Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Diagnosis, management, and prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis in children

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5776699/

  Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe childhood gastroenteritis. Each year, rotavirus is responsible for about 25 million clinic visits, two million hospital admissions, and 180 000450 000 deaths in children under 5 years of age globally. […] Gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus cannot be clinically distinguished from that caused by other enteric pathogens; diagnosis requires testing of fecal specimens with commercially available assays. However, rotavirus is not routinely tested for in patients with gastroenteritis because the results do not alter clinical management, which relies mainly on appropriate rehydration therapy. […] Rotavirus can be detected in stool specimens from children with gastroenteritis by several techniques, including electron microscopy, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, antigen detection assays, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and virus isolation. Diagnosis of rotavirus was initially by electron microscopy, with and without agglutination by immune sera.

• #2 Rotavirus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558951/

  Rotavirus is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis in the world. […] This activity reviews the evaluation and management of rotavirus infection and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in evaluating and treating patients with this condition. […] Outline the evaluation of a patient with rotavirus. […] Explain the treatment of patients with rotavirus. […] Rotavirus is clinically indistinguishable from diarrheal diseases caused by other gastrointestinal pathogens such as noroviruses, enteric adenoviruses, astroviruses, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella. […] Lab testing is generally not performed, but it is the only way to confirm the diagnosis of rotavirus. […] When a laboratory-confirmed diagnosis is desired, a rotavirus antigen can be found in stool samples using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or immunochromatography.

• #3 Rotavirus – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rotavirus/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351306

  Many illnesses cause diarrhea. So although rotavirus is often diagnosed based on symptoms and a physical exam, a stool sample analysis might be used to confirm the diagnosis. […] If there are questions about the diagnosis, your doctor may refer you to a gastroenterologist or an infectious diseases specialist. […] Is there a need for tests?

• #4 What Is Rotavirus? Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8275-rotavirus

  If your child has signs of rotavirus, contact their healthcare provider. Providers can often diagnose rotavirus based on symptoms and a physical examination. In some cases, they may take a stool (poop) sample to test it for rotavirus. But this step usually isn’t necessary. […] If you do need to take a stool sample, your child’s provider will give you a sterile (germ-free) container. You collect some of your child’s stool in the container. A lab analyzes the stool for rotavirus. […] A virus causes rotavirus, not bacteria. So antibiotics won’t help your child feel better. The virus should clear on its own after about a week. The main rotavirus treatment is to keep your child hydrated. […] The best way to prevent rotavirus and protect the health of your family is to make sure they get one of the rotavirus vaccines.

• #5 Rotavirus – Infectious Disease Advisor

  https://www.infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com/ddi/rotavirus/

  Rotavirus is a highly contagious infection that causes diarrhea and vomiting. Therefore, this article focuses on the risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment of rotavirus in young children. […] Clinicians evaluating a child who may have rotavirus infection should ask about the child’s symptoms, including their severity and what makes them improve or worsen. […] Most patients are diagnosed clinically, but for some, stool tests may be used to confirm diagnosis. The following laboratory techniques are used for the definitive diagnosis of rotavirus in stool samples: Electron microscopy; Gel electrophoresis; Antigen detection (such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays [ELISAs] and immunochromatographic assays); Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR); and Virus isolation. […] The rotavirus antigen can be found in fecal samples using RT-PCR and ELISAs. However, treatment for pathogens that cause gastroenteritis is primarily supportive, so a differential diagnosis is not always necessary. Testing is typically only indicated when it can decrease the length of a hospital stay or help to avoid unnecessary procedures.

• #6 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Rotavirus-Diagnosis.aspx

  Rotavirus represents the leading cause of severe childhood gastroenteritis. […] It is hard to distinguish gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus from other enteric pathogens. Therefore, establishing an adequate diagnosis requires testing of fecal specimens with commercially available assays. […] Laboratory diagnosis of rotaviral infections is primarily achieved via enzyme immunoassays that involve detection of VP6 group A-specific antigen in diarrheal stools. […] Although the commercial enzyme immunoassays that are used for rotavirus surveillance are sensitive and specific, regular quality control procedures are required in order to ensure that different laboratories are performing the commercial assay at high proficiency. […] Electron microscopy is highly specific for the detection of rotavirus with sensitivity comparable to enzyme immunoassays.

• #7 Diagnosis, management, and prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis in children | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/347/bmj.f7204

  Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe gastroenteritis in children worldwide, accounting for 35-40% of hospital admissions for gastroenteritis. […] Gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus cannot be clinically distinguished from that caused by other enteric pathogens; diagnosis requires testing of fecal specimens with commercially available assays. […] However, rotavirus is not routinely tested for in patients with gastroenteritis because the results do not alter clinical management, which relies mainly on appropriate rehydration therapy. […] We review approaches to diagnosis, management, and prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis.

• #8 Diagnosis, management, and prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis in children

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5776699/

  Children with gastroenteritis are not routinely tested for rotavirus because the results do not alter treatment. When testing is performed, antigen detection testsincluding commercially available enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and immunochromatographic assaysare widely used. Most of these tests have high sensitivity and specificity (9095%). […] RT-PCR is widely used in research laboratories to detect the viral genome. It provides data on the VP7 and VP4 genotypes that form the basis of binary classification (G and P type, respectively) of rotavirus strains.

• #9 Chapter 13: Rotavirus | Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/surv-manual/php/table-of-contents/chapter-13-rotavirus.html

  Rotavirus is shed in high concentration in the stool of children with gastroenteritis and a fecal specimen is the preferred specimen for diagnosis. […] Rotavirus detection assays include electron microscopy (EM), cell culture isolation, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) of viral segments, enzyme immunoassays (EIAs), latex agglutination tests, immunochromatographic tests, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), real time or quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) and multi-pathogen diagnostic assays. […] The most widely available method for detection of rotavirus antigen in stool is an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) directed at an antigen common to all group A rotaviruses. […] Rotaviruses are traditionally classified based on the serologic/genetic characteristics of the aforementioned outer capsid proteins VP7 (G) and VP4 (P) that elicit neutralizing antibodies in the host. […] During rotavirus surveillance studies, both G and P serotypes/genotypes are monitored because they reassort independently from one another in vivo. […] Sequence analysis is the definitive method for confirmation of rotavirus genotypes.

• #10 RIDASCREEN® Rotavirus (en) – Clinical Diagnostics

  https://clinical.r-biopharm.com/products/ridascreen-rotavirus/

  The RIDASCREEN Rotavirus test is an enzyme immunoassay for the qualitative determination of rotaviruses in stool samples. […] Rotaviruses are the major pathogens involved in non-bacterial gastroenteritis among children in the age group 6 months to 3 years. They may also be identified as the cause of disease in older children and adults. In the risk groups children, elderly, and immunosuppressed patients these infections can be fatal. […] Sensitivity 95,7 % (compared to 3 commercial ELISA) Specificity 99,1 % (compared to 3 commercial ELISA)

• #11 Rotavirus – Launch Diagnostics

  https://www.launchdiagnostics.com/product/rotavirus/

  Qualitative EIA for the detection of Rotavirus antigen […] Premier Rotaclone

• #12 KT-841 | Fecal Rotavirus Antigen ELISA Kit | Epitope Diagnostics Inc.

  https://www.epitopediagnostics.com/products/kt-841-fecal-rotavirus-antigen-elisa-kit

  This ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) kit is intended for the qualitative detection of of rotavirus antigen in stool samples. The assay is a useful tool in the diagnosis of active rotavirus infection in acute or chronic gastroenteritis. […] Specific diagnosis of the rotavirus infection is made by identification of the virus in the patient’s stool. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is the test most widely used to screen clinical specimens. Electron microscopy and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis are used in some laboratories in addition or as an alternative to ELISA.

• #13 RIDA®QUICK Rotavirus (en) – Clinical Diagnostics

  https://clinical.r-biopharm.com/products/ridaquick-rotavirus-cassettes/

  For in vitro diagnostic use. The RIDAQUICK Rotavirus Test is a quick immunochromatographic test for the qualitative determination of rotaviruses in stool samples. […] Rapid and reliable detection of the virus supports health care professionals in order to improve patient care, prevent unnecessary antibiotic treatments, and control the spread of rotavirus infections. […] The RIDASCREEN Rotavirus test is an enzyme immunoassay for the qualitative determination of rotaviruses in stool samples. […] The RIDAQUICK Rotavirus/Adenovirus Combi test is a quick immunochromatographic test for the qualitative determination. […] The RIDAQUICK Rota/Adeno/Noro Combi is a single step immunochromatographic lateral flow assay for the differential qualitative detection of rotaviruses.

• #14 NADAL® Rotavirus – cause of gastroenteritis

  https://nal-vonminden.com/eng/nadal-rotavirus-testkassette-10.html?srsltid=AfmBOooYHsc2Ab50PcZxyVIYJiBssCtbQMmnGBMl8j-wdAYpmKT8T7lJ

  10 individually packed test cassettes for detection of rotavirus in human fecal specimens to aid in the diagnosis of rotavirus infection […] The NADAL Rotavirus Test by nal von minden is a rapid chromatographic immunoassay for the qualitative detection of rotavirus in human fecal specimens to aid in the diagnosis of rotavirus infection (rapid test). […] The NADAL Rotavirus Test is a rapid chromatographic immunoassay for the qualitative detection of rotavirus in human feces specimen, providing results in 10 minutes. The test utilises antibodies specific for rotavirus to selectively detect rotavirus from human feces specimens.

• #15 Bioline Rotavirus | Abbott Point of Care

  https://www.globalpointofcare.abbott/ww/en/product-details/bioline-rotavirus.html

  Bioline Rotavirus test is an immunochromatographic assay for the detection of Group A rotavirus in fecal specimens. The test utilizes two kinds of antibody in a solid phase sandwich immunochromatography to detect group specific proteins, including the major inner capsid protein, present in Group A rotaviruses. […] Early detection of rotavirus antigen group A all serotype. […] Sensitivity : 94% (vs. RT-PCR). […] Specificity : 98.3% (vs. RT-PCR).

• #16 Cracking the Case: How Doctors Diagnose Rotavirus – Doctronic, Your Trusted AI Doctor

  https://www.doctronic.ai/procedures-screenings-tests/cracking-the-case-how-doctors-diagnose-rotavirus-h9aT60

  Doctors don’t always need to test for rotavirus, as treatment is often the same regardless of the specific cause. However, testing may be important in severe cases, outbreaks, or for tracking the virus’s spread. […] The most common tests for rotavirus are rapid immunochromatography (ICT) tests. These work like at-home pregnancy tests, giving results in about 15 minutes. […] For more detailed results, doctors may use enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests. These are done in a lab and can detect even small amounts of the virus. […] While not always necessary, rotavirus testing can be crucial in certain situations to guide treatment and prevent outbreaks.

• #17 Rotavirus Gastroenteritis – Gastrointestinal Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/gastroenteritis/rotavirus-gastroenteritis

  Rotavirus is the most common cause of sporadic, severe, dehydrating diarrhea in young children worldwide (peak incidence, 3 to 15 months). Diagnosis is based on clinical suspicion, but polymerase chain reaction testing as part of a multiplex panel for a variety of causes of acute gastroenteritis can be done. […] Diagnostic testing is not routinely done except to diagnose an outbreak; when done, it involves tests to identify rotavirus in the stool. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and latex agglutination are two commonly used tests. […] Nucleic acid testing (PCR) is very sensitive and is often done in a multiplex PCR panel, including a number of causes of gastroenteritis.

• #18 Clinical Overview of Rotavirus | Rotavirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/rotavirus/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html

  To rapidly detect rotavirus RNA or antigens and make a diagnosis, conduct either of the following on stool specimens: […] You can conduct nucleic acid detection PCR assays for rotavirus alone or in multipathogen panels. You can further characterize strains by nucleic acid sequencing. However, such tests are usually carried out only by laboratories engaged in surveillance testing or research.

• #19 Rotavirus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558951/

  The addition of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays is more sensitive and allows genotyping of virus isolates and as such, may be indicated in epidemiological studies. […] In severe, intractable cases of infection, a confirmatory lab test may be indicated to solidify the diagnosis of rotavirus. […] Treatment of rotavirus infection is directed at the relief of symptoms and the treatment and prevention of associated dehydration. […] Oral rehydration salt solutions should initially be attempted. […] If symptoms are refractory to oral therapies and the patient is dehydrated, admission to the hospital and intravenous fluids may be required. […] In a prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, Guarino and colleagues tested the antiretroviral effects of orally administered human serum immunoglobulins.

• #20 Rotavirus Infections of Poultry – Poultry – Merck Veterinary Manual

  https://www.merckvetmanual.com/poultry/viral-enteritis-in-poultry/rotavirus-infections-of-poultry

  Detection, by RT-PCR assay, of rotaviral RNA in the intestines or feces is the primary diagnostic test to confirm the presence of the virus in affected birds. […] Laboratory diagnosis of avian rotavirus in the intestines, feces, or cloacal swabs can be confirmed by RT-PCR assay. […] A multiplex real-time RT-PCR assay is available to detect and quantify RVA and RVD. […] PAGE can be used to analyze the segmented genome of rotavirus and is capable of distinguishing rotaviruses in the laboratory; however, this technique is not generally available in most diagnostic laboratories.

• #21 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Rotavirus-Diagnosis.aspx

  Rotaviral double-stranded RNA segments can be detected in clinical specimens via extraction of the viral RNA and subsequent analysis by electrophoresis on a polyacrylamide gel followed by silver staining. […] Consequently, the presence of distinct electropherotype patterns has long been considered diagnostic for the presence of individual rotaviruses. […] A plethora of sensitive conventional or real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) methods have been developed based on the primers that are specific for different rotavirus genes.

• #22 Diagnosing rotavirus in swine – Articles – pig333, pig to pork community

  https://www.pig333.com/articles/diagnosing-rotavirus-in-swine_19434/

  Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) […] High sensitivity. […] Virus isolation […] Confirmation of presence of virus but not disease. […] Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) […] Can identify negative herds. […] No cross protection between different groups of rotaviruses. […] Positive: Confirmation of disease, but not cause of disease. […] Positive: Virus is present at site of lesion. […] Positive: Confirmation of presence of the different groups of rotaviruses (A, B, and C). […] Positive: Confirmation of presence of virus but not disease. […] Positive: Past exposure (2-4 weeks) to vaccine or wildtype virus. No association of positivity and disease.

• #23 Rotavirus infection – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/rotavirus-infection/

  Most patients with rotavirus infection receive a clinical diagnosis of acute viral gastroenteritis; diagnostic studies are usually not necessary, as they do not alter management. […] For patients with severe disease or in whom the diagnosis is uncertain, rotavirus infection can be confirmed by antigen detection in the stool. […] Diagnosis is usually clinical. […] Consider diagnostic studies for: Patients with red flags for diarrhea, admitted patients if cohorting is being considered, exclusion of alternative diagnoses (e.g., bacterial gastroenteritis). […] Antigen detection: via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or immunochromatography. […] If the diagnosis is uncertain: Order diagnostic studies for infectious gastroenteritis. […] Although a stool sample analysis can be used for diagnostic confirmation of rotavirus infection, management remains the same.

• #24 Rotavirus Antigen, Feces » Incyte Diagnostics

  https://www.incytediagnostics.com/laboratory-services/test-directory/TestDetails/rotavirus-antigen-feces

  Useful for: […] Investigation of patients with diarrhea, particularly infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised patients […] Investigation of nosocomial diarrhea […] Fecal specimens should be collected as soon after onset of symptoms as possible […] A positive result does not preclude the presence of other pathogenic organisms. While the relationship between rotavirus and gastroenteritis is well established, coinfection with bacterial or parasitic pathogens is possible. If suspected, testing for other enteric pathogens should be performed in parallel with the rotavirus antigen test […] Results of the rotavirus antigen assay must be interpreted with caution. A negative result does not exclude the possibility of rotavirus infection, as too small a quantity of virus or inadequate or improper sampling may cause a false-negative result.

• #25 Rotavirus Antigen Detection | Test Detail | Quest Diagnostics

  https://testdirectory.questdiagnostics.com/test/test-detail/706/rotavirus-antigen-detection?p=r&cc=MASTER

  Rotavirus Antigen Detection – Rotavirus infection is a cause of gastroenteritis in children from six months to two years. The peak of rotavirus disease in temperate climates occurs during the cooler months of the year. Rotavirus has also emerged as a cause of enteritis in adults, particularly in elderly immunosuppressed patients. […] Methodology: Immunoassay (IA) […] Preferred Specimen(s): 5 mL or 5 g stool specimen or rectal swab collected in a clean dry leak-proof container without preservatives or media […] Collection Instructions: Collect fresh stool in sterile, leak-proof container without media, preservative or metal ion. For patients requiring the use of diapers, first line the diaper with clean plastic to prevent absorption. Then transfer 5 g or 5 mL of stool specimen from the plastic lined diaper to the sterile container. Do not submit the diaper itself. Cap securely. […] Transport Temperature: Frozen […] Specimen Stability: Room temperature: Unacceptable; Refrigerated: 72 hours; Frozen: 30 days […] Reject Criteria: Transport systems containing media or preservative; Diapers; Swab submitted without visible stool.

• #26 Rotavirus Antigen, Feces – Logan Health Medical Center Laboratory Test Catalog

  https://logan.testcatalog.org/show/ROTAVIRUS-AG

  Test Code ROTAVIRUS AG Rotavirus Antigen, Feces […] Investigation of patients with diarrhea, particularly infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised patients […] Rapid and accurate detection of rotavirus antigens in fecal specimens may lead to better patient management, particularly in hospitalized or institutionalized patients. […] A positive result does not preclude the presence of other pathogenic organisms. While the relationship between rotavirus and gastroenteritis is well established, coinfection with bacterial or parasitic pathogens is possible. If suspected, testing for other enteric pathogens should be performed in parallel with the rotavirus antigen test. […] Results of the rotavirus antigen assay must be interpreted with caution. A negative result does not exclude the possibility of rotavirus infection, as too small a quantity of virus or inadequate or improper sampling may cause a false-negative result.

• #27

  https://jmsronline.com/archive-article/Laboratory-markers-diagnosis-rotavirus-adenovirus-gastroenteritis

  Purpose: The present study aimed to evaluate and estimate the additional and auxiliary diagnostic value of routine laboratory parameters in patients with acute diarrhea caused by rotavirus and adenovirus. […] Rotavirus diarrhea was diagnosed in 16.8% and adenovirus diarrhea in 3.2% of patients. […] Hematological and biochemical parameters may assist in diagnosing and distinguishing rotaviral and adenoviral gastroenteritis, especially in low-resource environments. […] The lymphocyte/monocyte ratio represents a better balance between lymphocytes and monocytes. […] Rotavirus (but not adenovirus-positive) cases presented with lymphopenia in our study. […] The other potential valid parameters to distinguish Rotavirus positive cases from negative ones were hemoglobin, hematocrit, and MCV parameters; in our study, they were significantly lower in RPAG than in RNAG.

• #28

  https://jmsronline.com/archive-article/Laboratory-markers-diagnosis-rotavirus-adenovirus-gastroenteritis

  A slight increase in serum AST levels may be observed during acute illness without further signs of liver damage, indicating damage to intestinal epithelial cells in 15% of the cases. […] Our study supports the literature on the subject that CRP has no diagnostical or distinguishing value in acute viral gastroenteritis cases: the CRP levels were lower in APAG patients and were not statistically different in RPAG patients compared to the negative ones. […] The most remarkable outcomes of our study are as follow. We found that WBC and lymphocyte levels get lower in RPAG compared with the negative ones, AST and ALT levels get higher in RPAG compared with the negative ones; it may have an exhilarative value in Rotavirus diarrhea diagnosis.

• #29 Evaluation of the diagnostic performance of EpiTuub® Fecal Rotavirus Antigen Rapid Test Kit in Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia: A multi-center cross-sectional study | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0295170

  Rotavirus is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality due to acute gastroenteritis among children under five years globally. Early diagnosis of rotavirus infection minimizes its spread and helps to determine the appropriate management of diarrhea. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of EpiTuub Fecal Rotavirus Antigen Rapid Test Kit for the diagnosis of rotavirus infection among diarrheic children under five years in Ethiopian healthcare settings. […] The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of the rapid test kit were determined. Moreover, the agreement of the rapid test kit with one step RT-PCR was determined by kappa statistics and receiver operators curve (ROC) analysis was done to assess the overall diagnostic accuracy of the rapid test kit. Fecal Rotavirus Antigen Rapid Test Kit has shown a sensitivity of 75.5% and specificity of 98.2%.

• #30 Diagnosing rotavirus in swine – Articles – pig333, pig to pork community

  https://www.pig333.com/articles/diagnosing-rotavirus-in-swine_19434/

  What laboratory diagnostic methods can I use to diagnose rotavirus? Which one should I choose according to the situation? How do I interpret the results? […] Each group of virus is different from each other and requires specific assays designed for them. […] Gross pathology […] Not diagnostic similar lesions can be found with other diseases especially coronavirus infections (transmissible gastroenteritis, porcine epidemic diarrhea, and porcine delta coronaviruses) […] Unable to differentiate between different groups of rotaviruses. […] Histopathology […] Confirm villus atrophy suggesting viral enteritis. […] Immunohistochemistry (IHC) […] Definitive diagnosis: can confirm presence of virus with associated lesions. […] Currently only available for Rotavirus A and Rotavirus C (not available for Rotavirus B).

• #31 Rotaviruses – Swine Diseases

  https://open.lib.umn.edu/swinedisease/chapter/rotaviruses/

  The samples to submit for rotavirus diagnosis are feces, intestinal tissue and content of a non-treated acutely infected pig. RT-PCR on those samples gives a quick results and is the most widely-used test. Genotyping of the isolated strain is also available to track the evolution of the virus. Immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry can both be used to test epithelial cells for viral presence. Finally, ELISA tests are available to test for antigens but the results are of little interest since the viruses are ubiquitous. […] Rotavirus is one of the main forms of neonatal diarrhea including colibacillosis, clostridia infections, coronaviruses such as TGE and PED both of which cause higher mortality rates and vomiting-, and coccidiosis which targets piglets after their second week of life.

• #32 Chapter 13: Rotavirus | Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/surv-manual/php/table-of-contents/chapter-13-rotavirus.html

  This chapter provides general guidance for vaccine-preventable disease surveillance, describing the disease background/epidemiology, case investigation and reporting/notification, disease case definitions, and activities for enhancing surveillance, case investigation, and outbreak control for rotavirus. […] Definitive diagnosis of rotavirus gastroenteritis requires laboratory confirmation of infection. […] It is not possible to diagnose rotavirus infection by clinical presentation because the clinical features of rotavirus gastroenteritis do not differ from those of gastroenteritis caused by other pathogens. Confirmation of rotavirus infection by laboratory testing is necessary for reliable rotavirus surveillance and can be useful in clinical settings to avoid inappropriate use of antimicrobial therapy.

• #33

  https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/rotavirus

  Rotavirus must be notified by pathology services in writing within 5 days of diagnosis. […] Diagnosis may be made by rapid antigen detection of rotavirus in stool specimens. Strains may be further characterised by enzyme immunoassay or reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Stools for these tests should be collected in the acute phase of illness. […] Rotavirus vaccination was added to the National Immunisation Program schedule in July 2007. It is recommended that doses of oral vaccine are given at 2 and 4 months of age, or 2, 4 and 6 months of age, depending on the vaccine used. Completion of the vaccine course with the same brand of vaccine is preferred.

• #34 Rotavirus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558951/

  These findings suggest that oral administration of human serum immunoglobulins may be beneficial in the treatment of hospitalized children with rotavirus disease. […] Most patients presenting to an outpatient clinic or the emergency department can be discharged home safely. […] Hospital admission may be beneficial to patients with signs or symptoms of dehydration, intractable vomiting, electrolyte disturbances, abdominal pain, ileus, renal failure, or pregnancy.

• #35 Rotavirus – Infectious Disease Advisor

  https://www.infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com/ddi/rotavirus/

  Initial treatment for rotavirus infection should address the child’s dehydration. For patients with mild to moderate dehydration, oral rehydration is the first-line treatment. […] According to the WHO, a reduced-osmolarity solution is recommended because it is associated with a lower risk for hyponatremia. […] Vaccination against rotavirus is currently the best protection against infection. Four vaccines have been developed for rotavirus: RV5 vaccine (RotaTeq [Merck]); RV1 vaccine (Rotarix [GSK]); ROTAVAC (Bharat Biotech); and Rotasiil (Serum Institute of India).

• #36

  https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/rotavirus-guidance-data-and-analysis

  Rotavirus causes gastroenteritis. The symptoms include severe watery diarrhoea, usually with vomiting, fever, and stomach cramps. […] Infants and young children are most at risk of rotavirus disease, as they can become severely dehydrated and may require hospitalisation. The symptoms usually last from 3 to 8 days. […] Rotavirus is the most common cause of gastroenteritis in infants and very young children. […] A rotavirus vaccine was introduced to the national vaccination schedule for babies in 2013, alongside other routine childhood immunisations. […] The amount of rotavirus among infants has declined following use of the vaccine. […] Rotavirus: laboratory confirmed cases of rotavirus infections in England and Wales.

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