Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Rotavirus – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rotavirus/symptoms-causes/syc-20351300

  Although rotavirus infections are unpleasant, you can usually treat this infection at home with extra fluids to prevent dehydration. […] Occasionally, severe dehydration requires receiving fluids through a vein (intravenously) in the hospital. […] Call your child’s doctor if your child: […] Has signs or symptoms of dehydration, including dry mouth, crying without tears, little or no urination, unusual sleepiness, or unresponsiveness. […] Severe diarrhea can lead to dehydration, particularly in young children. Left untreated, dehydration can become a life-threatening condition regardless of its cause. […] To reduce the spread of rotavirus, wash your hands thoroughly and often especially after you use the toilet, change your child’s diaper or help your child use the toilet. […] If your child has stomach pain, vomiting, diarrhea, blood in his or her stool, or a change in bowel movements after getting the rotavirus vaccine, contact your doctor immediately.

• #1 Rotavirus – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rotavirus/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351306

  There’s no specific treatment for a rotavirus infection. Antibiotics and antivirals won’t help a rotavirus infection. Usually, the infection resolves within three to seven days. […] Preventing dehydration is the biggest concern. To prevent dehydration while the virus runs its course, drink plenty of fluids. If your child has severe diarrhea, ask your doctor about offering an oral rehydration fluid such as Pedialyte or Enfalyte especially if the diarrhea lasts longer than a few days. […] For children, a rehydration fluid can replace lost minerals more effectively than can water or other liquids. Severe dehydration may require intravenous fluids in the hospital. […] Anti-diarrheal medications aren’t recommended for a rotavirus infection. […] If your baby is sick, offer small amounts of liquid. If you’re breastfeeding, let your baby nurse.

• #1 What Is Rotavirus? Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8275-rotavirus

  Rotavirus is a gastrointestinal (stomach and intestines) infection that mostly affects children. […] For those who do get infected, rotavirus can cause severe diarrhea and vomiting. This can lead to dehydration, so make sure to keep your child hydrated. […] The main rotavirus treatment is to keep your child hydrated. […] Contact your child’s healthcare provider if you notice rotavirus symptoms. They may recommend you: […] Make sure your child gets enough fluids. […] Use an electrolyte replacement such as Pedialyte. […] Call your child’s healthcare provider right away if you notice signs of dehydration. […] If your child becomes dehydrated, it could lead to serious complications and even death. […] The best way to prevent rotavirus and protect the health of your family is to make sure they get one of the rotavirus vaccines.

• #1 Rotavirus Treatment & Management: Prehospital Care, Emergency Department Care, Further Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803885-treatment

  These beverages contain a small amount (usually 2-3%) of glucose and the correct balance of sodium and potassium. […] Rehydrating infants with these beverages may be particularly difficult within the first 2 days of the illness because vomiting frequently occurs. […] If the infant is vomiting, administer small, frequent feedings. […] Once vomiting has resolved, the baby may be given a standard soy-based infant formula. […] This formula provides adequate energy intake for intestinal healing. […] Supplemental feedings of oral maintenance solutions may be administered if fluid losses are excessive. […] Avoid sports drinks and other hyperosmolar beverages for the reasons previously stated. […] Similarly, excessive free-water intake may predispose the infant to hyponatremia. […] Antiemetics may be considered for children older than 6 months to control emesis.

• #1

  https://historyofvaccines.org/diseases/rotavirus/

  No specific treatments exist for rotavirus infections. Rather, they are treated with supportive care, such as oral rehydration, rest, and fever relief. […] In about 1 in 50 cases of rotavirus illness, children develop severe dehydration from diarrhea and vomiting. Hospitalization is usually necessary in these cases, and children are rehydrated via liquids delivered via a nasogastric tube or intravenously. Prompt rehydration therapy usually leads to a positive outcome, but deaths from rotavirus still occur in developed countries and, more commonly, in developing countries.

• #1 Rotavirus Treatment & Management: Prehospital Care, Emergency Department Care, Further Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803885-treatment

  Prehospital care of affected infants should be directed toward ensuring a secure airway, breathing, identification of circulatory compromise, and maintenance of adequate circulation. […] Infants who appear significantly dehydrated ideally should have 20 mL/kg isotonic sodium chloride solution or Ringer lactate solution administered en route to the hospital. […] Patients who are less severely affected need only monitored transport. […] The destination ED should be an ED approved for pediatrics (EDAP) or a pediatric critical care center (PCCC). […] After ensuring proper airway and breathing and assessing circulation, identification and treatment of dehydrated infants is the main objective. […] In many cases, appropriate rehydration may be accomplished using established oral rehydration protocols.

• #1 Rotavirus Treatment & Management: Prehospital Care, Emergency Department Care, Further Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803885-treatment

  Lethargic children require a fingerstick glucose level immediately either by EMS or in the ED. […] For severely dehydrated children, vascular access (often via an IO line) is required. […] Administer 20 mL/kg boluses until volume is restored. […] A total requirement of 60-80 mL/kg is not uncommon. […] If more than 40 mL/kg is necessary, consider electrolytes, BUN, and creatinine levels. […] Maintenance of hydration the key issue for children who are not dehydrated. […] Selection of an appropriate fluid is crucial. […] Some data show that administration of a bolus of 5% dextrose in 0.9% saline can help lower the level of serum ketones in dehydrated gastroenteritis patients. […] Ideal maintenance beverages for dehydrated infants with viral enteritis are commercial infant solutions such as Pedialyte and Rice-Lyte.

• #1

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?HwId=abn3013

  Rotavirus is a virus that infects the intestines of almost all young children by age 5. […] Babies and very young children with the virus need to be watched closely. This is because they can become dehydrated very quickly. Dehydration occurs when the body loses water faster than it is replaced. This can cause serious health problems. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your child’s treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line if your child is having problems. […] Watch for and treat signs of dehydration, which means the body has lost too much water. Your child’s mouth may feel very dry. He or she may have sunken eyes with few tears when crying. Your child may lack energy and want to be held a lot. He or she may not urinate as often as usual.

• #1 A Clinical Nursing Care Study on the Prevalence of Rotavirus Infection and Acute Diarrhea in Vaccinated Chinese Pediatric Population from 2019–2022

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9585908/

  To investigate the prevalence of rotavirus infection and acute diarrhea after immunization and further assess the quality of nursing care provided by the nurses to such patients. […] Based on the association with quality of nursing care, rotavirus infection was association with appropriate care (p = 0.001). […] Nursing care assessments revealed a huge gap between nurses and the guardians, which reflects the behavior of Chinese nurses. Thus, an intervention is required by the policymakers for implementing effective strategies of quality nursing for the improvement of the pediatric patients with rotavirus gastroenteritis. […] Nursing care also plays an important role in supporting the mothers of infants and pediatric patients. With the intervention of proper nursing care, various problems such as electrolyte disorders, recovery of gastrointestinal function, parental satisfaction and improved quality of life can be achieved for the treatment of pediatric diarrhea.

• #1 Gastroenteritis Nursing Care Planning and Management – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/gastroenteritis/

  Nursing management in a child with gastroenteritis includes: […] Assessment of a child with gastroenteritis includes: […] Based on the assessment data, the major nursing diagnoses are: […] The major goals for a child with acute gastroenteritis are: […] Nursing interventions for a child with gastroenteritis are: […] Goals are met as evidenced by: […] Documentation in a child with gastroenteritis includes:

• #1

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?HwId=abn3013

  Give your child oral rehydration solution, such as Pedialyte or Gastrolyte, to replace fluid lost from diarrhea. […] Be safe with medicines. Do not give your child over-the-counter antidiarrhea or upset-stomach medicines without talking to your doctor first. […] Wash your hands after you change diapers and before you touch food. Have your child wash his or her hands after using the toilet and before eating. […] Make sure that your child rests. Keep your child at home as long as he or she has a fever. […] Keep your child at home while he or she is sick and for a few days after feeling better. That’s when the virus most likely can be spread to others. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line now or seek immediate medical care if your child has signs of needing more fluids. […] Watch closely for changes in your child’s health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if your child’s symptoms are getting worse.

• #1 A Clinical Nursing Care Study on the Prevalence of Rotavirus Infection and Acute Diarrhea in Vaccinated Chinese Pediatric Population from 2019–2022

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9585908/

  The study might provide the bridging gap between the quality of nursing care and the guardian in terms of pediatric nursing care. In fact, study will examined the quality and moral responsibility of the nurses in caring pediatric patients with acute diarrhea. […] The logistic regression analysis observed that there was a no significant association of the nursing care quality based on the mothers age and Employment status except for Communication and information sharing with a p-value of 0.004. However, there are some weak interactions on Skillfulness and knowledgeable with the age of the mothers (p=0.057) and their employment status (p=0.058). […] In case of rotavirus infection, there was strong association with Appropriate care (p=0.001). However, in case of severe diarrhea, there was association with Respect, Kindness and trustworthy (P=0.012) and Communication and information sharing (P=0.023). Thus suggesting that recovery from rotavirus infection depends on the appropriate care from the nursing staff. […] Therefore, an overall intervention of quality nursing care is necessary for the effective improvement of the pediatric patients with rotavirus gastroenteritis.

• #1 Notes for parents during their children’s rotavirus vaccination? | UNICEF Viet Nam

  https://www.unicef.org/vietnam/stories/notes-parents-during-their-childrens-rotavirus-vaccination

  In addition, parents or caregivers should listen to and remember the instructions of medical staff on how to care for the child at home after receiving the vaccine. […] DO NOT give the Rotavirus vaccine to children in the following cases (To know more about this, parents or caregivers should communicate and provide complete information to the medical staff about the child’s current health condition, medical history, and vaccination history): […] The child had a hypersensitivity reaction after receiving the first dose of the vaccine or has a hypersensitivity reaction to any ingredient in the vaccine. […] The child has congenital gastrointestinal anomalies. […] The child has a history of intussusception. […] The child has severe immunodeficiency. […] POSTPONE the Rotavirus vaccine schedule if the child is having a fever ≥38°C, is suffering from an acute illness, or is having an infection.

• #1 Rotavirus Infection in Children

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/rotavirus-infection-in-children

  If your child loses too much water, they may need to be in the hospital. Treatment there may include: IV (intravenous) fluids. A thin, flexible tube is put into your child’s vein. Fluids are given through this tube. […] If your child has rotavirus, they may not be able to attend daycare or school while ill. […] At home, good handwashing is important to prevent spread of the disease. To help prevent spread of the illness: Handle and dispose of dirty diapers carefully. Wash your hands before and after caring for your child. Use soap and clean, running water and scrub for at least 20 seconds. Rinse well and air-dry or use a clean towel. […] Ask your child’s healthcare provider about the rotavirus vaccine. Two oral rotavirus vaccines are available. They are RotaTeq and Rotarix. The CDC recommends that babies get one of these vaccines. RotaTeq oral vaccine is given at ages 2 months, 4 months, and 6 months. Rotarix oral vaccine is given at age 2 months and 4 months. […] Treatment includes giving plenty of water, formula, breastmilk, or fluids with electrolytes (sugars and salts).

• #1 RotaTeq® (Rotavirus Vaccine, Live, Oral, Pentavalent) | Health Care Professionals

  https://www.merckvaccines.com/rotateq/

  RotaTeq is indicated for the prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis in infants and children caused by Types G1, G2, G3, G4, and G9 when administered as a 3-dose series to infants between the ages of 6 to 32 weeks. The first dose of RotaTeq should be administered between 6 and 12 weeks of age. […] RotaTeq should not be administered to infants with a demonstrated history of hypersensitivity to the vaccine or any component of the vaccine. […] Infants with Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (SCID) should not receive RotaTeq. Post-marketing reports of gastroenteritis, including severe diarrhea and prolonged shedding of vaccine virus, have been reported in infants who were administered RotaTeq and later identified as having SCID. […] Infants with a history of intussusception should not receive RotaTeq.

• #1 Notes for parents during their children’s rotavirus vaccination? | UNICEF Viet Nam

  https://www.unicef.org/vietnam/stories/notes-parents-during-their-childrens-rotavirus-vaccination

  Parents and caregivers shall not overfeed the child 30 minutes prior to the vaccination to prevent vomiting. […] Parents or caregivers should hold the child in their arms as directed by the medical staff. […] Observe the child for 30 minutes at the vaccination site and continue monitoring the child at home for at least 24 hours. […] Avoid breastfeeding the child in the first 30 minutes after vaccination. […] Typically, side effects of the Rotavirus vaccine are mild and resolve on their own within 1-2 days. […] Severe reactions after the Rotavirus vaccine are exceedingly rare, but it is important to monitor the child for early detection of any serious reactions following the vaccination. […] If the child shows abnormal symptoms such as high fever (over 39°C), convulsions, rash, cyanosis, laboured breathing, or signs suggesting intussusception (arching of the body, crying in spasms, prolonged vomiting, blood in the stool, bloating), IMMEDIATELY TAKE THE CHILD TO THE NEAREST HEALTH FACILITY for prompt medical attention.

• #1 RotaTeq® (Rotavirus Vaccine, Live, Oral, Pentavalent) | Official Site

  https://www.rotateq.com/

  Call your child’s doctor or go to the emergency department right away if your child has any of the following problems after getting RotaTeq (Rotavirus Vaccine, Live, Oral, Pentavalent), even if it has been several weeks since the last dose, because these may be signs of a serious problem called intussusception: bad vomiting, bad diarrhea, severe stomach pain, blood in the stool. […] Intussusception happens when a part of the intestine gets blocked or twisted. […] There are some important things your doctor needs to know about your baby. Tell your doctor if your baby: Is sick with fever, diarrhea, or vomiting, Is not growing or gaining weight as expected, Has a weakened immune system from a disease (such as cancer, HIV/AIDS, or a blood disorder) or from medicine (such as steroids), Has received a blood transfusion or blood products recently, Was born with gastrointestinal problems, had a blockage, or had abdominal surgery. […] The spread of vaccine virus to non-vaccinated contacts has been reported.

• #1 Rotavirus Treatment & Management: Prehospital Care, Emergency Department Care, Further Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803885-treatment

  Children who are asymptomatic should not play with children who are symptomatic during the diarrheal phase of the illness. […] Daycare centers should keep symptomatic children together and separated from those who are not symptomatic. […] Ideally, the staff should be segregated as well, so that some staff members care for only the symptomatic children, and some staff members care for the others. […] Fomites should also be disinfected, as viral spread from these objects has also been demonstrated. […] Use of an alcohol-based hand sanitizer has been shown to reduce transfer of viruses to hands as well as to commonly contacted household surfaces. […] Use of hand sanitizing wipes has also been shown to reduce infection risks of rhinovirus and rotavirus by 30-89%. […] Health care workers can be vectors for this illness. […] Extra vigilance with regard to hand washing, stethoscope cleaning, and housekeeping is warranted during rotavirus outbreaks.

• #1 What Is Rotavirus? Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/children/what-is-rotavirus

  Thorough hand-washing can help prevent the spread of rotavirus and other viruses that cause intestinal symptoms. Wash your hands for at least 20 seconds with soap and water: After you change a child’s diaper, After you use the bathroom, After you help a child use the bathroom, Before you eat or prepare food. […] A vaccine can protect your child against rotavirus.

• #1 Rotavirus—Child Care and Schools | Mia Bella Pediatrics | Mission Viejo, CA

  https://www.miabellapediatrics.com/medical-conditions/Rotavirus

  Rotavirus is vaccine preventable. Follow the most recent immunization schedule. Unlike other vaccines, rotavirus vaccine must be started by 4 months of age and can’t be given past 8 months of age. […] Use good hand-hygiene technique at all the times listed in Chapter 2, especially after toilet use or handling soiled diapers and before anything to do with food preparation or eating. […] Ensure proper surface disinfection that includes cleaning and rinsing of surfaces that may have become contaminated with stool (feces) with detergent and water and application of a US Environmental Protection Agency-registered disinfectant according to the instructions on the product label. […] Ensure proper cooking and storage of food. […] Exclude infected staff members who handle food. […] Report the condition to the staff member designated by the child care program or school for decision-making and action related to care of ill children and staff members.

• #2 Rotavirus – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus

  Rotaviral enteritis is usually an easily managed disease of childhood, but among children under 5 years of age rotavirus caused an estimated 151,714 deaths from diarrhoea in 2019. […] Public health campaigns to combat rotavirus focus on providing oral rehydration therapy for infected children and vaccination to prevent the disease. […] Treatment of acute rotavirus infection is nonspecific and involves management of symptoms and, most importantly, management of dehydration. […] Depending on the severity of diarrhoea, treatment consists of oral rehydration therapy, during which the child is given extra water to drink that contains specific amounts of salt and sugar. […] Probiotics have been shown to reduce the duration of rotavirus diarrhoea, and according to the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology „effective interventions include administration of specific probiotics such as Lactobacillus rhamnosus or Saccharomyces boulardii, diosmectite or racecadotril.”

• #2 About Rotavirus | Rotavirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/rotavirus/about/index.html

  Rotavirus commonly causes severe watery diarrhea and vomiting in infants and young children. […] Children may become dehydrated and need to be hospitalized and can even die. […] Rotavirus vaccine is the best way to protect your child against rotavirus disease. […] There is no specific medicine to treat rotavirus infection, but your healthcare provider may recommend medicine to treat the symptoms. […] Since rotavirus disease can cause severe vomiting and diarrhea, it can lead to dehydration (loss of body fluids). […] The best way to protect against dehydration is to drink plenty of liquids. […] Severe dehydration may require hospitalization for treatment with intravenous (IV) fluids that patients receive directly through their veins. […] If you or someone you are caring for is severely dehydrated, contact your doctor. Infants and young children, older adults, and people with other illnesses are most at risk of dehydration.

• #2 What Is Rotavirus? Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8275-rotavirus

  The vaccine is your best defense against the disease. Its also crucial to practice good hand washing. […] Call your child’s provider if you notice an increase in vomiting or diarrhea. […] Children can dehydrate very quickly. This change can lead to serious complications and even death. […] If your child has severe diarrhea and vomiting, they may have a common childhood infection called rotavirus. Call your child’s healthcare provider for advice. They’ll probably recommend plenty of fluids and rest, as well as medicine to reduce fever. But the virus will have to pass on its own there’s no medicine for rotavirus. If there’s a risk of dehydration, their provider may recommend bringing your child to the hospital for IV fluids.

• #2

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?HwId=abn3013

  Give your child oral rehydration solution, such as Pedialyte or Gastrolyte, to replace fluid lost from diarrhea. […] Be safe with medicines. Do not give your child over-the-counter antidiarrhea or upset-stomach medicines without talking to your doctor first. […] Wash your hands after you change diapers and before you touch food. Have your child wash his or her hands after using the toilet and before eating. […] Make sure that your child rests. Keep your child at home as long as he or she has a fever. […] Keep your child at home while he or she is sick and for a few days after feeling better. That’s when the virus most likely can be spread to others. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line now or seek immediate medical care if your child has signs of needing more fluids. […] Watch closely for changes in your child’s health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if your child’s symptoms are getting worse.

• #2 Rotavirus Treatment & Management: Prehospital Care, Emergency Department Care, Further Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803885-treatment

  These beverages contain a small amount (usually 2-3%) of glucose and the correct balance of sodium and potassium. […] Rehydrating infants with these beverages may be particularly difficult within the first 2 days of the illness because vomiting frequently occurs. […] If the infant is vomiting, administer small, frequent feedings. […] Once vomiting has resolved, the baby may be given a standard soy-based infant formula. […] This formula provides adequate energy intake for intestinal healing. […] Supplemental feedings of oral maintenance solutions may be administered if fluid losses are excessive. […] Avoid sports drinks and other hyperosmolar beverages for the reasons previously stated. […] Similarly, excessive free-water intake may predispose the infant to hyponatremia. […] Antiemetics may be considered for children older than 6 months to control emesis.

• #2 Rotavirus Treatment & Management: Prehospital Care, Emergency Department Care, Further Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803885-treatment

  Prehospital care of affected infants should be directed toward ensuring a secure airway, breathing, identification of circulatory compromise, and maintenance of adequate circulation. […] Infants who appear significantly dehydrated ideally should have 20 mL/kg isotonic sodium chloride solution or Ringer lactate solution administered en route to the hospital. […] Patients who are less severely affected need only monitored transport. […] The destination ED should be an ED approved for pediatrics (EDAP) or a pediatric critical care center (PCCC). […] After ensuring proper airway and breathing and assessing circulation, identification and treatment of dehydrated infants is the main objective. […] In many cases, appropriate rehydration may be accomplished using established oral rehydration protocols.

• #2 Rotavirus Infection in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/r/rotavirus-infection-in-children.html

  If your child loses too much water, they may need to be in the hospital. Treatment there may include: IV (intravenous) fluids. A thin, flexible tube is put into your child’s vein. Fluids are given through this tube. […] If your child has rotavirus, they may not be able to attend daycare or school while ill. […] At home, good handwashing is important to prevent spread of the disease. To help prevent spread of the illness: Handle and dispose of dirty diapers carefully. […] Ask your child’s healthcare provider about the rotavirus vaccine. Two oral rotavirus vaccines are available. They are RotaTeq and Rotarix. The CDC recommends that babies get one of these vaccines. […] Treatment includes giving plenty of water, formula, breastmilk, or fluids with electrolytes (sugars and salts). […] At home, good handwashing can prevent the disease from being spread.

• #2

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?HwId=abn3013

  Rotavirus is a virus that infects the intestines of almost all young children by age 5. […] Babies and very young children with the virus need to be watched closely. This is because they can become dehydrated very quickly. Dehydration occurs when the body loses water faster than it is replaced. This can cause serious health problems. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your child’s treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line if your child is having problems. […] Watch for and treat signs of dehydration, which means the body has lost too much water. Your child’s mouth may feel very dry. He or she may have sunken eyes with few tears when crying. Your child may lack energy and want to be held a lot. He or she may not urinate as often as usual.

• #2 A Clinical Nursing Care Study on the Prevalence of Rotavirus Infection and Acute Diarrhea in Vaccinated Chinese Pediatric Population from 2019–2022

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9585908/

  The study might provide the bridging gap between the quality of nursing care and the guardian in terms of pediatric nursing care. In fact, study will examined the quality and moral responsibility of the nurses in caring pediatric patients with acute diarrhea. […] The logistic regression analysis observed that there was a no significant association of the nursing care quality based on the mothers age and Employment status except for Communication and information sharing with a p-value of 0.004. However, there are some weak interactions on Skillfulness and knowledgeable with the age of the mothers (p=0.057) and their employment status (p=0.058). […] In case of rotavirus infection, there was strong association with Appropriate care (p=0.001). However, in case of severe diarrhea, there was association with Respect, Kindness and trustworthy (P=0.012) and Communication and information sharing (P=0.023). Thus suggesting that recovery from rotavirus infection depends on the appropriate care from the nursing staff. […] Therefore, an overall intervention of quality nursing care is necessary for the effective improvement of the pediatric patients with rotavirus gastroenteritis.

• #2 Rotavirus | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/rotavirus

  Rotavirus immunisation is available free of charge to all Victorian babies. […] Treatment for rotavirus depends on the severity of symptoms. […] Most children have a mild illness that can be treated at home and resolves within a few days to one week. The main treatment is generally to ensure your child keeps drinking fluids often (depending on the child’s age, this may include water, breastmilk, formula, diluted apple juice or oral rehydration drinks), and gets plenty of rest. […] See your doctor immediately or go to the emergency department of your nearest hospital if your child refuses to drink or has worrying symptoms, for example, very frequent diarrhoea or vomiting, drowsiness, severe stomach pain, blood in their faeces, or green vomit. […] In severe cases, children may need to be admitted to hospital to get fluids through a tube in their nose or through a vein.

• #2 Rotavirus (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/rotavirus.html

  Washing hands well and often, especially after using the bathroom and before preparing or eating food, is the best way to prevent rotavirus infection. Kids with rotavirus should stay home from childcare until the diarrhea is gone. […] Call the doctor if you think child may have of a rotavirus infection. Call right away if your child: can’t drink for several hours, is peeing less often than usual, has signs of dehydration, such as crying with few or no tears, having a dry mouth or cracked lips, feeling dizzy or lightheaded, acting very sleepy or less alert, has a high fever, has blood in their poop or vomit, is vomiting for more than 24 hours or diarrhea is not getting better after several days.

• #2 RotaTeq® (Rotavirus Vaccine, Live, Oral, Pentavalent) | Health Care Professionals

  https://www.merckvaccines.com/rotateq/

  RotaTeq is indicated for the prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis in infants and children caused by Types G1, G2, G3, G4, and G9 when administered as a 3-dose series to infants between the ages of 6 to 32 weeks. The first dose of RotaTeq should be administered between 6 and 12 weeks of age. […] RotaTeq should not be administered to infants with a demonstrated history of hypersensitivity to the vaccine or any component of the vaccine. […] Infants with Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (SCID) should not receive RotaTeq. Post-marketing reports of gastroenteritis, including severe diarrhea and prolonged shedding of vaccine virus, have been reported in infants who were administered RotaTeq and later identified as having SCID. […] Infants with a history of intussusception should not receive RotaTeq.

• #2 Rotavirus vaccines: Canadian Immunization Guide – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/canadian-immunization-guide-part-4-active-vaccines/page-19-rotavirus-vaccine.html

  Rotavirus vaccines are recommended for infants starting at 6 weeks and before 15 weeks of age. […] The vaccination series should be completed before 8 months of age. […] Parents should be informed of the benefit of RV vaccination in preventing or mitigating severe diarrheal disease in infants. […] Parents should be informed of the low risk of intussusception following RV vaccine, particularly during the 7 days following the first dose. […] Infants with a history of intussusception should not be given RV vaccine. […] Infants who have had RV gastroenteritis before receiving the full course of RV vaccinations should still initiate or complete the vaccine series, because the initial infection frequently provides only partial immunity. […] In general, immunocompromised infants should not receive live vaccines because of the risk of disease caused by the vaccine strains.

• #2 RotaTeq® (Rotavirus Vaccine, Live, Oral, Pentavalent) | Official Site

  https://www.rotateq.com/

  RotaTeq is an oral vaccine used to help prevent rotavirus infection in children. Rotavirus infection can cause fever, vomiting, and diarrhea that can be severe and can lead to loss of body fluids (dehydration), hospitalization, and even death in some children. RotaTeq may not fully protect all children that get the vaccine, and if your child already has the virus it will not help them. […] RotaTeq may not fully protect all children who get the vaccine. […] RotaTeq should not be given to infants who are allergic to any part of the vaccine. […] Your child should not get RotaTeq if he or she has Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (SCID). […] Your child should not get RotaTeq if he or she has ever had intussusception, a form of blockage in the intestines. […] The most common side effects reported after taking RotaTeq were diarrhea, vomiting, fever, runny nose and sore throat, wheezing or coughing, and ear infection.

• #2 Rotavirus | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/rotavirus

  Immunisation can dramatically reduce the risk of infection, but general tips to prevent spreading the disease if someone is infected include: […] The vaccine contains a weakened form of rotavirus and works by prompting the body to make antibodies. […] In most cases, immunised children are protected against infection. […] Immunised children who do still become infected are less likely to become seriously unwell compared to children who are not immunised. […] The oral rotavirus vaccine is generally effective and safe, although all medication can have unwanted side effects. […] There is a very small risk of a serious allergic reaction called anaphylaxis, to any vaccine. […] There is a very small risk of intussusception (bowel blockage caused by one portion of bowel sliding into the next like a telescope) that can rarely occur, mainly in the first one to 7 days following the first or second dose of rotavirus vaccine.

• #2 Rotavirus – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/topics/rotavirus

  Since the virus tends to spread through contaminated hands, all family members and personnel at health and day care centers should wash their hands after cleaning a child who has defecated, after disposing of the child’s stool after defecating, before preparing food, before eating, and before feeding a child. […] Although improvements in hygiene, water supply, and wastewater elimination are all measures that can help to reduce severe episodes of diarrhea, comparable incidences of rotavirus disease in developed and developing countries indicate that the disease cannot be controlled exclusively with such measures. […] PAHO’s Technical Advisory Group (TAG) on Vaccine-preventable Diseases recommends that countries in the Region of the Americas should continue making efforts to administer rotavirus vaccines as part of their routine immunization schedules, at the recommended ages, usually at 2 and 4 months or 2, 4 and 6 months.

• #2 Rotavirus—Child Care and Schools | Mia Bella Pediatrics | Mission Viejo, CA

  https://www.miabellapediatrics.com/medical-conditions/Rotavirus

  Rotavirus is vaccine preventable. Follow the most recent immunization schedule. Unlike other vaccines, rotavirus vaccine must be started by 4 months of age and can’t be given past 8 months of age. […] Use good hand-hygiene technique at all the times listed in Chapter 2, especially after toilet use or handling soiled diapers and before anything to do with food preparation or eating. […] Ensure proper surface disinfection that includes cleaning and rinsing of surfaces that may have become contaminated with stool (feces) with detergent and water and application of a US Environmental Protection Agency-registered disinfectant according to the instructions on the product label. […] Ensure proper cooking and storage of food. […] Exclude infected staff members who handle food. […] Report the condition to the staff member designated by the child care program or school for decision-making and action related to care of ill children and staff members.

• #2 Rotavirus Treatment & Management: Prehospital Care, Emergency Department Care, Further Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803885-treatment

  Children who are asymptomatic should not play with children who are symptomatic during the diarrheal phase of the illness. […] Daycare centers should keep symptomatic children together and separated from those who are not symptomatic. […] Ideally, the staff should be segregated as well, so that some staff members care for only the symptomatic children, and some staff members care for the others. […] Fomites should also be disinfected, as viral spread from these objects has also been demonstrated. […] Use of an alcohol-based hand sanitizer has been shown to reduce transfer of viruses to hands as well as to commonly contacted household surfaces. […] Use of hand sanitizing wipes has also been shown to reduce infection risks of rhinovirus and rotavirus by 30-89%. […] Health care workers can be vectors for this illness. […] Extra vigilance with regard to hand washing, stethoscope cleaning, and housekeeping is warranted during rotavirus outbreaks.

• #2 Clinical Overview of Rotavirus | Rotavirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/rotavirus/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html

  Rotavirus disease is characterized by vomiting and watery diarrhea for three to eight days. Fever and abdominal pain also are common. Additional symptoms include loss of appetite and dehydration. […] Treatment is nonspecific and consists primarily of oral rehydration therapy to prevent dehydration. For people with healthy immune systems, rotavirus disease is self-limited, lasting only a few days. […] Advise parents to vaccinate and protect their infants against rotavirus and help reduce disease prevalence. […] Rotavirus disease among infants and young children has decreased significantly in the United States since vaccine introduction. CDC recommends that infants receive either of two available rotavirus vaccines to protect against the disease.

• #3 Rotavirus – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rotavirus/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351306

  There’s no specific treatment for a rotavirus infection. Antibiotics and antivirals won’t help a rotavirus infection. Usually, the infection resolves within three to seven days. […] Preventing dehydration is the biggest concern. To prevent dehydration while the virus runs its course, drink plenty of fluids. If your child has severe diarrhea, ask your doctor about offering an oral rehydration fluid such as Pedialyte or Enfalyte especially if the diarrhea lasts longer than a few days. […] For children, a rehydration fluid can replace lost minerals more effectively than can water or other liquids. Severe dehydration may require intravenous fluids in the hospital. […] Anti-diarrheal medications aren’t recommended for a rotavirus infection. […] If your baby is sick, offer small amounts of liquid. If you’re breastfeeding, let your baby nurse.

• #3 Rotavirus Treatment & Management: Prehospital Care, Emergency Department Care, Further Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803885-treatment

  These beverages contain a small amount (usually 2-3%) of glucose and the correct balance of sodium and potassium. […] Rehydrating infants with these beverages may be particularly difficult within the first 2 days of the illness because vomiting frequently occurs. […] If the infant is vomiting, administer small, frequent feedings. […] Once vomiting has resolved, the baby may be given a standard soy-based infant formula. […] This formula provides adequate energy intake for intestinal healing. […] Supplemental feedings of oral maintenance solutions may be administered if fluid losses are excessive. […] Avoid sports drinks and other hyperosmolar beverages for the reasons previously stated. […] Similarly, excessive free-water intake may predispose the infant to hyponatremia. […] Antiemetics may be considered for children older than 6 months to control emesis.

• #3 Rotavirus Treatment & Management: Prehospital Care, Emergency Department Care, Further Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803885-treatment

  Prehospital care of affected infants should be directed toward ensuring a secure airway, breathing, identification of circulatory compromise, and maintenance of adequate circulation. […] Infants who appear significantly dehydrated ideally should have 20 mL/kg isotonic sodium chloride solution or Ringer lactate solution administered en route to the hospital. […] Patients who are less severely affected need only monitored transport. […] The destination ED should be an ED approved for pediatrics (EDAP) or a pediatric critical care center (PCCC). […] After ensuring proper airway and breathing and assessing circulation, identification and treatment of dehydrated infants is the main objective. […] In many cases, appropriate rehydration may be accomplished using established oral rehydration protocols.

• #3 Rotavirus Treatment & Management: Prehospital Care, Emergency Department Care, Further Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803885-treatment

  Lethargic children require a fingerstick glucose level immediately either by EMS or in the ED. […] For severely dehydrated children, vascular access (often via an IO line) is required. […] Administer 20 mL/kg boluses until volume is restored. […] A total requirement of 60-80 mL/kg is not uncommon. […] If more than 40 mL/kg is necessary, consider electrolytes, BUN, and creatinine levels. […] Maintenance of hydration the key issue for children who are not dehydrated. […] Selection of an appropriate fluid is crucial. […] Some data show that administration of a bolus of 5% dextrose in 0.9% saline can help lower the level of serum ketones in dehydrated gastroenteritis patients. […] Ideal maintenance beverages for dehydrated infants with viral enteritis are commercial infant solutions such as Pedialyte and Rice-Lyte.

• #3

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?HwId=abn3013

  Rotavirus is a virus that infects the intestines of almost all young children by age 5. […] Babies and very young children with the virus need to be watched closely. This is because they can become dehydrated very quickly. Dehydration occurs when the body loses water faster than it is replaced. This can cause serious health problems. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your child’s treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line if your child is having problems. […] Watch for and treat signs of dehydration, which means the body has lost too much water. Your child’s mouth may feel very dry. He or she may have sunken eyes with few tears when crying. Your child may lack energy and want to be held a lot. He or she may not urinate as often as usual.

• #3

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?HwId=abn3013

  Give your child oral rehydration solution, such as Pedialyte or Gastrolyte, to replace fluid lost from diarrhea. […] Be safe with medicines. Do not give your child over-the-counter antidiarrhea or upset-stomach medicines without talking to your doctor first. […] Wash your hands after you change diapers and before you touch food. Have your child wash his or her hands after using the toilet and before eating. […] Make sure that your child rests. Keep your child at home as long as he or she has a fever. […] Keep your child at home while he or she is sick and for a few days after feeling better. That’s when the virus most likely can be spread to others. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line now or seek immediate medical care if your child has signs of needing more fluids. […] Watch closely for changes in your child’s health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if your child’s symptoms are getting worse.

• #3 A Clinical Nursing Care Study on the Prevalence of Rotavirus Infection and Acute Diarrhea in Vaccinated Chinese Pediatric Population from 2019–2022

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9585908/

  To investigate the prevalence of rotavirus infection and acute diarrhea after immunization and further assess the quality of nursing care provided by the nurses to such patients. […] Based on the association with quality of nursing care, rotavirus infection was association with appropriate care (p = 0.001). […] Nursing care assessments revealed a huge gap between nurses and the guardians, which reflects the behavior of Chinese nurses. Thus, an intervention is required by the policymakers for implementing effective strategies of quality nursing for the improvement of the pediatric patients with rotavirus gastroenteritis. […] Nursing care also plays an important role in supporting the mothers of infants and pediatric patients. With the intervention of proper nursing care, various problems such as electrolyte disorders, recovery of gastrointestinal function, parental satisfaction and improved quality of life can be achieved for the treatment of pediatric diarrhea.

• #3 What Is Rotavirus? Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/children/what-is-rotavirus

  Rotavirus is a virus that causes diarrhea and other intestinal symptoms. Its very contagious and is the most common cause of diarrhea in infants and young children worldwide. […] Medications can help with the symptoms, but theres no cure for rotavirus. Even children who’ve been vaccinated against it may get it more than once. […] With all the vomiting and diarrhea, your child may not feel like eating or drinking. This can make them dehydrated, which might even become life-threatening. […] Your doctor may suggest medicine to help with the symptoms and rehydration fluids to replace minerals lost through vomiting and diarrhea. […] The best way to protect your child is to get them vaccinated against rotavirus. About 70%-80% of kids who get the vaccine will be fully protected against the virus. And those who do get it will have much less serious symptoms.

• #3 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/Immunization/Rotavirus.aspx

  Prior to the introduction of rotavirus vaccine in 2006, rotavirus was the most common cause of severe diarrhea in infants and young children in the U.S. Worldwide, rotavirus continues to be a major cause of childhood deaths. Rotavirus can cause children to lose body fluids very quickly and is especially dangerous for children less than two years of age. Children between three and 35 months of age have the highest risk for severe symptoms from getting the infection. […] Infants should receive all doses of rotavirus vaccine by 8 months old.

• #3 RotaTeq® (Rotavirus Vaccine, Live, Oral, Pentavalent) | Official Site

  https://www.rotateq.com/

  RotaTeq is an oral vaccine used to help prevent rotavirus infection in children. Rotavirus infection can cause fever, vomiting, and diarrhea that can be severe and can lead to loss of body fluids (dehydration), hospitalization, and even death in some children. RotaTeq may not fully protect all children that get the vaccine, and if your child already has the virus it will not help them. […] RotaTeq may not fully protect all children who get the vaccine. […] RotaTeq should not be given to infants who are allergic to any part of the vaccine. […] Your child should not get RotaTeq if he or she has Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (SCID). […] Your child should not get RotaTeq if he or she has ever had intussusception, a form of blockage in the intestines. […] The most common side effects reported after taking RotaTeq were diarrhea, vomiting, fever, runny nose and sore throat, wheezing or coughing, and ear infection.

• #3 What Is Rotavirus? Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/children/what-is-rotavirus

  Thorough hand-washing can help prevent the spread of rotavirus and other viruses that cause intestinal symptoms. Wash your hands for at least 20 seconds with soap and water: After you change a child’s diaper, After you use the bathroom, After you help a child use the bathroom, Before you eat or prepare food. […] A vaccine can protect your child against rotavirus.

• #3 Rotavirus—Child Care and Schools | Mia Bella Pediatrics | Mission Viejo, CA

  https://www.miabellapediatrics.com/medical-conditions/Rotavirus

  Ensure staff members follow the control measures listed in the section How Do You Control It? […] Report outbreaks of diarrhea (more than 2 children and/or staff members in the group) to the health consultant, who may report to the local health department. […] Follow the advice of the child’s or staff member’s health professional. […] Reeducate staff members to ensure strict and frequent handwashing, diapering, toileting, food handling, and cleaning and disinfection procedures. […] Encourage breastfeeding because it helps to protect infants against rotavirus. […] Yes, if the local health department determines exclusion is needed to control an outbreak. […] Yes, when all the following criteria have been met: Once diapered children have their stool contained by the diaper (even if the stools remain loose) and when toilet-trained children do not have toileting accidents.

• #4 Rotavirus Gastroenteritis – Gastrointestinal Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/gastroenteritis/rotavirus-gastroenteritis

  Rotavirus gastroenteritis in infants and young children may last 5 to 7 days. […] Supportive care including rehydration with fluids and electrolytes is the mainstay of treatment and is all that is needed for most adults. Oral glucose-electrolyte solutions, broth, or bouillon may prevent dehydration or treat mild dehydration. Children may become dehydrated more quickly and should be given an appropriate rehydration solution (several are available commerciallysee Oral Rehydration). An antiemetic (eg, ondansetron) may be given if vomiting makes oral rehydration difficult. […] Isotonic IV fluids such as Ringers lactate and normal saline solution should be given when there is severe dehydration, shock, or altered mental status and ileus or failure of oral rehydration therapy. […] Antidiarrheal agents should not be given to children. Antidiarrheals can be considered in adult patients with watery diarrhea, especially during an outbreak, suggesting a viral cause is likely. However, antidiarrheals may cause deterioration of patients with Clostridioides difficile or E. coli O157:H7 infection and thus should not be given to any patients in whom the cause of diarrhea has not been identified and in whom these disorders may be suspected. […] Oral rehydration is usually adequate, but antiemetics and sometimes IV fluids may be needed. […] Antidiarrheal agents are safe for adults with watery diarrhea but should be avoided in children.

• #4 Rotavirus – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rotavirus/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351306

  If your baby drinks formula, offer a small amount of an oral rehydration fluid or regular formula. Don’t dilute your baby’s formula. […] If your older child isn’t feeling well, encourage him or her to rest. Offer bland foods that don’t contain added sugar, such as whole-grain breads or crackers, lean meat, yogurt, fruits, and vegetables. […] Plenty of liquids are important, too, including an oral rehydration fluid. Avoid soda, apple juice, dairy products other than yogurt, and sugary foods, which can make diarrhea worse. […] Avoid anything that may irritate your stomach, including highly seasoned foods, caffeine, alcohol and nicotine. […] If you’re breastfeeding or using formula, continue to feed your child as usual. Ask your child’s doctor if giving your child an oral rehydration fluid is appropriate.

• #4 Rotavirus Treatment & Management: Prehospital Care, Emergency Department Care, Further Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803885-treatment

  Follow-up with the patient’s primary physician is recommended to ensure patient improvement. […] The caretaker should also be instructed on clinical warning signs and the need to seek further care if the patient’s symptoms worsen. […] Inpatient care is usually not needed for rotavirus infection unless the child is dehydrated, cannot tolerate oral liquids, has a poor social network, or appears toxic. […] Antiemetics have been used with some success in prevention of vomiting for gastroenteritis. […] Risk versus benefit of the medications must be determined by the treating clinician. […] Transfer may be indicated for the dehydrated child who requires admission to a pediatric inpatient or ICU bed. […] Rotavirus is contagious. […] Parents who have more than one young child or who help care for several small children should be cautioned about good hand-washing technique.

• #4 Rotavirus Treatment & Management: Prehospital Care, Emergency Department Care, Further Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803885-treatment

  Lethargic children require a fingerstick glucose level immediately either by EMS or in the ED. […] For severely dehydrated children, vascular access (often via an IO line) is required. […] Administer 20 mL/kg boluses until volume is restored. […] A total requirement of 60-80 mL/kg is not uncommon. […] If more than 40 mL/kg is necessary, consider electrolytes, BUN, and creatinine levels. […] Maintenance of hydration the key issue for children who are not dehydrated. […] Selection of an appropriate fluid is crucial. […] Some data show that administration of a bolus of 5% dextrose in 0.9% saline can help lower the level of serum ketones in dehydrated gastroenteritis patients. […] Ideal maintenance beverages for dehydrated infants with viral enteritis are commercial infant solutions such as Pedialyte and Rice-Lyte.

• #4

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?HwId=abn3013

  Rotavirus is a virus that infects the intestines of almost all young children by age 5. […] Babies and very young children with the virus need to be watched closely. This is because they can become dehydrated very quickly. Dehydration occurs when the body loses water faster than it is replaced. This can cause serious health problems. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your child’s treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line if your child is having problems. […] Watch for and treat signs of dehydration, which means the body has lost too much water. Your child’s mouth may feel very dry. He or she may have sunken eyes with few tears when crying. Your child may lack energy and want to be held a lot. He or she may not urinate as often as usual.

• #4 Your Child’s Vaccines: Rotavirus Vaccine (RV) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/rotavirus-vaccine.html

  The rotavirus vaccine protects against rotavirus, a common cause of vomiting and diarrhea, especially in infants and young children. […] Giving the vaccine to child doesnt only protect the child, but also helps stop the spread of rotavirus in a community. […] For fever, check with your doctor to see if you can give either acetaminophen or ibuprofen, and to find out the right dose. […] If your child has vomiting or diarrhea, give small amounts of liquids often and watch for signs of dehydration, such as less urine (pee) than usual. […] Call your doctor right away or go to the hospital if your child has any signs of intussusception.

• #4 Rotavirus Infection in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/r/rotavirus-infection-in-children.html

  Rotavirus is a contagious virus that causes nausea and diarrhea. It’s the leading cause of severe infectious diarrhea in children. Some babies and children may have diarrhea so severe that they may lose too much water (dehydration). They may need emergency care and a hospital stay. […] Treatment will depend on your child’s symptoms, age, and general health. It will also depend on how severe the condition is. Antibiotics are not used to treat this illness. Medicines for diarrhea are also not recommended. Some healthcare providers may recommend probiotics. But their effectiveness is unclear. […] The goal of treatment is to help reduce symptoms. Treatment may include: Give your child plenty of water, formula, breastmilk, or fluids with electrolytes (sugars and salts). Don’t give young children soda, juice, or sports drinks.

• #4 Rotavirus Treatment & Management: Prehospital Care, Emergency Department Care, Further Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803885-treatment

  Children who are asymptomatic should not play with children who are symptomatic during the diarrheal phase of the illness. […] Daycare centers should keep symptomatic children together and separated from those who are not symptomatic. […] Ideally, the staff should be segregated as well, so that some staff members care for only the symptomatic children, and some staff members care for the others. […] Fomites should also be disinfected, as viral spread from these objects has also been demonstrated. […] Use of an alcohol-based hand sanitizer has been shown to reduce transfer of viruses to hands as well as to commonly contacted household surfaces. […] Use of hand sanitizing wipes has also been shown to reduce infection risks of rhinovirus and rotavirus by 30-89%. […] Health care workers can be vectors for this illness. […] Extra vigilance with regard to hand washing, stethoscope cleaning, and housekeeping is warranted during rotavirus outbreaks.

• #4 Rotavirus | Washington State Department of Health

  https://doh.wa.gov/you-and-your-family/immunization/diseases-and-vaccines/rotavirus

  Rotavirus causes watery diarrhea and vomiting in infants and young children. […] Children who become dehydrated might need hospitalization and can even die. […] Dehydration is dangerous for infants and young children. Symptoms of dehydration include decreased pee (urination), dry mouth and throat, feeling dizzy, crying with few or no tears, and unusual sleepiness or fussiness. […] The best way to prevent rotavirus is to get a rotavirus vaccine. […] Babies should start the rotavirus vaccine series before 15 weeks of age. […] Depending on the vaccine, babies should receive two or three doses of rotavirus vaccine before they turn 8 months old. […] The most common side effect of rotavirus vaccine is irritability. […] Mild, temporary diarrhea or vomiting. […] Before vaccines, rotavirus was the leading cause of severe diarrhea among infants and young children. […] Rotavirus vaccine has reduced hospitalization and death from rotavirus in babies and young children. […] Getting babies vaccinated from rotavirus protects them, their family, and the community. […] Rotavirus vaccine is included in this program.

• #4 Rotavirus vaccines: Canadian Immunization Guide – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/canadian-immunization-guide-part-4-active-vaccines/page-19-rotavirus-vaccine.html

  Rotavirus vaccines are recommended for infants starting at 6 weeks and before 15 weeks of age. […] The vaccination series should be completed before 8 months of age. […] Parents should be informed of the benefit of RV vaccination in preventing or mitigating severe diarrheal disease in infants. […] Parents should be informed of the low risk of intussusception following RV vaccine, particularly during the 7 days following the first dose. […] Infants with a history of intussusception should not be given RV vaccine. […] Infants who have had RV gastroenteritis before receiving the full course of RV vaccinations should still initiate or complete the vaccine series, because the initial infection frequently provides only partial immunity. […] In general, immunocompromised infants should not receive live vaccines because of the risk of disease caused by the vaccine strains.

• #4 Rotavirus Infection in Children

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/rotavirus-infection-in-children

  If your child loses too much water, they may need to be in the hospital. Treatment there may include: IV (intravenous) fluids. A thin, flexible tube is put into your child’s vein. Fluids are given through this tube. […] If your child has rotavirus, they may not be able to attend daycare or school while ill. […] At home, good handwashing is important to prevent spread of the disease. To help prevent spread of the illness: Handle and dispose of dirty diapers carefully. Wash your hands before and after caring for your child. Use soap and clean, running water and scrub for at least 20 seconds. Rinse well and air-dry or use a clean towel. […] Ask your child’s healthcare provider about the rotavirus vaccine. Two oral rotavirus vaccines are available. They are RotaTeq and Rotarix. The CDC recommends that babies get one of these vaccines. RotaTeq oral vaccine is given at ages 2 months, 4 months, and 6 months. Rotarix oral vaccine is given at age 2 months and 4 months. […] Treatment includes giving plenty of water, formula, breastmilk, or fluids with electrolytes (sugars and salts).

• #5 Rotavirus – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rotavirus/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351306

  There’s no specific treatment for a rotavirus infection. Antibiotics and antivirals won’t help a rotavirus infection. Usually, the infection resolves within three to seven days. […] Preventing dehydration is the biggest concern. To prevent dehydration while the virus runs its course, drink plenty of fluids. If your child has severe diarrhea, ask your doctor about offering an oral rehydration fluid such as Pedialyte or Enfalyte especially if the diarrhea lasts longer than a few days. […] For children, a rehydration fluid can replace lost minerals more effectively than can water or other liquids. Severe dehydration may require intravenous fluids in the hospital. […] Anti-diarrheal medications aren’t recommended for a rotavirus infection. […] If your baby is sick, offer small amounts of liquid. If you’re breastfeeding, let your baby nurse.

• #5 Rotavirus – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rotavirus/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351306

  If your baby drinks formula, offer a small amount of an oral rehydration fluid or regular formula. Don’t dilute your baby’s formula. […] If your older child isn’t feeling well, encourage him or her to rest. Offer bland foods that don’t contain added sugar, such as whole-grain breads or crackers, lean meat, yogurt, fruits, and vegetables. […] Plenty of liquids are important, too, including an oral rehydration fluid. Avoid soda, apple juice, dairy products other than yogurt, and sugary foods, which can make diarrhea worse. […] Avoid anything that may irritate your stomach, including highly seasoned foods, caffeine, alcohol and nicotine. […] If you’re breastfeeding or using formula, continue to feed your child as usual. Ask your child’s doctor if giving your child an oral rehydration fluid is appropriate.

• #5

  https://historyofvaccines.org/diseases/rotavirus/

  No specific treatments exist for rotavirus infections. Rather, they are treated with supportive care, such as oral rehydration, rest, and fever relief. […] In about 1 in 50 cases of rotavirus illness, children develop severe dehydration from diarrhea and vomiting. Hospitalization is usually necessary in these cases, and children are rehydrated via liquids delivered via a nasogastric tube or intravenously. Prompt rehydration therapy usually leads to a positive outcome, but deaths from rotavirus still occur in developed countries and, more commonly, in developing countries.

• #5

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?HwId=abn3013

  Rotavirus is a virus that infects the intestines of almost all young children by age 5. […] Babies and very young children with the virus need to be watched closely. This is because they can become dehydrated very quickly. Dehydration occurs when the body loses water faster than it is replaced. This can cause serious health problems. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your child’s treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line if your child is having problems. […] Watch for and treat signs of dehydration, which means the body has lost too much water. Your child’s mouth may feel very dry. He or she may have sunken eyes with few tears when crying. Your child may lack energy and want to be held a lot. He or she may not urinate as often as usual.

• #5 Rotavirus Treatment & Management: Prehospital Care, Emergency Department Care, Further Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803885-treatment

  Follow-up with the patient’s primary physician is recommended to ensure patient improvement. […] The caretaker should also be instructed on clinical warning signs and the need to seek further care if the patient’s symptoms worsen. […] Inpatient care is usually not needed for rotavirus infection unless the child is dehydrated, cannot tolerate oral liquids, has a poor social network, or appears toxic. […] Antiemetics have been used with some success in prevention of vomiting for gastroenteritis. […] Risk versus benefit of the medications must be determined by the treating clinician. […] Transfer may be indicated for the dehydrated child who requires admission to a pediatric inpatient or ICU bed. […] Rotavirus is contagious. […] Parents who have more than one young child or who help care for several small children should be cautioned about good hand-washing technique.

• #5 What Is Rotavirus? Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8275-rotavirus

  Rotavirus is a gastrointestinal (stomach and intestines) infection that mostly affects children. […] For those who do get infected, rotavirus can cause severe diarrhea and vomiting. This can lead to dehydration, so make sure to keep your child hydrated. […] The main rotavirus treatment is to keep your child hydrated. […] Contact your child’s healthcare provider if you notice rotavirus symptoms. They may recommend you: […] Make sure your child gets enough fluids. […] Use an electrolyte replacement such as Pedialyte. […] Call your child’s healthcare provider right away if you notice signs of dehydration. […] If your child becomes dehydrated, it could lead to serious complications and even death. […] The best way to prevent rotavirus and protect the health of your family is to make sure they get one of the rotavirus vaccines.

• #5 Rotavirus vaccines: Canadian Immunization Guide – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/canadian-immunization-guide-part-4-active-vaccines/page-19-rotavirus-vaccine.html

  Rotavirus vaccines are recommended for infants starting at 6 weeks and before 15 weeks of age. […] The vaccination series should be completed before 8 months of age. […] Parents should be informed of the benefit of RV vaccination in preventing or mitigating severe diarrheal disease in infants. […] Parents should be informed of the low risk of intussusception following RV vaccine, particularly during the 7 days following the first dose. […] Infants with a history of intussusception should not be given RV vaccine. […] Infants who have had RV gastroenteritis before receiving the full course of RV vaccinations should still initiate or complete the vaccine series, because the initial infection frequently provides only partial immunity. […] In general, immunocompromised infants should not receive live vaccines because of the risk of disease caused by the vaccine strains.

• #5 Rotavirus – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/topics/rotavirus

  It is important for family members and personnel at health and day care centers to collect the stools quickly from children and infants and wrap them in a sheet of newspaper or dispose of them in the latrine. […] Exclusive breast-feeding is highly recommended to decrease exposure to the virus. […] Four rotavirus vaccines are available on the market and prequalified by WHO, two monovalent, and two pentavalent. Currently, two of them are used in the Region of the Americas. […] The countries of the Region of the Americas were the first to introduce rotavirus vaccines into their immunization programs, and for the first time ever, a new vaccine is being introduced in developing and developed countries at the same time. […] This schedule favors the early immunization of children at greater risk of morbidity and mortality due to rotavirus diarrhea. However, in areas of difficult access and/or high diarrheal mortality, the vaccine can be administered later, at any time of immunization contact and before one year of age.

• #5 Rotavirus Treatment & Management: Prehospital Care, Emergency Department Care, Further Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803885-treatment

  Children who are asymptomatic should not play with children who are symptomatic during the diarrheal phase of the illness. […] Daycare centers should keep symptomatic children together and separated from those who are not symptomatic. […] Ideally, the staff should be segregated as well, so that some staff members care for only the symptomatic children, and some staff members care for the others. […] Fomites should also be disinfected, as viral spread from these objects has also been demonstrated. […] Use of an alcohol-based hand sanitizer has been shown to reduce transfer of viruses to hands as well as to commonly contacted household surfaces. […] Use of hand sanitizing wipes has also been shown to reduce infection risks of rhinovirus and rotavirus by 30-89%. […] Health care workers can be vectors for this illness. […] Extra vigilance with regard to hand washing, stethoscope cleaning, and housekeeping is warranted during rotavirus outbreaks.

• #6 What Is Rotavirus? Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8275-rotavirus

  The vaccine is your best defense against the disease. Its also crucial to practice good hand washing. […] Call your child’s provider if you notice an increase in vomiting or diarrhea. […] Children can dehydrate very quickly. This change can lead to serious complications and even death. […] If your child has severe diarrhea and vomiting, they may have a common childhood infection called rotavirus. Call your child’s healthcare provider for advice. They’ll probably recommend plenty of fluids and rest, as well as medicine to reduce fever. But the virus will have to pass on its own there’s no medicine for rotavirus. If there’s a risk of dehydration, their provider may recommend bringing your child to the hospital for IV fluids.

• #6 Rotavirus – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rotavirus/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351306

  If your baby drinks formula, offer a small amount of an oral rehydration fluid or regular formula. Don’t dilute your baby’s formula. […] If your older child isn’t feeling well, encourage him or her to rest. Offer bland foods that don’t contain added sugar, such as whole-grain breads or crackers, lean meat, yogurt, fruits, and vegetables. […] Plenty of liquids are important, too, including an oral rehydration fluid. Avoid soda, apple juice, dairy products other than yogurt, and sugary foods, which can make diarrhea worse. […] Avoid anything that may irritate your stomach, including highly seasoned foods, caffeine, alcohol and nicotine. […] If you’re breastfeeding or using formula, continue to feed your child as usual. Ask your child’s doctor if giving your child an oral rehydration fluid is appropriate.

• #6 Rotavirus Treatment & Management: Prehospital Care, Emergency Department Care, Further Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803885-treatment

  Prehospital care of affected infants should be directed toward ensuring a secure airway, breathing, identification of circulatory compromise, and maintenance of adequate circulation. […] Infants who appear significantly dehydrated ideally should have 20 mL/kg isotonic sodium chloride solution or Ringer lactate solution administered en route to the hospital. […] Patients who are less severely affected need only monitored transport. […] The destination ED should be an ED approved for pediatrics (EDAP) or a pediatric critical care center (PCCC). […] After ensuring proper airway and breathing and assessing circulation, identification and treatment of dehydrated infants is the main objective. […] In many cases, appropriate rehydration may be accomplished using established oral rehydration protocols.

• #6

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?HwId=abn3013

  Give your child oral rehydration solution, such as Pedialyte or Gastrolyte, to replace fluid lost from diarrhea. […] Be safe with medicines. Do not give your child over-the-counter antidiarrhea or upset-stomach medicines without talking to your doctor first. […] Wash your hands after you change diapers and before you touch food. Have your child wash his or her hands after using the toilet and before eating. […] Make sure that your child rests. Keep your child at home as long as he or she has a fever. […] Keep your child at home while he or she is sick and for a few days after feeling better. That’s when the virus most likely can be spread to others. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line now or seek immediate medical care if your child has signs of needing more fluids. […] Watch closely for changes in your child’s health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if your child’s symptoms are getting worse.

• #6 RotaTeq® (Rotavirus Vaccine, Live, Oral, Pentavalent) | Health Care Professionals

  https://www.merckvaccines.com/rotateq/

  RotaTeq is indicated for the prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis in infants and children caused by Types G1, G2, G3, G4, and G9 when administered as a 3-dose series to infants between the ages of 6 to 32 weeks. The first dose of RotaTeq should be administered between 6 and 12 weeks of age. […] RotaTeq should not be administered to infants with a demonstrated history of hypersensitivity to the vaccine or any component of the vaccine. […] Infants with Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (SCID) should not receive RotaTeq. Post-marketing reports of gastroenteritis, including severe diarrhea and prolonged shedding of vaccine virus, have been reported in infants who were administered RotaTeq and later identified as having SCID. […] Infants with a history of intussusception should not receive RotaTeq.

• #6 Rotavirus—Child Care and Schools | Mia Bella Pediatrics | Mission Viejo, CA

  https://www.miabellapediatrics.com/medical-conditions/Rotavirus

  Rotavirus is vaccine preventable. Follow the most recent immunization schedule. Unlike other vaccines, rotavirus vaccine must be started by 4 months of age and can’t be given past 8 months of age. […] Use good hand-hygiene technique at all the times listed in Chapter 2, especially after toilet use or handling soiled diapers and before anything to do with food preparation or eating. […] Ensure proper surface disinfection that includes cleaning and rinsing of surfaces that may have become contaminated with stool (feces) with detergent and water and application of a US Environmental Protection Agency-registered disinfectant according to the instructions on the product label. […] Ensure proper cooking and storage of food. […] Exclude infected staff members who handle food. […] Report the condition to the staff member designated by the child care program or school for decision-making and action related to care of ill children and staff members.

• #6 Rotavirus—Child Care and Schools | Mia Bella Pediatrics | Mission Viejo, CA

  https://www.miabellapediatrics.com/medical-conditions/Rotavirus

  Ensure staff members follow the control measures listed in the section How Do You Control It? […] Report outbreaks of diarrhea (more than 2 children and/or staff members in the group) to the health consultant, who may report to the local health department. […] Follow the advice of the child’s or staff member’s health professional. […] Reeducate staff members to ensure strict and frequent handwashing, diapering, toileting, food handling, and cleaning and disinfection procedures. […] Encourage breastfeeding because it helps to protect infants against rotavirus. […] Yes, if the local health department determines exclusion is needed to control an outbreak. […] Yes, when all the following criteria have been met: Once diapered children have their stool contained by the diaper (even if the stools remain loose) and when toilet-trained children do not have toileting accidents.

• #6 Rotavirus Infections | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/rotavirus-infections

  Rotavirus is a contagious virus. Among children, it’s the leading cause of severe diarrhea. In some infants and children, diarrhea may be so severe that they become dehydrated and require emergency care or hospitalization. […] Treatment goal is to prevent complications from dehydration. […] There is no cure for rotavirus, so treatment of the disease is more for making your child feel better and to prevent any complications from dehydration. […] If your child develops rotavirus, she may not be able to attend daycare or school while ill. If your child is hospitalized, she will be isolated from other children to prevent an outbreak in the hospital. Treatment may include: […] About one out of every 40 children may develop severe enough dehydration to require hospitalization. In these children treatment may include:

• #7 Rotavirus – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rotavirus/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351306

  If your baby drinks formula, offer a small amount of an oral rehydration fluid or regular formula. Don’t dilute your baby’s formula. […] If your older child isn’t feeling well, encourage him or her to rest. Offer bland foods that don’t contain added sugar, such as whole-grain breads or crackers, lean meat, yogurt, fruits, and vegetables. […] Plenty of liquids are important, too, including an oral rehydration fluid. Avoid soda, apple juice, dairy products other than yogurt, and sugary foods, which can make diarrhea worse. […] Avoid anything that may irritate your stomach, including highly seasoned foods, caffeine, alcohol and nicotine. […] If you’re breastfeeding or using formula, continue to feed your child as usual. Ask your child’s doctor if giving your child an oral rehydration fluid is appropriate.

• #7 Rotavirus Treatment & Management: Prehospital Care, Emergency Department Care, Further Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803885-treatment

  Lethargic children require a fingerstick glucose level immediately either by EMS or in the ED. […] For severely dehydrated children, vascular access (often via an IO line) is required. […] Administer 20 mL/kg boluses until volume is restored. […] A total requirement of 60-80 mL/kg is not uncommon. […] If more than 40 mL/kg is necessary, consider electrolytes, BUN, and creatinine levels. […] Maintenance of hydration the key issue for children who are not dehydrated. […] Selection of an appropriate fluid is crucial. […] Some data show that administration of a bolus of 5% dextrose in 0.9% saline can help lower the level of serum ketones in dehydrated gastroenteritis patients. […] Ideal maintenance beverages for dehydrated infants with viral enteritis are commercial infant solutions such as Pedialyte and Rice-Lyte.

• #7 What Is Rotavirus? Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/children/what-is-rotavirus

  Thorough hand-washing can help prevent the spread of rotavirus and other viruses that cause intestinal symptoms. Wash your hands for at least 20 seconds with soap and water: After you change a child’s diaper, After you use the bathroom, After you help a child use the bathroom, Before you eat or prepare food. […] A vaccine can protect your child against rotavirus.

• #7 RotaTeq® (Rotavirus Vaccine, Live, Oral, Pentavalent) | Official Site

  https://www.rotateq.com/

  RotaTeq is an oral vaccine used to help prevent rotavirus infection in children. Rotavirus infection can cause fever, vomiting, and diarrhea that can be severe and can lead to loss of body fluids (dehydration), hospitalization, and even death in some children. RotaTeq may not fully protect all children that get the vaccine, and if your child already has the virus it will not help them. […] RotaTeq may not fully protect all children who get the vaccine. […] RotaTeq should not be given to infants who are allergic to any part of the vaccine. […] Your child should not get RotaTeq if he or she has Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (SCID). […] Your child should not get RotaTeq if he or she has ever had intussusception, a form of blockage in the intestines. […] The most common side effects reported after taking RotaTeq were diarrhea, vomiting, fever, runny nose and sore throat, wheezing or coughing, and ear infection.

• #7 Rotavirus Treatment & Management: Prehospital Care, Emergency Department Care, Further Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803885-treatment

  Children who are asymptomatic should not play with children who are symptomatic during the diarrheal phase of the illness. […] Daycare centers should keep symptomatic children together and separated from those who are not symptomatic. […] Ideally, the staff should be segregated as well, so that some staff members care for only the symptomatic children, and some staff members care for the others. […] Fomites should also be disinfected, as viral spread from these objects has also been demonstrated. […] Use of an alcohol-based hand sanitizer has been shown to reduce transfer of viruses to hands as well as to commonly contacted household surfaces. […] Use of hand sanitizing wipes has also been shown to reduce infection risks of rhinovirus and rotavirus by 30-89%. […] Health care workers can be vectors for this illness. […] Extra vigilance with regard to hand washing, stethoscope cleaning, and housekeeping is warranted during rotavirus outbreaks.

• #7 Rotavirus – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/topics/rotavirus

  It is important for family members and personnel at health and day care centers to collect the stools quickly from children and infants and wrap them in a sheet of newspaper or dispose of them in the latrine. […] Exclusive breast-feeding is highly recommended to decrease exposure to the virus. […] Four rotavirus vaccines are available on the market and prequalified by WHO, two monovalent, and two pentavalent. Currently, two of them are used in the Region of the Americas. […] The countries of the Region of the Americas were the first to introduce rotavirus vaccines into their immunization programs, and for the first time ever, a new vaccine is being introduced in developing and developed countries at the same time. […] This schedule favors the early immunization of children at greater risk of morbidity and mortality due to rotavirus diarrhea. However, in areas of difficult access and/or high diarrheal mortality, the vaccine can be administered later, at any time of immunization contact and before one year of age.

• #7 Rotavirus vaccines: Canadian Immunization Guide – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/canadian-immunization-guide-part-4-active-vaccines/page-19-rotavirus-vaccine.html

  Vaccine providers should report intussusception in the first 21 days following any dose of RV vaccine, through local public health officials. […] RV vaccines can be administered to infants with minor acute illness, with or without fever. […] In infants with moderate-to-severe gastroenteritis, RV vaccine should be deferred until the condition improves unless deferral will result in scheduling of the first dose after 15 weeks of age. […] Infants with chronic gastrointestinal disease who are not considered immunocompromised are likely to benefit from RV vaccine and can be vaccinated.

• #8

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?HwId=abn3013

  Give your child oral rehydration solution, such as Pedialyte or Gastrolyte, to replace fluid lost from diarrhea. […] Be safe with medicines. Do not give your child over-the-counter antidiarrhea or upset-stomach medicines without talking to your doctor first. […] Wash your hands after you change diapers and before you touch food. Have your child wash his or her hands after using the toilet and before eating. […] Make sure that your child rests. Keep your child at home as long as he or she has a fever. […] Keep your child at home while he or she is sick and for a few days after feeling better. That’s when the virus most likely can be spread to others. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line now or seek immediate medical care if your child has signs of needing more fluids. […] Watch closely for changes in your child’s health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if your child’s symptoms are getting worse.

• #8 Rotavirus vaccines: Canadian Immunization Guide – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/canadian-immunization-guide-part-4-active-vaccines/page-19-rotavirus-vaccine.html

  Vaccine providers should report intussusception in the first 21 days following any dose of RV vaccine, through local public health officials. […] RV vaccines can be administered to infants with minor acute illness, with or without fever. […] In infants with moderate-to-severe gastroenteritis, RV vaccine should be deferred until the condition improves unless deferral will result in scheduling of the first dose after 15 weeks of age. […] Infants with chronic gastrointestinal disease who are not considered immunocompromised are likely to benefit from RV vaccine and can be vaccinated.

• #8 Rotavirus Treatment & Management: Prehospital Care, Emergency Department Care, Further Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803885-treatment

  Children who are asymptomatic should not play with children who are symptomatic during the diarrheal phase of the illness. […] Daycare centers should keep symptomatic children together and separated from those who are not symptomatic. […] Ideally, the staff should be segregated as well, so that some staff members care for only the symptomatic children, and some staff members care for the others. […] Fomites should also be disinfected, as viral spread from these objects has also been demonstrated. […] Use of an alcohol-based hand sanitizer has been shown to reduce transfer of viruses to hands as well as to commonly contacted household surfaces. […] Use of hand sanitizing wipes has also been shown to reduce infection risks of rhinovirus and rotavirus by 30-89%. […] Health care workers can be vectors for this illness. […] Extra vigilance with regard to hand washing, stethoscope cleaning, and housekeeping is warranted during rotavirus outbreaks.

• #8 Rotavirus—Child Care and Schools | Mia Bella Pediatrics | Mission Viejo, CA

  https://www.miabellapediatrics.com/medical-conditions/Rotavirus

  Ensure staff members follow the control measures listed in the section How Do You Control It? […] Report outbreaks of diarrhea (more than 2 children and/or staff members in the group) to the health consultant, who may report to the local health department. […] Follow the advice of the child’s or staff member’s health professional. […] Reeducate staff members to ensure strict and frequent handwashing, diapering, toileting, food handling, and cleaning and disinfection procedures. […] Encourage breastfeeding because it helps to protect infants against rotavirus. […] Yes, if the local health department determines exclusion is needed to control an outbreak. […] Yes, when all the following criteria have been met: Once diapered children have their stool contained by the diaper (even if the stools remain loose) and when toilet-trained children do not have toileting accidents.

• #9 Rotavirus Infection in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/r/rotavirus-infection-in-children.html

  If your child loses too much water, they may need to be in the hospital. Treatment there may include: IV (intravenous) fluids. A thin, flexible tube is put into your child’s vein. Fluids are given through this tube. […] If your child has rotavirus, they may not be able to attend daycare or school while ill. […] At home, good handwashing is important to prevent spread of the disease. To help prevent spread of the illness: Handle and dispose of dirty diapers carefully. […] Ask your child’s healthcare provider about the rotavirus vaccine. Two oral rotavirus vaccines are available. They are RotaTeq and Rotarix. The CDC recommends that babies get one of these vaccines. […] Treatment includes giving plenty of water, formula, breastmilk, or fluids with electrolytes (sugars and salts). […] At home, good handwashing can prevent the disease from being spread.

• #9 Rotavirus Treatment & Management: Prehospital Care, Emergency Department Care, Further Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803885-treatment

  Children who are asymptomatic should not play with children who are symptomatic during the diarrheal phase of the illness. […] Daycare centers should keep symptomatic children together and separated from those who are not symptomatic. […] Ideally, the staff should be segregated as well, so that some staff members care for only the symptomatic children, and some staff members care for the others. […] Fomites should also be disinfected, as viral spread from these objects has also been demonstrated. […] Use of an alcohol-based hand sanitizer has been shown to reduce transfer of viruses to hands as well as to commonly contacted household surfaces. […] Use of hand sanitizing wipes has also been shown to reduce infection risks of rhinovirus and rotavirus by 30-89%. […] Health care workers can be vectors for this illness. […] Extra vigilance with regard to hand washing, stethoscope cleaning, and housekeeping is warranted during rotavirus outbreaks.

• #9 Rotavirus—Child Care and Schools | Mia Bella Pediatrics | Mission Viejo, CA

  https://www.miabellapediatrics.com/medical-conditions/Rotavirus

  Rotavirus is vaccine preventable. Follow the most recent immunization schedule. Unlike other vaccines, rotavirus vaccine must be started by 4 months of age and can’t be given past 8 months of age. […] Use good hand-hygiene technique at all the times listed in Chapter 2, especially after toilet use or handling soiled diapers and before anything to do with food preparation or eating. […] Ensure proper surface disinfection that includes cleaning and rinsing of surfaces that may have become contaminated with stool (feces) with detergent and water and application of a US Environmental Protection Agency-registered disinfectant according to the instructions on the product label. […] Ensure proper cooking and storage of food. […] Exclude infected staff members who handle food. […] Report the condition to the staff member designated by the child care program or school for decision-making and action related to care of ill children and staff members.

• #10

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?HwId=abn3013

  Give your child oral rehydration solution, such as Pedialyte or Gastrolyte, to replace fluid lost from diarrhea. […] Be safe with medicines. Do not give your child over-the-counter antidiarrhea or upset-stomach medicines without talking to your doctor first. […] Wash your hands after you change diapers and before you touch food. Have your child wash his or her hands after using the toilet and before eating. […] Make sure that your child rests. Keep your child at home as long as he or she has a fever. […] Keep your child at home while he or she is sick and for a few days after feeling better. That’s when the virus most likely can be spread to others. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line now or seek immediate medical care if your child has signs of needing more fluids. […] Watch closely for changes in your child’s health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if your child’s symptoms are getting worse.

• #10 Rotavirus—Child Care and Schools | Mia Bella Pediatrics | Mission Viejo, CA

  https://www.miabellapediatrics.com/medical-conditions/Rotavirus

  Ensure staff members follow the control measures listed in the section How Do You Control It? […] Report outbreaks of diarrhea (more than 2 children and/or staff members in the group) to the health consultant, who may report to the local health department. […] Follow the advice of the child’s or staff member’s health professional. […] Reeducate staff members to ensure strict and frequent handwashing, diapering, toileting, food handling, and cleaning and disinfection procedures. […] Encourage breastfeeding because it helps to protect infants against rotavirus. […] Yes, if the local health department determines exclusion is needed to control an outbreak. […] Yes, when all the following criteria have been met: Once diapered children have their stool contained by the diaper (even if the stools remain loose) and when toilet-trained children do not have toileting accidents.

• #11 Factsheet – Health Protection Surveillance Centre

  https://www.hpsc.ie/a-z/gastroenteric/rotavirus/factsheet/

  Rotavirus is the most common cause of diarrhoeal disease among infants and young children worldwide. […] Symptoms generally appear within 1-2 days after infection and include vomiting, severe watery diarrhoea, stomach pain, cramps and low-grade fever. […] With severe vomiting and diarrhoea, a child may become dehydrated from acute loss of fluids and electrolytes and require hospitalisation for rehydration therapy. […] The treatment focuses on maintaining fluid balance to prevent dehydration. Drinking enough water or other fluids is very important to avoid dehydration. […] In cases of severe dehydration, hospitalisation for intravenous rehydration may be required. […] Thorough hand washing is the best preventive measure. […] People ill with rotavirus-like symptoms should avoid handling food or caring for others until they are symptom free for at least 48 hours. […] Infected children should be excluded from daycare facilities until 48 hours after symptoms have resolved.

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