Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Rotavirus: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803885-overview

  Before the introduction of the rotavirus vaccines, this virus was estimated to cause 2.1-3.2 million diarrheal illnesses each year, with 55,000-70,000 of these requiring hospitalization annually. […] Worldwide incidence of rotavirus is estimated to cause more than 125 million cases of infantile diarrhea annually. […] Rotavirus is the foremost cause of childhood dehydrating gastroenteritis worldwide. […] More than 2 million children younger than 5 years of age are hospitalized annually due to rotavirus gastroenteritis, and, of these, approximately 500,000-527,000 children die from this disease. […] In South Africa, a meta-analysis by Omatola et al found that rotavirus vaccination was associated with a reduction in the pooled national prevalence of rotavirus infection, which decreased from an estimated 24% before the vaccine was introduced to 23% after the vaccine became available.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/vaccine-preventable-diseases-surveillance-standards-rotavirus

  Rotavirus is common, accounting for 3560% of acute severe diarrhoea in children 5 years of age in countries without rotavirus vaccine, with the highest attributable percentage in infants. […] Rotavirus has a case-fatality rate (CFR) of approximately 2.5% among children in developing countries who present to health facilities. […] In 2013, rotavirus caused an estimated 215 000 deaths worldwide. […] Rotavirus is highly communicable; it is shed in the stool at high concentration, and transmission is through faecal-oral route, either person-to-person or through fomites in the environment.

• #3 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Rotavirus-Epidemiology.aspx

  Rotaviruses are non-enveloped viruses of the family Reoviridae and a major cause of severe dehydrating diarrhea both in developed and developing countries. The infection caused by these agents is common in both tropical and temperate climatic areas and shows distinct seasonality. […] Rotaviruses are thought to cause more than 800,000 deaths annually in children aged less than 5 years in developing countries. Additionally, these viruses are responsible for over 500,000 visits to a medical practitioner annually in the United States alone. […] By using various surveillance and diagnostic methods and techniques, the estimations state that rotavirus infections cause around half of all gastroenteritis in children less than five years of age. Furthermore, although there has been a downward trend in the number of bacterial and parasitic gastroenteritis, viral infections, particularly those caused by rotavirus, have remained stable.

• #4 Chapter 19: Rotavirus | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-19-rotavirus.html

  This chapter discusses pathogenesis, clinical features, epidemiology, vaccination, and surveillance of rotavirus. […] Rotavirus occurs throughout the world. In the prevaccine era, the proportion of severe diarrhea in children younger than age 5 years that was due to rotavirus was similar (about 35% to 40%) in developed and developing countries, suggesting that improved sanitation alone is not sufficient to prevent infection. The distribution of specific rotavirus genotypes can differ by geographic area and time period. […] Rotaviruses are shed in high concentration in the stool of infected persons. Transmission is by fecal-oral route, both through close person-to-person contact and by fomites (such as toys and other environmental surfaces contaminated by stool). […] In temperate climates, disease is more prevalent during fall and winter. In the United States in the prevaccine era, annual epidemic peaks usually progressed from the Southwest during November and December to the Northeast by April and May. Following vaccine introduction, a biennial pattern of disease activity has emerged with less notable differences in timing by geographic region.

• #5 Rotavirus: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803885-overview

  In Nigeria, a meta-analysis by Digwo et al showed that the nationwide pooled prevalence of rotavirus infection among children aged younger than 5 years is 23%. […] Rotavirus can cause illness in adults and children. However, adults are often asymptomatic or less severely affected. […] Young children aged 4-24 months, particularly those in group daycare settings, are at increased risk for acquiring rotavirus. […] Almost every child worldwide is infected by rotavirus by the age of 3 to 5 years. […] In countries with relatively low incomes, the median age at which an infant develops rotavirus infectious symptoms is between 6 to 9 months with 80% of the infections occurring at 1 year of age. […] In higher income countries, there is often a delay in rotavirus infectious symptoms until age 2-5 years, but there is a similarity with other countries in that the majority occur during infancy (65% occurring here in infants 1 year of age).

• #6 Rotavirus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558951/

  Rotaviruses are found throughout the world, and most children are infected by 5 years of age. The frequency of infection is similar throughout the world; however, fatal infection is more likely in low-income regions throughout the globe. This is likely secondary to the lack of adequate healthcare facilities, increased rates of malnutrition, and lack of access to clean, sanitary hydration therapies. […] Rotavirus disease epidemiology has drastically changed since the development of vaccines against the virus. Prior to vaccine development, rotavirus infection was most common in children younger than 5. Following widespread vaccination programs, rotavirus appears to be more prevalent in older, unvaccinated children. In low-income countries where rotavirus vaccines are not widespread, the prevalence of rotavirus infections appears to be stable. Malnutrition in these regions tends to increase the severity of disease.

• #7 Rotavirus: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803885-overview

  In Nigeria, a meta-analysis by Digwo et al showed that the nationwide pooled prevalence of rotavirus infection among children aged younger than 5 years is 23%. […] Rotavirus can cause illness in adults and children. However, adults are often asymptomatic or less severely affected. […] Young children aged 4-24 months, particularly those in group daycare settings, are at increased risk for acquiring rotavirus. […] Almost every child worldwide is infected by rotavirus by the age of 3 to 5 years. […] In countries with relatively low incomes, the median age at which an infant develops rotavirus infectious symptoms is between 6 to 9 months with 80% of the infections occurring at 1 year of age. […] In higher income countries, there is often a delay in rotavirus infectious symptoms until age 2-5 years, but there is a similarity with other countries in that the majority occur during infancy (65% occurring here in infants 1 year of age).

• #8 Chapter 19: Rotavirus | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-19-rotavirus.html

  This chapter discusses pathogenesis, clinical features, epidemiology, vaccination, and surveillance of rotavirus. […] Rotavirus occurs throughout the world. In the prevaccine era, the proportion of severe diarrhea in children younger than age 5 years that was due to rotavirus was similar (about 35% to 40%) in developed and developing countries, suggesting that improved sanitation alone is not sufficient to prevent infection. The distribution of specific rotavirus genotypes can differ by geographic area and time period. […] Rotaviruses are shed in high concentration in the stool of infected persons. Transmission is by fecal-oral route, both through close person-to-person contact and by fomites (such as toys and other environmental surfaces contaminated by stool). […] In temperate climates, disease is more prevalent during fall and winter. In the United States in the prevaccine era, annual epidemic peaks usually progressed from the Southwest during November and December to the Northeast by April and May. Following vaccine introduction, a biennial pattern of disease activity has emerged with less notable differences in timing by geographic region.

• #9 Epidemiology of rotavirus diarrhea among children less than 5 years hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis prior to rotavirus vaccine introduction in India

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7694878/

  The purpose of the present study was to generate basic epidemiological data that could contribute to evidence-based decision making by the Government of India on phased introduction of the rotavirus vaccine (ROTAVAC, ROTASIIL) in India from 2016. […] This study provides comprehensive data on the burden of rotavirus associated diarrhea among children under five years of age in India. […] Rotavirus accounted for about 36% of diarrheal admissions among under-five children admitted in 28 hospitals across India during the period of surveillance. […] Our surveillance detected rotavirus all-round the year, with the annual burden ranging between 33% and 44% across the years and with most of the cases seen during the cooler months of November through February. […] Diversity of rotavirus strains was seen across the country with G1P[8], G9P[4], and G2P[4] as the commonly detected strains.

• #10 How Is Rotavirus Transmitted From Person To Person? – Klarity Health Library

  https://my.klarity.health/how-is-rotavirus-transmitted-from-person-to-person/

  Immunocompromised individuals and those in environments with poor hygiene practices are also more vulnerable to infection and transmission of the virus. […] Vaccination has led to significant reductions in hospitalizations and deaths, though rotavirus still circulates in unvaccinated populations and presents a substantial health burden in less-developed regions. […] The reservoir is the human gastrointestinal tract and stool. […] Transmission is fecal-oral, person-to-person and, fomites. […] Higher transmission patterns in autumn and winter. […] Transmissible two days before diarrhoea onset.

• #11 Rotavirus: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803885-overview

  In Nigeria, a meta-analysis by Digwo et al showed that the nationwide pooled prevalence of rotavirus infection among children aged younger than 5 years is 23%. […] Rotavirus can cause illness in adults and children. However, adults are often asymptomatic or less severely affected. […] Young children aged 4-24 months, particularly those in group daycare settings, are at increased risk for acquiring rotavirus. […] Almost every child worldwide is infected by rotavirus by the age of 3 to 5 years. […] In countries with relatively low incomes, the median age at which an infant develops rotavirus infectious symptoms is between 6 to 9 months with 80% of the infections occurring at 1 year of age. […] In higher income countries, there is often a delay in rotavirus infectious symptoms until age 2-5 years, but there is a similarity with other countries in that the majority occur during infancy (65% occurring here in infants 1 year of age).

• #12

  https://paediatricaindonesiana.org/index.php/paediatrica-indonesiana/article/view/294

  Rotavirus is a major cause of severe diarrhea and dehydration in children worldwide. […] To provide an epidemiological profile of rotavirus infection among children hospitalized for diarrhea in Mohammad Hoesin Hospital, Palembang. […] A total of 513 fecal specimens from 534 children were tested for rotavirus. Rotavirus was detected in 64% of the specimens, mostly of the G9 type (62.5%). […] Incidence of rotavirus diarrhea was highest in the 6 month to 2 years age group (60.4%). […] Children with rotavirus diarrhea were more likely to present with dehydration, compared to those with non-rotavirus diarrhea (94% vs 70%, respectively, P=0.03). […] Rotavirus was the most common pathogen found in children with diarrhea. Rotavirus was detected in 64% of pediatric diarrheal specimens tested in our study. This finding warrants the use of a large-scale program to prevent disease, such as vaccination against rotavirus. […] Rotavirus surveillance to determine disease burden and epidemiology in Java, Indonesia, August 2001 through April 2004.

• #13 Rotavirus – Health Protection Surveillance Centre

  https://www.hpsc.ie/a-z/gastroenteric/rotavirus/

  Rotavirus is the most common cause of childhood diarrhoea worldwide. […] Susceptibility is greatest between 6 and 24 months of age. […] The virus is also a common cause of diarrhoea in the elderly living in long-term care facilities and homes for older adults.

• #14 Rotavirus – Health Protection Surveillance Centre

  https://www.hpsc.ie/a-z/gastroenteric/rotavirus/

  Rotavirus is the most common cause of childhood diarrhoea worldwide. […] Susceptibility is greatest between 6 and 24 months of age. […] The virus is also a common cause of diarrhoea in the elderly living in long-term care facilities and homes for older adults.

• #15 Chapter 19: Rotavirus | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-19-rotavirus.html

  Rotavirus is highly communicable, as evidenced by the nearly universal infection of children by age 5 years in the prevaccine era. Infected persons shed large quantities of virus in their stool beginning 2 days before the onset of diarrhea and for several days after the onset of symptoms. […] Rotavirus gastroenteritis is not a nationally notifiable disease in the United States. Estimates of incidence and disease burden are based on special surveys, cohort studies, and hospital discharge data. Methods of surveillance for rotavirus disease at the national level include review of national hospital discharge databases for rotavirus-specific or rotavirus-compatible diagnoses, surveillance for rotavirus disease at sites that participate in the New Vaccine Surveillance Network, and reports of rotavirus detection from a sentinel system of laboratories.

• #16 Chapter 19: Rotavirus | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-19-rotavirus.html

  This chapter discusses pathogenesis, clinical features, epidemiology, vaccination, and surveillance of rotavirus. […] Rotavirus occurs throughout the world. In the prevaccine era, the proportion of severe diarrhea in children younger than age 5 years that was due to rotavirus was similar (about 35% to 40%) in developed and developing countries, suggesting that improved sanitation alone is not sufficient to prevent infection. The distribution of specific rotavirus genotypes can differ by geographic area and time period. […] Rotaviruses are shed in high concentration in the stool of infected persons. Transmission is by fecal-oral route, both through close person-to-person contact and by fomites (such as toys and other environmental surfaces contaminated by stool). […] In temperate climates, disease is more prevalent during fall and winter. In the United States in the prevaccine era, annual epidemic peaks usually progressed from the Southwest during November and December to the Northeast by April and May. Following vaccine introduction, a biennial pattern of disease activity has emerged with less notable differences in timing by geographic region.

• #17 Kids | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/immunizations/public/vaccines/kids

  Rotavirus mostly affects babies and young children, causing severe diarrhea and vomiting. More severe cases can lead to serious dehydration. There is no cure for rotavirus, so prevention through vaccination gives children the best protection without the risk of serious complications of the disease. The rotavirus vaccine is given through drops in the mouth, not by a shot. […] Germs from an infected persons stool (poop) get into someones mouth via dirty hands, objects or food. This can happen easily from a tiny germ on a doorknob or dirty diaper. […] The virus can survive on surfaces for several days.

• #18 How Is Rotavirus Transmitted From Person To Person? – Klarity Health Library

  https://my.klarity.health/how-is-rotavirus-transmitted-from-person-to-person/

  Immunocompromised individuals and those in environments with poor hygiene practices are also more vulnerable to infection and transmission of the virus. […] Vaccination has led to significant reductions in hospitalizations and deaths, though rotavirus still circulates in unvaccinated populations and presents a substantial health burden in less-developed regions. […] The reservoir is the human gastrointestinal tract and stool. […] Transmission is fecal-oral, person-to-person and, fomites. […] Higher transmission patterns in autumn and winter. […] Transmissible two days before diarrhoea onset.

• #19 Kids | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/immunizations/public/vaccines/kids

  Rotavirus mostly affects babies and young children, causing severe diarrhea and vomiting. More severe cases can lead to serious dehydration. There is no cure for rotavirus, so prevention through vaccination gives children the best protection without the risk of serious complications of the disease. The rotavirus vaccine is given through drops in the mouth, not by a shot. […] Germs from an infected persons stool (poop) get into someones mouth via dirty hands, objects or food. This can happen easily from a tiny germ on a doorknob or dirty diaper. […] The virus can survive on surfaces for several days.

• #20 Chapter 19: Rotavirus | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-19-rotavirus.html

  Rotavirus is highly communicable, as evidenced by the nearly universal infection of children by age 5 years in the prevaccine era. Infected persons shed large quantities of virus in their stool beginning 2 days before the onset of diarrhea and for several days after the onset of symptoms. […] Rotavirus gastroenteritis is not a nationally notifiable disease in the United States. Estimates of incidence and disease burden are based on special surveys, cohort studies, and hospital discharge data. Methods of surveillance for rotavirus disease at the national level include review of national hospital discharge databases for rotavirus-specific or rotavirus-compatible diagnoses, surveillance for rotavirus disease at sites that participate in the New Vaccine Surveillance Network, and reports of rotavirus detection from a sentinel system of laboratories.

• #21 Disease factsheet about rotavirus

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/rotavirus-infection/facts

  Rotaviruses are the single most important cause of severe diarrhoeal illness in infants and young children worldwide. […] Rotavirus infections is not a notifiable disease at EU level and in most EU/EEA MSs. Hence, no EU/EEA-wide epidemiological or laboratory surveillance is conducted. […] No formal surveillance of rotavirus infections or circulating strains is available in the EU/EEA. […] From burden-of-disease studies it is noted that rotaviruses cause seasonal peaks of diarrhoeal disease between December and May in EU/EEA. However, sustained low-grade transmission is identified all year round. […] Circulating rotavirus genotypes vary by season and country and co-circulation of several genotypes are noted each year.

• #22 Chapter 19: Rotavirus | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-19-rotavirus.html

  Rotavirus is highly communicable, as evidenced by the nearly universal infection of children by age 5 years in the prevaccine era. Infected persons shed large quantities of virus in their stool beginning 2 days before the onset of diarrhea and for several days after the onset of symptoms. […] Rotavirus gastroenteritis is not a nationally notifiable disease in the United States. Estimates of incidence and disease burden are based on special surveys, cohort studies, and hospital discharge data. Methods of surveillance for rotavirus disease at the national level include review of national hospital discharge databases for rotavirus-specific or rotavirus-compatible diagnoses, surveillance for rotavirus disease at sites that participate in the New Vaccine Surveillance Network, and reports of rotavirus detection from a sentinel system of laboratories.

• #23 Chapter 13: Rotavirus | Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/surv-manual/php/table-of-contents/chapter-13-rotavirus.html

  Rotavirus vaccination rates among US children 19-35 months of age have been estimated using systematic sampling methods by the National Immunization Survey since 2009. […] The licensure and approval by ACIP of rotavirus vaccines brought dramatic overall declines in the rotavirus disease burden among US children, which have been consistently observed in various surveillance efforts. […] Surveillance efforts should focus on monitoring trends of severe rotavirus disease, such as rotavirus hospitalizations or emergency room visits, at the national level and through more intensive efforts at sentinel sites. […] Current active, passive, and laboratory-based national rotavirus surveillance includes the following: New Vaccine Surveillance Network (NVSN): Active rotavirus surveillance activities through NVSN began in the 2005-06 rotavirus season with three original sites and have continued prospectively with seven sites. […] Rotavirus gastroenteritis is not a nationally reportable disease and notification is not required by CDC. […] Routine immunization of infants is anticipated to be the most effective public health intervention for population-wide rotavirus infection control.

• #24 Rotavirus Surveillance at a WHO-Coordinated Invasive Bacterial Disease Surveillance Site in Bangladesh: A Feasibility Study to Integrate Two Surveillance Systems | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0153582

  The World Health Organization (WHO) currently coordinates rotavirus diarrhea and invasive bacterial disease (IBD) surveillance at 178 sentinel sites in 60 countries. However, only 78 sites participate in both surveillance systems using a common sentinel site. […] Here, we explored the feasibility of extending a WHO-IBD surveillance platform to generate data on the burden of rotaviral diarrhea and its epidemiological characteristics to prepare the countries to measure the impact of rotaviral vaccine. […] Considering the high burden of this vaccine-preventable disease and the secular changes in strain circulation, the World Health Organization (WHO) began a global RV surveillance network of sentinel hospitals since 2008 to generate their own disease burden data and build the capacity to assess vaccine utility and impact.

• #25 Rotavirus – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/topics/rotavirus

  Infection from rotavirus is the most common cause of diarrhea among children under five years old worldwide. […] In 2015, an estimated 125,000 rotavirus-associated hospitalizations and 800 rotavirus-related deaths were prevented in countries that implemented rotavirus vaccines in the Region. […] PAHO’s rotavirus sentinel surveillance network began in 2006. […] Currently, seven countries and 16 hospitals are included in this network. […] Epidemiologic surveillance is the ongoing observation of the distribution and trends in the incidence of diseases through systematic collection, compilation, and analysis of morbidity and mortality reports, as well as other relevant data, and dissemination of that information to all interested parties. […] PAHO’s rotavirus sentinel surveillance network began in 2006. In the beginning, the data collected was aggregated, but since 2014 when the regional network integrated the WHO Global Sentinel Surveillance Network, the collection has been case-by-case using the VINUVA case data system.

• #26 Australian Rotavirus Surveillance Program (ARSP) annual reports

  https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/cda-pubs-annlrpt-rotavar.htm

  Rotaviruses are a major cause of severe diarrhoea in young children worldwide. The National Rotavirus Reference Centre undertakes surveillance and characterisation of rotavirus strains causing annual epidemics of severe diarrhoea in young children throughout Australia. […] The reports have been published in Communicable Diseases Intelligence since 1999.

• #27

  https://www.indianpediatrics.net/july2016/july-575-581.htm

  Objective: To extend a nation-wide rotavirus surveillance network in India, and to generate geographically representative data on rotaviral disease burden and prevalent strains. […] The National Rotavirus Surveillance Network (NRSN) was established in December 2005 by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) to evolve a sustainable surveillance platform to estimate and monitor the disease burden in children under 5 years of age hospitalized for diarrhea. […] The surveillance data highlights the high rotaviral disease burden in India. The network will continue to be a platform for monitoring the impact of the vaccine. […] The prevalence of rotaviral diarrhea among Indian children aged less than 5 years included in ENRSN (September 2012 to December 2014) was 39.6%. […] The notable improvements in ENRSN included more involvement of government medical colleges / facilities which has led to capacity building in these centers for undertaking surveillance activities.

• #28 Rotavirus vaccine impact assessment surveillance in India: protocol and methods | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/9/4/e024840

  Rotavirus infection accounts for 39% of under-five diarrhoeal deaths globally and 22% of these deaths occur in India. […] Introduction of rotavirus vaccine in a national immunisation programme is considered to be the most effective intervention in preventing severe rotavirus disease. […] The Indian National Rotavirus Surveillance Network, established by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) in collaboration with US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), has played an important role in documenting the disease burden of rotavirus hospitalisations in India. […] By 2012, 17 states and two union territories in India were conducting rotavirus surveillance using a standardised protocol. […] The surveillance data highlighted the high prevalence (40%) of rotavirus in children hospitalised with diarrhoea, with representation across the country.

• #29 Rotavirus vaccine impact assessment surveillance in India: protocol and methods | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/9/4/e024840

  Rotavirus infection accounts for 39% of under-five diarrhoeal deaths globally and 22% of these deaths occur in India. […] Introduction of rotavirus vaccine in a national immunisation programme is considered to be the most effective intervention in preventing severe rotavirus disease. […] The Indian National Rotavirus Surveillance Network, established by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) in collaboration with US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), has played an important role in documenting the disease burden of rotavirus hospitalisations in India. […] By 2012, 17 states and two union territories in India were conducting rotavirus surveillance using a standardised protocol. […] The surveillance data highlighted the high prevalence (40%) of rotavirus in children hospitalised with diarrhoea, with representation across the country.

• #30

  https://journals.lww.com/pidj/fulltext/2017/02000/hospital_based_surveillance_for_rotavirus.8.aspx

  In anticipation of introduction of a rotavirus vaccine into the national immunization program of Bangladesh, active hospital-based surveillance was initiated to provide prevaccine baseline data on rotavirus disease. […] From July 2012 to June 2015, rotavirus was detected in 2432 (64%) of 3783 children hospitalized for AGE. […] Rotavirus is a major cause of morbidity in Bangladeshi children, accounting for nearly two-thirds of AGE hospitalizations. […] These data highlight the potential value of rotavirus vaccination in Bangladesh, and will be the key for future measurement of vaccine impact. […] A key factor in the decision by countries to introduce rotavirus vaccines has been demonstrating high rotavirus disease burden through establishment of surveillance for rotavirus diarrhea. […] This study aims to provide baseline data on the burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis and circulating strains at sentinel hospitals nationwide.

• #31

  https://journals.lww.com/pidj/fulltext/2017/02000/hospital_based_surveillance_for_rotavirus.8.aspx

  During 212 hospital months of surveillance, 129,156 children 5 years of age and younger were admitted to the pediatric wards of participating hospitals, of whom 14,814 (12%) were hospitalized with AGE. […] Thus, about 8% (9728/129,156) of all pediatric admissions at participating hospitals were attributable to rotavirus-associated AGE during the study period. […] Rotavirus was detected year-round among children with AGE, and during the peak winter months from November to February, the detection rates of rotavirus among children hospitalized with AGE exceeded 80%. […] Collectively, our findings demonstrate the potential value of rotavirus vaccination in reducing the tremendous morbidity from rotavirus AGE in Bangladeshi children.

• #32 The molecular epidemiology of circulating rotaviruses: three-year surveillance in the region of Monastir, Tunisia | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2334-11-266

  In Tunisia, it will be important to maintain ongoing rotavirus surveillance to understand the distribution of G and P genotypes in order to monitor the impact of rotavirus vaccines once they have been introduced into the immunization schedule for infants. […] The present study described the epidemiology of rotavirus infections in hospitalized and non-hospitalized children and infants in various towns of the region of Monastir between 2007 and 2010. […] A total of 435 faecal specimens were tested for rotavirus and 27.6% were positive. […] Continuous prospective monitoring of circulating strains of rotavirus is desirable to detect any changes in their distribution promptly and to assess the effectiveness of active immunization programs.

• #33 Epidemiology of rotavirus diarrhea among children less than 5 years hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis prior to rotavirus vaccine introduction in India

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7694878/

  With the introduction of the rotavirus vaccine into the national immunization programme, it will be important to monitor the rates of rotavirus gastroenteritis in the non-vaccinated children in the older age groups because they will be reflective of herd immunity, which is a cumulative benefit of expanding rotavirus vaccination. […] Continued surveillance for rotavirus infection after the introduction of the rotavirus vaccine will be critical to assess the impact of the vaccine on rotavirus associated hospitalization rates, geographic spread, and mortality in Indian children suffering from diarrhea at early age.

• #34 Rotavirus vaccine impact assessment surveillance in India: protocol and methods | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/9/4/e024840

  The impact and effectiveness of rotavirus vaccine in other countries and regions has been studied within surveillance networks by following trends in rotavirus diarrhoea hospitalisations prevaccine and postvaccine introduction and/or by case-control approaches to estimate vaccine effectiveness. […] With the introduction of an indigenous vaccine into India’s UIP, issues including vaccine impact on disease burden under conditions of routine use, effectiveness against currently circulating strains of rotavirus, safety of the vaccine with respect to intussusception and cost effectiveness of the vaccination programme need to be examined. […] The paper describes the protocol and implementation of an ongoing multisite surveillance to monitor the impact and effectiveness of rotavirus vaccine following its introduction into the routine childhood immunisation programme.

• #35 WHO EMRO | Disease surveillance | Rotavirus gastroenteritis | Health topics

  https://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/rotavirus-gastroenteritis/disease-surveillance.html

  The clinical features of rotavirus gastroenteritis do not differ from those of gastroenteritis caused by other pathogens; therefore, confirmation of rotavirus infection by laboratory testing of fecal specimens is necessary for reliable rotavirus surveillance. […] A regional network for surveillance of rotavirus among children less than 5 years of age was established in the Eastern Mediterranean Region in 2005 that aims to: […] Surveillance of rotavirus gastroenteritis in the region consists of case based report for diarrhoea cases reported from designated sentinel sites and routine monthly reports of line list of less than 5 years gastroenteritis cases. Surveillance of rotavirus gastroenteritis also includes case based and aggregate stool Specimen Transfer and Investigation Request Forms for admitted patients. […] Monitoring the number of children under 5 who received the rotavirus containing vaccine in the countries as part of the routine immunization is also important.

• #36 Molecular epidemiology and surveillance of circulating rotavirus among children with gastroenteritis in Bangladesh during 2014–2019 | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0242813

  Molecular epidemiology and surveillance of circulating rotavirus among children with gastroenteritis in Bangladesh during 20142019 […] Acute gastroenteritis is one of the major health problems in children aged 5 years around the world. Rotavirus A (RVA) is an important pathogen of acute gastroenteritis. The burden of rotavirus disease in the pediatric population is still high in Bangladesh. This study investigated the prevalence of group A, B, and C rotavirus (RAV, RBV, RCV), norovirus, adenovirus (AdV) and human bocavirus (HBoV) infections in children with acute gastroenteritis in Bangladesh from February 2014 to January 2019. A total of 574 fecal specimens collected from children with diarrhea in Bangladesh during the period of February 2014-January 2019 were examined for RAV, RBV and RCV by reverse transcriptase- multiplex polymerase chain reaction (RT- multiplex PCR). RAV was further characterized to G-typing and P-typing by RT-multiplex PCR and sequencing method. It was found that 24.4% (140 of 574) fecal specimens were positive for RVA followed by AdV of 4.5%. RBV and RCV could not be detected in this study. Genotype G1P[8] was the most prevalent (43%), followed by G2P[4] (18%), and G9P[8] (3%). Among other genotypes, G9P[4] was most frequent (12%), followed by G1P[6] (11%), G9P[6] (3%), and G11P[25] (3%). We found that 7% RVA were nontypeable. Mutations at antigenic regions of the VP7 gene were detected in G1P[8] and G2P[4] strains. Incidence of rotavirus infection had the highest peak (58.6%) during November to February with diarrhea (90.7%) as the most common symptom. Children aged 411 months had the highest rotavirus infection percentage (37.9%). By providing baseline data, this study helps to assess efficacy of currently available RVA vaccine. This study revealed a high RVA detection rate, supporting health authorities in planning strategies such as introduction of RVA vaccine in national immunization program to reduce the disease burden.

• #37 Rotavirus A in Brazil: Molecular Epidemiology and Surveillance during 2018–2019

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/9/7/515

  The genotype G3P[8] was the most prevalent during the two years (83.7% in 2018 and 65.5% in 2019), and nucleotide sequencing of some strains demonstrated that they belonged to the emergent equine-like G3P[8] genotype. […] The dominance of an emergent genotype causing AGE reinforces the need for continuous epidemiological surveillance to assess the impact of mass RVA immunization as well as to monitor the emergence of novel genotypes. […] Our study investigated RVA prevalence, features and the molecular characterization of G and P genotypes among patients with AGE from three regions (Southern, Southeastern and Northeastern) in Brazil, 2018–2019. […] RVA was detected and quantified by quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) from diarrheic stool samples received from eleven Brazilian states, and G and P genotypes were determined by multiplex one-step RT-PCR or sequencing.

• #38 WHO EMRO | Disease surveillance | Rotavirus gastroenteritis | Health topics

  https://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/rotavirus-gastroenteritis/disease-surveillance.html

  The clinical features of rotavirus gastroenteritis do not differ from those of gastroenteritis caused by other pathogens; therefore, confirmation of rotavirus infection by laboratory testing of fecal specimens is necessary for reliable rotavirus surveillance. […] A regional network for surveillance of rotavirus among children less than 5 years of age was established in the Eastern Mediterranean Region in 2005 that aims to: […] Surveillance of rotavirus gastroenteritis in the region consists of case based report for diarrhoea cases reported from designated sentinel sites and routine monthly reports of line list of less than 5 years gastroenteritis cases. Surveillance of rotavirus gastroenteritis also includes case based and aggregate stool Specimen Transfer and Investigation Request Forms for admitted patients. […] Monitoring the number of children under 5 who received the rotavirus containing vaccine in the countries as part of the routine immunization is also important.

• #39 WHO EMRO | Disease surveillance | Rotavirus gastroenteritis | Health topics

  https://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/rotavirus-gastroenteritis/disease-surveillance.html

  The clinical features of rotavirus gastroenteritis do not differ from those of gastroenteritis caused by other pathogens; therefore, confirmation of rotavirus infection by laboratory testing of fecal specimens is necessary for reliable rotavirus surveillance. […] A regional network for surveillance of rotavirus among children less than 5 years of age was established in the Eastern Mediterranean Region in 2005 that aims to: […] Surveillance of rotavirus gastroenteritis in the region consists of case based report for diarrhoea cases reported from designated sentinel sites and routine monthly reports of line list of less than 5 years gastroenteritis cases. Surveillance of rotavirus gastroenteritis also includes case based and aggregate stool Specimen Transfer and Investigation Request Forms for admitted patients. […] Monitoring the number of children under 5 who received the rotavirus containing vaccine in the countries as part of the routine immunization is also important.

• #40 Chapter 13: Rotavirus | Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/surv-manual/php/table-of-contents/chapter-13-rotavirus.html

  This chapter provides general guidance for vaccine-preventable disease surveillance, describing the disease background/epidemiology, case investigation and reporting/notification, disease case definitions, and activities for enhancing surveillance, case investigation, and outbreak control for rotavirus. […] Before the advent of rotavirus vaccines, rotavirus was the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children and caused nearly 500,000 deaths among young children globally each year. […] Introduction of the rotavirus vaccine into national immunization programs of over 120 countries has resulted in dramatic decreases in rotavirus infections and transmission in those settings, including the United States. […] For this reason, rotavirus vaccines have been identified as and remain the optimal strategy to decrease the burden associated with severe and fatal rotavirus diarrhea worldwide.

• #41 Rotavirus – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/topics/rotavirus

  Infection from rotavirus is the most common cause of diarrhea among children under five years old worldwide. […] In 2015, an estimated 125,000 rotavirus-associated hospitalizations and 800 rotavirus-related deaths were prevented in countries that implemented rotavirus vaccines in the Region. […] PAHO’s rotavirus sentinel surveillance network began in 2006. […] Currently, seven countries and 16 hospitals are included in this network. […] Epidemiologic surveillance is the ongoing observation of the distribution and trends in the incidence of diseases through systematic collection, compilation, and analysis of morbidity and mortality reports, as well as other relevant data, and dissemination of that information to all interested parties. […] PAHO’s rotavirus sentinel surveillance network began in 2006. In the beginning, the data collected was aggregated, but since 2014 when the regional network integrated the WHO Global Sentinel Surveillance Network, the collection has been case-by-case using the VINUVA case data system.

• #42 Vaccine profiles: Rotavirusverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverified

  https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/routine-vaccines-extraordinary-impact-rotavirus

  So far, more than 100 countries have introduced rotavirus vaccines into their routine immunisation programs. The impact of this has been substantial. An analysis of data from 69 countries participating in the WHO’s Global Rotavirus Surveillance Network (GRSN) found a 40% reduction in the prevalence of rotavirus among children admitted to hospital with severe gastroenteritis, following vaccine introductions. […] Rotavirus vaccine and improved sanitation have dramatically reduced the toll from diarrhoeal illness in recent decades, but too many children still die from the dehydration it causes. The next-generation of rotavirus vaccines may address key barriers to their uptake, and further reduce this toll.

• #43 Rotavirus | Surveillance | Rotavirus in the US | CDC

  http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/rotavirus/surveillance.html

  Rotavirus was the leading cause of severe diarrhea among infants and young children in the United States before rotavirus vaccine was introduced in 2006. […] Each year, among U.S. children younger than 5 years of age, rotavirus led to more than 400,000 doctor visits, more than 200,000 emergency room visits, 55,000 to 70,000 hospitalizations, and 20 to 60 deaths. […] Globally, rotavirus is still the leading cause of severe diarrhea in infants and young children. […] Rotavirus disease among infants and young children has since decreased significantly in the United States. […] Each year, the vaccine prevents an estimated 40,000 to 50,000 hospitalizations among U.S. infants and young children. […] Before rotavirus vaccine was introduced in 2006, cases of rotavirus disease in the United States peaked in the winter and spring months.

• #44 Rotavirus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558951/

  Rotaviruses are found throughout the world, and most children are infected by 5 years of age. The frequency of infection is similar throughout the world; however, fatal infection is more likely in low-income regions throughout the globe. This is likely secondary to the lack of adequate healthcare facilities, increased rates of malnutrition, and lack of access to clean, sanitary hydration therapies. […] Rotavirus disease epidemiology has drastically changed since the development of vaccines against the virus. Prior to vaccine development, rotavirus infection was most common in children younger than 5. Following widespread vaccination programs, rotavirus appears to be more prevalent in older, unvaccinated children. In low-income countries where rotavirus vaccines are not widespread, the prevalence of rotavirus infections appears to be stable. Malnutrition in these regions tends to increase the severity of disease.

• #45 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Rotavirus-Epidemiology.aspx

  The rapid evolution of rotavirus strains and the emergence of new ones, most likely through the transmission of viruses across species by reassortment between animal and human rotaviruses, makes it necessary to include intensive strain surveillance as an important component of any vaccine implementation program.

• #46 Rotavirus gastroenteritis in Indian children < 5 years hospitalized for diarrhoea, 2012 to 2016 | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-019-6406-0

  For the prevention of rotavirus associated AGE, two oral rotavirus vaccines, Rotarix (RV1; monovalent G1P[8]; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Belgium) and RotaTeq (RV5; pentavalent G1, G2, G3, G4, P[8], Merck Vaccines, NJ, USA), have been commercially available in India since 2006. […] Pre- vaccine surveillance data is crucial to study the potential change in admission rates for gastroenteritis and circulating rotavirus genotypes after vaccine introduction. […] This 4 year study emphasizes the role of rotavirus as a major cause for acute gastroenteritis in children 5years in India before the introduction of the oral rotavirus vaccine into the national immunization programme. […] The study also demonstrates the early prevalence of rotavirus gastroenteritis in India, with most disease in the first 2 years of life. […] To summarize, this study highlights the ongoing high prevalence of rotavirus disease in India and the change in circulating rotavirus strains across sites. The study demonstrates the continued circulation of G9 and G12 strains and the emergence of G3P[8] from 2015 onwards.

• #47

  https://www.indianpediatrics.net/july2016/july-575-581.htm

  The limitation associated with this hospital-based surveillance program was its inability to generate community-level disease burden data. […] It is anticipated that the launch of indigenous rotavirus vaccine in the national immunization program may result in substantial reduction in the morbidity and mortality associated with rotaviral gastroenteritis in the country, especially in areas with high rotavirus diarrhea burden. […] In future, ENRSN will provide a unique opportunity for assessment of impact of vaccination on rotavirus disease in post-rotavirus vaccine introduction in India in a phased manner by estimating rotavirus disease burden, severity of disease, circulating genotypes as well as vaccine related severe adverse events like intussusception.

• #48 Molecular epidemiology and surveillance of circulating rotavirus among children with gastroenteritis in Bangladesh during 2014–2019 | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0242813

  This study concludes the high prevalence of G1P[8] and G2P[4] RVA strains along with reduced prevalence of G3 RVA in Bangladesh during 20142019. This study will provide comprehensive insights to the researchers and public health authorities to measure the RVA disease burden in the country. The observed large diversity of RVA genotypes along with their yearly and seasonal fluctuations require an in-depth, broad surveillance system in the country. The findings of this study can provide guideline data before introduction of rotavirus vaccine in the national immunization program in Bangladesh. The data in this study can be used to assess the impact of rotavirus vaccine in the future.

• #49 Chapter 19: Rotavirus | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-19-rotavirus.html

  This chapter discusses pathogenesis, clinical features, epidemiology, vaccination, and surveillance of rotavirus. […] Rotavirus occurs throughout the world. In the prevaccine era, the proportion of severe diarrhea in children younger than age 5 years that was due to rotavirus was similar (about 35% to 40%) in developed and developing countries, suggesting that improved sanitation alone is not sufficient to prevent infection. The distribution of specific rotavirus genotypes can differ by geographic area and time period. […] Rotaviruses are shed in high concentration in the stool of infected persons. Transmission is by fecal-oral route, both through close person-to-person contact and by fomites (such as toys and other environmental surfaces contaminated by stool). […] In temperate climates, disease is more prevalent during fall and winter. In the United States in the prevaccine era, annual epidemic peaks usually progressed from the Southwest during November and December to the Northeast by April and May. Following vaccine introduction, a biennial pattern of disease activity has emerged with less notable differences in timing by geographic region.

• #50 Surveillance of rotavirus – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/rotavirus/surveillance.html

  In Canada, rotavirus is a common cause of gastroenteritis in children. […] Approximately 7,500 cases of rotavirus illness are hospitalized annually. Most of these hospitalizations are young children (younger than 5 years old). […] Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe diarrhea (gastroenteritis) in children throughout the world. About 95% of children contract the infection by 5 years of age. […] Mortality due to rotavirus infection is much higher in developing countries. The World Health Organization estimates that 453,000 children aged less than 5 years died in 2008 from vaccine-preventable rotavirus infections. Globally, these rotavirus deaths account for approximately 5% of all child deaths. […] Disease outbreaks demonstrate a seasonal pattern in temperate climates, where the disease is more pronounced during drier and cooler months.

• #51 Disease factsheet about rotavirus

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/rotavirus-infection/facts

  Rotaviruses are the single most important cause of severe diarrhoeal illness in infants and young children worldwide. […] Rotavirus infections is not a notifiable disease at EU level and in most EU/EEA MSs. Hence, no EU/EEA-wide epidemiological or laboratory surveillance is conducted. […] No formal surveillance of rotavirus infections or circulating strains is available in the EU/EEA. […] From burden-of-disease studies it is noted that rotaviruses cause seasonal peaks of diarrhoeal disease between December and May in EU/EEA. However, sustained low-grade transmission is identified all year round. […] Circulating rotavirus genotypes vary by season and country and co-circulation of several genotypes are noted each year.

• #52 Disease factsheet about rotavirus

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/rotavirus-infection/facts

  Rotaviruses are the single most important cause of severe diarrhoeal illness in infants and young children worldwide. […] Rotavirus infections is not a notifiable disease at EU level and in most EU/EEA MSs. Hence, no EU/EEA-wide epidemiological or laboratory surveillance is conducted. […] No formal surveillance of rotavirus infections or circulating strains is available in the EU/EEA. […] From burden-of-disease studies it is noted that rotaviruses cause seasonal peaks of diarrhoeal disease between December and May in EU/EEA. However, sustained low-grade transmission is identified all year round. […] Circulating rotavirus genotypes vary by season and country and co-circulation of several genotypes are noted each year.

• #53 Molecular epidemiology and surveillance of circulating rotavirus among children with gastroenteritis in Bangladesh during 2014–2019 | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0242813

  Seasonal pattern of rotavirus infection […] Rotavirus infection was detected all year round. But majority of rotavirus infection cases (58.6%) were found during the winter season (Nov-Jan), followed by 30.7% in the rainy season (May-Jul), 7.1% in the spring season (Feb-Apr), and 3.6% in the autumn season (Aug-Oct), respectively. During the winter season the average temperature was around 17C. The incidence of rotavirus had a peak at a lower temperature in Bangladesh. […] Distribution of G and P genotypes of group A rotavirus […] Among the G genotypes, G1 was the most predominant (57%), followed by G2 (20%), G9 (20%) and G11 (3%). Four P genotypes were detected during 2014 to 2019 in Bangladesh. Rotavirus genotype P[8] was the most frequent (46%), followed by P[4] (30%), P[6] (14%) and P[25] (3%). In combination of rotavirus G and P genotype, great diversity was detected. Rotavirus genotype combination G1P[8] was the most prevalent (43%), followed by G2P[4] (18%), G9P[4] (12%), G1P[6] (11%), G9P[8] (3%), G9P[6] (3%) and G11P[25] (3%), respectively. 7% rotavirus was nontypeable.

• #54 Rotavirus A in Brazil: Molecular Epidemiology and Surveillance during 2018–2019

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/9/7/515

  The genotype G3P[8] was the most prevalent during the two years (83.7% in 2018 and 65.5% in 2019), and nucleotide sequencing of some strains demonstrated that they belonged to the emergent equine-like G3P[8] genotype. […] The dominance of an emergent genotype causing AGE reinforces the need for continuous epidemiological surveillance to assess the impact of mass RVA immunization as well as to monitor the emergence of novel genotypes. […] Our study investigated RVA prevalence, features and the molecular characterization of G and P genotypes among patients with AGE from three regions (Southern, Southeastern and Northeastern) in Brazil, 2018–2019. […] RVA was detected and quantified by quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) from diarrheic stool samples received from eleven Brazilian states, and G and P genotypes were determined by multiplex one-step RT-PCR or sequencing.

• #55 Epidemiology of rotavirus diarrhea among children less than 5 years hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis prior to rotavirus vaccine introduction in India

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7694878/

  Rotavirus is an important cause of severe diarrhea requiring hospitalization, accounting for approximately 78,000 deaths annually in Indian children below 5 years of age. […] We present epidemiological data on severe rotavirus disease collected during hospital-based surveillance in India before the introduction of the oral rotavirus vaccine into the national immunization schedule. […] The National Rotavirus Surveillance Network was created involving 28 hospital sites and 11 laboratories across the four geographical regions of India. […] Of the 21,421 children enrolled during the 4 years surveillance, 36.3% were positive for rotavirus. […] There is high burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis among Indian children below 5 years of age hospitalized for acute diarrhea thereby highlighting the need for introduction of rotavirus vaccine into the national immunization program and also for monitoring circulating genotypes.

• #56

  https://journals.lww.com/pidj/fulltext/2017/02000/hospital_based_surveillance_for_rotavirus.8.aspx

  In anticipation of introduction of a rotavirus vaccine into the national immunization program of Bangladesh, active hospital-based surveillance was initiated to provide prevaccine baseline data on rotavirus disease. […] From July 2012 to June 2015, rotavirus was detected in 2432 (64%) of 3783 children hospitalized for AGE. […] Rotavirus is a major cause of morbidity in Bangladeshi children, accounting for nearly two-thirds of AGE hospitalizations. […] These data highlight the potential value of rotavirus vaccination in Bangladesh, and will be the key for future measurement of vaccine impact. […] A key factor in the decision by countries to introduce rotavirus vaccines has been demonstrating high rotavirus disease burden through establishment of surveillance for rotavirus diarrhea. […] This study aims to provide baseline data on the burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis and circulating strains at sentinel hospitals nationwide.

• #57 Rotavirus A in Brazil: Molecular Epidemiology and Surveillance during 2018–2019

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/9/7/515

  Rotavirus A (RVA) vaccines succeeded in lowering the burden of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) worldwide, especially preventing severe disease and mortality. […] Even though both marketed vaccines are widely distributed, the surveillance of RVA causing AGE and the monitoring of circulating genotypes are important tools to keep tracking the epidemiological scenario and vaccines impact. […] Our study investigated RVA epidemiological features, viral load and G and P genotypes circulation in children and adults presenting AGE symptoms in eleven states from three out of five regions in Brazil. […] We detected RVA in 12% of samples, 10.5% in 2018 and 13.7% in 2019. […] A marked winter/spring seasonality was observed, especially in Southern Brazil. […] The most affected age group was children aged >24–60 months, with a positivity rate of 18.8% (p < 0.05).

• #58 The molecular epidemiology of circulating rotaviruses: three-year surveillance in the region of Monastir, Tunisia | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2334-11-266

  Rotavirus infection is the most common cause of severe, dehydrating, gastroenteritis among children worldwide. […] The purpose of this study was to estimate the proportion of rotavirus gastroenteritis and identify the distribution of circulating G and P genotype rotavirus strains among children consulting several dispensaries in the region of Monastir (outpatients departments) or admitted to Monastir University Hospital (inpatients department) with acute gastroenteritis. […] Of the 435 stool samples from children with acute gastroenteritis, 27.6% were positive for rotavirus A. […] The predominant G type was G1 (37.5%), followed by G3 (25%), G2 (17.5%), G4 (12.5%), G9 (2.5%) and three mixed-G infections G3G4 (2.5%) were identified. […] Rotavirus gastroenteritis is a common disease associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and economic burden. Epidemiological knowledge of rotavirus is critical for the development of effective preventive measures, including vaccines.

• #59

  https://paediatricaindonesiana.org/index.php/paediatrica-indonesiana/article/view/294

  Rotavirus is a major cause of severe diarrhea and dehydration in children worldwide. […] To provide an epidemiological profile of rotavirus infection among children hospitalized for diarrhea in Mohammad Hoesin Hospital, Palembang. […] A total of 513 fecal specimens from 534 children were tested for rotavirus. Rotavirus was detected in 64% of the specimens, mostly of the G9 type (62.5%). […] Incidence of rotavirus diarrhea was highest in the 6 month to 2 years age group (60.4%). […] Children with rotavirus diarrhea were more likely to present with dehydration, compared to those with non-rotavirus diarrhea (94% vs 70%, respectively, P=0.03). […] Rotavirus was the most common pathogen found in children with diarrhea. Rotavirus was detected in 64% of pediatric diarrheal specimens tested in our study. This finding warrants the use of a large-scale program to prevent disease, such as vaccination against rotavirus. […] Rotavirus surveillance to determine disease burden and epidemiology in Java, Indonesia, August 2001 through April 2004.

• #60 Chapter 19: Rotavirus | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-19-rotavirus.html

  This chapter discusses pathogenesis, clinical features, epidemiology, vaccination, and surveillance of rotavirus. […] Rotavirus occurs throughout the world. In the prevaccine era, the proportion of severe diarrhea in children younger than age 5 years that was due to rotavirus was similar (about 35% to 40%) in developed and developing countries, suggesting that improved sanitation alone is not sufficient to prevent infection. The distribution of specific rotavirus genotypes can differ by geographic area and time period. […] Rotaviruses are shed in high concentration in the stool of infected persons. Transmission is by fecal-oral route, both through close person-to-person contact and by fomites (such as toys and other environmental surfaces contaminated by stool). […] In temperate climates, disease is more prevalent during fall and winter. In the United States in the prevaccine era, annual epidemic peaks usually progressed from the Southwest during November and December to the Northeast by April and May. Following vaccine introduction, a biennial pattern of disease activity has emerged with less notable differences in timing by geographic region.

• #61 Rotavirus | Surveillance | Rotavirus in the US | CDC

  http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/rotavirus/surveillance.html

  Children are most at risk for getting rotavirus disease. […] The most severe rotavirus disease occurs primarily among unvaccinated children aged 3 to 35 months old. […] CDC and partners use the following surveillance systems to monitor trends in rotavirus activity, estimate the burden of rotavirus disease, and evaluate the impact of rotavirus vaccination in the United States.

• #62

  https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/rotavirus-guidance-data-and-analysis

  Rotavirus: laboratory confirmed cases of rotavirus infections in England and Wales […] National norovirus and rotavirus surveillance reports: 2024 to 2025 season […] National norovirus and rotavirus surveillance reports: 2023 to 2024 season […] National norovirus and rotavirus surveillance reports: 2022 to 2023 season […] National norovirus and rotavirus bulletins 2021 to 2022: management information […] National norovirus and rotavirus bulletin 2020 to 2021: management information […] Rotavirus: surveillance for the infant rotavirus immunisation programme […] Norovirus and rotavirus: summary of surveillance 2019 to 2020 […] Norovirus and rotavirus: summary of surveillance 2018 to 2019 […] Norovirus and rotavirus: summary of surveillance 2017 to 2018 […] Norovirus and rotavirus: summary of surveillance 2016 […] Norovirus and rotavirus: summary of surveillance 2015 […] Norovirus and rotavirus: summary of surveillance 2014.

• #63 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – The Rotavirus Surveillance System in Yemen: Evaluation Study

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2021/6/e27625/

  Rotavirus (RV) kills over 185,000 children 5 years every year and is responsible for over one-third of all child diarrheal deaths worldwide. The Rotavirus Surveillance System (RVSS) in Yemen was launched in 2007 at five sentinel sites to monitor the impact of the vaccine on RV morbidity and mortality. […] The RVSS was launched in 2007 at five sentinel sites to monitor the impact of the vaccine on RV morbidity and mortality. The RVSS has never been evaluated before in Yemen. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the usefulness and performance of the RVSS, and identify the strengths and weaknesses of the system implementation. […] The MoPHP established the RVSS in 2007 with technical and financial support from the WHO. After the RV vaccines were introduced in Yemen in 2012, the objectives of the RVSS were updated to include assessments of the vaccine impact on RV morbidity and mortality among children 5 years, as well as changes in RV epidemiology and circulating strains, and provide a basis for further epidemiologic research.

• #64 Epidemiology of rotavirus diarrhea among children less than 5 years hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis prior to rotavirus vaccine introduction in India

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7694878/

  With the introduction of the rotavirus vaccine into the national immunization programme, it will be important to monitor the rates of rotavirus gastroenteritis in the non-vaccinated children in the older age groups because they will be reflective of herd immunity, which is a cumulative benefit of expanding rotavirus vaccination. […] Continued surveillance for rotavirus infection after the introduction of the rotavirus vaccine will be critical to assess the impact of the vaccine on rotavirus associated hospitalization rates, geographic spread, and mortality in Indian children suffering from diarrhea at early age.

• #65 The molecular epidemiology of circulating rotaviruses: three-year surveillance in the region of Monastir, Tunisia | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2334-11-266

  In Tunisia, it will be important to maintain ongoing rotavirus surveillance to understand the distribution of G and P genotypes in order to monitor the impact of rotavirus vaccines once they have been introduced into the immunization schedule for infants. […] The present study described the epidemiology of rotavirus infections in hospitalized and non-hospitalized children and infants in various towns of the region of Monastir between 2007 and 2010. […] A total of 435 faecal specimens were tested for rotavirus and 27.6% were positive. […] Continuous prospective monitoring of circulating strains of rotavirus is desirable to detect any changes in their distribution promptly and to assess the effectiveness of active immunization programs.

• #66 10-Year Rotavirus Infection Surveillance: Epidemiological Trends in the Pediatric Population of Perugia Province

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/3/1008

  Continuous epidemiological surveillance is needed to identify the protection engendered by the vaccination and the effect that it may have on circulating strains. […] Collected data represent a valid working basis for the evaluation of the impact of currently ongoing implementation of RV vaccination in the Umbria Region. […] These data represent useful baseline information for evaluating the epidemiological and molecular changes that may occur with the spread of vaccination.

• #67 Rotavirus Surveillance at a WHO-Coordinated Invasive Bacterial Disease Surveillance Site in Bangladesh: A Feasibility Study to Integrate Two Surveillance Systems | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0153582

  These two surveillance network platforms, RV and IBD, have the same primary objectives: i) generating evidence for the introduction of vaccines into the national immunization program and ii) measuring vaccine impact in post-introduction period. […] Integration of these two surveillance platforms together could make overall management easier and the surveillance less expensive through co-sharing study personnel and operating cost. […] In this study, we estimated burden and epidemiology of rotavirus using a high performing WHO-IBD sentinel site system to assess the feasibility of integrating these two surveillance platforms in the WHO network, specifically RV surveillance with ongoing IBD, using the performance indicators of WHO. […] The six-month rotavirus surveillance using a WHO-IBD surveillance sentinel site platform successfully revealed a high burden of rotavirus in this tertiary-level hospital.

• #68 Rotavirus Surveillance at a WHO-Coordinated Invasive Bacterial Disease Surveillance Site in Bangladesh: A Feasibility Study to Integrate Two Surveillance Systems | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0153582

  These two surveillance network platforms, RV and IBD, have the same primary objectives: i) generating evidence for the introduction of vaccines into the national immunization program and ii) measuring vaccine impact in post-introduction period. […] Integration of these two surveillance platforms together could make overall management easier and the surveillance less expensive through co-sharing study personnel and operating cost. […] In this study, we estimated burden and epidemiology of rotavirus using a high performing WHO-IBD sentinel site system to assess the feasibility of integrating these two surveillance platforms in the WHO network, specifically RV surveillance with ongoing IBD, using the performance indicators of WHO. […] The six-month rotavirus surveillance using a WHO-IBD surveillance sentinel site platform successfully revealed a high burden of rotavirus in this tertiary-level hospital.

• #69 Rotavirus Surveillance at a WHO-Coordinated Invasive Bacterial Disease Surveillance Site in Bangladesh: A Feasibility Study to Integrate Two Surveillance Systems | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0153582

  Our study at DSH revealed G12 as the most predominant type (35%; 55/159), indicating the persistence of the strain for the last several years. […] All these comparative parameters indicate the feasibility of integrating rotavirus surveillance with an ongoing WHO-IBD site, specifically where RV surveillance is not in place.

• #70 How Is Rotavirus Transmitted From Person To Person? – Klarity Health Library

  https://my.klarity.health/how-is-rotavirus-transmitted-from-person-to-person/

  Rotavirus is a ubiquitous pathogen, infecting nearly every individual for inclusivity worldwide by the age of 35 years. […] It remains a significant cause of severe diarrhoea and gastroenteritis, especially in low-income countries. […] In 2013, rotavirus was attributed to over 200,000 fatalities globally, with more than 90% of deaths occurring in regions with limited healthcare, poor sanitation, and high rates of malnutrition. […] Despite similar rates of rotavirus prevalence in hospitalized children across all regions, the disease tends to affect younger children more severely in low-income areas. […] People under the age of five, are at the highest risk of contracting and transmitting rotavirus due to their weaker immune systems and close contact in nursery or family settings. […] Individuals in low-income countries, where sanitation and access to healthcare are limited, face greater risks of severe infections.

• #71 How Is Rotavirus Transmitted From Person To Person? – Klarity Health Library

  https://my.klarity.health/how-is-rotavirus-transmitted-from-person-to-person/

  Immunocompromised individuals and those in environments with poor hygiene practices are also more vulnerable to infection and transmission of the virus. […] Vaccination has led to significant reductions in hospitalizations and deaths, though rotavirus still circulates in unvaccinated populations and presents a substantial health burden in less-developed regions. […] The reservoir is the human gastrointestinal tract and stool. […] Transmission is fecal-oral, person-to-person and, fomites. […] Higher transmission patterns in autumn and winter. […] Transmissible two days before diarrhoea onset.

• #72 How Is Rotavirus Transmitted From Person To Person? – Klarity Health Library

  https://my.klarity.health/how-is-rotavirus-transmitted-from-person-to-person/

  Immunocompromised individuals and those in environments with poor hygiene practices are also more vulnerable to infection and transmission of the virus. […] Vaccination has led to significant reductions in hospitalizations and deaths, though rotavirus still circulates in unvaccinated populations and presents a substantial health burden in less-developed regions. […] The reservoir is the human gastrointestinal tract and stool. […] Transmission is fecal-oral, person-to-person and, fomites. […] Higher transmission patterns in autumn and winter. […] Transmissible two days before diarrhoea onset.

• #73 Vaccine profiles: Rotavirusverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverified

  https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/routine-vaccines-extraordinary-impact-rotavirus

  Globally, rotaviruses are the leading cause of severe diarrhoea in young children. Before vaccines became available, almost every child had been infected by their fifth birthday and rotaviruses caused an estimated 500,000 deaths each year. […] Routine immunisation has greatly reduced this toll in those countries that have introduced it, but the current generation of vaccines doesn’t provide full protection against infection. Thankfully, work is already underway to develop the next generation of vaccines that could prevent many more diarrhoeal deaths. […] In 2009, The World Health Organization (WHO) recommended that rotavirus vaccination be included in all national immunisation programmes, following the release of data that evaluated vaccine efficacy in countries with high rates of child deaths from rotavirus disease.

• #74 Molecular epidemiology and surveillance of circulating rotavirus among children with gastroenteritis in Bangladesh during 2014–2019 | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0242813

  Four rotavirus A vaccines (RotaTeq-Merck, Rotarix- GSK, ROTAVAC, and ROTASIIL) have been prequalified by WHO. India, Vietnam and China have developed rotavirus A vaccine for their own market. Global rotavirus vaccines are available in Bangladesh market but the vaccination program has not been included in the national immunization program yet. Rotavirus vaccine coverage in children under five is high in Bangladesh. For rotavirus vaccine, DTP1 is 97%, DPT2 is 95.5% and DTP3 is 94% in Bangladesh. A recent Rotarix trial in Bangladesh has revealed that vaccine efficacy is decreasing due to the mutational and reassortment events of rotaviruses. Molecular analysis and genetic characterization of rotavirus A will specify diversity that will be an important tool to evaluate vaccine efficacy. […] The main aim of this study is to characterize the genotypes of rotavirus A in Bangladesh. First objective of this study is to describe the age distribution, gender distribution, seasonal pattern and genotypic distribution of rotavirus A among children in Bangladesh. Second objective of this study is to describe intragenotypic heterogeneity of rotavirus G1 circulating in Bangladesh.

• #75 Rotavirus surveillance and vaccination in Nigeria: current challenges and important next steps

  https://www.one-health.panafrican-med-journal.com/content/article/13/21/full

  The technical expertise of WHO and financial aid from Gavi have been instrumental in the rapid uptake of rotavirus vaccines and the implementation of evidence-based decisions in African countries in the last decade. […] In August 2022, Nigeria integrated the pre-qualified rotavirus vaccine, ROTAVAC RV1 into the National Expanded Program on Routine Immunization, an initiative that represents renewed hope in the fight against the virus that has continued to take a toll on the health of under-five children across the country. […] The vaccine distribution is expected to avert more than 110,000 deaths over the next decade, a projection that is anticipated to increase with integration of other diarrhea prevention and treatment strategies. […] While rotavirus vaccination has shown to be most effective in reducing morbidity and mortality due to rotavirus, challenges such as low vaccine coverage, low healthcare-seeking behavior, poor supply chain management system, and poor access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), and weak funding for immunization program undermines efforts in the fight against the spread of the virus. […] There is a need for the government to scale-up prevention strategies, and increase coverage and uptake take of rotavirus vaccines. Also, the government must take proactive steps in implementing independent immunization strategies, especially as the country is transitioning beyond Gavi support.

• #76 Epidemiology of rotavirus diarrhea among children less than 5 years hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis prior to rotavirus vaccine introduction in India

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7694878/

  With the introduction of the rotavirus vaccine into the national immunization programme, it will be important to monitor the rates of rotavirus gastroenteritis in the non-vaccinated children in the older age groups because they will be reflective of herd immunity, which is a cumulative benefit of expanding rotavirus vaccination. […] Continued surveillance for rotavirus infection after the introduction of the rotavirus vaccine will be critical to assess the impact of the vaccine on rotavirus associated hospitalization rates, geographic spread, and mortality in Indian children suffering from diarrhea at early age.

• #77 Rotavirus surveillance and vaccination in Nigeria: current challenges and important next steps

  https://www.one-health.panafrican-med-journal.com/content/article/13/21/full

  The technical expertise of WHO and financial aid from Gavi have been instrumental in the rapid uptake of rotavirus vaccines and the implementation of evidence-based decisions in African countries in the last decade. […] In August 2022, Nigeria integrated the pre-qualified rotavirus vaccine, ROTAVAC RV1 into the National Expanded Program on Routine Immunization, an initiative that represents renewed hope in the fight against the virus that has continued to take a toll on the health of under-five children across the country. […] The vaccine distribution is expected to avert more than 110,000 deaths over the next decade, a projection that is anticipated to increase with integration of other diarrhea prevention and treatment strategies. […] While rotavirus vaccination has shown to be most effective in reducing morbidity and mortality due to rotavirus, challenges such as low vaccine coverage, low healthcare-seeking behavior, poor supply chain management system, and poor access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), and weak funding for immunization program undermines efforts in the fight against the spread of the virus. […] There is a need for the government to scale-up prevention strategies, and increase coverage and uptake take of rotavirus vaccines. Also, the government must take proactive steps in implementing independent immunization strategies, especially as the country is transitioning beyond Gavi support.

• #78 Rotavirus A in Brazil: Molecular Epidemiology and Surveillance during 2018–2019

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/9/7/515

  In this study, we provide laboratory-based RVA national surveillance in eleven states from three regions in Brazil, during 2018–2019. […] RVA detection rates were higher during winter/spring months and among children aged 24–60 months. […] By far, G3P[8] was the most frequently detected genotype, and showed a year-round circulation. […] The constant shifting of RVA genotypes circulation and the potential emergence of unusual/reassortant strains reinforces the importance and the need for continuous country-based epidemiological and molecular surveillance programs.

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