapy. […] Your GP or specialist will assess your risk and tell you if you need an extra dose of the vaccine. […] The COVID-19 vaccine is given as an injection. […] Most people only need 1 dose of the COVID-19 vaccine this spring. […] If you have, or think you have, COVID-19 wait until you’re feeling better before having the vaccine. […] The vaccine cannot give you COVID-19 infection. […] COVID-19 vaccines in use in the UK have all met strict standards of safety, quality and effectiveness. The safety of the vaccines has been extensively reviewed in both adults and children by the independent Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).

• #1 COVID-19 vaccines: Get the facts

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/coronavirus-vaccine/art-20484859

  A COVID-19 vaccine can cause mild side effects after the first or second dose. Pain and swelling where people got the shot is a common side effect. […] In rare cases, getting a COVID-19 vaccine can cause an allergic reaction. […] The vaccines that help protect against COVID-19 are safe and effective. […] In some people, COVID-19 vaccines can lead to heart complications called myocarditis and pericarditis. […] The risk of myocarditis or pericarditis after a COVID-19 vaccine is rare. […] Yes, COVID-19 vaccines are safe for people who have existing health conditions, including conditions that have a higher risk of getting serious illness with COVID-19. […] The COVID-19 vaccine can lower the risk of death or serious illness caused by COVID-19. […] Talk to your healthcare professional about timing additional shots and getting vaccinated after immunosuppressive treatment.

• #1 COVID-19 immunisation and immunomodulators/ biologic agents

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/covid-19-immunisation-and-immunomodulatorsbiologic-agents

  COVID-19 immunisation with a non-live vaccine is strongly encouraged for immunocompromised patients, except for those with a history of anaphylaxis or severe allergy to the vaccine or its ingredients. […] Emerging data on persistence of the humoral response after standard COVID-19 vaccination supports a third dose in patients with disorders that reduce their antibody response (eg, solid organ transplant, systemic lupus erythematosus) or who are on immunomodulatory drugs (eg, high dose prednisone, B-cell depleting drugs such as rituximab). […] Until such data becomes available, vaccinated immunocompromised patients are advised to continue social distancing and hygiene measures to minimise their risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. […] Anaphylaxis or severe hypersensitivity reaction to COVID-19 vaccinations have been reported in 2.511.1 cases per million doses, largely in individuals with a history of allergy; the second vaccine dose is currently contraindicated if documented anaphylaxis follows the first dose, although this advice may change.

• #1 COVID-19 Vaccines FAQ

  https://www.nfid.org/infectious-diseases/covid-19/covid-vaccine-faq/

  COVID-19 vaccination is recommended for women who are pregnant, breastfeeding, trying to get pregnant, or might become pregnant to prevent them from getting severely ill with COVID-19. Vaccination during pregnancy also protects infants from severe COVID-19 before they are old enough to be vaccinated. […] Multiple studies show that older adults and those with certain medical conditions including cancer, chronic kidney disease, chronic lung disease, dementia, diabetes (type 1 or type 2), Down syndrome, heart disease, HIV, liver disease, and sickle cell disease are at higher risk of severe illness or death from COVID-19 and should be vaccinated. COVID-19 vaccines remain the best way to prevent hospitalization, long-term health outcomes, and death. […] The known and potential benefits of COVID-19 vaccination outweigh the risks. The risk of myocarditis is up to 6 times higher after COVID-19 infection than after mRNA vaccination. […] Side effects may include a sore arm, pain, swelling or redness at the injection site, fever, fatigue, or other symptoms. These symptoms are normal, should be expected, and are a sign that the body is building immunity. […] COVID-19 vaccines are safe for most people, with few exceptions.

• #1 COVID-19 Vaccines Safe with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2022/covid-vaccines-immune-checkpoint-inhibitors-safe

  A study of more than 400 people treated for cancer provides additional reassurance to doctors and patients about the safety of COVID-19 vaccines. […] People with cancer who are treated with certain immunotherapy drugs can receive mRNA COVID-19 vaccines without an increased risk of immune-related side effects, new research suggests. […] An analysis of the patients medical records revealed no evidence that mRNA COVID-19 vaccination had increased the type, frequency, or severity of immune-related side effects, such as inflammation in the lungs or colon, researchers found. […] It is safe for people to receive immune checkpoint inhibitors and COVID-19 vaccines, said Adam Widman, M.D., who was part of the research team. […] The findings add to what is known about the safety of giving COVID-19 vaccines to people taking immune checkpoint inhibitors, which are an important treatment option for a growing number of patients with cancer, Dr. Gulley added.

• #1 COVID-19 Vaccines in People with Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/managing-cancer/coronavirus-covid-19-and-cancer/covid-19-vaccines-in-people-with-cancer.html

  There is no information that suggests that COVID-19 vaccines cause cancer. There is also no information that suggests these vaccines can make cancer grow or recur (come back). […] The COVID-19 vaccines are still being studied, as there are things we don’t yet know about them. […] For people with weakened immune systems (which includes many people with cancer), most expert groups still recommend wearing a mask, social distancing, washing your hands, avoiding crowds, and other preventive measures, even if you’ve been vaccinated. […] It’s important to talk to your doctor about your immune status and if it could affect the best time for you to get the vaccine (and booster shots), as well as what else you can do to help lower your risk of COVID-19 infection.

• #1 COVID-19 Vaccine | COVID-19 Booster | MinuteClinic®

  https://www.cvs.com/minuteclinic/services/covid-19-vaccine

  The new COVID-19 vaccines are safe and effective. The benefit of getting an updated COVID-19 vaccine is to help your immune system build up protection against getting sick with COVID-19. […] The COVID-19 vaccines were created to help your body’s immune response to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. They help create the antibodies you need to protect yourself from COVID-19. These vaccines will not give you COVID-19. They can help protect you and prevent the virus from making you seriously ill. […] After you present any necessary vaccination records, your MinuteClinic provider can administer a dose of the COVID-19 vaccine. They can also discuss any concerns you may have about COVID-19, the vaccine and its potential side effects. […] MinuteClinic offers these COVID-19 vaccines: Pfizer COVID-19 Vaccine (ages 18 months to 4 years), Pfizer COVID-19 Vaccine (ages 5 to 11 years), Pfizer COVID-19 Vaccine (ages 12 and older), Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine (ages 18 months to 11 years), Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine (ages 12 and older).

• #1 COVID-19 Vaccines FAQ

  https://www.nfid.org/infectious-diseases/covid-19/covid-vaccine-faq/

  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that everyone age 6 months and older get an updated 2024-2025 COVID-19 vaccine to protect against the potentially serious outcomes of COVID-19, including severe disease, hospitalization, and death. […] For adults age 65 years and older and those who are moderately or severely immunocompromised, CDC recommends a second dose of 2024-2025 COVID-19 vaccine, to be given 6 months after the first dose. […] Yes, you should still get vaccinated even if you already had COVID-19. Vaccination helps the body produce more antibodies than natural infection alone. […] Yes, data show that all the COVID-19 vaccines currently available in the US are effective in reducing the risk of severe disease, hospitalization, and death, even with new variants.

• #1 COVID-19 Vaccine Insurance Coverage

  https://www.medicare.gov/coverage/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19-vaccine

  If youre 65 or older and/or immunocompromised (like people who have had an organ transplant and are at risk for infections and other diseases), you can get a 3-dose series of updated (20242025 formula) Moderna or Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, or 2-dose series of updated (20242025) Novavax COVID-19 vaccine. […] If you have Part B, leave this field blank or write N/A. […] Monoclonal antibody treatments for COVID-19. […] If you have Medicare and have a disability or face other challenges in getting to a location away from home for a vaccination, Medicare will pay a doctor or other care provider to give you the COVID-19 vaccine in your home. […] When you get a COVID-19 vaccine, your provider cant charge you for an office visit or other fee if the vaccine is the only medical service you get.

• #1 Types of COVID-19 Treatment | COVID-19 | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/covid/treatment/index.html

  A COVID-19 vaccine is the first step to prevent severe health outcomes. Antiviral treatments are not a replacement for COVID-19 vaccinations. […] COVID-19 vaccines available in the United States effectively protect people from getting seriously ill, being hospitalized, and even dying. […] People with weakened immune systems, who are at higher risk for severe COVID-19 and might have decreased response to vaccination, may require additional doses of COVID-19 vaccine. […] FDA has authorized a preventive monoclonal antibody for people who are moderately or severely immunocompromised, ages 12 years and older, and weigh at least 88 pounds. […] In addition to vaccination, Pemivibart (Pemgarda) may provide another layer of protection against COVID-19 and can be given at least 2 weeks after receiving a COVID-19 vaccine. […] The benefits of COVID-19 treatment outweigh the risk of rebound if you are at high risk for severe COVID-19.

• #1 COVID-19 Vaccinations | Treatment/Procedure | UAMS Health

  https://uamshealth.com/treatment/covid-19-vaccinations/

  COVID-19 vaccines help protect Arkansans from the COVID-19 virus and reduce the spread of the virus in the state. […] We encourage you to take advantage of the opportunity to protect yourself, your family, your co-workers, and your community as soon as possible by being vaccinated. This is an important step in ending the COVID-19 pandemic. […] UAMS Health offers the initial series of the Moderna, Pfizer and Johnson Johnson COVID-19 vaccines to all adults. For children ages 5 and older, only the initial series of the Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine is offered. […] If you are immunocompromised, you should get additional primary doses of the COVID-19 vaccine. Primary doses are not considered booster doses because they are the same strength as the first and second doses of the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines.

• #1 COVID-19 Vaccine | COVID-19 Booster | MinuteClinic®

  https://www.cvs.com/minuteclinic/services/covid-19-vaccine

  The COVID-19 vaccine encourages your body’s immune system to protect you against the virus. It also prevents the virus from making you seriously ill or requiring hospitalization. The Moderna and Pfizer COVID-19 vaccines provide protection two weeks after the dose. […] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), you may have some side effects after getting a COVID-19 vaccine. These side effects are normal signs that your body is building its protection. Common side effects may include: Pain and swelling on the arm where you got the shot, Fever, Chills, Headache or tiredness throughout the rest of your body. If side effects last longer than normal or if you are concerned, you can return to MinuteClinic for further evaluation as needed.

• #1 COVID-19 Vaccines: Scheduling, How Vaccines Work, and More | Patients & Visitors | UC Davis Health

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/patients-visitors/conditions-treatments/covid-19/vaccines

  At UC Davis Health, we’re offering the latest COVID-19 vaccines, based on recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). […] COVID-19 vaccine requirements have changed over the last few years. […] Updated COVID-19 vaccines are available to anyone ages 6 months and older. […] If you’ve had a recent COVID-19 infection, the CDC recommends that you consider delaying your COVID-19 vaccine dose by 3 months after symptoms first appear or a positive test. […] Yes. UC Davis Health patients can schedule their next COVID-19 vaccine with us even if the last dose was administered somewhere else in the U.S. or in another country. […] Yes. COVID-19 vaccines are free to all Americans. […] There are three main COVID-19 vaccines: Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna and Novavax. […] The Pfizer and Moderna vaccines include a fragment of the mRNA that encodes for a certain portion of the coronavirus’ spike protein.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/coronavirus-disease-(covid-19)-vaccines

  Vaccination is recommended for those who have never received any COVID-19 vaccine and are at high risk of severe illness such as older persons, adults with chronic diseases, individuals with immunocompromising conditions and health workers with direct patient contact. […] Hybrid immunity the immunity one receives from both vaccination and prior COVID-19 infection enhances protection against the severe outcomes of future COVID-19 infections and offers longer protection than infection alone. […] It is safe for you to receive a COVID-19 vaccine different from the one used for the previous dose(s). […] Yes. While COVID-19 vaccines are highly effective against serious disease and death, no vaccine is 100% effective. […] Vaccinated people can get infected and may fall ill with COVID-19. This is known as a breakthrough infection or breakthrough case.

• #1 COVID-19 Vaccination and Immunosuppressive Therapy in Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10747214/

  The COVID-19 vaccination program has probably been the most complex and extensive project in history until now, which has been a challenge for all the people involved in the planning and management of this program. Patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) on immunosuppressive therapy have required special attention, not only because of the particular haste in carrying out the process but also because of the uncertainty regarding their response to the vaccines. […] We now have strong scientific evidence that supports the hypothesis that immunosuppressive therapy inhibits the humoral response to vaccines against other infectious agents, such as influenza, pneumococcus and hepatitis B. This has led to the hypothesis that the same could happen with the COVID-19 vaccine. Several studies have therefore already been carried out in this area, suggesting that temporarily discontinuing the administration of methotrexate for 2 weeks post-vaccination could improve the vaccine response, and other studies with various immunosuppressive drugs are in the same line. However, the fact of withholding or interrupting immunosuppressive therapy when dealing with COVID-19 vaccination remains unclear. On this basis, our article tries to compile the information available on the effect of immunosuppressant agents on COVID-19 vaccine responses in patients with IMIDs and proposes an algorithm for the management of these patients.

• #1 Prior treatment with cancer drug likely renders COVID-19 vaccine ineffective, study finds | News Center

  https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2022/02/rituximab-treatment-covid-19-mrna-vaccines.html

  Rituximab, a drug widely used in patients with lymphoma, blunts or eliminates the antibody response to COVID-19 vaccines if it is administered before them, Stanford researchers say. […] People who have been treated with rituximab, a widely used cancer drug, or similar drugs respond poorly or not at all to subsequent COVID-19 mRNA vaccines, according to a study by researchers at Stanford Medicine. […] The findings strongly suggest that people who are newly diagnosed with lymphoma should be offered the vaccine prior to beginning rituximab or similar drugs. […] „We found that antibody responses to the COVID-19 vaccine were blunted in people who received rituximab up to a year before vaccination. But if they were vaccinated prior to treatment, most responded and were able to hold on to that response during their rituximab treatment.”

• #1 COVID-19 Vaccine and Your Medications – The Center for Rheumatic Disease & Osteoporosis

  https://www.centerforrheumaticdiseases.com/covid-19-vaccine/

  We recommend delaying some medications during Covid-19 vaccination (including when you receive a booster). […] Here is a list of medicines that we recommend that you stop briefly while receiving any vaccine, including the Covid-19 vaccine and the flu vaccine: […] Hold (do not take) methotrexate for 7 days after each vaccine dose. You can resume taking methotrexate on day 8 after each vaccine dose. You do not need to stop methotrexate before you receive either vaccine dose. […] Hold (do not take) any of these medications for 7 days after each vaccine dose. You can resume taking the medication on day 8 after each vaccine dose. You do not need to stop any of these medications before you receive either vaccine dose. […] These medications can affect the response to some vaccines. Please check with your doctor before you have a vaccination if you are taking one of these medications.

• #1 Prior treatment with cancer drug likely renders COVID-19 vaccine ineffective, study finds | News Center

  https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2022/02/rituximab-treatment-covid-19-mrna-vaccines.html

  The researchers found that, overall, 55% of the 126 patients developed antibodies that could block the virus’s spike protein from binding to its receptor in a laboratory dish. But none of the 31 patients who received rituximab six or fewer months before being vaccinated generated any blocking antibodies. […] The time elapsed since a patient’s last rituximab treatment – a span that varied between mere days and 18 years – was a significant predictor of vaccine response. […] The researchers predict they would also likely interfere with the COVID mRNA vaccines. […] Ten of these patients generated a blocking antibody response to the virus. In six of them, that response persisted at least four months after they started rituximab treatment. […] Our study suggests this practice of extended treatment should probably be abandoned in the COVID era.

• #1 COVID-19 Vaccine and Your Medications – The Center for Rheumatic Disease & Osteoporosis

  https://www.centerforrheumaticdiseases.com/covid-19-vaccine/

  It is optimal to schedule your first vaccine dose at least 7 days after your most recent Orencia dose. After you get your first vaccine dose, hold (do not take) Orencia for 7 days. You can resume taking Orencia on day 8 after your first vaccine dose. You can take Orencia normally without interruption before and after your second and third doses of vaccine. […] For patients coming to the office to receive IV infusions of Orencia or Rituxan, the timing of treatment and the timing of vaccination will be determined on an individual basis. Please contact your doctor to discuss your infusion schedule. […] For all other rheumatologic medications, you can continue taking your medication on a normal schedule without interruption during Covid vaccination. Do not stop or delay Plaquenil (hydroxychloroquine), Arava (leflunomide), sulfasalazine, prednisone, Otezla, Enbrel, Humira, Simponi, Cimzia, Remicade, Actemra, Kevzara, Cosentyx, Taltz, Stelara, Prolia, Reclast, Evenity, Forteo, or non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). […] Please call if you have any questions regarding medication instructions during Covid-19 vaccination. […] At this time, there is no known significant difference among the different vaccines in efficacy or safety.

• #1 COVID-19 Vaccination and Immunosuppressive Therapy in Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10747214/

  Overall, any vaccination needs to be individualized to each patient, weighing the benefits of transiently stopping DMARDs against the risks of potential flares of the disease. The evidence available in the literature is in favor of this strategy as it has been associated with enhanced humoral and cellular responses to the COVID-19 vaccine, with a scarce incidence of flares, which were mostly mild in intensity. However, more research is needed on the clinical relevance of these findings in terms of decreasing the incidence and severity of subsequent COVID infections, although preliminary data suggest a trend towards a beneficial effect.

• #1 Types of COVID-19 Treatment | COVID-19 | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/covid/treatment/index.html

  If you have COVID-19 and are more likely to get very sick, medications are available that can reduce your risk of hospitalization and death. […] Don’t delay: Treatments must be started within 5-7 days after you first develop symptoms to be effective. […] Treatment must be started within 5-7 days of when your symptoms first start. You do not need a positive test to start treatment so if you get sick and are at high risk for severe illness, talk to your healthcare provider as soon as possible. […] FDA has authorized or approved several antiviral medications used to treat mild to moderate COVID-19 in people who are more likely to get very sick. […] Antiviral medications target specific parts of the virus to stop it from multiplying in the body once someone is infected, helping to prevent severe illness and death.

• #1 What Is COVID-19? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/infectious-diseases/covid-19/

  There currently is no cure for COVID-19, but there are approved and investigational treatments. […] COVID-19 treatments for people at high risk of serious illness can help prevent an infection from developing into severe illness. All these antiviral therapies work best when taken as soon as possible after the onset of symptoms, says the CDC. […] The treatments are: Nirmatrelvir with ritonavir (Paxlovid) The FDA has approved this oral medication to treat mild or moderate COVID-19 in adults and children age 12 and up who are at high risk for progression to severe COVID-19. Treatment with Paxlovid must begin within five days of the onset of symptoms. […] Remdesivir (Veklury) Both adults and children are eligible for this intravenous medication, administered over three consecutive days at a healthcare center. Treatment must begin within seven days of the onset of symptoms.

• #1 What Is COVID-19? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/infectious-diseases/covid-19/

  Molnupiravir (Lagevrio) This oral medication is for adults, who must begin taking it within five days of the onset of symptoms. […] People who are immunocompromised may benefit from an experimental treatment called convalescent plasma, says the CDC. […] Certain individuals who are hospitalized with severe COVID-19 may receive drugs such as remdesivir (Veklury); the rheumatoid arthritis drugs baricitinib (Olumiant) and tocilizumab (Actemra); and the steroid dexamethasone, says Mayo Clinic. […] There are currently three main brands of COVID-19 vaccines available in the United States, for use as primary vaccines and as boosters. […] Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines As the CDC explains, these vaccines build immunity against COVID-19 using a genetic molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA).

• #1 Know Your Treatment Options for COVID-19 | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/know-your-treatment-options-covid-19

  Today you have several treatment options to prevent hospitalization and other serious complications of COVID-19. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved drug treatments for COVID-19 and has authorized others for emergency use. […] In addition, more therapies are being tested in clinical trials to evaluate whether they are safe and effective in treating COVID-19. […] Of course no treatment is a substitute for vaccination against COVID-19. […] Medications to treat COVID-19 must be prescribed by a health care professional and started as soon as possible after diagnosis to be effective. […] COVID-19 medications are available through your health care professional, pharmacies, hospitals and health clinics. […] If you are infected but being treated outside of the hospital, the FDA has approved Paxlovid (nirmatrelvir tablets and ritonavir tablets, co-packaged for oral use) to treat COVID-19 in certain adults.

• #1 Know Your Treatment Options for COVID-19 | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/know-your-treatment-options-covid-19

  For certain adult and pediatric patients with COVID-19, the FDA has approved Veklury (remdesivir). This intravenous (IV) therapy is approved for use to treat COVID-19 in both for patients who dont require hospitalization and those hospitalized. […] For certain hospitalized adults with COVID-19, the FDA has also approved Olumiant (baricitinib) and Actemra (tocilizumab). […] Therapies currently available under EUA for COVID-19 include drugs or treatments effective against viruses (antivirals) and medicines that change your immune system so it works more effectively (commonly referred to as immune modulators). […] The development of COVID-19 therapeutics that are effective against current and future variants remains a critical priority. We will continue to strive to facilitate access to safe, effective and high-quality treatments for COVID-19.

• #1 Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Complications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2500114-treatment

  Similar to baricitinib, tocilizumab (Actemra), an interleukin 6 inhibitor, was approved by the FDA for hospitalized adults. An EUA remains in place for children aged 2 years and older. […] EUAs also have been issued for vaccines and convalescent plasma in the United States. A full list of EUAs and access to the Fact Sheets for Healthcare Providers are available from the FDA. […] Use of corticosteroids improves survival in hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19 disease requiring supplemental oxygen, with the greatest benefit shown in those requiring mechanical ventilation. […] Numerous collaborative efforts to discover and evaluate effectiveness of antivirals, immunotherapies, monoclonal antibodies, and vaccines have rapidly emerged. […] The WHO developed a blueprint of potential therapeutic candidates in January 2020. The WHO’s SOLIDARITY trial, which began in January 2020, assessed various treatments for COVID-19. Initial findings in July 2020 showed that hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, and lopinavir/ritonavir had little impact on reducing mortality compared to standard care.

• #1 Multiple Sclerosis and COVID-19 | National MS SocietyNational Multiple Sclerosis Society LogoNational Multiple Sclerosis Society LogoOpen searchExpand SectionExpand SectionExpand SectionExpand SectionExpand SectionExpand SectionExpand SectionExpand Sectio

  https://www.nationalmssociety.org/managing-ms/living-with-ms/diet-exercise-and-healthy-behaviors/vaccination/covid

  Individuals with moderate to severe immune compromise should receive COVID-19 vaccination. […] Vaccines have proven to be the best defense available against the COVID-19 complications of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, including all its variants. […] Pemgarda is not a substitute for vaccination in individuals for whom vaccination is recommended. […] People taking high dose steroids and biologic medications that are immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory, like B cell depleting therapies, are eligible to get Pemgarda. […] Even after you’ve been vaccinated, people in high-risk groups and those taking a DMT that might reduce the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines should consider taking extra precautions. […] If you are diagnosed with COVID, contact your MS healthcare provider to ask if you should receive treatment.

• #1 Types of COVID-19 Treatment | COVID-19 | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/covid/treatment/index.html

  Several treatment options are available for treating COVID-19. […] Some treatments might have side effects or interact with other medications you are taking. […] If you are hospitalized, your healthcare provider might use other types of medications, depending on how sick you are. […] If you have a weakened immune system, have received antiviral treatment, and continue to experience COVID-19 symptoms, your healthcare provider may recommend additional treatment, including convalescent plasma. […] COVID-19 oral antiviral treatments Paxlovid and Lagevrio are available for certain people at a lower cost. […] People have been seriously harmed (and have even died) after taking products not approved for use to treat or prevent COVID-19, even if they were approved or prescribed for other uses.

• #1 2024-2025 COVID-19 Vaccine for People with Cancer & Others with Weakened Immune Systems | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/coronavirus/for-people-with-cancer

  If you have cancer, you may have a weakened immune system (called immunocompromised). Protecting yourself from COVID-19, including getting vaccinated, is very important. […] Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSK) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend people with cancer stay up to date on their COVID-19 vaccinations. […] The 2024-2025 COVID-19 vaccine targets the variants that are now circulating and are expected to spread in the fall and winter seasons. […] MSK recommends that all our patients get vaccinated as soon as they are eligible. […] The CDC says that people who are moderately to severely immunocompromised are at increased risk of severe COVID-19 illness. […] If you received any COVID-19 shots before, during, or shortly after cancer treatment, you may need to be revaccinated if your doctor thinks your immune system has recovered enough to respond to the vaccines.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/coronavirus-disease-(covid-19)-vaccines

  Most side effects go away within a few days on their own. […] Vaccination during pregnancy is safe. It also benefits the baby, as it allows the antibodies created to be passed from mother to child. […] There is no evidence that suggests the COVID-19 vaccines interfere with fertility. […] If you are breastfeeding, you should get vaccinated against COVID-19 with the available vaccine according to your national recommendations.

• #1 Multiple Sclerosis and COVID-19 | National MS SocietyNational Multiple Sclerosis Society LogoNational Multiple Sclerosis Society LogoOpen searchExpand SectionExpand SectionExpand SectionExpand SectionExpand SectionExpand SectionExpand SectionExpand Sectio

  https://www.nationalmssociety.org/managing-ms/living-with-ms/diet-exercise-and-healthy-behaviors/vaccination/covid

  As of October 2023, everyone aged 6 months and older should receive the updated COVID-19 vaccine. People 65 years and older as well as people ages 6 months to 64 years who are moderately or severely immunocompromised should receive a second dose of the updated COVID-19 vaccine six months after their first dose. Additional (three or more) doses for people ages 6 months and older who are moderately or severely immunocompromised may be appropriate in those it is deemed necessary when participating in shared decision-making with their healthcare team. […] COVID-19 vaccines are safe for people with MS who take DMTs. Continue your disease modifying therapy (DMT) unless you are advised by your MS healthcare provider to stop or delay it. Stopping some DMTs abruptly can cause a severe increase in disability and new lesions. Based on data from previous studies of other vaccines and DMTs, getting the COVID-19 vaccine while on any DMT is safe.

• #1 COVID-19 vaccines: Get the facts

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/coronavirus-vaccine/art-20484859

  Looking to get the facts about COVID-19 vaccines? Here’s what you need to know about the different vaccines and the benefits of getting vaccinated. […] As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to cause illness, you might have questions about COVID-19 vaccines. Find out about the different types of COVID-19 vaccines, how they work, the possible side effects, and the benefits for you and your family. […] Staying up to date with a COVID-19 vaccine can: Help prevent serious illness and death due to COVID-19 for both children and adults. Help prevent you from needing to go to the hospital due to COVID-19. Be a less risky way to protect yourself compared to getting sick with the virus that causes COVID-19. Lower long-term risk for cardiovascular complications after COVID-19. […] Talk to your healthcare team about how you can stay up to date with COVID-19 vaccines.

• #2 Comparing the COVID-19 Vaccines: How Are They Different? > News > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/covid-19-vaccine-comparison

  Pfizer’s vaccine has been updated over time to target new virus variants. […] The 2024-2025 updated vaccines were approved based on preclinical studies of their efficacy against circulating strains. […] The goal of the vaccines now is to prevent severe disease, hospitalization, and death. […] Research has suggested that people who are infected after vaccination also are less likely to report Long COVID (defined as signs, symptoms, and conditions that continue or develop after acute COVID infection), compared to those who were not vaccinated. […] Moderna uses the same mRNA technology as Pfizer-BioNTech and had a similarly high efficacy at preventing symptomatic disease when the companies applied for authorization. […] The FDA placed a warning label on the Moderna vaccine regarding a likely association with reported cases of heart inflammation in young adults.

• #2 COVID-19 vaccines: Get the facts

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/coronavirus-vaccine/art-20484859

  These vaccines have U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) emergency use authorization or approval. […] In June 2024, the FDA recommended COVID-19 vaccine updates to target a strain of the COVID-19 virus called JN.1. […] The Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines for 2024-2025 focus on building protection against the KP.2 virus strain. The Novavax COVID-19 vaccine, adjuvanted 2024-2025 formula will focus on the JN.1 strain. […] In December 2020, the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine two-dose series was found to be both safe and effective in preventing COVID-19 infection in people age 18 and older. […] The Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine is approved under the name Comirnaty for people age 12 and older. […] The FDA approved the vaccine under the name Spikevax for people age 12 and older.

• #2 COVID-19 Vaccine | COVID-19 Booster | MinuteClinic®

  https://www.cvs.com/minuteclinic/services/covid-19-vaccine

  The new COVID-19 vaccines are safe and effective. The benefit of getting an updated COVID-19 vaccine is to help your immune system build up protection against getting sick with COVID-19. […] The COVID-19 vaccines were created to help your body’s immune response to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. They help create the antibodies you need to protect yourself from COVID-19. These vaccines will not give you COVID-19. They can help protect you and prevent the virus from making you seriously ill. […] After you present any necessary vaccination records, your MinuteClinic provider can administer a dose of the COVID-19 vaccine. They can also discuss any concerns you may have about COVID-19, the vaccine and its potential side effects. […] MinuteClinic offers these COVID-19 vaccines: Pfizer COVID-19 Vaccine (ages 18 months to 4 years), Pfizer COVID-19 Vaccine (ages 5 to 11 years), Pfizer COVID-19 Vaccine (ages 12 and older), Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine (ages 18 months to 11 years), Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine (ages 12 and older).

• #2 COVID-19 Vaccine | COVID-19 Booster | MinuteClinic®

  https://www.cvs.com/minuteclinic/services/covid-19-vaccine

  The COVID-19 vaccine encourages your body’s immune system to protect you against the virus. It also prevents the virus from making you seriously ill or requiring hospitalization. The Moderna and Pfizer COVID-19 vaccines provide protection two weeks after the dose. […] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), you may have some side effects after getting a COVID-19 vaccine. These side effects are normal signs that your body is building its protection. Common side effects may include: Pain and swelling on the arm where you got the shot, Fever, Chills, Headache or tiredness throughout the rest of your body. If side effects last longer than normal or if you are concerned, you can return to MinuteClinic for further evaluation as needed.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/coronavirus-disease-(covid-19)-vaccines

  Vaccination is recommended for those who have never received any COVID-19 vaccine and are at high risk of severe illness such as older persons, adults with chronic diseases, individuals with immunocompromising conditions and health workers with direct patient contact. […] Hybrid immunity the immunity one receives from both vaccination and prior COVID-19 infection enhances protection against the severe outcomes of future COVID-19 infections and offers longer protection than infection alone. […] It is safe for you to receive a COVID-19 vaccine different from the one used for the previous dose(s). […] Yes. While COVID-19 vaccines are highly effective against serious disease and death, no vaccine is 100% effective. […] Vaccinated people can get infected and may fall ill with COVID-19. This is known as a breakthrough infection or breakthrough case.

• #2

  https://uh.edu/news-events/stories/2024/august/08062024-varadarajan-nanosting-rx-and-vaccine

  The authors further show that NanoSTING can protect against both Tamiflu sensitive and resistant strains of influenza, underscoring its potential as a broad-spectrum therapeutic. […] The ability to protect against multiple coronaviruses and variants provides the exciting potential towards a universal coronavirus vaccine. […] The ability to prevent infections and transmission might finally end this cycle of onward transmission and viral evolution in immunocompromised people.

• #2 COVID-19 Vaccines | HHS.govLock

  https://www.hhs.gov/coronavirus/covid-19-vaccines/index.html

  COVID-19 vaccines are safe and effective. […] COVID-19 vaccines are available to everyone 6 months and older. Getting vaccinated is the best way to help protect people from COVID-19. […] The federal government has been working since the pandemic started to develop, manufacture, and distribute safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines. […] The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) reviews and evaluates COVID-19 vaccines for quality, safety, and effectiveness. The FDA then issues Emergency Use Authorizations (EUAs) for certain vaccines that meet rigorous, science-based standards. The FDA determines that these vaccines are safe and effective for public use. […] After the FDA authorizes the emergency use of a vaccine, an independent panel of medical and health experts called the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) provides recommendations and guidance to the Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) regarding the use of the vaccine.

• #2

  https://www.nj.gov/health/covid-19/frequently-asked-questions/

  COVID-19 vaccines are free for most people through most commercial/private insurance, Medicare, and most Medicaid programs like the Family Care Plan A. Other funding sources include the State-Funded COVID-19 Program, the Adult 317 Program, and the Vaccines for Children Program (VFC). […] The CDC recommends that everyone 6 months and older get at least one dose of the 2024-2025 COVID-19 vaccines to protect against serious illness from COVID-19. […] COVID-19 vaccination is recommended for people who are pregnant, breastfeeding, or trying to get pregnant now, as well as people who might become pregnant in the future. […] COVID-19 vaccines are effective, and the benefits of vaccination continue to outweigh any known or potential risks. […] If you test positive for COVID-19 and have symptoms, you may be eligible for antiviral treatment. It is particularly recommended if you are at higher risk of severe illness.

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