Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Rotavirus – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus

  Rotaviruses are the most common cause of diarrhoeal disease among infants and young children. […] Nearly every child in the world is infected with a rotavirus at least once by the age of five. […] Immunity develops with each infection, so subsequent infections are less severe. […] The virus is transmitted by the faecaloral route. […] It infects and damages the cells that line the small intestine and causes gastroenteritis (which is often called „stomach flu” despite having no relation to influenza). […] Although rotavirus was discovered in 1973 by Ruth Bishop and her colleagues by electron micrograph images and accounts for approximately one third of hospitalisations for severe diarrhoea in infants and children, its importance has historically been underestimated within the public health community, particularly in developing countries.

• #2 Rotavirus infection-associated central nervous system complications: clinicoradiological features and potential mechanisms

  https://www.e-cep.org/journal/view.php?number=20125555504

  Rotavirus was first reported in 1973 after the visualization of viral particles under an electron microscope in the duodenal mucosa of 9 children with acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis. […] Rotavirus infection was initially considered confined to the gastrointestinal tract; however, many reports have shown that it may cause extraintestinal manifestations including various neurological disorders, hepatitis, cholestasis, pancreatitis, type 1 diabetes, respiratory illness, myocarditis, renal failure, and thrombocytopenia. […] Rotavirus is a common cause of acute encephalopathy and encephalitis in children. […] Although rotavirus infection can involve CNS complications with various manifestations, such as impaired consciousness, seizures, and mutism, the underlying mechanisms by which rotavirus infection causes these complications are largely unknown.

• #3 Chapter 19: Rotavirus | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-19-rotavirus.html

  Rotavirus was first identified as the cause of diarrhea in 1973. […] By 1980, rotavirus was recognized as the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children in the United States. […] In the prevaccine era, the majority of children were infected by age 5 years, and rotavirus was responsible for up to 500,000 deaths among children annually worldwide. […] Rotavirus is a double-stranded RNA virus of the family Reoviridae. […] The outermost shell contains two important proteins: VP7, or G-protein, and VP4, or P-protein. […] VP7 and VP4 induce neutralizing antibodies that are believed to be involved in immune protection. […] The immune correlates of protection from rotavirus are not fully understood. […] Serum and mucosal antibodies against VP7 and VP4 are probably important for protection from disease.

• #4 Rotavirus: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803885-overview

  Rotavirus is one of several viruses known to cause a self-limited gastroenteritis. Fluid stool losses may be dramatic, and death from dehydration is not uncommon, particularly in developing countries. […] Rotavirus is one of several viruses known to cause gastroenteritis. The rotavirus genome consists of 11 segments of double-stranded RNA enclosed in a double-shelled capsid. It is classified in the Reoviridae family. Rotavirus is a self-limited infection. Fluid stool losses may be dramatic, and death from dehydration is not uncommon, particularly in developing countries. […] The most significant risk factor for rotavirus infection appears to be participation in group daycare, presumably because the virus is spread through fecal-oral contact by the children themselves and by the daycare workers who are responsible for diapering. Also, fomites serve as important vectors for viral transmission. […] Rotavirus can cause illness in adults and children. However, adults are often asymptomatic or less severely affected.

• #5 Disease Caused by Rotavirus Infection

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4279035/

  Although rotavirus vaccines are available, rotaviruses remain the major cause of childhood diarrheal disease worldwide. […] Despite declining child mortality and morbidity resulting from rotaviral gastroenteritis, rotavirus infection persists as the most common cause of hospitalization and mortality in children due to the severe diarrhea and dehydration that result from infection. […] Rotaviruses were first identified in animals in the 1960s and then were subsequently discovered in humans via electron microscopic examination of the duodenums of children who had severe diarrhea. […] Rotavirus is a member of the family Reoviridae and the genus Rotavirus. […] The rotavirus genome is composed of 11 RNA segments that encode for the VP1-VP4, VP6, and VP7 structural and NSP1-NSP6 non-structural viral proteins.

• #6 Chapter 19: Rotavirus | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-19-rotavirus.html

  Rotavirus was first identified as the cause of diarrhea in 1973. […] By 1980, rotavirus was recognized as the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children in the United States. […] In the prevaccine era, the majority of children were infected by age 5 years, and rotavirus was responsible for up to 500,000 deaths among children annually worldwide. […] Rotavirus is a double-stranded RNA virus of the family Reoviridae. […] The outermost shell contains two important proteins: VP7, or G-protein, and VP4, or P-protein. […] VP7 and VP4 induce neutralizing antibodies that are believed to be involved in immune protection. […] The immune correlates of protection from rotavirus are not fully understood. […] Serum and mucosal antibodies against VP7 and VP4 are probably important for protection from disease.

• #7 Disease Caused by Rotavirus Infection

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4279035/

  Rotaviruses are categorized into different genotypes according to the particular NSP4 proteins expressed. […] Rotavirus infection causes severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide. […] The majority of rotavirus-related deaths (80%) are found in resource-limited countries, such as those found in southern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. […] Therefore, the overall incidence of rotavirus infection would not change even if improvements in water supplies, sanitation, personal nutrition, housing, and public health education were made, suggesting that viral transmission might occur via non-fecal routes. […] Vaccines are an effective and available measure for combating rotavirus disease and for preventing rotavirus infection. […] The societal costs resulting from rotavirus infection have been calculated for different countries.

• #8 Rotavirus – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus

  In addition to its impact on human health, rotavirus also infects other animals, and is a pathogen of livestock. […] Rotaviral enteritis is usually an easily managed disease of childhood, but among children under 5 years of age rotavirus caused an estimated 151,714 deaths from diarrhoea in 2019. […] The incidence and severity of rotavirus infections has declined significantly in countries that have added rotavirus vaccine to their routine childhood immunisation policies. […] Rotavirus is a genus of double-stranded RNA viruses in the family Reoviridae. […] The most common is RVA, and these rotaviruses cause more than 90% of rotavirus infections in humans.

• #9 Rotaviral Enteritis | Iowa State University

  https://vetmed.iastate.edu/vdpam/about/focus-areas/swine/swine-disease-manual/index-diseases/rotaviral-enteritis

  Rotaviruses cause diarrhea in nursing and postweaned pigs, affecting primarily the small intestine. […] There are at least 7 antigenically distinct serogroups of rotaviruses (A, B, C, D, E, F, G) of which 4 (A, B, C, E) affect swine. […] Most is known about the more common group A rotaviruses. Group A is by far the most prevalent but type C has been associated with outbreaks. […] Immunity is not cross-protective between serogroups and is incomplete between serovarieties. […] Rotavirus as a consistent cause of diarrhea in post-weaned pigs would implicate poor sanitation, and disinfecting between groups of pigs would be warranted.

• #10 Disease factsheet about rotavirus

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/rotavirus-infection/facts

  Rotaviruses are the single most important cause of severe diarrhoeal illness in infants and young children worldwide. […] Most rotaviruses causing diarrhoeal illness in children worldwide belong to serogroup A, but rotaviruses group B and C may also cause disease in humans. […] Severe RV GE disease may develop in any child. However, a limited number of risk factors for development of severe disease have been identified including low-birth-weight infants (2,500 g), another child 24 months of age in the household and severe immunodeficiency conditions. […] Rotaviruses are mainly transmitted from person-to-person through the faecal-oral route, but transmission may also occur through contaminated objects (e.g. door-handles, water-taps, toilet-seats and toys), airborne droplets and contaminated water or food. […] Two live attenuated vaccines for oral use providing prevention against rotavirus disease were authorised in the European Union in 2006; The indication for these vaccines is active immunization of infants for prevention of gastroenteritis due to rotavirus infection.

• #11 How rotavirus causes severe gastrointestinal disease | BCM

  https://www.bcm.edu/news/how-rotavirus-causes-severe-gastrointestinal-disease

  Rotavirus is a major cause of diarrhea and vomiting, especially in children, that results in approximately 128,000 deaths annually. […] The virus triggers the disease by infecting enterocyte cells in the small intestine, but only a fraction of the susceptible cells has the virus. […] The researchers connected their observation to a concept proposed in the mid-90s suggesting that rotavirus-infected cells send signals to neighboring uninfected cells that disrupt their function, promoting diarrhea and vomiting. […] Across the three model systems we consistently found evidence that rotavirus-infected cells signal uninfected cells with ADP and that this contributes to the severity of the disease, Chang-Graham said. […] Further studies revealed previously unknown roles of ADP on rotavirus infection and replication, shining a spotlight on ADP as an important trigger of the multiple factors involved in severe diarrhea and vomiting caused by rotavirus. […] Using intercellular calcium waves, rotavirus amplifies its ability to cause disease beyond the cells it directly infects. […] Our findings add a new and very potent signaling pathway into the causative mechanisms of rotavirus diarrhea, Hyser said.

• #12 What Is Rotavirus? Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/children/what-is-rotavirus

  Rotavirus is a virus that causes diarrhea and other intestinal symptoms. Its very contagious and is the most common cause of diarrhea in infants and young children worldwide. […] Rotavirus causes inflammation in the stomach and intestines. […] The illness is caused by a type of virus that was named rotavirus for its wheel-like appearance under a microscope. The Latin word for wheel is rota. […] These viruses are found throughout the world, and they spread easily from person to person. The virus invades and destroys cells in your intestinal lining called enterocytes, which help you absorb nutrients from food. This triggers the diarrhea that is a hallmark of rotavirus.

• #13 Rotavirus Infection Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment – Cura4U

  https://cura4u.com/conditions/rotavirus-infection

  Rotavirus is an infection of the gut caused by viruses. It belongs to the Reoviridae family. It is one of the common viruses known to cause self-limited gastroenteritis. […] Rotavirus fundamentally infects the cells of the small intestinal villi, particularly the cells that are close to the tips of the villi. As these specific cells have a role in the digestion of carbohydrates and the intestinal absorption of fluid and electrolytes, rotavirus infections result in malabsorption by defective hydrolysis of carbohydrates and fluid excretion from the intestine. […] Rotavirus germs are found in individuals’ feces and can transmit to other surfaces by unclean hands after using the bathroom or diaper changes. If these viruses come into contact with someone’s mouth, this is known as the fecal-oral spread.

• #14 How rotavirus causes severe gastrointestinal disease | BCM

  https://www.bcm.edu/news/how-rotavirus-causes-severe-gastrointestinal-disease

  Rotavirus is a major cause of diarrhea and vomiting, especially in children, that results in approximately 128,000 deaths annually. […] The virus triggers the disease by infecting enterocyte cells in the small intestine, but only a fraction of the susceptible cells has the virus. […] The researchers connected their observation to a concept proposed in the mid-90s suggesting that rotavirus-infected cells send signals to neighboring uninfected cells that disrupt their function, promoting diarrhea and vomiting. […] Across the three model systems we consistently found evidence that rotavirus-infected cells signal uninfected cells with ADP and that this contributes to the severity of the disease, Chang-Graham said. […] Further studies revealed previously unknown roles of ADP on rotavirus infection and replication, shining a spotlight on ADP as an important trigger of the multiple factors involved in severe diarrhea and vomiting caused by rotavirus. […] Using intercellular calcium waves, rotavirus amplifies its ability to cause disease beyond the cells it directly infects. […] Our findings add a new and very potent signaling pathway into the causative mechanisms of rotavirus diarrhea, Hyser said.

• #15 How rotavirus causes severe gastrointestinal disease | BCM

  https://www.bcm.edu/news/how-rotavirus-causes-severe-gastrointestinal-disease

  Rotavirus is a major cause of diarrhea and vomiting, especially in children, that results in approximately 128,000 deaths annually. […] The virus triggers the disease by infecting enterocyte cells in the small intestine, but only a fraction of the susceptible cells has the virus. […] The researchers connected their observation to a concept proposed in the mid-90s suggesting that rotavirus-infected cells send signals to neighboring uninfected cells that disrupt their function, promoting diarrhea and vomiting. […] Across the three model systems we consistently found evidence that rotavirus-infected cells signal uninfected cells with ADP and that this contributes to the severity of the disease, Chang-Graham said. […] Further studies revealed previously unknown roles of ADP on rotavirus infection and replication, shining a spotlight on ADP as an important trigger of the multiple factors involved in severe diarrhea and vomiting caused by rotavirus. […] Using intercellular calcium waves, rotavirus amplifies its ability to cause disease beyond the cells it directly infects. […] Our findings add a new and very potent signaling pathway into the causative mechanisms of rotavirus diarrhea, Hyser said.

• #16 How rotavirus causes severe gastrointestinal disease | BCM

  https://www.bcm.edu/news/how-rotavirus-causes-severe-gastrointestinal-disease

  Rotavirus is a major cause of diarrhea and vomiting, especially in children, that results in approximately 128,000 deaths annually. […] The virus triggers the disease by infecting enterocyte cells in the small intestine, but only a fraction of the susceptible cells has the virus. […] The researchers connected their observation to a concept proposed in the mid-90s suggesting that rotavirus-infected cells send signals to neighboring uninfected cells that disrupt their function, promoting diarrhea and vomiting. […] Across the three model systems we consistently found evidence that rotavirus-infected cells signal uninfected cells with ADP and that this contributes to the severity of the disease, Chang-Graham said. […] Further studies revealed previously unknown roles of ADP on rotavirus infection and replication, shining a spotlight on ADP as an important trigger of the multiple factors involved in severe diarrhea and vomiting caused by rotavirus. […] Using intercellular calcium waves, rotavirus amplifies its ability to cause disease beyond the cells it directly infects. […] Our findings add a new and very potent signaling pathway into the causative mechanisms of rotavirus diarrhea, Hyser said.

• #17 Rotavirus infection | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrdp201783

  Rotavirus infections are a leading cause of severe, dehydrating gastroenteritis in children 5 years of age. […] Rotavirus primarily infects enterocytes and induces diarrhoea through the destruction of absorptive enterocytes (leading to malabsorption), intestinal secretion stimulated by rotavirus non-structural protein 4 and activation of the enteric nervous system. […] This study shows visualization of rotavirus as the causative agent of viral gastroenteritis and the associated histopathology. […] This report shows that rotavirus can stimulate 5-HT release from human enterochromaffin cells and activate the vomiting centre in the central nervous system. […] This study is the 2008 estimate of rotavirus related mortality (450,000 deaths), the benchmark by which the impact of rotavirus vaccination programmes were measured.

• #18 Rotavirus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558951/

  Rotavirus is a double-stranded ribonucleic acid virus, named for its classic wheel-shaped appearance on electron microscopy. Transmission of rotavirus primarily occurs through the fecal-oral route. Additionally, the viral spread can occur through contaminated hands, fomites, and, rarely, food and water. […] Rotavirus infections are the number one cause of acute viral gastroenteritis in children.

• #19 Rotavirus – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus

  Rotaviruses are the most common cause of diarrhoeal disease among infants and young children. […] Nearly every child in the world is infected with a rotavirus at least once by the age of five. […] Immunity develops with each infection, so subsequent infections are less severe. […] The virus is transmitted by the faecaloral route. […] It infects and damages the cells that line the small intestine and causes gastroenteritis (which is often called „stomach flu” despite having no relation to influenza). […] Although rotavirus was discovered in 1973 by Ruth Bishop and her colleagues by electron micrograph images and accounts for approximately one third of hospitalisations for severe diarrhoea in infants and children, its importance has historically been underestimated within the public health community, particularly in developing countries.

• #20 Chapter 19: Rotavirus | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-19-rotavirus.html

  Rotavirus infection in infants and young children can lead to severe diarrhea, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and metabolic acidosis. […] Rotavirus occurs throughout the world. […] In the prevaccine era, the proportion of severe diarrhea in children younger than age 5 years that was due to rotavirus was similar (about 35% to 40%) in developed and developing countries. […] The reservoir of rotavirus is the gastrointestinal tract and stool of infected humans. […] Rotaviruses are shed in high concentration in the stool of infected persons. […] Rotavirus is highly communicable, as evidenced by the nearly universal infection of children by age 5 years in the prevaccine era. […] In the prevaccine era, an estimated 2.7 million rotavirus infections occurred every year in the United States and 95% of children experienced at least one rotavirus infection by age 5 years.

• #21 Rotavirus: Causes and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/177104

  Rotavirus is a highly contagious virus that causes inflammation, or gastroenteritis, of the stomach and intestines. […] There are different types of rotavirus, but five main strains are responsible for over 90 percent of rotavirus infections in humans. […] Rotavirus is mainly transmitted by the fecal-oral route. […] The feces of an infected person can contain more than 10 trillion infectious particles per gram. […] A person can transmit the virus by not practicing good hand hygiene. […] The virus can live for several hours on the hands, and for longer on hard surfaces. […] The dehydration that can result from rotavirus can be more serious than the infection itself. […] In 2013, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that 215,000 children worldwide died due to rotavirus infection, mostly in developing countries.

• #22 Rotavirus – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rotavirus/symptoms-causes/syc-20351300

  Rotavirus is present in an infected person’s stool two days before symptoms appear and for up to 10 days after symptoms lessen. The virus spreads easily through hand-to-mouth contact throughout this time even if the infected person doesn’t have symptoms. […] If you have rotavirus and you don’t wash your hands after using the toilet or your child has rotavirus and you don’t wash your hands after changing your child’s diaper or helping your child use the toilet the virus can spread to anything you touch, including food, toys and utensils. If another person touches your unwashed hands or a contaminated object and then touches his or her mouth, an infection may follow. The virus can remain infectious on surfaces that haven’t been disinfected for weeks or months. […] It’s possible to be infected with rotavirus more than once, even if you’ve been vaccinated. However, repeat infections are typically less severe.

• #23 Causes and symptoms of rotavirus

  https://www.mymed.com/diseases-conditions/rotavirus/causes-and-symptoms-of-rotavirus

  Rotavirus is present in an infected persons stool a few days before they begin to experience common symptoms, and remains for up to ten days after symptoms clear up. […] It is possible to be infected with rotavirus more than once in your lifetime because there are several types of viruses, even if you have been vaccinated before. […] Although children can be vaccinated against the virus, they may still become unwell (and more than once too) due to the possibility of different viral strains developing in the future. Thus, current vaccinations may not provide full protection from future infections, but the likelihood of contracting the virus is reduced and any symptoms experienced are milder.

• #24 Rotavirus | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/rotavirus?content_id=CON-20155861

  Rotavirus is a very contagious virus that causes diarrhea. […] Rotavirus is present in an infected person’s stool two days before symptoms appear and for up to 10 days after symptoms lessen. […] The virus spreads easily through hand-to-mouth contact throughout this time even if the infected person doesn’t have symptoms. […] It’s possible to be infected with rotavirus more than once, even if you’ve been vaccinated. However, repeat infections are typically less severe.

• #25 What is Rota Virus? – One Dose

  https://www.onedose.io/en/what-is-rota-virus/

  Rota virus is a virus transmitted mainly through the fecal-oral route. It is spread when a person comes into contact with the feces of an infected person. The virus can be transmitted through various mechanisms. […] The most common way the rotavirus is spread is through direct contact with an infected person. This can happen when an infected person fails to wash their hands adequately after using the toilet and then touches objects or surfaces that others may come into contact with. […] Rota virus can also be transmitted through consumption of contaminated food or water. Food can be infected if it is handled by an infected person or comes into contact with contaminated surfaces. […] In some cases, rotavirus particles can aerosolize and become airborne, especially in healthcare settings. However, the main route of transmission is still direct contact or ingestion of contaminated material.

• #26 Disease factsheet about rotavirus

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/rotavirus-infection/facts

  Rotaviruses are the single most important cause of severe diarrhoeal illness in infants and young children worldwide. […] Most rotaviruses causing diarrhoeal illness in children worldwide belong to serogroup A, but rotaviruses group B and C may also cause disease in humans. […] Severe RV GE disease may develop in any child. However, a limited number of risk factors for development of severe disease have been identified including low-birth-weight infants (2,500 g), another child 24 months of age in the household and severe immunodeficiency conditions. […] Rotaviruses are mainly transmitted from person-to-person through the faecal-oral route, but transmission may also occur through contaminated objects (e.g. door-handles, water-taps, toilet-seats and toys), airborne droplets and contaminated water or food. […] Two live attenuated vaccines for oral use providing prevention against rotavirus disease were authorised in the European Union in 2006; The indication for these vaccines is active immunization of infants for prevention of gastroenteritis due to rotavirus infection.

• #27 What is Rota Virus? – One Dose

  https://www.onedose.io/en/what-is-rota-virus/

  Rota virus is a virus transmitted mainly through the fecal-oral route. It is spread when a person comes into contact with the feces of an infected person. The virus can be transmitted through various mechanisms. […] The most common way the rotavirus is spread is through direct contact with an infected person. This can happen when an infected person fails to wash their hands adequately after using the toilet and then touches objects or surfaces that others may come into contact with. […] Rota virus can also be transmitted through consumption of contaminated food or water. Food can be infected if it is handled by an infected person or comes into contact with contaminated surfaces. […] In some cases, rotavirus particles can aerosolize and become airborne, especially in healthcare settings. However, the main route of transmission is still direct contact or ingestion of contaminated material.

• #28 What is Rota Virus? – One Dose

  https://www.onedose.io/en/what-is-rota-virus/

  Rota virus is a virus transmitted mainly through the fecal-oral route. It is spread when a person comes into contact with the feces of an infected person. The virus can be transmitted through various mechanisms. […] The most common way the rotavirus is spread is through direct contact with an infected person. This can happen when an infected person fails to wash their hands adequately after using the toilet and then touches objects or surfaces that others may come into contact with. […] Rota virus can also be transmitted through consumption of contaminated food or water. Food can be infected if it is handled by an infected person or comes into contact with contaminated surfaces. […] In some cases, rotavirus particles can aerosolize and become airborne, especially in healthcare settings. However, the main route of transmission is still direct contact or ingestion of contaminated material.

• #29 Rotavirus – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rotavirus/symptoms-causes/syc-20351300

  Rotavirus is present in an infected person’s stool two days before symptoms appear and for up to 10 days after symptoms lessen. The virus spreads easily through hand-to-mouth contact throughout this time even if the infected person doesn’t have symptoms. […] If you have rotavirus and you don’t wash your hands after using the toilet or your child has rotavirus and you don’t wash your hands after changing your child’s diaper or helping your child use the toilet the virus can spread to anything you touch, including food, toys and utensils. If another person touches your unwashed hands or a contaminated object and then touches his or her mouth, an infection may follow. The virus can remain infectious on surfaces that haven’t been disinfected for weeks or months. […] It’s possible to be infected with rotavirus more than once, even if you’ve been vaccinated. However, repeat infections are typically less severe.

• #30 WHO EMRO | Disease and epidemiology | Rotavirus gastroenteritis | Health topics

  https://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/rotavirus-gastroenteritis/disease-and-epidemiology.html

  Rotavirus gastroenteritis is caused by rotavirus that infects the stomach and bowel. […] Rotavirus is highly contagious among children. […] Infection results from ingestion of infected foods or drinks. […] The virus is highly resistant in the environment and can survive for months in stools at room temperature.

• #31 Rotavirus – Infectious Disease Advisor

  https://www.infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/infectious-diseases/rotaviruses/

  Rotavirus is a highly contagious infection that causes diarrhea and vomiting. It is the leading cause of severe diarrhea in infants and young children worldwide. […] Rotavirus is mainly spread through feces. An individual may become infected by touching contaminated surfaces and then putting their hands in their mouth, consuming contaminated food or water, or not washing their hands after going to the bathroom and then touching their face. […] Some of the risk factors associated with severe illness due to rotavirus include the following: Infants with birth weight less than 5.5 pounds (approximately 2500 grams); Another child younger than age 24 months in the same household; and Immunodeficiency. […] Rotavirus infection can worsen dehydration and electrolyte imbalances, which may be particularly dangerous for children with preexisting health conditions, such as gastrointestinal disorders or kidney disease. […] The prognosis for rotavirus infection depends on the persons age and what part of the world they live in. […] Vaccination against rotavirus is currently the best protection against infection. Four vaccines have been developed for rotavirus.

• #32 About Rotavirus | Rotavirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/rotavirus/about/index.html

  Rotavirus causes common symptoms like watery diarrhea and vomiting, especially in children. […] Protect your child with rotavirus vaccine. […] Rotavirus disease is most common in infants and young children. However, older children and adults, including people with weakened immune systems, can also get sick from rotavirus. […] Rotavirus commonly spreads in families, hospitals, and childcare centers. […] People who are infected with rotavirus shed (pass) the virus in their stool (poop). […] Rotavirus vaccination is the best way to protect your child from rotavirus disease. […] Children, even those who are vaccinated, may get infected and sick from rotavirus more than once. That is because neither natural infection with rotavirus nor vaccination provides full protection from future infections. However, vaccinated children are less likely to get sick from rotavirus.

• #33 Rotavirus Infection | Loma Linda University Children’s Health

  https://lluch.org/conditions/rotavirus-infection

  Rotavirus is a contagious virus that causes nausea and diarrhea. It’s the leading cause of severe infectious diarrhea in children. […] Rotavirus is most often spread through a fecal-oral route. This is often because a child does not wash their hands properly or often enough. It can also be caused by eating or drinking contaminated food or water. […] Most children get the virus between the ages of 3 months and 35 months. […] The virus causes watery diarrhea that may last from 3 to 8 days. It can also cause nausea, vomiting, and fever. […] Ask your child’s healthcare provider about the rotavirus vaccine.

• #34 Rotavirus | Rijksvaccinatieprogramma.nl

  https://rijksvaccinatieprogramma.nl/en/infectious-diseases/rotavirus

  Rotavirus can cause gastrointestinal infections (inflammation of the stomach and intestines). […] Rotavirus infections are common in young children aged 02 years. […] Rotavirus is highly contagious. […] A rotavirus infection is caused by an infectious disease. […] If you have a rotavirus infection, your stomach and intestines will be affected. […] Rotavirus spreads through stool material, also known as poop. […] Young children aged 6 to 24 months are particularly vulnerable. […] 3,500 children with rotavirus end up in hospital every year as a result.

• #35 Rotavirus – Infectious Disease Advisor

  https://www.infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/infectious-diseases/rotaviruses/

  Rotavirus is a highly contagious infection that causes diarrhea and vomiting. It is the leading cause of severe diarrhea in infants and young children worldwide. […] Rotavirus is mainly spread through feces. An individual may become infected by touching contaminated surfaces and then putting their hands in their mouth, consuming contaminated food or water, or not washing their hands after going to the bathroom and then touching their face. […] Some of the risk factors associated with severe illness due to rotavirus include the following: Infants with birth weight less than 5.5 pounds (approximately 2500 grams); Another child younger than age 24 months in the same household; and Immunodeficiency. […] Rotavirus infection can worsen dehydration and electrolyte imbalances, which may be particularly dangerous for children with preexisting health conditions, such as gastrointestinal disorders or kidney disease. […] The prognosis for rotavirus infection depends on the persons age and what part of the world they live in. […] Vaccination against rotavirus is currently the best protection against infection. Four vaccines have been developed for rotavirus.

• #36 Disease factsheet about rotavirus

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/rotavirus-infection/facts

  Rotaviruses are the single most important cause of severe diarrhoeal illness in infants and young children worldwide. […] Most rotaviruses causing diarrhoeal illness in children worldwide belong to serogroup A, but rotaviruses group B and C may also cause disease in humans. […] Severe RV GE disease may develop in any child. However, a limited number of risk factors for development of severe disease have been identified including low-birth-weight infants (2,500 g), another child 24 months of age in the household and severe immunodeficiency conditions. […] Rotaviruses are mainly transmitted from person-to-person through the faecal-oral route, but transmission may also occur through contaminated objects (e.g. door-handles, water-taps, toilet-seats and toys), airborne droplets and contaminated water or food. […] Two live attenuated vaccines for oral use providing prevention against rotavirus disease were authorised in the European Union in 2006; The indication for these vaccines is active immunization of infants for prevention of gastroenteritis due to rotavirus infection.

• #37 Rotavirus: Symptoms, Causes, How It Spreads, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/rotavirus

  Infants and children under 3 years old are at the highest risk of developing a rotavirus infection. Being in daycare also raises their risk. […] Severe dehydration is a serious complication of rotavirus. Its also the most common cause of rotavirus-related deaths worldwide. Children are the most susceptible.

• #38 Rotavirus: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803885-overview

  Rotavirus is one of several viruses known to cause a self-limited gastroenteritis. Fluid stool losses may be dramatic, and death from dehydration is not uncommon, particularly in developing countries. […] Rotavirus is one of several viruses known to cause gastroenteritis. The rotavirus genome consists of 11 segments of double-stranded RNA enclosed in a double-shelled capsid. It is classified in the Reoviridae family. Rotavirus is a self-limited infection. Fluid stool losses may be dramatic, and death from dehydration is not uncommon, particularly in developing countries. […] The most significant risk factor for rotavirus infection appears to be participation in group daycare, presumably because the virus is spread through fecal-oral contact by the children themselves and by the daycare workers who are responsible for diapering. Also, fomites serve as important vectors for viral transmission. […] Rotavirus can cause illness in adults and children. However, adults are often asymptomatic or less severely affected.

• #39 Rotavirus – Infectious Disease Advisor

  https://www.infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/infectious-diseases/rotaviruses/

  Rotavirus is a highly contagious infection that causes diarrhea and vomiting. It is the leading cause of severe diarrhea in infants and young children worldwide. […] Rotavirus is mainly spread through feces. An individual may become infected by touching contaminated surfaces and then putting their hands in their mouth, consuming contaminated food or water, or not washing their hands after going to the bathroom and then touching their face. […] Some of the risk factors associated with severe illness due to rotavirus include the following: Infants with birth weight less than 5.5 pounds (approximately 2500 grams); Another child younger than age 24 months in the same household; and Immunodeficiency. […] Rotavirus infection can worsen dehydration and electrolyte imbalances, which may be particularly dangerous for children with preexisting health conditions, such as gastrointestinal disorders or kidney disease. […] The prognosis for rotavirus infection depends on the persons age and what part of the world they live in. […] Vaccination against rotavirus is currently the best protection against infection. Four vaccines have been developed for rotavirus.

• #40 Disease factsheet about rotavirus

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/rotavirus-infection/facts

  Rotaviruses are the single most important cause of severe diarrhoeal illness in infants and young children worldwide. […] Most rotaviruses causing diarrhoeal illness in children worldwide belong to serogroup A, but rotaviruses group B and C may also cause disease in humans. […] Severe RV GE disease may develop in any child. However, a limited number of risk factors for development of severe disease have been identified including low-birth-weight infants (2,500 g), another child 24 months of age in the household and severe immunodeficiency conditions. […] Rotaviruses are mainly transmitted from person-to-person through the faecal-oral route, but transmission may also occur through contaminated objects (e.g. door-handles, water-taps, toilet-seats and toys), airborne droplets and contaminated water or food. […] Two live attenuated vaccines for oral use providing prevention against rotavirus disease were authorised in the European Union in 2006; The indication for these vaccines is active immunization of infants for prevention of gastroenteritis due to rotavirus infection.

• #41 Rotavirus – Infectious Disease Advisor

  https://www.infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/infectious-diseases/rotaviruses/

  Rotavirus is a highly contagious infection that causes diarrhea and vomiting. It is the leading cause of severe diarrhea in infants and young children worldwide. […] Rotavirus is mainly spread through feces. An individual may become infected by touching contaminated surfaces and then putting their hands in their mouth, consuming contaminated food or water, or not washing their hands after going to the bathroom and then touching their face. […] Some of the risk factors associated with severe illness due to rotavirus include the following: Infants with birth weight less than 5.5 pounds (approximately 2500 grams); Another child younger than age 24 months in the same household; and Immunodeficiency. […] Rotavirus infection can worsen dehydration and electrolyte imbalances, which may be particularly dangerous for children with preexisting health conditions, such as gastrointestinal disorders or kidney disease. […] The prognosis for rotavirus infection depends on the persons age and what part of the world they live in. […] Vaccination against rotavirus is currently the best protection against infection. Four vaccines have been developed for rotavirus.

• #42 Rotavirus: Vaccine, Symptoms, Treatment & Causes

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/rotavirus/article_em.htm

  Rotavirus infection is the world’s most common cause of severe viral gastroenteritis (vomiting and diarrhea). […] As stated above, the rotavirus is responsible for the large majority of illnesses both worldwide and in the United States. […] There are four viral families that cause the bulk of gastroenteritis. […] Complications of rotavirus infection are relatively rare. Important exceptions are those infections in people with weakened immune systems (premature and newborn infants or the elderly). […] A proactive vaccination program for infants against rotavirus disease has been advocated by the CDC and the American Academy of Pediatrics for several years. […] Both formulations show excellent effectiveness in preventing severe rotavirus disease and protection against the severity of disease requiring hospitalization.

• #43 Rotavirus: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/can-adults-get-rotavirus-289879

  Rotavirus, a highly contagious virus, was the most common cause of infectious gastroenteritis (stomach flu) among infants and children before vaccinations were introduced in 2006. […] Anyone can catch rotavirus, at any age. You can become infected with the virus by exposure to food or objects that are contaminated with it. It is spread by the oral-fecal route, which means that a person who carries the virus can spread it by touching objects or preparing food if their hands have not been properly washed after using the toilet or vomiting. […] The virus attacks the lining of the small intestine. Through a physiological process of osmosis, fluids and electrolytes flow into the digestive system, resulting in abdominal cramps, vomiting, and diarrhea. […] Most children are exposed to the virus and develop rotavirus-induced stomach flu before the age of five. The illness results in long-lasting immunity in healthy children, and that is one of the reasons why adults typically do not always become sick when exposed to the virus. […] Elderly adults and those with a compromised immune system due to illness or chemotherapy can lose their immunity to the virus and are more susceptible to becoming very ill as a result of gastroenteritis.

• #44 Caring for a Child with Rotavirus Infection – Symptoms & Treatment | Carle.org

  https://carle.org/conditions/pediatric-conditions/rotavirus-infection

  Rotaviruses infect the gastrointestinal tract (stomach and intestines). Rotavirus infections are the most common cause of severe diarrhea in babies and young children. […] Rotaviruses are passed in stool of one child to the mouth of another child (fecal-oral route). Not washing hands before eating or after using the toilet can pass the virus. […] Risk factors include feeding with formula instead of breast-feeding, low birth weight, attending child-care centers, and having young or inexperienced child-care givers. […] Immunization against rotavirus provides protection against infections.

• #45 Chapter 19: Rotavirus | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-19-rotavirus.html

  Rotavirus infection in infants and young children can lead to severe diarrhea, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and metabolic acidosis. […] Rotavirus occurs throughout the world. […] In the prevaccine era, the proportion of severe diarrhea in children younger than age 5 years that was due to rotavirus was similar (about 35% to 40%) in developed and developing countries. […] The reservoir of rotavirus is the gastrointestinal tract and stool of infected humans. […] Rotaviruses are shed in high concentration in the stool of infected persons. […] Rotavirus is highly communicable, as evidenced by the nearly universal infection of children by age 5 years in the prevaccine era. […] In the prevaccine era, an estimated 2.7 million rotavirus infections occurred every year in the United States and 95% of children experienced at least one rotavirus infection by age 5 years.

• #46 Rotavirus | Washington State Department of Health

  https://doh.wa.gov/you-and-your-family/immunization/diseases-and-vaccines/rotavirus

  Rotavirus is a contagious disease caused by a virus. Rotavirus causes watery diarrhea and vomiting in infants and young children. […] Rotavirus is transmitted from an infected persons poop (feces). You can get rotavirus if you put something in your mouth (food, objects, hands) that has infected poop on or in it. The item can have the virus on it even if it looks clean. […] Although anyone can get rotavirus, it is especially dangerous for infants and young children. […] Before vaccines, rotavirus was the leading cause of severe diarrhea among infants and young children. Rotavirus vaccine has reduced hospitalization and death from rotavirus in babies and young children.

• #47 Rotavirus – NFID

  https://www.nfid.org/infectious-disease/rotavirus/

  Rotavirus is a highly contagious virus that infects nearly all young children. It is one of the most common causes of severe diarrhea in the US. […] Before there was a rotavirus vaccine, almost all US children were infected with rotavirus before their 5th birthday. […] Since the vaccine was introduced in 2006, rotavirus disease has become less common. […] Most recent rotavirus outbreaks have been related to low vaccination rates, which is why it is important to make sure your child is fully vaccinated. […] Getting your child vaccinated is the best way to help protect against rotavirus disease. […] There are no specific drugs to treat rotavirus infection.

• #48 Chapter 19: Rotavirus | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-19-rotavirus.html

  Rotavirus infection in infants and young children can lead to severe diarrhea, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and metabolic acidosis. […] Rotavirus occurs throughout the world. […] In the prevaccine era, the proportion of severe diarrhea in children younger than age 5 years that was due to rotavirus was similar (about 35% to 40%) in developed and developing countries. […] The reservoir of rotavirus is the gastrointestinal tract and stool of infected humans. […] Rotaviruses are shed in high concentration in the stool of infected persons. […] Rotavirus is highly communicable, as evidenced by the nearly universal infection of children by age 5 years in the prevaccine era. […] In the prevaccine era, an estimated 2.7 million rotavirus infections occurred every year in the United States and 95% of children experienced at least one rotavirus infection by age 5 years.

• #49 Chapter 19: Rotavirus | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-19-rotavirus.html

  Rotavirus accounted for 30% to 50% of all hospitalizations for gastroenteritis among children younger than age 5 years. […] The marked reduction in rotavirus disease burden in the United States following the introduction of rotavirus vaccine in 2006 has been documented by data on hospitalizations and emergency department care for diarrhea among young children. […] Post-marketing evaluations of RV5 vaccine and/or RV1 vaccine in some middle and high income countries have identified a low-level increased risk of intussusception following vaccination.

• #50 About Rotavirus | Rotavirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/rotavirus/about/index.html

  Rotavirus causes common symptoms like watery diarrhea and vomiting, especially in children. […] Protect your child with rotavirus vaccine. […] Rotavirus disease is most common in infants and young children. However, older children and adults, including people with weakened immune systems, can also get sick from rotavirus. […] Rotavirus commonly spreads in families, hospitals, and childcare centers. […] People who are infected with rotavirus shed (pass) the virus in their stool (poop). […] Rotavirus vaccination is the best way to protect your child from rotavirus disease. […] Children, even those who are vaccinated, may get infected and sick from rotavirus more than once. That is because neither natural infection with rotavirus nor vaccination provides full protection from future infections. However, vaccinated children are less likely to get sick from rotavirus.

• #51 Rotavirus Infections | California Childcare Health Program

  https://cchp.ucsf.edu/resources/illness-sheets/rotavirus-infections

  Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe, seasonal diarrhea in infants and young children. […] In the U.S., rotavirus causes outbreaks of diarrhea during the winter months, and it is a special problem in the child care setting and childrens hospitals. […] Rotavirus causes 20-45% of the outbreaks of diarrheal illnesses in child care settings. […] The rate of hospitalization from rotaviral diarrhea in infected children can be as high as 2.5 percent. […] Promote immunization since it is the only practical way to avoid rotavirus infection. There is a new vaccine called Rotateq* that is very effective in protecting children from rotavirus.

• #52 Chapter 19: Rotavirus | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-19-rotavirus.html

  Rotavirus was first identified as the cause of diarrhea in 1973. […] By 1980, rotavirus was recognized as the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children in the United States. […] In the prevaccine era, the majority of children were infected by age 5 years, and rotavirus was responsible for up to 500,000 deaths among children annually worldwide. […] Rotavirus is a double-stranded RNA virus of the family Reoviridae. […] The outermost shell contains two important proteins: VP7, or G-protein, and VP4, or P-protein. […] VP7 and VP4 induce neutralizing antibodies that are believed to be involved in immune protection. […] The immune correlates of protection from rotavirus are not fully understood. […] Serum and mucosal antibodies against VP7 and VP4 are probably important for protection from disease.

• #53 Rotavirus – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rotavirus/symptoms-causes/syc-20351300

  Rotavirus is present in an infected person’s stool two days before symptoms appear and for up to 10 days after symptoms lessen. The virus spreads easily through hand-to-mouth contact throughout this time even if the infected person doesn’t have symptoms. […] If you have rotavirus and you don’t wash your hands after using the toilet or your child has rotavirus and you don’t wash your hands after changing your child’s diaper or helping your child use the toilet the virus can spread to anything you touch, including food, toys and utensils. If another person touches your unwashed hands or a contaminated object and then touches his or her mouth, an infection may follow. The virus can remain infectious on surfaces that haven’t been disinfected for weeks or months. […] It’s possible to be infected with rotavirus more than once, even if you’ve been vaccinated. However, repeat infections are typically less severe.

• #54 About Rotavirus | Rotavirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/rotavirus/about/index.html

  Rotavirus causes common symptoms like watery diarrhea and vomiting, especially in children. […] Protect your child with rotavirus vaccine. […] Rotavirus disease is most common in infants and young children. However, older children and adults, including people with weakened immune systems, can also get sick from rotavirus. […] Rotavirus commonly spreads in families, hospitals, and childcare centers. […] People who are infected with rotavirus shed (pass) the virus in their stool (poop). […] Rotavirus vaccination is the best way to protect your child from rotavirus disease. […] Children, even those who are vaccinated, may get infected and sick from rotavirus more than once. That is because neither natural infection with rotavirus nor vaccination provides full protection from future infections. However, vaccinated children are less likely to get sick from rotavirus.

• #55 Rotavirus – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus

  Rotaviruses are the most common cause of diarrhoeal disease among infants and young children. […] Nearly every child in the world is infected with a rotavirus at least once by the age of five. […] Immunity develops with each infection, so subsequent infections are less severe. […] The virus is transmitted by the faecaloral route. […] It infects and damages the cells that line the small intestine and causes gastroenteritis (which is often called „stomach flu” despite having no relation to influenza). […] Although rotavirus was discovered in 1973 by Ruth Bishop and her colleagues by electron micrograph images and accounts for approximately one third of hospitalisations for severe diarrhoea in infants and children, its importance has historically been underestimated within the public health community, particularly in developing countries.

• #56 About Rotavirus | Rotavirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/rotavirus/about/index.html

  Rotavirus causes common symptoms like watery diarrhea and vomiting, especially in children. […] Protect your child with rotavirus vaccine. […] Rotavirus disease is most common in infants and young children. However, older children and adults, including people with weakened immune systems, can also get sick from rotavirus. […] Rotavirus commonly spreads in families, hospitals, and childcare centers. […] People who are infected with rotavirus shed (pass) the virus in their stool (poop). […] Rotavirus vaccination is the best way to protect your child from rotavirus disease. […] Children, even those who are vaccinated, may get infected and sick from rotavirus more than once. That is because neither natural infection with rotavirus nor vaccination provides full protection from future infections. However, vaccinated children are less likely to get sick from rotavirus.

• #57 About Rotavirus | Rotavirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/rotavirus/about/index.html

  Rotavirus causes common symptoms like watery diarrhea and vomiting, especially in children. […] Protect your child with rotavirus vaccine. […] Rotavirus disease is most common in infants and young children. However, older children and adults, including people with weakened immune systems, can also get sick from rotavirus. […] Rotavirus commonly spreads in families, hospitals, and childcare centers. […] People who are infected with rotavirus shed (pass) the virus in their stool (poop). […] Rotavirus vaccination is the best way to protect your child from rotavirus disease. […] Children, even those who are vaccinated, may get infected and sick from rotavirus more than once. That is because neither natural infection with rotavirus nor vaccination provides full protection from future infections. However, vaccinated children are less likely to get sick from rotavirus.

• #58 What Is Rotavirus? Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8275-rotavirus

  Rotavirus is a contagious gastrointestinal (GI) infection that causes inflammation of the stomach and intestines (gastroenteritis). […] Rotavirus is a virus that spreads through hand-to-mouth contact. […] Before the vaccines became available, rotavirus was the No. 1 cause of severe diarrhea in babies and young children in the United States. […] The rotavirus vaccines Rotarix or RotaTeq can protect children from getting rotavirus or make their symptoms less severe if they do get it. […] The best way to prevent rotavirus and protect the health of your family is to make sure they get one of the rotavirus vaccines. […] About 70% of children who receive the vaccine dont get rotavirus. […] Scientists have tested both rotavirus vaccines extensively in thousands of babies. They consider both vaccines safe and effective. […] Rotavirus spreads through contact with poop. […] Rotavirus is very contagious.

• #59 What Is Rotavirus? Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8275-rotavirus

  Rotavirus is a contagious gastrointestinal (GI) infection that causes inflammation of the stomach and intestines (gastroenteritis). […] Rotavirus is a virus that spreads through hand-to-mouth contact. […] Before the vaccines became available, rotavirus was the No. 1 cause of severe diarrhea in babies and young children in the United States. […] The rotavirus vaccines Rotarix or RotaTeq can protect children from getting rotavirus or make their symptoms less severe if they do get it. […] The best way to prevent rotavirus and protect the health of your family is to make sure they get one of the rotavirus vaccines. […] About 70% of children who receive the vaccine dont get rotavirus. […] Scientists have tested both rotavirus vaccines extensively in thousands of babies. They consider both vaccines safe and effective. […] Rotavirus spreads through contact with poop. […] Rotavirus is very contagious.

• #60 Rotavirus: Causes and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/177104

  Vaccination can help protect children from the virus. […] The rotavirus vaccine was introduced in the U.S. in 2006. Before then, rotavirus was the main cause of severe diarrhea among infants and young children. […] The vaccine is thought to prevent 40,000 to 50,000 hospitalizations each year. […] For about the first year of an infant’s life, rotavirus vaccine provided 85-98 percent protection against severe rotavirus illness and hospitalization from rotavirus illness, and 74-87 percent protection against rotavirus illness of any severity.

• #61 Chapter 19: Rotavirus | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-19-rotavirus.html

  Rotavirus was first identified as the cause of diarrhea in 1973. […] By 1980, rotavirus was recognized as the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children in the United States. […] In the prevaccine era, the majority of children were infected by age 5 years, and rotavirus was responsible for up to 500,000 deaths among children annually worldwide. […] Rotavirus is a double-stranded RNA virus of the family Reoviridae. […] The outermost shell contains two important proteins: VP7, or G-protein, and VP4, or P-protein. […] VP7 and VP4 induce neutralizing antibodies that are believed to be involved in immune protection. […] The immune correlates of protection from rotavirus are not fully understood. […] Serum and mucosal antibodies against VP7 and VP4 are probably important for protection from disease.

• #62 Rotaviral Enteritis | Iowa State University

  https://vetmed.iastate.edu/vdpam/about/focus-areas/swine/swine-disease-manual/index-diseases/rotaviral-enteritis

  Rotaviruses cause diarrhea in nursing and postweaned pigs, affecting primarily the small intestine. […] There are at least 7 antigenically distinct serogroups of rotaviruses (A, B, C, D, E, F, G) of which 4 (A, B, C, E) affect swine. […] Most is known about the more common group A rotaviruses. Group A is by far the most prevalent but type C has been associated with outbreaks. […] Immunity is not cross-protective between serogroups and is incomplete between serovarieties. […] Rotavirus as a consistent cause of diarrhea in post-weaned pigs would implicate poor sanitation, and disinfecting between groups of pigs would be warranted.

• #63 Disease Caused by Rotavirus Infection

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4279035/

  The disease burden of rotavirus is substantial, and the economic burden from infection in infants and children is a threat worldwide. […] Rotavirus vaccination is a cost-effective measure to prevent rotavirus infection. […] The monovalent rotavirus vaccine (a G1P[8] human rotavirus strain) and the pentavalent vaccine exert similar degrees of effectiveness for protecting against infection with homotypic and heterotypic rotavirus strains. […] Expanding rotavirus surveillance networks to industrialized and developing countries as well as implementing persistent rotavirus surveillance are important for identifying newly emergent rotavirus strains and for evaluating the effectiveness of strain-specific vaccine responses in different countries.

• #64 Rotavirus infection | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrdp201783

  This study summarizes the impact of rotavirus vaccination during the first 10 years after vaccine licensure and concludes that implementation of rotavirus vaccines substantially decreased hospitalizations from rotavirus and all-cause acute gastroenteritis. […] This study indicates that the microbiome can impact rotavirus vaccines. […] This study reports the use of a plasmid-based reverse genetics system for rotavirus.

• #65 Rotavirus infection | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrdp201783

  Rotavirus infections are a leading cause of severe, dehydrating gastroenteritis in children 5 years of age. […] Rotavirus primarily infects enterocytes and induces diarrhoea through the destruction of absorptive enterocytes (leading to malabsorption), intestinal secretion stimulated by rotavirus non-structural protein 4 and activation of the enteric nervous system. […] This study shows visualization of rotavirus as the causative agent of viral gastroenteritis and the associated histopathology. […] This report shows that rotavirus can stimulate 5-HT release from human enterochromaffin cells and activate the vomiting centre in the central nervous system. […] This study is the 2008 estimate of rotavirus related mortality (450,000 deaths), the benchmark by which the impact of rotavirus vaccination programmes were measured.

• #66 Rotavirus infection | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrdp201783

  Rotavirus infections are a leading cause of severe, dehydrating gastroenteritis in children 5 years of age. […] Rotavirus primarily infects enterocytes and induces diarrhoea through the destruction of absorptive enterocytes (leading to malabsorption), intestinal secretion stimulated by rotavirus non-structural protein 4 and activation of the enteric nervous system. […] This study shows visualization of rotavirus as the causative agent of viral gastroenteritis and the associated histopathology. […] This report shows that rotavirus can stimulate 5-HT release from human enterochromaffin cells and activate the vomiting centre in the central nervous system. […] This study is the 2008 estimate of rotavirus related mortality (450,000 deaths), the benchmark by which the impact of rotavirus vaccination programmes were measured.

• #67 Rotavirus infection | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrdp201783

  Rotavirus infections are a leading cause of severe, dehydrating gastroenteritis in children 5 years of age. […] Rotavirus primarily infects enterocytes and induces diarrhoea through the destruction of absorptive enterocytes (leading to malabsorption), intestinal secretion stimulated by rotavirus non-structural protein 4 and activation of the enteric nervous system. […] This study shows visualization of rotavirus as the causative agent of viral gastroenteritis and the associated histopathology. […] This report shows that rotavirus can stimulate 5-HT release from human enterochromaffin cells and activate the vomiting centre in the central nervous system. […] This study is the 2008 estimate of rotavirus related mortality (450,000 deaths), the benchmark by which the impact of rotavirus vaccination programmes were measured.

• #68 How rotavirus causes severe gastrointestinal disease | BCM

  https://www.bcm.edu/news/how-rotavirus-causes-severe-gastrointestinal-disease

  Rotavirus is a major cause of diarrhea and vomiting, especially in children, that results in approximately 128,000 deaths annually. […] The virus triggers the disease by infecting enterocyte cells in the small intestine, but only a fraction of the susceptible cells has the virus. […] The researchers connected their observation to a concept proposed in the mid-90s suggesting that rotavirus-infected cells send signals to neighboring uninfected cells that disrupt their function, promoting diarrhea and vomiting. […] Across the three model systems we consistently found evidence that rotavirus-infected cells signal uninfected cells with ADP and that this contributes to the severity of the disease, Chang-Graham said. […] Further studies revealed previously unknown roles of ADP on rotavirus infection and replication, shining a spotlight on ADP as an important trigger of the multiple factors involved in severe diarrhea and vomiting caused by rotavirus. […] Using intercellular calcium waves, rotavirus amplifies its ability to cause disease beyond the cells it directly infects. […] Our findings add a new and very potent signaling pathway into the causative mechanisms of rotavirus diarrhea, Hyser said.

• #69 How rotavirus causes severe gastrointestinal disease | BCM

  https://www.bcm.edu/news/how-rotavirus-causes-severe-gastrointestinal-disease

  Rotavirus is a major cause of diarrhea and vomiting, especially in children, that results in approximately 128,000 deaths annually. […] The virus triggers the disease by infecting enterocyte cells in the small intestine, but only a fraction of the susceptible cells has the virus. […] The researchers connected their observation to a concept proposed in the mid-90s suggesting that rotavirus-infected cells send signals to neighboring uninfected cells that disrupt their function, promoting diarrhea and vomiting. […] Across the three model systems we consistently found evidence that rotavirus-infected cells signal uninfected cells with ADP and that this contributes to the severity of the disease, Chang-Graham said. […] Further studies revealed previously unknown roles of ADP on rotavirus infection and replication, shining a spotlight on ADP as an important trigger of the multiple factors involved in severe diarrhea and vomiting caused by rotavirus. […] Using intercellular calcium waves, rotavirus amplifies its ability to cause disease beyond the cells it directly infects. […] Our findings add a new and very potent signaling pathway into the causative mechanisms of rotavirus diarrhea, Hyser said.

• #70

• #71 Rotavirus: Vaccine, Symptoms, Treatment & Causes

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/rotavirus/article_em.htm

  Rotavirus infection is the world’s most common cause of severe viral gastroenteritis (vomiting and diarrhea). […] As stated above, the rotavirus is responsible for the large majority of illnesses both worldwide and in the United States. […] There are four viral families that cause the bulk of gastroenteritis. […] Complications of rotavirus infection are relatively rare. Important exceptions are those infections in people with weakened immune systems (premature and newborn infants or the elderly). […] A proactive vaccination program for infants against rotavirus disease has been advocated by the CDC and the American Academy of Pediatrics for several years. […] Both formulations show excellent effectiveness in preventing severe rotavirus disease and protection against the severity of disease requiring hospitalization.

• #72 Causes of Rotavirus Vaccine Failure in Zambian Children | National Agricultural Library

  https://www.nal.usda.gov/research-tools/food-safety-research-projects/causes-rotavirus-vaccine-failure-zambian-children

  Despite being vaccine preventable, rotavirus is the most important cause of severe gastroenteritis among children and kills half a million children each year worldwide. […] Although vaccines like Rotarix are a cost effective tool against infectious diseases, and international guidelines recommend their widespread implementation, live oral vaccines can be less immunogenic and efficacious in developing world settings as compared with industrialized countries. […] Specific hypotheses include: (i) High-level rotavirus-specific maternal immunity (in the form of anti-rotavirus breast milk IgA and transplacental serum IgG) contributes to failed seroconversion following vaccination. […] The goal of this project is to determine the contribution of maternal, viral, and child factors in rotavirus vaccine failure in a prospective cohort of Zambian children.

• #73 Causes of Rotavirus Vaccine Failure in Zambian Children | National Agricultural Library

  https://www.nal.usda.gov/research-tools/food-safety-research-projects/causes-rotavirus-vaccine-failure-zambian-children

  Despite being vaccine preventable, rotavirus is the most important cause of severe gastroenteritis among children and kills half a million children each year worldwide. […] Although vaccines like Rotarix are a cost effective tool against infectious diseases, and international guidelines recommend their widespread implementation, live oral vaccines can be less immunogenic and efficacious in developing world settings as compared with industrialized countries. […] Specific hypotheses include: (i) High-level rotavirus-specific maternal immunity (in the form of anti-rotavirus breast milk IgA and transplacental serum IgG) contributes to failed seroconversion following vaccination. […] The goal of this project is to determine the contribution of maternal, viral, and child factors in rotavirus vaccine failure in a prospective cohort of Zambian children.

• #74 Causes of Rotavirus Vaccine Failure in Zambian Children | National Agricultural Library

  https://www.nal.usda.gov/research-tools/food-safety-research-projects/causes-rotavirus-vaccine-failure-zambian-children

  Despite being vaccine preventable, rotavirus is the most important cause of severe gastroenteritis among children and kills half a million children each year worldwide. […] Although vaccines like Rotarix are a cost effective tool against infectious diseases, and international guidelines recommend their widespread implementation, live oral vaccines can be less immunogenic and efficacious in developing world settings as compared with industrialized countries. […] Specific hypotheses include: (i) High-level rotavirus-specific maternal immunity (in the form of anti-rotavirus breast milk IgA and transplacental serum IgG) contributes to failed seroconversion following vaccination. […] The goal of this project is to determine the contribution of maternal, viral, and child factors in rotavirus vaccine failure in a prospective cohort of Zambian children.

• #75 Rotavirus infection-associated central nervous system complications: clinicoradiological features and potential mechanisms

  https://www.e-cep.org/journal/view.php?number=20125555504

  Despite the introduction of vaccines in 2006, rotavirus remains one of the most common causes of pediatric gastroenteritis worldwide. […] While many studies have conclusively shown that rotavirus infection causes gastroenteritis and is associated with various extraintestinal manifestations including central nervous system (CNS) complications, extraintestinal manifestations due to rotavirus infection have been relatively overlooked. […] Rotavirus infection-associated CNS complications are common in children and present with diverse clinicoradiological features. […] The precise mechanism underlying the development of these complications remains unknown despite a number of clinical and laboratory studies. […] Rotavirus, one of the most common pathogens causing gastroenteritis among children under 5 years of age, is the leading cause of pediatric diarrhea-related deaths worldwide.

• #76 Rotavirus infection-associated central nervous system complications: clinicoradiological features and potential mechanisms

  https://www.e-cep.org/journal/view.php?number=20125555504

  Rotavirus was first reported in 1973 after the visualization of viral particles under an electron microscope in the duodenal mucosa of 9 children with acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis. […] Rotavirus infection was initially considered confined to the gastrointestinal tract; however, many reports have shown that it may cause extraintestinal manifestations including various neurological disorders, hepatitis, cholestasis, pancreatitis, type 1 diabetes, respiratory illness, myocarditis, renal failure, and thrombocytopenia. […] Rotavirus is a common cause of acute encephalopathy and encephalitis in children. […] Although rotavirus infection can involve CNS complications with various manifestations, such as impaired consciousness, seizures, and mutism, the underlying mechanisms by which rotavirus infection causes these complications are largely unknown.

• #77 Rotavirus infection-associated central nervous system complications: clinicoradiological features and potential mechanisms

  https://www.e-cep.org/journal/view.php?number=20125555504

  Rotavirus was first reported in 1973 after the visualization of viral particles under an electron microscope in the duodenal mucosa of 9 children with acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis. […] Rotavirus infection was initially considered confined to the gastrointestinal tract; however, many reports have shown that it may cause extraintestinal manifestations including various neurological disorders, hepatitis, cholestasis, pancreatitis, type 1 diabetes, respiratory illness, myocarditis, renal failure, and thrombocytopenia. […] Rotavirus is a common cause of acute encephalopathy and encephalitis in children. […] Although rotavirus infection can involve CNS complications with various manifestations, such as impaired consciousness, seizures, and mutism, the underlying mechanisms by which rotavirus infection causes these complications are largely unknown.

• #78 Rotavirus infection-associated central nervous system complications: clinicoradiological features and potential mechanisms

  https://www.e-cep.org/journal/view.php?number=20125555504

  The detection of rotavirus antigens and RNA in the CSF of patients with CNS complications supports the theory of direct viral invasion of the CNS. […] However, CSF samples are not always positive for rotavirus antigen and/or RNA in cases of CNS complications. […] Considering these observations, it is presumed that CNS complications may be caused by direct viral invasion of the CNS and/or circulating mediators with deleterious effects on the CNS. […] The direct viral invasion into the brain via several potential pathways, such as the blood-brain and blood-CSF barriers and vagus nerve, and the entry of activated immune cells and various brain-damaging mediators into the brain through the breach of blood vessels in the brain, are potential mechanisms for rotavirus infection-associated CNS complications.

• #79 Rotavirus infection-associated central nervous system complications: clinicoradiological features and potential mechanisms

  https://www.e-cep.org/journal/view.php?number=20125555504

  The detection of rotavirus antigens and RNA in the CSF of patients with CNS complications supports the theory of direct viral invasion of the CNS. […] However, CSF samples are not always positive for rotavirus antigen and/or RNA in cases of CNS complications. […] Considering these observations, it is presumed that CNS complications may be caused by direct viral invasion of the CNS and/or circulating mediators with deleterious effects on the CNS. […] The direct viral invasion into the brain via several potential pathways, such as the blood-brain and blood-CSF barriers and vagus nerve, and the entry of activated immune cells and various brain-damaging mediators into the brain through the breach of blood vessels in the brain, are potential mechanisms for rotavirus infection-associated CNS complications.

• #80 Rotavirus: Vaccine, Causes, Symptoms, Diarrhea, Infection, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/rotavirus/article.htm

  Rotavirus is a virus that infects the bowels, causing severe inflammation of the stomach and bowels (known as gastroenteritis). Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhea among infants and children throughout the world and causes the death of about 500,000 children worldwide annually. […] The rotavirus is a member of the Reoviridae family of viruses and contains double-stranded RNA enclosed by a double-shelled outer layer (capsid). Infection with different strains of the virus is possible, so it is common to have several separate rotavirus infections in childhood. […] Rotavirus most commonly infects infants and children. Since rotavirus infection is highly contagious, those who are around infected people are at high risk of infection. […] Because the virus is so prevalent, it is very difficult or even impossible to prevent rotavirus infection in people who did not receive the vaccine. Contamination is possible even in places with excellent standards of hygiene and sanitation. Vaccination is the most effective preventive measure and is very effective in preventing severe rotavirus disease in young children and infants.

• #81 Rotavirus: The Disease & Vaccines | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/vaccine-education-center/vaccine-details/rotavirus-vaccine

  Rotavirus is a virus that infects the lining of the intestines. […] Before the vaccine, each year in the United States, rotavirus caused: […] The first rotavirus vaccine, RotaTeq, is made from a strain of rotavirus that was originally isolated from a calf. […] The second rotavirus vaccine, Rotarix, is made from one type of rotavirus originally isolated from a person and weakened in the lab. […] Natural rotavirus infection has been found to be a possible cause of type 1 diabetes in children.

• #82 Rotavirus: The Disease & Vaccines | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/vaccine-education-center/vaccine-details/rotavirus-vaccine

  Rotavirus is a virus that infects the lining of the intestines. […] Before the vaccine, each year in the United States, rotavirus caused: […] The first rotavirus vaccine, RotaTeq, is made from a strain of rotavirus that was originally isolated from a calf. […] The second rotavirus vaccine, Rotarix, is made from one type of rotavirus originally isolated from a person and weakened in the lab. […] Natural rotavirus infection has been found to be a possible cause of type 1 diabetes in children.

• #83 Disease factsheet about rotavirus

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/rotavirus-infection/facts

  Rotaviruses are the single most important cause of severe diarrhoeal illness in infants and young children worldwide. […] Most rotaviruses causing diarrhoeal illness in children worldwide belong to serogroup A, but rotaviruses group B and C may also cause disease in humans. […] Severe RV GE disease may develop in any child. However, a limited number of risk factors for development of severe disease have been identified including low-birth-weight infants (2,500 g), another child 24 months of age in the household and severe immunodeficiency conditions. […] Rotaviruses are mainly transmitted from person-to-person through the faecal-oral route, but transmission may also occur through contaminated objects (e.g. door-handles, water-taps, toilet-seats and toys), airborne droplets and contaminated water or food. […] Two live attenuated vaccines for oral use providing prevention against rotavirus disease were authorised in the European Union in 2006; The indication for these vaccines is active immunization of infants for prevention of gastroenteritis due to rotavirus infection.

• #84 Rotavirus | Spokane Regional Health District

  https://srhd.org/health-topics/diseases-conditions/rotavirus

  This virus is the most common cause of severe diarrhea in young children and can cause dehydration and even death. […] Rotavirus disease is most common in infants and young children, but older children and adults can become with rotavirus as well. […] Rotavirus spreads easily among infants and young children. […] Rotavirus vaccines are the most effective in preventing rotavirus gastroenteritis, diarrhea and other associated symptoms. […] The vaccines are very effective (85% to 98%) in preventing severe rotavirus disease in infants and young children, including rotavirus infection that requires hospitalization.

• #85 What Is Rotavirus? Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8275-rotavirus

  Rotavirus is a contagious gastrointestinal (GI) infection that causes inflammation of the stomach and intestines (gastroenteritis). […] Rotavirus is a virus that spreads through hand-to-mouth contact. […] Before the vaccines became available, rotavirus was the No. 1 cause of severe diarrhea in babies and young children in the United States. […] The rotavirus vaccines Rotarix or RotaTeq can protect children from getting rotavirus or make their symptoms less severe if they do get it. […] The best way to prevent rotavirus and protect the health of your family is to make sure they get one of the rotavirus vaccines. […] About 70% of children who receive the vaccine dont get rotavirus. […] Scientists have tested both rotavirus vaccines extensively in thousands of babies. They consider both vaccines safe and effective. […] Rotavirus spreads through contact with poop. […] Rotavirus is very contagious.

• #86

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/diseases-a-z-list/rotavirus.html

  Rotavirus is a virus that causes severe diarrhea and vomiting. […] The rotavirus vaccine protects against this illness. […] Rotavirus can be very harmful. […] The best prevention against rotavirus is the rotavirus vaccine (RotaTeq and Rotarix). Rotavirus vaccines protect children by preparing their bodies to fight the virus. Almost all children (85 to 98 children out of 100) who get the rotavirus vaccine will be protected from severe disease caused by the virus.

• #87 Rotavirus: Causes and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/177104

  Vaccination can help protect children from the virus. […] The rotavirus vaccine was introduced in the U.S. in 2006. Before then, rotavirus was the main cause of severe diarrhea among infants and young children. […] The vaccine is thought to prevent 40,000 to 50,000 hospitalizations each year. […] For about the first year of an infant’s life, rotavirus vaccine provided 85-98 percent protection against severe rotavirus illness and hospitalization from rotavirus illness, and 74-87 percent protection against rotavirus illness of any severity.

• #88 Rotavirus Infection Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment – Cura4U

  https://cura4u.com/conditions/rotavirus-infection

  Though the fecal-oral spread is very common, one can likely get an infection if being exposed to or in contact with the bodily fluids of someone infected. […] People who are infected will shed the virus in their stool. The virus gets into the environment and can infect the community by this route. […] The incidence of rotavirus is estimated to exceed 125 million cases of infantile diarrhea annually worldwide. Rotavirus is the commonest cause of childhood dehydrating gastroenteritis throughout the world. […] The rotavirus vaccine was introduced in 2006. It was common for young children to have at least one bout of rotavirus infection before the vaccine was introduced. After vaccination, hospitalizations and deaths from rotavirus have reduced significantly.

• #89 What Is Rotavirus? Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8275-rotavirus

  Rotavirus is a contagious gastrointestinal (GI) infection that causes inflammation of the stomach and intestines (gastroenteritis). […] Rotavirus is a virus that spreads through hand-to-mouth contact. […] Before the vaccines became available, rotavirus was the No. 1 cause of severe diarrhea in babies and young children in the United States. […] The rotavirus vaccines Rotarix or RotaTeq can protect children from getting rotavirus or make their symptoms less severe if they do get it. […] The best way to prevent rotavirus and protect the health of your family is to make sure they get one of the rotavirus vaccines. […] About 70% of children who receive the vaccine dont get rotavirus. […] Scientists have tested both rotavirus vaccines extensively in thousands of babies. They consider both vaccines safe and effective. […] Rotavirus spreads through contact with poop. […] Rotavirus is very contagious.

• #90 Chapter 19: Rotavirus | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-19-rotavirus.html

  Rotavirus accounted for 30% to 50% of all hospitalizations for gastroenteritis among children younger than age 5 years. […] The marked reduction in rotavirus disease burden in the United States following the introduction of rotavirus vaccine in 2006 has been documented by data on hospitalizations and emergency department care for diarrhea among young children. […] Post-marketing evaluations of RV5 vaccine and/or RV1 vaccine in some middle and high income countries have identified a low-level increased risk of intussusception following vaccination.

• #91 Rotavirus: Vaccine, Causes, Symptoms, Diarrhea, Infection, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/rotavirus/article.htm

  Rotavirus is a virus that infects the bowels, causing severe inflammation of the stomach and bowels (known as gastroenteritis). Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhea among infants and children throughout the world and causes the death of about 500,000 children worldwide annually. […] The rotavirus is a member of the Reoviridae family of viruses and contains double-stranded RNA enclosed by a double-shelled outer layer (capsid). Infection with different strains of the virus is possible, so it is common to have several separate rotavirus infections in childhood. […] Rotavirus most commonly infects infants and children. Since rotavirus infection is highly contagious, those who are around infected people are at high risk of infection. […] Because the virus is so prevalent, it is very difficult or even impossible to prevent rotavirus infection in people who did not receive the vaccine. Contamination is possible even in places with excellent standards of hygiene and sanitation. Vaccination is the most effective preventive measure and is very effective in preventing severe rotavirus disease in young children and infants.

• #92 Rotavirus Gastroenteritis – Digestive Disorders – MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/digestive-disorders/gastroenteritis/rotavirus-gastroenteritis

  Gastroenteritis is inflammation of the lining of the stomach and small and large intestines. It can be caused by the rotavirus. […] Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe, dehydrating diarrhea among young children worldwide. […] Most infections are spread by fecal-oral transmission. Fecal-oral transmission is contact with infected stool. […] The diagnosis of rotavirus is usually based on typical symptoms, especially if an outbreak is currently ongoing. […] To confirm the diagnosis of rotavirus, doctors sometimes test stool specimens. […] Because most rotavirus infections are transmitted by person-to-person contact, particularly through direct or indirect contact with infected stool, good handwashing with soap and water after a bowel movement is the most effective means of prevention. […] Two vaccines to prevent rotavirus are available. Rotavirus vaccine is one of the routinely recommended infant vaccines.

• #93 Disease Caused by Rotavirus Infection

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4279035/

  Rotaviruses are categorized into different genotypes according to the particular NSP4 proteins expressed. […] Rotavirus infection causes severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide. […] The majority of rotavirus-related deaths (80%) are found in resource-limited countries, such as those found in southern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. […] Therefore, the overall incidence of rotavirus infection would not change even if improvements in water supplies, sanitation, personal nutrition, housing, and public health education were made, suggesting that viral transmission might occur via non-fecal routes. […] Vaccines are an effective and available measure for combating rotavirus disease and for preventing rotavirus infection. […] The societal costs resulting from rotavirus infection have been calculated for different countries.

• #94 Disease Caused by Rotavirus Infection

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4279035/

  Rotaviruses are categorized into different genotypes according to the particular NSP4 proteins expressed. […] Rotavirus infection causes severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide. […] The majority of rotavirus-related deaths (80%) are found in resource-limited countries, such as those found in southern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. […] Therefore, the overall incidence of rotavirus infection would not change even if improvements in water supplies, sanitation, personal nutrition, housing, and public health education were made, suggesting that viral transmission might occur via non-fecal routes. […] Vaccines are an effective and available measure for combating rotavirus disease and for preventing rotavirus infection. […] The societal costs resulting from rotavirus infection have been calculated for different countries.

• #95 Disease Caused by Rotavirus Infection

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4279035/

  The disease burden of rotavirus is substantial, and the economic burden from infection in infants and children is a threat worldwide. […] Rotavirus vaccination is a cost-effective measure to prevent rotavirus infection. […] The monovalent rotavirus vaccine (a G1P[8] human rotavirus strain) and the pentavalent vaccine exert similar degrees of effectiveness for protecting against infection with homotypic and heterotypic rotavirus strains. […] Expanding rotavirus surveillance networks to industrialized and developing countries as well as implementing persistent rotavirus surveillance are important for identifying newly emergent rotavirus strains and for evaluating the effectiveness of strain-specific vaccine responses in different countries.

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