Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Diagnosis, management, and prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis in children

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5776699/

  Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe childhood gastroenteritis. […] Orally administered live attenuated vaccines that mimic natural infection offer the best protection against rotavirus. […] Two licensed rotavirus vaccines have been available since 2006 and have been implemented in many countries. […] Because nearly all children are affected by rotavirus by age 5 years, good sanitation and hygiene alone are inadequate for prevention. […] Orally administered live attenuated vaccines offer the best protection against rotavirus; as of December 2013, national immunization programs of 51 countries include rotavirus vaccine. […] Such programs have greatly reduced morbidity and mortality from gastroenteritis. […] The documented health benefits of rotavirus vaccines far outweigh the small risk of intussusception that has been seen in some settings.

• #2 Diagnosis, management, and prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis in children | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/347/bmj.f7204

  Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe gastroenteritis in children worldwide, accounting for 35-40% of hospital admissions for gastroenteritis. […] Because nearly all children are affected by rotavirus by age 5 years, good sanitation and hygiene alone are inadequate for prevention. […] Orally administered live attenuated vaccines offer the best protection against rotavirus; as of December 2013, national immunization programs of 51 countries include rotavirus vaccine. […] Such programs have greatly reduced morbidity and mortality from gastroenteritis. […] Orally administered live attenuated vaccines that mimic natural infection offer the best protection against rotavirus.

• #3 About Rotavirus | Rotavirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/rotavirus/about/index.html

  Protect your child with rotavirus vaccine. […] Rotavirus vaccine is the best way to protect your child against rotavirus disease. […] Rotavirus vaccination is the best way to protect your child from rotavirus disease. Good hygiene like handwashing and cleanliness are important but not enough to control the spread of the disease. […] However, vaccinated children are less likely to get sick from rotavirus.

• #4 Diagnosis, management, and prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis in children

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5776699/

  Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe childhood gastroenteritis. […] Orally administered live attenuated vaccines that mimic natural infection offer the best protection against rotavirus. […] Two licensed rotavirus vaccines have been available since 2006 and have been implemented in many countries. […] Because nearly all children are affected by rotavirus by age 5 years, good sanitation and hygiene alone are inadequate for prevention. […] Orally administered live attenuated vaccines offer the best protection against rotavirus; as of December 2013, national immunization programs of 51 countries include rotavirus vaccine. […] Such programs have greatly reduced morbidity and mortality from gastroenteritis. […] The documented health benefits of rotavirus vaccines far outweigh the small risk of intussusception that has been seen in some settings.

• #5 Prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis in infants and children: rotavirus vaccine safety, efficacy, and potential impact of vaccines

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2921258/

  Rotavirus infection is the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis globally, with greater than 86% of deaths occurring in low-income and middle-income countries. There are two rotavirus vaccines currently licensed in the United States and prequalified by the World Health Organization. RV1 is a monovalent attenuated human rotavirus strain, given orally in two doses. RV5 is a pentavalent human-bovine reassortant rotavirus vaccine, given orally in three doses. A third rotavirus vaccine, LLV, is a lamb rotavirus strain given orally as a single dose, which is currently available only in China. RV1 and RV5 have been shown to be highly efficacious in developed countries, and initial results from trials in Africa and Asia are promising as well. […] Should rotavirus vaccines be introduced in the routine immunization programs of all countries, a potential of 170,000 deaths could be prevented annually. The largest impact on mortality would be seen in low-income and middle-income countries, despite poor immunization coverage and lower efficacy. Therefore, international efforts are needed to ensure that rotavirus vaccines reach the populations with highest burden of rotavirus disease.

• #6 Rotavirus vaccines for infants – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/rotavirus-vaccines-for-infants

  Rotavirus vaccination of infants will be discussed below. […] More than 120 countries have introduced national rotavirus vaccination programs, and approximately 17 additional countries are planning to introduce them. […] Two live, attenuated oral rotavirus vaccines are licensed for use in the United States and many other countries. The vaccines have similar efficacy and safety, and no preference for one over the other vaccine exists.

• #7 Prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis in infants and children: rotavirus vaccine safety, efficacy, and potential impact of vaccines

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2921258/

  Rotavirus infection is the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis globally, with greater than 86% of deaths occurring in low-income and middle-income countries. There are two rotavirus vaccines currently licensed in the United States and prequalified by the World Health Organization. RV1 is a monovalent attenuated human rotavirus strain, given orally in two doses. RV5 is a pentavalent human-bovine reassortant rotavirus vaccine, given orally in three doses. A third rotavirus vaccine, LLV, is a lamb rotavirus strain given orally as a single dose, which is currently available only in China. RV1 and RV5 have been shown to be highly efficacious in developed countries, and initial results from trials in Africa and Asia are promising as well. […] Should rotavirus vaccines be introduced in the routine immunization programs of all countries, a potential of 170,000 deaths could be prevented annually. The largest impact on mortality would be seen in low-income and middle-income countries, despite poor immunization coverage and lower efficacy. Therefore, international efforts are needed to ensure that rotavirus vaccines reach the populations with highest burden of rotavirus disease.

• #8 Rotavirus vaccines for infants – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/rotavirus-vaccines-for-infants

  Rotavirus vaccination of infants will be discussed below. […] More than 120 countries have introduced national rotavirus vaccination programs, and approximately 17 additional countries are planning to introduce them. […] Two live, attenuated oral rotavirus vaccines are licensed for use in the United States and many other countries. The vaccines have similar efficacy and safety, and no preference for one over the other vaccine exists.

• #9 What Is Rotavirus? Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8275-rotavirus

  The best way to prevent rotavirus and protect the health of your family is to make sure they get one of the rotavirus vaccines. […] About 70% of children who receive the vaccine dont get rotavirus. For those who still get infected, the symptoms are much milder. Put another way, 90% of vaccinated children either get protected from severe rotavirus or avoid the disease altogether. […] Talk to your childs healthcare provider about which rotavirus vaccine your child should get. Healthcare providers dont give the vaccines as shots. Instead, they puts drops in your babys mouth over a series of visits, based on age. Options and vaccination schedules include: RotaTeq: Providers give RotaTeq in three doses at 2 months, 4 months and 6 months. Rotarix: Providers give Rotarix in two doses at 2 months and 4 months.

• #10 Rotavirus Vaccine Recommendations | Rotavirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/rotavirus/hcp/vaccine-considerations/index.html

  There are two rotavirus vaccines approved for use in infants in the United States; both are safe and effective. […] Infants should get 2 or 3 doses of rotavirus vaccine, depending on the brand of vaccine used. […] Each year, the vaccine prevents an estimated 40,000 to 50,000 hospitalizations among U.S. infants and young children. […] Vaccinated children provide indirect protection to other people because they are less likely to get and spread the disease. […] CDC recommends routine vaccination of infants with either of the two available vaccines: RotaTeq licensed in 2006 Given in 3 doses at ages 2 months, 4 months, and 6 months Rotarix licensed in 2008 Given in 2 doses at ages 2 months and 4 months. […] The first dose of either vaccine should be given before a child is 15 weeks of age. Children should receive all doses of rotavirus vaccine before they turn 8 months old.

• #11 What Is Rotavirus? Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8275-rotavirus

  The best way to prevent rotavirus and protect the health of your family is to make sure they get one of the rotavirus vaccines. […] About 70% of children who receive the vaccine dont get rotavirus. For those who still get infected, the symptoms are much milder. Put another way, 90% of vaccinated children either get protected from severe rotavirus or avoid the disease altogether. […] Talk to your childs healthcare provider about which rotavirus vaccine your child should get. Healthcare providers dont give the vaccines as shots. Instead, they puts drops in your babys mouth over a series of visits, based on age. Options and vaccination schedules include: RotaTeq: Providers give RotaTeq in three doses at 2 months, 4 months and 6 months. Rotarix: Providers give Rotarix in two doses at 2 months and 4 months.

• #12 Rotavirus Vaccine Recommendations | Rotavirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/rotavirus/hcp/vaccine-considerations/index.html

  There are two rotavirus vaccines approved for use in infants in the United States; both are safe and effective. […] Infants should get 2 or 3 doses of rotavirus vaccine, depending on the brand of vaccine used. […] Each year, the vaccine prevents an estimated 40,000 to 50,000 hospitalizations among U.S. infants and young children. […] Vaccinated children provide indirect protection to other people because they are less likely to get and spread the disease. […] CDC recommends routine vaccination of infants with either of the two available vaccines: RotaTeq licensed in 2006 Given in 3 doses at ages 2 months, 4 months, and 6 months Rotarix licensed in 2008 Given in 2 doses at ages 2 months and 4 months. […] The first dose of either vaccine should be given before a child is 15 weeks of age. Children should receive all doses of rotavirus vaccine before they turn 8 months old.

• #13 Rotavirus Disease and Its Prevention (Slides With Transcript)

  https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/581133_2

  The correct response is D: designing a vaccine that would protect against the most common circulating types of rotavirus. […] Today’s topic is rotavirus, and you can see here that the rotavirus vaccine that was available at the beginning of 2008 was intended for a 3-dose series delivered at 2, 4, and 6 months of age. […] As I’ll point out in a few minutes, we also have another new rotavirus vaccine that is intended as a 2-dose series at 2 and 4 months of age. […] The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) issued their recommendations shortly after that, calling for routine vaccination of all US infants using a 3-dose series administered at 2, 4, and 6 months of age. The first dose was intended to be given between 6 and 12 weeks, and all doses by 32 weeks. […] A new vaccine was actually approved just a few months ago in April. It’s called RV1 or Rotarix (GlaxoSmithKline, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) vaccine. This has also been studied in 75,000 or so infants, and safety analyses have been conducted in 63,000 infants.

• #14 Rotavirus Disease and Its Prevention (Slides With Transcript)

  https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/581133_2

  The recommendations call for a 2-dose series at age 2 and 4 months, with the first dose by 6 weeks and the last dose by 24 weeks. […] This slide describes rotavirus RV1 or Rotarix vaccine, which is a monovalent, human G1P8 vaccine. This is a live virus. It’s attenuated, meaning that it’s been weakened in the test tube so that it doesn’t cause serious disease. […] After the RotaShield experience of course, intussusception was the major concern. […] You can see that in the clinical trials, there was no association with either of these rotavirus vaccine products with intussusception. […] The contraindications for rotavirus vaccine are on this slide. The RotaTeq vaccine is contraindicated if there’s hypersensitivity; that has never been shown to be a problem. […] Likewise, the precautions — the points on this slide –are derived from the PIs for both of these products, as well as from the ACIP and AAP recommendations for RotaTeq.

• #15 Rotaviruses: From Pathogenesis to Disease Control—A Critical Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/14/5/875

  The World Health Organization in 2018 prequalified two additional vaccines namely; ROTAVAC (Bharat Biotec of Hyderabad, India) and ROTASIIL (Serum Institute of India, India). […] Although comparable incidences of rotavirus disease between the developed and developing countries have shown that the disease cannot be exclusively controlled with hygienic measures such as well personal, food, and environmental hygiene, a further improvement may help in breaking transmission and severe episodes of diarrhea. […] The WHO guidelines of pediatric diarrhea management include continued breastfeeding to reduce the length and severity of diarrhea. Breast milk contains bioactive components such as antibodies, antioxidants, nutrients, and hormones, which protect a child from specific pathogens or families of pathogens or confer mucosal immunity to the infant.

• #16 Rotavirus Vaccine Recommendations | Rotavirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/rotavirus/hcp/vaccine-considerations/index.html

  There are two rotavirus vaccines approved for use in infants in the United States; both are safe and effective. […] Infants should get 2 or 3 doses of rotavirus vaccine, depending on the brand of vaccine used. […] Each year, the vaccine prevents an estimated 40,000 to 50,000 hospitalizations among U.S. infants and young children. […] Vaccinated children provide indirect protection to other people because they are less likely to get and spread the disease. […] CDC recommends routine vaccination of infants with either of the two available vaccines: RotaTeq licensed in 2006 Given in 3 doses at ages 2 months, 4 months, and 6 months Rotarix licensed in 2008 Given in 2 doses at ages 2 months and 4 months. […] The first dose of either vaccine should be given before a child is 15 weeks of age. Children should receive all doses of rotavirus vaccine before they turn 8 months old.

• #17 Rotavirus vaccines: Canadian Immunization Guide – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/canadian-immunization-guide-part-4-active-vaccines/page-19-rotavirus-vaccine.html

  Rotavirus vaccines are recommended for infants starting at 6 weeks and before 15 weeks of age. […] The vaccination series should be completed before 8 months of age. […] To optimize protection, RV vaccine should be initiated as soon after 6 weeks of age as feasible. […] Parents should be informed of the benefit of RV vaccination in preventing or mitigating severe diarrheal disease in infants. […] RV vaccine reduces physician and emergency room visits for diarrhea and hospital admissions for RV diarrhea. […] The first dose of RV vaccine should be given starting at 6 weeks of age and before 15 weeks of age. […] Vaccination should not be initiated in infants aged 15 weeks or older, as the safety of providing the first dose of RV vaccine in older infants is not known. […] If an incomplete dose is administered for any reason, a replacement dose should NOT be administered.

• #18 Rotavirus | The Australian Immunisation Handbook

  https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable-diseases/rotavirus

  All infants <6 months of age are recommended to receive a course of oral rotavirus vaccine. [...] Infants can receive the 1st dose of rotavirus vaccine as early as 6 weeks of age. [...] Infants and children >6 months of age should not receive rotavirus vaccines. […] Rotavirus vaccine is funded through the NIP for all infants aged <6 months of age. [...] Infants who develop rotavirus gastroenteritis before receiving the full course of rotavirus vaccine should still complete the full 2- or 3-dose schedule. [...] Preterm infants are recommended to receive either rotavirus vaccine starting at the chronological age of at least 6 weeks, if the infant is clinically stable. [...] Vaccinating hospitalised infants, including hospitalised preterm infants, has a low risk of transmitting vaccine viruses if standard infection control precautions are maintained. [...] Infants living in households with pregnant women can receive rotavirus vaccines. [...] There are no restrictions on the infant’s feeding before or after vaccination with either rotavirus vaccine. [...] Rotavirus vaccines can be co-administered with other vaccines or immunisation products.

• #19 Rotavirus vaccines: Canadian Immunization Guide – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/canadian-immunization-guide-part-4-active-vaccines/page-19-rotavirus-vaccine.html

  Rotavirus vaccines are recommended for infants starting at 6 weeks and before 15 weeks of age. […] The vaccination series should be completed before 8 months of age. […] To optimize protection, RV vaccine should be initiated as soon after 6 weeks of age as feasible. […] Parents should be informed of the benefit of RV vaccination in preventing or mitigating severe diarrheal disease in infants. […] RV vaccine reduces physician and emergency room visits for diarrhea and hospital admissions for RV diarrhea. […] The first dose of RV vaccine should be given starting at 6 weeks of age and before 15 weeks of age. […] Vaccination should not be initiated in infants aged 15 weeks or older, as the safety of providing the first dose of RV vaccine in older infants is not known. […] If an incomplete dose is administered for any reason, a replacement dose should NOT be administered.

• #20 Rotavirus | The Australian Immunisation Handbook

  https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable-diseases/rotavirus

  All infants <6 months of age are recommended to receive a course of oral rotavirus vaccine. [...] Infants can receive the 1st dose of rotavirus vaccine as early as 6 weeks of age. [...] Infants and children >6 months of age should not receive rotavirus vaccines. […] Rotavirus vaccine is funded through the NIP for all infants aged <6 months of age. [...] Infants who develop rotavirus gastroenteritis before receiving the full course of rotavirus vaccine should still complete the full 2- or 3-dose schedule. [...] Preterm infants are recommended to receive either rotavirus vaccine starting at the chronological age of at least 6 weeks, if the infant is clinically stable. [...] Vaccinating hospitalised infants, including hospitalised preterm infants, has a low risk of transmitting vaccine viruses if standard infection control precautions are maintained. [...] Infants living in households with pregnant women can receive rotavirus vaccines. [...] There are no restrictions on the infant’s feeding before or after vaccination with either rotavirus vaccine. [...] Rotavirus vaccines can be co-administered with other vaccines or immunisation products.

• #21

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/safety-prevention/immunizations/Pages/Rotavirus-Vaccine-What-You-Need-to-Know.aspx

  Rotavirus vaccine can prevent rotavirus disease. […] Almost all babies who get rotavirus vaccine will be protected from severe rotavirus diarrhea. […] Rotavirus vaccine may be given at the same time as other vaccines. […] In some cases, your child’s health care provider may decide to postpone rotavirus vaccination to a future visit. […] Your child’s health care provider can give you more information.

• #22 Rotavirus | The Australian Immunisation Handbook

  https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable-diseases/rotavirus

  All infants <6 months of age are recommended to receive a course of oral rotavirus vaccine. [...] Infants can receive the 1st dose of rotavirus vaccine as early as 6 weeks of age. [...] Infants and children >6 months of age should not receive rotavirus vaccines. […] Rotavirus vaccine is funded through the NIP for all infants aged <6 months of age. [...] Infants who develop rotavirus gastroenteritis before receiving the full course of rotavirus vaccine should still complete the full 2- or 3-dose schedule. [...] Preterm infants are recommended to receive either rotavirus vaccine starting at the chronological age of at least 6 weeks, if the infant is clinically stable. [...] Vaccinating hospitalised infants, including hospitalised preterm infants, has a low risk of transmitting vaccine viruses if standard infection control precautions are maintained. [...] Infants living in households with pregnant women can receive rotavirus vaccines. [...] There are no restrictions on the infant’s feeding before or after vaccination with either rotavirus vaccine. [...] Rotavirus vaccines can be co-administered with other vaccines or immunisation products.

• #23 What Is Rotavirus? Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8275-rotavirus

  Scientists have tested both rotavirus vaccines extensively in thousands of babies. They consider both vaccines safe and effective. They protect many children from getting rotavirus. And even if a child does get the virus, the illness will be less severe if they got the vaccination. […] The vaccine is your best defense against the disease. Its also crucial to practice good hand washing. Wash your hands frequently with soap and water for at least 20 seconds: After using the bathroom. After changing a diaper or helping a child use the bathroom. Before preparing food. […] Call your healthcare provider right away if your child shows symptoms of rotavirus. Your provider can help you prevent dehydration. […] The rotavirus vaccine is the best way to protect your childs health.

• #24 What Is Rotavirus? Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/children/what-is-rotavirus

  Frequent hand-washing and disinfecting surfaces help, but nothing is a guarantee. […] The best way to protect your child is to get them vaccinated against rotavirus. About 70%-80% of kids who get the vaccine will be fully protected against the virus. And those who do get it will have much less serious symptoms. Your child should get the first dose of either vaccine before they’re 15 weeks old, and should have all doses before age 8 months. […] Doctors don’t give these vaccines as shots, but as drops they put in your child’s mouth. There are two types of vaccines: RotaTeq. This is given in three doses. Ideally, they’re given at ages 2 months, 4 months, and 6 months. […] Rotarix. This type is given in two doses, at ages 2 months and 4 months. […] Extensive clinical testing found both types to be safe and effective. The vaccine has few side effects, but some babies might have mild diarrhea or vomiting that soon goes away.

• #25 About Rotavirus | Rotavirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/rotavirus/about/index.html

  Protect your child with rotavirus vaccine. […] Rotavirus vaccine is the best way to protect your child against rotavirus disease. […] Rotavirus vaccination is the best way to protect your child from rotavirus disease. Good hygiene like handwashing and cleanliness are important but not enough to control the spread of the disease. […] However, vaccinated children are less likely to get sick from rotavirus.

• #26 Rotavirus – Institute for Vaccine Safety

  https://www.vaccinesafety.edu/rotavirus/

  All infants without contraindications should receive the rotavirus vaccine series; consisting of either two oral doses of RV1 (trade name: Rotarix) or three oral doses of RV5 (trade name: RotaTeq) beginning at about 2 months of age (no earlier than 6 weeks of age). […] Rotavirus vaccines are live attenuated vaccines that are only given to infants under 8 months of age and are thus contraindicated during pregnancy. […] In very large clinical trials, effectiveness against severe gastroenteritis was estimated to be 85-98% and effectiveness against any rotavirus gastroenteritis was estimated to be 74-87% after completion of a full series of RV. […] The good news about rotavirus is that there are effective vaccines. Hospitalizations for rotavirus have gone way down since we started using the vaccine. […] You have the power to protect yourself and your family from rotavirus through vaccination. I strongly recommend rotavirus vaccine to my patients, my family, and my friends.

• #27 Rotavirus – Institute for Vaccine Safety

  https://www.vaccinesafety.edu/rotavirus/

  All infants without contraindications should receive the rotavirus vaccine series; consisting of either two oral doses of RV1 (trade name: Rotarix) or three oral doses of RV5 (trade name: RotaTeq) beginning at about 2 months of age (no earlier than 6 weeks of age). […] Rotavirus vaccines are live attenuated vaccines that are only given to infants under 8 months of age and are thus contraindicated during pregnancy. […] In very large clinical trials, effectiveness against severe gastroenteritis was estimated to be 85-98% and effectiveness against any rotavirus gastroenteritis was estimated to be 74-87% after completion of a full series of RV. […] The good news about rotavirus is that there are effective vaccines. Hospitalizations for rotavirus have gone way down since we started using the vaccine. […] You have the power to protect yourself and your family from rotavirus through vaccination. I strongly recommend rotavirus vaccine to my patients, my family, and my friends.

• #28 Diagnosis, management, and prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis in children

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5776699/

  As of December 2013, 51 countries include rotavirus vaccines in their national immunization programs. […] A systematic review of ecologic studies from eight countries reported a 49-89% decline in laboratory confirmed rotavirus hospital admissions and 17-55% reduction in all cause hospital admissions for gastroenteritis in children under 5 years within two years of vaccine introduction. […] These findings are particularly noteworthy because vaccine efficacy against death from diarrhea was not evaluated in pre-licensure trials. […] Despite this reduced efficacy, the public health benefits of vaccination in terms of number of severe rotavirus gastroenteritis episodes prevented per 100 infants was greater in developing than in industrialised countries. […] These considerations led WHO to issue a global recommendation for vaccination in 2009 and have prompted several low income countries to include rotavirus vaccination in their immunization programs.

• #29 Rotavirus – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus

  Rotaviruses are highly contagious and cannot be treated with antibiotics or other drugs. Because improved sanitation does not decrease the prevalence of rotaviral disease, and the rate of hospitalisations remains high despite the use of oral rehydrating medicines, the primary public health intervention is vaccination. […] In 2006, two new vaccines against rotavirus A infection were shown to be safe and effective in children, and in 2009, the WHO recommended that rotavirus vaccine be included in all national immunisation programmes. […] The incidence and severity of rotavirus infections has declined significantly in countries that have acted on this recommendation. […] A 2014 review of available clinical trial data from countries routinely using rotavirus vaccines in their national immunisation programs found that rotavirus vaccines have reduced rotavirus hospitalisations by 49-92% and all cause diarrhoea hospitalisations by 17-55%. […] In the United States, rotavirus vaccination since 2006 has led to drops in rotavirus-related hospitalisations by as much as 86 percent. […] Globally, vaccination has reduced hospital admissions and emergency department visits by a median of 67%.

• #30 The control of diarrhea, the case of a rotavirus vaccine

  http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0036-36342020000100001

  The control of diarrhea, the case of a rotavirus vaccine […] Given its important etiologic role, efforts to reduce the burden of severe childhood diarrhea have targeted rotavirus. […] In 1998, only 25 years after the discovery of rotavirus, the first rotavirus vaccine (RotaShield, Wyeth Lederle) was licensed and recommended for routine immunization of US children. […] In 2006, the region of the Americas was the first to implement these new vaccines and in 2009 the World Health Organization issued a global recommendation for rotavirus vaccine use. […] As of July 2018, a total of 90 countries globally have implemented national rotavirus vaccination programs, including 45 low income countries that have received funding support for vaccine purchase through Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance. […] A systematic review of 57 articles from 27 countries published from 2006-2016 showed that, following implementation of rotavirus vaccination, overall acute gastroenteritis hospitalizations were reduced by 41, 30, and 46% in countries with low, medium, and high child mortality, respectively, whereas hospitalizations and emergency department visits caused by rotavirus gastroenteritis were reduced by a median of 71, 59, and 60% in countries with low, medium, and high child mortality, respectively.

• #31 Rotavirus Medication: Vaccines

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803885-medication

  Vaccines against rotavirus prevented more than 176,000 hospitalizations, 242,000 emergency department visits, and 1.1 million doctor’s visits in the first four years they were available. […] The risks versus benefits of the available vaccines need to be evaluated for each individual patient. Based upon the current available data, it is generally accepted that the benefits of the vaccines significantly outweigh the risks of the vaccines including that of intussusception. […] With the introduction of RotaTeq and Rotarix, a significant amount of data have demonstrated the efficacy of the vaccines and overall decline of the rotavirus season not only in the United States but globally as well.

• #32 Rotavirus Vaccine Recommendations | Rotavirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/rotavirus/hcp/vaccine-considerations/index.html

  You should not give rotavirus vaccine to babies with: A severe allergic reaction to a previous dose of rotavirus vaccine, A severe allergy to any component of rotavirus vaccine, Severe combined immunodeficiency, A previous episode of intussusception. […] Babies who are mildly ill can get the vaccine. […] You may consider vaccinating babies with weakened immune systems due to: HIV/AIDS, or any other disease that affects the immune system, Treatment with drugs such as steroids, Cancer, or cancer treatment with x-rays or drugs.

• #33 Rotavirus vaccines: Canadian Immunization Guide – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/canadian-immunization-guide-part-4-active-vaccines/page-19-rotavirus-vaccine.html

  When considering immunization of an immunocompromised infant with RV vaccine, approval from the infant’s attending physician should be obtained before vaccination. […] Infants who are travelling, particularly to developing countries, should receive RV vaccine as appropriate for age. […] RV vaccines can be administered to infants with minor acute illness, with or without fever. […] The immunogenicity and efficacy of the RV vaccines has not been studied in infants with concurrent gastroenteritis; immunogenicity and effectiveness of the vaccine may theoretically be reduced. […] Infants with chronic gastrointestinal disease who are not considered immunocompromised are likely to benefit from RV vaccine and can be vaccinated. […] RV vaccines are contraindicated in infants with SCID; previous history of intussusception; a history of anaphylaxis after previous administration of the vaccine; or proven immediate or anaphylactic hypersensitivity to any component of the vaccine or its container. […] About 4% of infants with intussusception will have another episode in the following year; there is no evidence that children who have a history of intussusception are at an increased risk of another intussusception after receiving RV vaccine.

• #34 Rotavirus vaccines: Canadian Immunization Guide – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/canadian-immunization-guide-part-4-active-vaccines/page-19-rotavirus-vaccine.html

  When considering immunization of an immunocompromised infant with RV vaccine, approval from the infant’s attending physician should be obtained before vaccination. […] Infants who are travelling, particularly to developing countries, should receive RV vaccine as appropriate for age. […] RV vaccines can be administered to infants with minor acute illness, with or without fever. […] The immunogenicity and efficacy of the RV vaccines has not been studied in infants with concurrent gastroenteritis; immunogenicity and effectiveness of the vaccine may theoretically be reduced. […] Infants with chronic gastrointestinal disease who are not considered immunocompromised are likely to benefit from RV vaccine and can be vaccinated. […] RV vaccines are contraindicated in infants with SCID; previous history of intussusception; a history of anaphylaxis after previous administration of the vaccine; or proven immediate or anaphylactic hypersensitivity to any component of the vaccine or its container. […] About 4% of infants with intussusception will have another episode in the following year; there is no evidence that children who have a history of intussusception are at an increased risk of another intussusception after receiving RV vaccine.

• #35 Rotavirus vaccines: Canadian Immunization Guide – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/canadian-immunization-guide-part-4-active-vaccines/page-19-rotavirus-vaccine.html

  When considering immunization of an immunocompromised infant with RV vaccine, approval from the infant’s attending physician should be obtained before vaccination. […] Infants who are travelling, particularly to developing countries, should receive RV vaccine as appropriate for age. […] RV vaccines can be administered to infants with minor acute illness, with or without fever. […] The immunogenicity and efficacy of the RV vaccines has not been studied in infants with concurrent gastroenteritis; immunogenicity and effectiveness of the vaccine may theoretically be reduced. […] Infants with chronic gastrointestinal disease who are not considered immunocompromised are likely to benefit from RV vaccine and can be vaccinated. […] RV vaccines are contraindicated in infants with SCID; previous history of intussusception; a history of anaphylaxis after previous administration of the vaccine; or proven immediate or anaphylactic hypersensitivity to any component of the vaccine or its container. […] About 4% of infants with intussusception will have another episode in the following year; there is no evidence that children who have a history of intussusception are at an increased risk of another intussusception after receiving RV vaccine.

• #36 What Is Rotavirus? Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8275-rotavirus

  Scientists have tested both rotavirus vaccines extensively in thousands of babies. They consider both vaccines safe and effective. They protect many children from getting rotavirus. And even if a child does get the virus, the illness will be less severe if they got the vaccination. […] The vaccine is your best defense against the disease. Its also crucial to practice good hand washing. Wash your hands frequently with soap and water for at least 20 seconds: After using the bathroom. After changing a diaper or helping a child use the bathroom. Before preparing food. […] Call your healthcare provider right away if your child shows symptoms of rotavirus. Your provider can help you prevent dehydration. […] The rotavirus vaccine is the best way to protect your childs health.

• #37 What Is Rotavirus? Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/children/what-is-rotavirus

  Frequent hand-washing and disinfecting surfaces help, but nothing is a guarantee. […] The best way to protect your child is to get them vaccinated against rotavirus. About 70%-80% of kids who get the vaccine will be fully protected against the virus. And those who do get it will have much less serious symptoms. Your child should get the first dose of either vaccine before they’re 15 weeks old, and should have all doses before age 8 months. […] Doctors don’t give these vaccines as shots, but as drops they put in your child’s mouth. There are two types of vaccines: RotaTeq. This is given in three doses. Ideally, they’re given at ages 2 months, 4 months, and 6 months. […] Rotarix. This type is given in two doses, at ages 2 months and 4 months. […] Extensive clinical testing found both types to be safe and effective. The vaccine has few side effects, but some babies might have mild diarrhea or vomiting that soon goes away.

• #38 Rotavirus – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rotavirus/symptoms-causes/syc-20351300

  Good hygiene, such as washing your hands regularly, is important. But vaccination is the best way to prevent rotavirus infection. […] To reduce the spread of rotavirus, wash your hands thoroughly and often especially after you use the toilet, change your child’s diaper or help your child use the toilet. But even strict hand-washing doesn’t offer any guarantees. And commonly used alcohol-based hand sanitizers have little effect on rotavirus. […] The World Health Organization recommends that all countries give infants a rotavirus vaccine. There are two vaccines available: […] The vaccines are considered safe and effective, and studies show that they prevent thousands of children from developing rotavirus every year. However, rarely, they can cause a part of the intestine to fold back on itself (intussusception), resulting in possibly life-threatening intestinal blockage. […] For children who don’t have a history of intussusception, there is a very small risk that it can develop after the rotavirus vaccine is given. Even so, the benefits of the vaccine far outweigh the risks.

• #39 Expert opinion on rotavirus vaccination in infancy

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/expert-opinion-rotavirus-vaccination-infancy

  Benefit-risk has been assessed by regulatory agencies worldwide and was found to be positive given the severity of disease and the availability of treatment of intussusception. In addition, a recent meta-analysis indicates that the risk of vaccine-related intussusception is reduced from approximately 1 in 20 000 to approximately 1 in 50 000 above the background incidence of 33 to 101 per 100,000 in unvaccinated, if the first dose is given before the age of 12 weeks. […] Finally, the Expert Opinion suggests a series of monitoring activities to be considered in EU/EAA Member States and at EU level, including surveillance of severe rotavirus gastroenteritis leading to hospitalisation, rotavirus genotyping in a geographically representative sample and in breakthrough infections occurring in vaccinated infants, coverage and timing of vaccination and if needed follow up on routine adverse event reporting. Furthermore, to support cost effectiveness studies, the expert opinion encourages the sharing of health economic models among EU/EEA countries.

• #40 Diagnosis, management, and prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis in children

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5776699/

  Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe childhood gastroenteritis. […] Orally administered live attenuated vaccines that mimic natural infection offer the best protection against rotavirus. […] Two licensed rotavirus vaccines have been available since 2006 and have been implemented in many countries. […] Because nearly all children are affected by rotavirus by age 5 years, good sanitation and hygiene alone are inadequate for prevention. […] Orally administered live attenuated vaccines offer the best protection against rotavirus; as of December 2013, national immunization programs of 51 countries include rotavirus vaccine. […] Such programs have greatly reduced morbidity and mortality from gastroenteritis. […] The documented health benefits of rotavirus vaccines far outweigh the small risk of intussusception that has been seen in some settings.

• #41 Expert opinion on rotavirus vaccination in infancy

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/expert-opinion-rotavirus-vaccination-infancy

  Benefit-risk has been assessed by regulatory agencies worldwide and was found to be positive given the severity of disease and the availability of treatment of intussusception. In addition, a recent meta-analysis indicates that the risk of vaccine-related intussusception is reduced from approximately 1 in 20 000 to approximately 1 in 50 000 above the background incidence of 33 to 101 per 100,000 in unvaccinated, if the first dose is given before the age of 12 weeks. […] Finally, the Expert Opinion suggests a series of monitoring activities to be considered in EU/EAA Member States and at EU level, including surveillance of severe rotavirus gastroenteritis leading to hospitalisation, rotavirus genotyping in a geographically representative sample and in breakthrough infections occurring in vaccinated infants, coverage and timing of vaccination and if needed follow up on routine adverse event reporting. Furthermore, to support cost effectiveness studies, the expert opinion encourages the sharing of health economic models among EU/EEA countries.

• #42 What Is Rotavirus? Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8275-rotavirus

  Scientists have tested both rotavirus vaccines extensively in thousands of babies. They consider both vaccines safe and effective. They protect many children from getting rotavirus. And even if a child does get the virus, the illness will be less severe if they got the vaccination. […] The vaccine is your best defense against the disease. Its also crucial to practice good hand washing. Wash your hands frequently with soap and water for at least 20 seconds: After using the bathroom. After changing a diaper or helping a child use the bathroom. Before preparing food. […] Call your healthcare provider right away if your child shows symptoms of rotavirus. Your provider can help you prevent dehydration. […] The rotavirus vaccine is the best way to protect your childs health.

• #43 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Rotavirus-Prevention.aspx

  Vaccination remains the primary public health intervention for tackling the rotaviral disease. The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends routine vaccination with an oral live vaccine at two, four, and six months of age. […] In April 2009, the WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) recommended that all national immunization programs should include rotavirus vaccination for infants. The incidence of rotavirus disease has dropped markedly in all the countries that introduced the vaccine. […] In conclusion, rotaviral gastroenteritis is considered to be a vaccine-preventable illness, based on successful outcomes in children and a drop in hospitalizations in developed countries.

• #44 What Is Rotavirus? Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8275-rotavirus

  Scientists have tested both rotavirus vaccines extensively in thousands of babies. They consider both vaccines safe and effective. They protect many children from getting rotavirus. And even if a child does get the virus, the illness will be less severe if they got the vaccination. […] The vaccine is your best defense against the disease. Its also crucial to practice good hand washing. Wash your hands frequently with soap and water for at least 20 seconds: After using the bathroom. After changing a diaper or helping a child use the bathroom. Before preparing food. […] Call your healthcare provider right away if your child shows symptoms of rotavirus. Your provider can help you prevent dehydration. […] The rotavirus vaccine is the best way to protect your childs health.

• #45 What Is Rotavirus? Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/children/what-is-rotavirus

  Rarely, the vaccine can cause intussusception, which is when the bowel folds back on itself. This can lead to an intestinal blockage that can be very serious. The vaccine isn’t recommended for children who’ve previously had intussusception. […] Thorough hand-washing can help prevent the spread of rotavirus and other viruses that cause intestinal symptoms. Wash your hands for at least 20 seconds with soap and water: After you change a child’s diaper, After you use the bathroom, After you help a child use the bathroom, Before you eat or prepare food. […] Encourage your children to wash their hands often as soon as they’re old enough. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers don’t stop the spread of rotavirus. […] Other steps you can take: Regularly disinfect toys and surfaces that are often touched, like tabletops, doorknobs, and kitchen counters.

• #46 Rotavirus | Prevention | CDC

  http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/rotavirus/about/prevention.html

  Rotavirus spreads easily. Good hygiene like handwashing and cleanliness are important, but are not enough to control the spread of the disease. […] Rotavirus vaccine is the best way to protect your child against rotavirus illness. Most children (about 9 out of 10) who get the vaccine will be protected from severe rotavirus illness. While about 7 out of 10 children will be protected from rotavirus illness. CDC recommends routine vaccination of infants with either of the two available vaccines: […] Both rotavirus vaccines are given orally. […] Rotavirus vaccines do not prevent diarrhea or vomiting caused by other viruses or pathogens.

• #47 Rotavirus – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rotavirus/symptoms-causes/syc-20351300

  Good hygiene, such as washing your hands regularly, is important. But vaccination is the best way to prevent rotavirus infection. […] To reduce the spread of rotavirus, wash your hands thoroughly and often especially after you use the toilet, change your child’s diaper or help your child use the toilet. But even strict hand-washing doesn’t offer any guarantees. And commonly used alcohol-based hand sanitizers have little effect on rotavirus. […] The World Health Organization recommends that all countries give infants a rotavirus vaccine. There are two vaccines available: […] The vaccines are considered safe and effective, and studies show that they prevent thousands of children from developing rotavirus every year. However, rarely, they can cause a part of the intestine to fold back on itself (intussusception), resulting in possibly life-threatening intestinal blockage. […] For children who don’t have a history of intussusception, there is a very small risk that it can develop after the rotavirus vaccine is given. Even so, the benefits of the vaccine far outweigh the risks.

• #48 Rotavirus – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rotavirus/symptoms-causes/syc-20351300

  Good hygiene, such as washing your hands regularly, is important. But vaccination is the best way to prevent rotavirus infection. […] To reduce the spread of rotavirus, wash your hands thoroughly and often especially after you use the toilet, change your child’s diaper or help your child use the toilet. But even strict hand-washing doesn’t offer any guarantees. And commonly used alcohol-based hand sanitizers have little effect on rotavirus. […] The World Health Organization recommends that all countries give infants a rotavirus vaccine. There are two vaccines available: […] The vaccines are considered safe and effective, and studies show that they prevent thousands of children from developing rotavirus every year. However, rarely, they can cause a part of the intestine to fold back on itself (intussusception), resulting in possibly life-threatening intestinal blockage. […] For children who don’t have a history of intussusception, there is a very small risk that it can develop after the rotavirus vaccine is given. Even so, the benefits of the vaccine far outweigh the risks.

• #49 What Is Rotavirus? Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/children/what-is-rotavirus

  Rarely, the vaccine can cause intussusception, which is when the bowel folds back on itself. This can lead to an intestinal blockage that can be very serious. The vaccine isn’t recommended for children who’ve previously had intussusception. […] Thorough hand-washing can help prevent the spread of rotavirus and other viruses that cause intestinal symptoms. Wash your hands for at least 20 seconds with soap and water: After you change a child’s diaper, After you use the bathroom, After you help a child use the bathroom, Before you eat or prepare food. […] Encourage your children to wash their hands often as soon as they’re old enough. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers don’t stop the spread of rotavirus. […] Other steps you can take: Regularly disinfect toys and surfaces that are often touched, like tabletops, doorknobs, and kitchen counters.

• #50 What Is Rotavirus? Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/children/what-is-rotavirus

  When you clean up vomit or diarrhea, use a solution that contains bleach. […] If vomit or diarrhea gets on your child’s clothes (or yours), wash them right away. […] Take care when handling and disposing of dirty diapers. […] A vaccine can protect your child against rotavirus. […] There’s no cure for rotavirus, and there’s no medication to treat it. But a vaccine can prevent it.

• #51 Rotavirus | Health and Human Services North Dakota

  https://www.hhs.nd.gov/health/diseases-conditions-and-immunization/immunizations/rotavirus

  Rotavirus is preventable through vaccination. […] Children should receive two or three doses of rotavirus vaccine, depending on the brand of vaccine administered. The three-dose schedule should be given at 2, 4 and 6 months of age. The two-dose schedule should be given at 2 and 4 months of age. The first dose should be given between 6 and 14 weeks of age. Children should have received all doses by eight months of age. Children eight months of age and younger who attend early childhood facilities in North Dakota are required to submit documentation of vaccination against rotavirus. […] Hand washing is the most important prevention method. This should be done particularly after toileting or diapering and before any contact with food or surfaces involved in preparation and serving food. […] Thoroughly clean and disinfect contaminated surfaces immediately after an episode of illness by using a bleach-based household cleaner, or one with 70% ethanol alcohol concentration.

• #52

  https://oklahoma.gov/health/health-education/acute-disease-service/disease-information/rotavirus.html

  Rotavirus vaccination is the best way to protect children against rotavirus disease. Currently, two different vaccines are available to protect against rotavirus in children. […] Other ways to protect yourself and your family is through good hand washing and cleaning. Wash your hands with soap and water often. Surfaces contaminated with rotavirus should be cleaned with soap and water and disinfected with a bleach solution. Disinfectants other than bleach are not effective against rotavirus. […] Children with diarrhea should not attend day care until the diarrhea has stopped.

• #53 Rotavirus infection – including symptoms, treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/rotavirus+infection/rotavirus+infection+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  Rotavirus infection is a notifiable condition1 […] Prevention of rotavirus infection […] Exclude people with rotavirus from childcare, preschool, school and work until there has been no vomiting or diarrhoea for at least 24 hours. If working as a food handler in a food business, the exclusion period should be until there has been no diarrhoea or vomiting for 48 hours. […] The rotavirus vaccine provides good protection against the most common types of rotavirus. Rotavirus vaccine is recommended for all infants. The first dose of rotavirus vaccine, in combination with other vaccines, is now recommended to be given at 6 weeks of age. […] Follow good hand washing and keeping areas clean procedures including objects (including toys) that may be shared. […] Babies and small children without diarrhoea who are not toilet trained should wear tight fitting waterproof pants or swimming nappies in swimming pools and changed regularly in the change room. When faecal accidents occur, swimming pools should be properly disinfected.

• #54 Rotavirus Treatment & Management: Prehospital Care, Emergency Department Care, Further Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803885-treatment

  Rotavirus is contagious. Parents who have more than one young child or who help care for several small children should be cautioned about good hand-washing technique. Children who are asymptomatic should not play with children who are symptomatic during the diarrheal phase of the illness. […] Daycare centers should keep symptomatic children together and separated from those who are not symptomatic. Ideally, the staff should be segregated as well, so that some staff members care for only the symptomatic children, and some staff members care for the others. Fomites should also be disinfected, as viral spread from these objects has also been demonstrated. […] Use of an alcohol-based hand sanitizer has been shown to reduce transfer of viruses to hands as well as to commonly contacted household surfaces. […] Use of hand sanitizing wipes has also been shown to reduce infection risks of rhinovirus and rotavirus by 30-89%. […] Health care workers can be vectors for this illness. Extra vigilance with regard to hand washing, stethoscope cleaning, and housekeeping is warranted during rotavirus outbreaks.

• #55 Rotaviruses: From Pathogenesis to Disease Control—A Critical Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/14/5/875

  The World Health Organization in 2018 prequalified two additional vaccines namely; ROTAVAC (Bharat Biotec of Hyderabad, India) and ROTASIIL (Serum Institute of India, India). […] Although comparable incidences of rotavirus disease between the developed and developing countries have shown that the disease cannot be exclusively controlled with hygienic measures such as well personal, food, and environmental hygiene, a further improvement may help in breaking transmission and severe episodes of diarrhea. […] The WHO guidelines of pediatric diarrhea management include continued breastfeeding to reduce the length and severity of diarrhea. Breast milk contains bioactive components such as antibodies, antioxidants, nutrients, and hormones, which protect a child from specific pathogens or families of pathogens or confer mucosal immunity to the infant.

• #56 Rotaviruses: From Pathogenesis to Disease Control—A Critical Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/14/5/875

  The World Health Organization in 2018 prequalified two additional vaccines namely; ROTAVAC (Bharat Biotec of Hyderabad, India) and ROTASIIL (Serum Institute of India, India). […] Although comparable incidences of rotavirus disease between the developed and developing countries have shown that the disease cannot be exclusively controlled with hygienic measures such as well personal, food, and environmental hygiene, a further improvement may help in breaking transmission and severe episodes of diarrhea. […] The WHO guidelines of pediatric diarrhea management include continued breastfeeding to reduce the length and severity of diarrhea. Breast milk contains bioactive components such as antibodies, antioxidants, nutrients, and hormones, which protect a child from specific pathogens or families of pathogens or confer mucosal immunity to the infant.

• #57 Rotavirus A-to-Z Guide from Diagnosis to Treatment to Prevention | DrGreene

  https://www.drgreene.com/articles/rotavirus

  The virus is spread primarily via the fecal-oral route. Invisible viral particles from the stool hide on hands, toys, and surfaces. From there, they make it into someone’s mouth. […] Children whose stool overflows diapers or toilets should be kept out of day cares and schools. General fecal-oral and fomite precautions also decrease the spread of rotavirus. Every child eventually gets it, but cleaning and hand washing can delay infections and make them milder and briefer. […] Eating active culture yogurt or other sources of beneficial bacteria can also minimize rotavirus infections. Of its many benefits, Lactobacillus is most effective at preventing and treating rotavirus and other forms of viral gastroenteritis. […] In February 2006, the FDA approved a new vaccine for rotavirus. It is given orally to children starting at 2 months of age. This vaccine has been shown to significantly reduce severe and life-threatening cases of rotavirus.

• #58 Rotavirus A-to-Z Guide from Diagnosis to Treatment to Prevention | DrGreene

  https://www.drgreene.com/articles/rotavirus

  The virus is spread primarily via the fecal-oral route. Invisible viral particles from the stool hide on hands, toys, and surfaces. From there, they make it into someone’s mouth. […] Children whose stool overflows diapers or toilets should be kept out of day cares and schools. General fecal-oral and fomite precautions also decrease the spread of rotavirus. Every child eventually gets it, but cleaning and hand washing can delay infections and make them milder and briefer. […] Eating active culture yogurt or other sources of beneficial bacteria can also minimize rotavirus infections. Of its many benefits, Lactobacillus is most effective at preventing and treating rotavirus and other forms of viral gastroenteritis. […] In February 2006, the FDA approved a new vaccine for rotavirus. It is given orally to children starting at 2 months of age. This vaccine has been shown to significantly reduce severe and life-threatening cases of rotavirus.

• #59 Rotavirus – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rotavirus/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351306

  Preventing dehydration is the biggest concern. To prevent dehydration while the virus runs its course, drink plenty of fluids. If your child has severe diarrhea, ask your doctor about offering an oral rehydration fluid such as Pedialyte or Enfalyte especially if the diarrhea lasts longer than a few days. […] For children, a rehydration fluid can replace lost minerals more effectively than can water or other liquids. Severe dehydration may require intravenous fluids in the hospital. […] Plenty of liquids are important, too, including an oral rehydration fluid. Avoid soda, apple juice, dairy products other than yogurt, and sugary foods, which can make diarrhea worse. […] If you’re breastfeeding or using formula, continue to feed your child as usual. Ask your child’s doctor if giving your child an oral rehydration fluid is appropriate.

• #60 Rotavirus – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rotavirus/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351306

  Preventing dehydration is the biggest concern. To prevent dehydration while the virus runs its course, drink plenty of fluids. If your child has severe diarrhea, ask your doctor about offering an oral rehydration fluid such as Pedialyte or Enfalyte especially if the diarrhea lasts longer than a few days. […] For children, a rehydration fluid can replace lost minerals more effectively than can water or other liquids. Severe dehydration may require intravenous fluids in the hospital. […] Plenty of liquids are important, too, including an oral rehydration fluid. Avoid soda, apple juice, dairy products other than yogurt, and sugary foods, which can make diarrhea worse. […] If you’re breastfeeding or using formula, continue to feed your child as usual. Ask your child’s doctor if giving your child an oral rehydration fluid is appropriate.

• #61 Prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis in infants and children: rotavirus vaccine safety, efficacy, and potential impact of vaccines

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2921258/

  Prevention in the form of vaccines is essential for the control of rotavirus disease. […] The potential impact of rotavirus vaccines is striking. If rotavirus vaccines were introduced at the current coverage of DTP-3, it would prevent approximately 166,000 deaths in children aged younger than 5 years each year globally. […] The largest impact on mortality would be seen in low-income and middle-income countries, despite poor immunization coverage and lower efficacy.

• #62

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11908-013-0333-5

  Rotavirus infection is the most common cause of severe diarrhea disease in infants and young children worldwide and continues to have a major global impact on childhood morbidity and mortality. […] Two effective rotavirus vaccines are available and recommended for routine immunization of all infants. […] In the United States, rotavirus vaccination has led to dramatic drops in severe rotavirus-related hospitalizations and has reduced emergency room visits. […] Herd immunity has also been noted after routine rotavirus immunization. […] There have been no significant strain shifts or escape mutants noted since the introduction of rotavirus vaccines. […] Prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis among infants and children: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).

• #63 The control of diarrhea, the case of a rotavirus vaccine

  http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0036-36342020000100001

  The control of diarrhea, the case of a rotavirus vaccine […] Given its important etiologic role, efforts to reduce the burden of severe childhood diarrhea have targeted rotavirus. […] In 1998, only 25 years after the discovery of rotavirus, the first rotavirus vaccine (RotaShield, Wyeth Lederle) was licensed and recommended for routine immunization of US children. […] In 2006, the region of the Americas was the first to implement these new vaccines and in 2009 the World Health Organization issued a global recommendation for rotavirus vaccine use. […] As of July 2018, a total of 90 countries globally have implemented national rotavirus vaccination programs, including 45 low income countries that have received funding support for vaccine purchase through Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance. […] A systematic review of 57 articles from 27 countries published from 2006-2016 showed that, following implementation of rotavirus vaccination, overall acute gastroenteritis hospitalizations were reduced by 41, 30, and 46% in countries with low, medium, and high child mortality, respectively, whereas hospitalizations and emergency department visits caused by rotavirus gastroenteritis were reduced by a median of 71, 59, and 60% in countries with low, medium, and high child mortality, respectively.

• #64 Rotavirus vaccine support

  https://www.gavi.org/types-support/vaccine-support/rotavirus

  Rotavirus vaccines protect against the deadliest form of diarrhoea in young children. One of Gavi’s main objectives is to ensure access to these vaccines in the countries that need them most. […] According to a study in 116 countries, rotavirus vaccination is cost-effective. This is particularly true in low- and lower-middle-income countries with high child mortality. […] Although it can be treated with proper healthcare, this is often lacking in low-income countries. As a result, vaccination is the best way to prevent rotavirus illness and death. […] WHO recommends that all countries introduce rotavirus vaccines in their national programmes. […] Recent studies show significant impact of rotavirus vaccines. Following introductions of the vaccine, diarrhoeal deaths in young children fell by 19–43% in Bolivia, 43–55% in Mexico and 57–64% in Venezuela.

• #65 Rotavirus Vaccine Recommendations | Rotavirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/rotavirus/hcp/vaccine-considerations/index.html

  There are two rotavirus vaccines approved for use in infants in the United States; both are safe and effective. […] Infants should get 2 or 3 doses of rotavirus vaccine, depending on the brand of vaccine used. […] Each year, the vaccine prevents an estimated 40,000 to 50,000 hospitalizations among U.S. infants and young children. […] Vaccinated children provide indirect protection to other people because they are less likely to get and spread the disease. […] CDC recommends routine vaccination of infants with either of the two available vaccines: RotaTeq licensed in 2006 Given in 3 doses at ages 2 months, 4 months, and 6 months Rotarix licensed in 2008 Given in 2 doses at ages 2 months and 4 months. […] The first dose of either vaccine should be given before a child is 15 weeks of age. Children should receive all doses of rotavirus vaccine before they turn 8 months old.

• #66 Rotavirus Vaccine Recommendations | Rotavirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/rotavirus/hcp/vaccine-considerations/index.html

  There are two rotavirus vaccines approved for use in infants in the United States; both are safe and effective. […] Infants should get 2 or 3 doses of rotavirus vaccine, depending on the brand of vaccine used. […] Each year, the vaccine prevents an estimated 40,000 to 50,000 hospitalizations among U.S. infants and young children. […] Vaccinated children provide indirect protection to other people because they are less likely to get and spread the disease. […] CDC recommends routine vaccination of infants with either of the two available vaccines: RotaTeq licensed in 2006 Given in 3 doses at ages 2 months, 4 months, and 6 months Rotarix licensed in 2008 Given in 2 doses at ages 2 months and 4 months. […] The first dose of either vaccine should be given before a child is 15 weeks of age. Children should receive all doses of rotavirus vaccine before they turn 8 months old.

• #67

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11908-013-0333-5

  Rotavirus infection is the most common cause of severe diarrhea disease in infants and young children worldwide and continues to have a major global impact on childhood morbidity and mortality. […] Two effective rotavirus vaccines are available and recommended for routine immunization of all infants. […] In the United States, rotavirus vaccination has led to dramatic drops in severe rotavirus-related hospitalizations and has reduced emergency room visits. […] Herd immunity has also been noted after routine rotavirus immunization. […] There have been no significant strain shifts or escape mutants noted since the introduction of rotavirus vaccines. […] Prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis among infants and children: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).

• #68 Rotavirus vaccine support

  https://www.gavi.org/types-support/vaccine-support/rotavirus

  Rotavirus vaccines protect against the deadliest form of diarrhoea in young children. One of Gavi’s main objectives is to ensure access to these vaccines in the countries that need them most. […] According to a study in 116 countries, rotavirus vaccination is cost-effective. This is particularly true in low- and lower-middle-income countries with high child mortality. […] Although it can be treated with proper healthcare, this is often lacking in low-income countries. As a result, vaccination is the best way to prevent rotavirus illness and death. […] WHO recommends that all countries introduce rotavirus vaccines in their national programmes. […] Recent studies show significant impact of rotavirus vaccines. Following introductions of the vaccine, diarrhoeal deaths in young children fell by 19–43% in Bolivia, 43–55% in Mexico and 57–64% in Venezuela.

• #69 Rotavirus Disease and Its Prevention (Slides With Transcript)

  https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/581133_2

  Cost effectiveness has been looked at in multiple studies done in both the United States and other countries. Generally considered cost effective, this obviously depends on a lot of factors including the cost of the vaccine and the severity of rotavirus in the population that is being studied. […] This slide shows data from a published study looking at the United States and the consequences of routine immunization of all infants.

• #70

  https://www.healio.com/news/pediatrics/20120331/rotavirus-prevention-and-vaccination-strategies-to-address-burden-of-disease

  Rotavirus gastroenteritis is now vaccine preventable, and ecological data from the National Respiratory and Enteric Virus Surveillance System suggest that the 2-year-old rotavirus immunization program is already having an impact on the epidemiology of the disease. […] A rotavirus vaccination program can reduce medical and nonmedical costs by more than 50%. […] The primary goal for rotavirus vaccine was not to prevent the disease in a paradigm similar to measles or polio, but to prevent the health outcomes that cause children the most difficulties—the moderate-to-severe disease, doctor visits, ED visits, and hospitalizations. […] Currently two vaccines are licensed in the United States. One is a pentavalent reassortant vaccine (RV5) that was approved by the FDA in 2006, and the other is a monovalent vaccine (RV1) that was approved in 2008.

• #71 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Rotavirus-Prevention.aspx

  Vaccination remains the primary public health intervention for tackling the rotaviral disease. The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends routine vaccination with an oral live vaccine at two, four, and six months of age. […] In April 2009, the WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) recommended that all national immunization programs should include rotavirus vaccination for infants. The incidence of rotavirus disease has dropped markedly in all the countries that introduced the vaccine. […] In conclusion, rotaviral gastroenteritis is considered to be a vaccine-preventable illness, based on successful outcomes in children and a drop in hospitalizations in developed countries.

• #72

  https://www.who.int/westernpacific/health-topics/rotavirus-infections

  Vaccines against rotavirus are available and vaccination is an important measure to reduce severe rotavirus-associated diarrhoea and mortality. […] WHO recommends that rotavirus vaccines should be included in all national immunization programmes and considered a priority, particularly in countries with high rotavirus gastroenteritis-associated fatality rates, such as in South and South-eastern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. […] In addition, key measures to prevent diarrhoea include the following: access to safe drinking-water, use of improved sanitation, hand washing with soap, exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life, good personal and food hygiene, health education about how infections spread.

• #73 Diagnosis, management, and prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis in children

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5776699/

  Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe childhood gastroenteritis. […] Orally administered live attenuated vaccines that mimic natural infection offer the best protection against rotavirus. […] Two licensed rotavirus vaccines have been available since 2006 and have been implemented in many countries. […] Because nearly all children are affected by rotavirus by age 5 years, good sanitation and hygiene alone are inadequate for prevention. […] Orally administered live attenuated vaccines offer the best protection against rotavirus; as of December 2013, national immunization programs of 51 countries include rotavirus vaccine. […] Such programs have greatly reduced morbidity and mortality from gastroenteritis. […] The documented health benefits of rotavirus vaccines far outweigh the small risk of intussusception that has been seen in some settings.

• #74 Rotavirus vaccines for infants – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/rotavirus-vaccines-for-infants

  Rotavirus vaccination of infants will be discussed below. […] More than 120 countries have introduced national rotavirus vaccination programs, and approximately 17 additional countries are planning to introduce them. […] Two live, attenuated oral rotavirus vaccines are licensed for use in the United States and many other countries. The vaccines have similar efficacy and safety, and no preference for one over the other vaccine exists.

• #75 Protecting Children from Rotavirus | CDC Foundation 2023 Donor Report

  https://www.cdcfoundation.org/FY2023/6-protecting-children-from-rotavirus/index.html

  Rotavirus has a 2.5 percent fatality rate among infected children in low-income countries. […] There are four rotavirus vaccines currently available for global use, and more than 120 countries have introduced rotavirus vaccines into their national immunization programs. […] In the United States, western Europe and South America, rotavirus vaccines are 90-100 percent effective in preventing severe infection. […] In response to the ongoing disparity in vaccine coverage and to monitor vaccine effectiveness and safety so that children are protected from this deadly virus, the CDC Foundation works with 11 priority countries, including Indonesia, Pakistan, Nigeria and Burkina Faso, alongside the World Health Organization (WHO); Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Bill Melinda Gates Foundation.

• #76

  https://www.who.int/westernpacific/health-topics/rotavirus-infections

  Vaccines against rotavirus are available and vaccination is an important measure to reduce severe rotavirus-associated diarrhoea and mortality. […] WHO recommends that rotavirus vaccines should be included in all national immunization programmes and considered a priority, particularly in countries with high rotavirus gastroenteritis-associated fatality rates, such as in South and South-eastern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. […] In addition, key measures to prevent diarrhoea include the following: access to safe drinking-water, use of improved sanitation, hand washing with soap, exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life, good personal and food hygiene, health education about how infections spread.

• #77 Rotavirus infection primary prevention – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Rotavirus_infection_primary_prevention

  Rotavirus infection prevention relies completely on children vaccination against the infection. There are two rotavirus vaccines which are the Rotarix and Rotateq. […] Rotavirus vaccine is the best way to protect children against rotavirus illness. Most children (about 9 out of 10) who get the vaccine will be protected from severe rotavirus illness. While about 7 out of 10 children will be protected from rotavirus illness. […] Both vaccines are given by mouth (orally), not by a shot. The first dose of either vaccine is most effective if it is given before a child is 15 weeks of age. Also, children should receive all doses of rotavirus vaccine before they turn 8 months old. […] Prevention of rotavirus infection by the following: Access to safe drinking-water, Use of improved sanitation, Hand washing with soap, Exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life, Good personal and food hygiene, Health education about how infections spread; and Rotavirus vaccination.

• #78

  https://www.who.int/westernpacific/health-topics/rotavirus-infections

  Vaccines against rotavirus are available and vaccination is an important measure to reduce severe rotavirus-associated diarrhoea and mortality. […] WHO recommends that rotavirus vaccines should be included in all national immunization programmes and considered a priority, particularly in countries with high rotavirus gastroenteritis-associated fatality rates, such as in South and South-eastern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. […] In addition, key measures to prevent diarrhoea include the following: access to safe drinking-water, use of improved sanitation, hand washing with soap, exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life, good personal and food hygiene, health education about how infections spread.

• #79 What Is Rotavirus? Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8275-rotavirus

  Scientists have tested both rotavirus vaccines extensively in thousands of babies. They consider both vaccines safe and effective. They protect many children from getting rotavirus. And even if a child does get the virus, the illness will be less severe if they got the vaccination. […] The vaccine is your best defense against the disease. Its also crucial to practice good hand washing. Wash your hands frequently with soap and water for at least 20 seconds: After using the bathroom. After changing a diaper or helping a child use the bathroom. Before preparing food. […] Call your healthcare provider right away if your child shows symptoms of rotavirus. Your provider can help you prevent dehydration. […] The rotavirus vaccine is the best way to protect your childs health.

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