Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Tonsil cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tonsil-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20367939

  Tonsil cancer is a growth of cells that starts in a tonsil. […] Tonsil cancer happens when cells in the tonsils develop changes in their DNA. […] It’s not always clear what causes the DNA changes that lead to tonsil cancer. For many tonsil cancers, human papillomavirus is thought to have a part. […] Human papillomavirus, also called HPV, is a common virus that’s passed through sexual contact. For others, it causes changes in the cells that can lead to many types of cancer, including tonsil cancer.

• #2 Tonsil Cancer | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/throat/types-throat/tonsil

  Tonsil cancer is a form of oropharyngeal cancer that occurs when the cells that make up the tonsils grow out of control and form lesions or tumors. […] Tonsil cancer is becoming increasingly common in the United States. It is often caused by past infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV). […] The main cause of tonsil cancer in the United States is prior infection with HPV. Smoking and chewing tobacco as well as heavy alcohol use are also common risk factors for tonsil cancer.

• #3 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Tonsil cancer | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20198279

  Tonsil cancer happens when cells in the tonsils develop changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. […] It’s not always clear what causes the DNA changes that lead to tonsil cancer. For many tonsil cancers, human papillomavirus is thought to have a part. Human papillomavirus, also called HPV, is a common virus that’s passed through sexual contact. […] Human papillomavirus, also called HPV, is a common virus that’s passed through sexual contact. For most people, it causes no problems and goes away on its own. For others, it causes changes in the cells that can lead to many types of cancer, including tonsil cancer.

• #4 Tonsil Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537238/

  Tonsil cancer is the most common form of oropharyngeal malignancy, and its incidence is sharply rising due to the increasing prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-induced cancers. […] Traditionally, oropharyngeal and tonsil cancers were attributed to smoking and alcohol misuse, with the former remaining an independent indicator of poor prognosis. In more recent years; however, there has been a sharp increase in the number of cases occurring secondary to HPV, with up to 93% of new oropharyngeal cancers in Western Europe showing HPV positivity. […] Additionally, there is a growing body of evidence to suggest having a spouse with HPV-related cancer can result in a slight increase in the likelihood of developing oropharyngeal and anogenital cancers.

• #5 Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563268/

  Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, commonly known as throat cancer or tonsil cancer, is a type of head and neck cancer that refers to the cancer of the base and posterior one-third of the tongue, the tonsils, soft palate, and posterior and lateral pharyngeal walls. […] The etiology of oropharyngeal carcinoma is broadly categorized into HPV-associated and non-HPV-associated carcinomas. […] HPV-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma occurs in patients who have been infected with the human papillomavirus. Among the many types of human papillomavirus, HPV16 is the most common type found in oropharyngeal cancers. […] Oral sex and open-mouthed kissing are the most common reasons for oral HPV infection. […] On the other hand, smoking tobacco and alcohol consumption have been widely identified as the major risk factors for non-HPV-associated oropharyngeal carcinomas.

• #6 Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563268/

  Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, commonly known as throat cancer or tonsil cancer, is a type of head and neck cancer that refers to the cancer of the base and posterior one-third of the tongue, the tonsils, soft palate, and posterior and lateral pharyngeal walls. […] The etiology of oropharyngeal carcinoma is broadly categorized into HPV-associated and non-HPV-associated carcinomas. […] HPV-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma occurs in patients who have been infected with the human papillomavirus. Among the many types of human papillomavirus, HPV16 is the most common type found in oropharyngeal cancers. […] Oral sex and open-mouthed kissing are the most common reasons for oral HPV infection. […] On the other hand, smoking tobacco and alcohol consumption have been widely identified as the major risk factors for non-HPV-associated oropharyngeal carcinomas.

• #7 Tonsil Cancer: Types, Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

  https://www.medicoverhospitals.in/diseases/tonsil-cancer/

  HPV, particularly HPV-16, is a significant risk factor for developing tonsil cancer. This virus is sexually transmitted and has been linked to various oropharyngeal cancers. […] Prolonged use of tobacco and heavy alcohol consumption significantly increase the risk of developing tonsil cancer. The carcinogenic substances in tobacco and alcohol can damage the cells lining the tonsils, leading to cancerous growths. […] The primary causes of tonsil cancer are tobacco use, heavy alcohol consumption, and HPV infections, particularly HPV-16.

• #8 Tonsil Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537238/

  Tonsil cancer is the most common form of oropharyngeal malignancy, and its incidence is sharply rising due to the increasing prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-induced cancers. […] Traditionally, oropharyngeal and tonsil cancers were attributed to smoking and alcohol misuse, with the former remaining an independent indicator of poor prognosis. In more recent years; however, there has been a sharp increase in the number of cases occurring secondary to HPV, with up to 93% of new oropharyngeal cancers in Western Europe showing HPV positivity. […] Additionally, there is a growing body of evidence to suggest having a spouse with HPV-related cancer can result in a slight increase in the likelihood of developing oropharyngeal and anogenital cancers.

• #9 What Causes Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal (Throat) Cancers? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Doctors and scientists cant say for sure what causes each case of oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancer. But they do know many of the risk factors and how some of them may lead to cells becoming cancer. […] Scientists believe that some risk factors, such as tobacco or heavy alcohol use, may cause these cancers by damaging the DNA of cells that line the inside of the mouth and throat. […] Many of the chemicals found in tobacco can damage DNA directly. […] Certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections (mainly HPV16), are important causes of most oropharyngeal (middle throat) cancers. […] Some people inherit DNA mutations (changes) from their parents that increase their risk for developing certain cancers. But inherited gene mutations are not believed to cause very many cancers of the oral cavity or oropharynx. […] Acquired gene mutations are gene changes that usually happen during life, rather than being inherited. These gene mutations often result from exposure to cancer-causing chemicals, like those found in tobacco smoke.

• #10 Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563268/

  Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, commonly known as throat cancer or tonsil cancer, is a type of head and neck cancer that refers to the cancer of the base and posterior one-third of the tongue, the tonsils, soft palate, and posterior and lateral pharyngeal walls. […] The etiology of oropharyngeal carcinoma is broadly categorized into HPV-associated and non-HPV-associated carcinomas. […] HPV-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma occurs in patients who have been infected with the human papillomavirus. Among the many types of human papillomavirus, HPV16 is the most common type found in oropharyngeal cancers. […] Oral sex and open-mouthed kissing are the most common reasons for oral HPV infection. […] On the other hand, smoking tobacco and alcohol consumption have been widely identified as the major risk factors for non-HPV-associated oropharyngeal carcinomas.

• #11 Throat Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Types and Stages

  https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/throat-cancer-symptoms-treatments

  Nobody knows for sure why throat cancer happens. Like other cancers, it arises when cells in your throat pick up genetic changes that make them grow too much or spread to other places. Those rapidly growing cells can turn into a mass (tumor). […] Although the causes of throat cancer are unknown, some things can increase your risk, including: […] Infections, especially the human papillomavirus (HPV) and Epstein-Barr virus. […] Experts dont know if having HPV alone can lead to cancer, or if you have to have another risk factor for it to happen (like being a cigarette smoker). But it causes about 70% of oropharyngeal cancer (which affects the middle part of the throat) in the U.S., with cases continuing to grow. […] While oral sex doesn’t cause throat cancer, it is a leading risk factor for it. One 2007 study found a strong link between oral HPV infection and oropharyngeal cancer.

• #12 What men need to know about HPV-related throat cancer | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/publications/focused-on-health/what-men-need-to-know-about-hpv-related-throat-cancer.h12-1593780.html

  HPV-related throat cancer is on the rise, and the typical patient is a male in his 50s or 60s. […] The reason: human papillomavirus (HPV). […] Experts are not sure why HPV-related throat cancer mostly strikes white males who don’t smoke. […] The HPV virus spreads to the oropharynx through oral sex or intimate kissing. […] The virus can lay dormant in cells for years if the body doesn’t clear it. In some cases, it causes cancer. […] In addition to throat cancer, HPV can cause genital warts as well as a number of cancers in both men and women, including anal, cervical, penile, vaginal and vulvar. […] Nearly every male and female will be infected with HPV in their lifetime. Most people clear the virus within a couple of years and never know they had it.

• #13 Tonsil cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tonsil-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20367939

  Tonsil cancer is a growth of cells that starts in a tonsil. […] Tonsil cancer happens when cells in the tonsils develop changes in their DNA. […] It’s not always clear what causes the DNA changes that lead to tonsil cancer. For many tonsil cancers, human papillomavirus is thought to have a part. […] Human papillomavirus, also called HPV, is a common virus that’s passed through sexual contact. For others, it causes changes in the cells that can lead to many types of cancer, including tonsil cancer.

• #14 What is tonsil cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/head-neck-cancer/tonsil/about

  Cancer happens when abnormal cells start to divide and grow in an uncontrolled way. […] The main risk factors for tonsil cancer are smoking, drinking alcohol and infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV). […] The main risk factors for developing this type of cancer are smoking, regularly drinking a lot of alcohol, infection with a virus called human papilloma virus (HPV). […] Tonsil cancer is especially linked to type 16. […] Only a very small number of people with HPV develop tonsil cancer. […] The stage of tonsil cancer also depends on whether your cancer cells contain the HPV. […] Tonsil cancers that contain HPV tend to do better than tonsil cancers that don’t contain HPV.

• #15 Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563268/

  Other less common risk factors include a diet low in vegetables and fruits, betel quid chewing, poor nutrition, marijuana smoking, asbestos exposure, and certain genetic mutations such as P53 mutation and CDKN2A (p16) mutations. […] The overall five-year survival rate in oropharyngeal carcinoma is around 60%. However, the prognosis varies depending on the etiology. In comparison to HPV-negative oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, HPV-positive oropharyngeal carcinoma shows a better prognosis and increased response to the treatment. The higher survival with HPV-associated cancer is because of favorable tumor biology and a healthier and younger patient population.

• #16 What Is the Prognosis for Tonsil Cancer?

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/tonsil-cancer-prognosis

  There are a few key things that have an impact on your tonsil cancer prognosis, including your age and health, the stage of the cancer, and whether you have human papillomavirus (HPV) — an infection that’s passed through sex. […] One reason is that HPV is more common in young people. HPV raises your chances of getting a cancer of the mouth and throat. […] People with HPV-positive tonsil cancer have a better outlook and a higher chance of a cure than those with HPV-negative cancer. […] Smokers are more likely to get tonsil cancer, and to die from it, than nonsmokers. […] Your doctor will test you for HPV.

• #17 Tonsil cancer: Symptoms, causes, and outlook

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/tonsil-cancer

  Tonsil cancer is a type of oropharyngeal cancer. These cancers affect the mouth and throat. […] Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) seems to increase the risk and affect the prognosis of tonsil cancer. […] According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the number of tonsil cancer cases appears to be rising, possibly due to an increase in HPV infections. […] Drinking alcohol, smoking, and having HPV appear to increase the risk. […] According to the American Head and Neck Society, risk factors include: Environmental factors: These include using tobacco products and having a high alcohol intake. […] Viruses: People with HPV or HIV may have a higher risk of tonsil cancer. […] In the past, people who received a tonsil cancer diagnosis tended to be male and over 50 years of age. However, the relationship between age and tonsil cancer can vary, based on HPV status. HPV-positive cancers tend to appear in people with the infection who are younger and do not smoke.

• #18 12 things to know about tonsil cancer  | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/q-a–what-you-should.h00-158512467.html

  Yes. Even if youve had a tonsillectomy (a procedure in which the palatine tonsils are surgically removed), you can still get tonsil cancer (also called oropharyngeal cancer). Theres always a possibility that some tonsil tissue was left behind. […] Historically, tonsil cancer was connected most often with tobacco and alcohol use. But the rates of tonsil cancer among those groups have either stabilized or decreased over time. […] Meanwhile, the number of tonsil cancer diagnoses among patients who dont smoke or drink is skyrocketing. Roughly 90% of those cases are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). The vast majority of those are squamous cell carcinomas. […] If you are diagnosed with tonsil cancer at a very early stage, its recurrence rate is very low. The same applies to tonsil cancer thats caused by HPV.

• #19 12 things to know about tonsil cancer  | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/q-a–what-you-should.h00-158512467.html

  Yes. Even if youve had a tonsillectomy (a procedure in which the palatine tonsils are surgically removed), you can still get tonsil cancer (also called oropharyngeal cancer). Theres always a possibility that some tonsil tissue was left behind. […] Historically, tonsil cancer was connected most often with tobacco and alcohol use. But the rates of tonsil cancer among those groups have either stabilized or decreased over time. […] Meanwhile, the number of tonsil cancer diagnoses among patients who dont smoke or drink is skyrocketing. Roughly 90% of those cases are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). The vast majority of those are squamous cell carcinomas. […] If you are diagnosed with tonsil cancer at a very early stage, its recurrence rate is very low. The same applies to tonsil cancer thats caused by HPV.

• #20 What Causes Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal (Throat) Cancers? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Doctors and scientists cant say for sure what causes each case of oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancer. But they do know many of the risk factors and how some of them may lead to cells becoming cancer. […] Scientists believe that some risk factors, such as tobacco or heavy alcohol use, may cause these cancers by damaging the DNA of cells that line the inside of the mouth and throat. […] Many of the chemicals found in tobacco can damage DNA directly. […] Certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections (mainly HPV16), are important causes of most oropharyngeal (middle throat) cancers. […] Some people inherit DNA mutations (changes) from their parents that increase their risk for developing certain cancers. But inherited gene mutations are not believed to cause very many cancers of the oral cavity or oropharynx. […] Acquired gene mutations are gene changes that usually happen during life, rather than being inherited. These gene mutations often result from exposure to cancer-causing chemicals, like those found in tobacco smoke.

• #21 Throat Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Types, Treatment & Prevention PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Nu

  https://www.pacehospital.com/throat-cancer-symptoms-causes-diagnosis-treatment-prevention

  There is no exact known cause of throat cancer but there are several factors increases the risk such as excessive smoking, alcohol consumption, infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), Epstein Barr virus (EBV), poor diet, and family history of cancer which increases the risk of developing throat cancer. […] There is no exact known cause of throat cancer but there are a few factors which can increase the likelihood of developing throat cancer, and these factors depend on the type of throat cancer. […] There is no known cause of throat cancer but there are a few factors that can increase the risk of developing throat cancer. A risk factor is anything which can increase the likelihood of developing a disease or a condition. The following are some of the risk factors for throat cancer: […] Tobacco chewing and smoking are the major risk factors of throat cancer. The chemicals found in the tobacco are carcinogenic, it increases the risk of throat cancer.

• #22 Throat Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Types, Treatment & Prevention PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Nu

  https://www.pacehospital.com/throat-cancer-symptoms-causes-diagnosis-treatment-prevention

  With excessive alcohol consumption the risk of throat cancer increases. Alcohol converts to acetaldehyde in the body which can bind to DNA and damages. The damaged DNA can grow uncontrollably and causes cancer. […] Human papillomavirus infection is a rare risk factor for cancers of throat. […] This is a common human virus; it can increases the risk of development of throat cancer particularly nasopharyngeal cancer. […] In individuals whose family member such as parent, siblings, or child having a history of throat cancer are at an increased risk of developing throat cancer. […] A diet which is rich in red meat, processed food and deep-fried food increases the risk of developing throat cancer. Diet which includes plenty of fruits, green vegetables, and omega 3 fatty acid decrease the risk of cancer development.

• #23 Tonsil Cancer – Symptoms, Causes, Treatments

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/cancer/tonsil-cancer

  Most tonsil cancers are squamous cell carcinomas, which arise in the lining tissues of the mouth, although it is possible for lymphoma (a type of immune system cancer) to develop in the tonsils. […] Smoking is the most common risk factor for squamous cell carcinomas of the tonsils. Alcohol is also a risk factor; the combination of smoking and alcohol use yields an even greater risk than using either substance alone. […] Although the specific cause of tonsil cancer is not known, several risk factors have been identified, including tobacco use, which is the strongest single risk factor for developing tonsil cancer, and alcohol use. Infection by human papilloma virus plays an important role in the development of genetic changes that initiate the development of cancer. […] A number of factors increase the risk of developing tonsil cancer. Not all people with risk factors will get tonsil cancer. Risk factors for tonsil cancer include: Age over 50 years, Alcohol abuse, Chewing betel quid (paan), a popular stimulant in Southeast Asia, Compromised immune system due to conditions such as HIV/AIDS, taking corticosteroids, or taking medications for organ transplant, Diets low in vegetables and fruits, Drinking mate, a tea-like stimulant popular in South America, Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection, Male gender, Smoking or use of other tobacco products.

• #24 Head and neck cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_and_neck_cancer

  The majority of head and neck cancer is caused by the use of alcohol or tobacco (including smokeless tobacco). An increasing number of cases are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). […] Alcohol and tobacco use are major risk factors for head and neck cancer. 72% of head and neck cancer cases are caused by using both alcohol and tobacco. This rises to 89% when looking specifically at laryngeal cancer. […] There is thought to be a dose-dependent relationship between alcohol use and development of head and neck cancer where higher rates of alcohol consumption contribute to an increased risk of developing head and neck cancer. […] Tobacco smoking is one of the main risk factors for head and neck cancer. Cigarette smokers have a lifetime increased risk for head and neck cancer that is 5 to 25 times higher than the general population.

• #25 Tonsil Cancer – Symptoms, Causes, Treatments

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/cancer/tonsil-cancer

  Most tonsil cancers are squamous cell carcinomas, which arise in the lining tissues of the mouth, although it is possible for lymphoma (a type of immune system cancer) to develop in the tonsils. […] Smoking is the most common risk factor for squamous cell carcinomas of the tonsils. Alcohol is also a risk factor; the combination of smoking and alcohol use yields an even greater risk than using either substance alone. […] Although the specific cause of tonsil cancer is not known, several risk factors have been identified, including tobacco use, which is the strongest single risk factor for developing tonsil cancer, and alcohol use. Infection by human papilloma virus plays an important role in the development of genetic changes that initiate the development of cancer. […] A number of factors increase the risk of developing tonsil cancer. Not all people with risk factors will get tonsil cancer. Risk factors for tonsil cancer include: Age over 50 years, Alcohol abuse, Chewing betel quid (paan), a popular stimulant in Southeast Asia, Compromised immune system due to conditions such as HIV/AIDS, taking corticosteroids, or taking medications for organ transplant, Diets low in vegetables and fruits, Drinking mate, a tea-like stimulant popular in South America, Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection, Male gender, Smoking or use of other tobacco products.

• #26 Head and neck cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_and_neck_cancer

  Smokeless tobacco (including products where tobacco is chewed) is a cause of oral cancer. Increased risk of oral cancer caused by smokeless tobacco is present in countries such as the United States but particularly prevalent in Southeast Asian countries where the use of smokeless tobacco is common. […] Betel nut chewing is associated with an increased risk of head and neck cancer. […] Some head and neck cancers, and in particular oropharyngeal cancer, are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), and 70% of all head and neck cancer cases are related to HPV. […] EpsteinBarr virus (EBV) infection is associated with nasopharyngeal cancer. Nasopharyngeal cancer caused by EBV commonly occurs in some countries of the Mediterranean and Asia.

• #27 What Causes Throat Cancer? The 2023 – Updated Factors Overview

  https://flotogroup.com/what-causes-throat-cancer/

  What Causes Throat Cancer? The 2023 – Updated Factors Overview […] While throat cancer is a relatively uncommon condition (0.7% of all cancers) that can affect different areas of the throat, it’s still very important to be aware of throat cancer’s symptoms and causes. […] In this 2023-updated overview guide on what causes throat cancer, we’ll look at the latest research to understand what factors may increase risks for developing throat cancer, and what proactive steps one can take to prevent it. […] Throat cancer is a term used to describe any cancer that develops in the throat, whether that be in the larynx (voice box), pharynx (throat), or the tonsils. […] But what causes these throat cancers to develop? Read on to learn about the major risk factors involved. […] While we would love to be able to answer, “what causes throat cancer” with a concise explanation, there simply isn’t one even in 2023. However, what we do know is that there are several major risk factors involved that contribute to its development; human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, tobacco and alcohol use, and the use of betel quid or gutka in the Asian population.

• #28 Head and Neck Cancers – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/head-neck-fact-sheet

  Occupational exposure to wood dust is a risk factor for nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Radiation to the head and neck, for noncancerous conditions or cancer, is a risk factor for cancer of the salivary glands. […] Infection with the Epstein-Barr virus is a risk factor for nasopharyngeal cancer and cancer of the salivary glands. […] Some genetic disorders, such as Fanconi anemia, can increase the risk of developing precancerous lesions and cancers early in life.

• #29 An Overview of Throat Cancer – symptoms, causes and treatments | CANCERactive

  https://www.canceractive.com/article/throat-cancer–symptoms-causes-and-treatments

  There are four main causes of throat cancer: Acid Reflux – Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) […] Excess alcohol and/or smoking can cause serious damage to the throat over time. HPV virus has increasingly been shown to play a role and is often referred to as p16+ve throat cancer. […] Epstein Barr virus (EBV) has been shown to have an involvement.

• #30 Tonsil Cancer: Symptoms, Signs & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21931-tonsil-cancer

  Tonsil cancer is commonly linked to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, though heavy alcohol and tobacco use may also increase tonsil cancer risk. […] Experts know that tonsil cancer develops when healthy cells mutate (change) and become cancerous cells. They don’t know exactly why this happens. But recent research shows that having the human papillomavirus (HPV) increases your risk of developing tonsil cancer. Other risk factors are: Tobacco use: This includes smoking tobacco and using e-cigarettes (vaping). Alcohol: Heavy use of beverages that have alcohol. Weakened immune system: People who have human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or who take immunosuppressants for organ transplants have increased risk.

• #31 Risks And Causes Of Mouth And Oropharyngeal Cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/mouth-cancer/risks-causes

  Research shows an increased risk of mouth and oropharyngeal cancer in people with HIV/AIDS – there are higher rates of Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in people with HIV. […] Changes can happen in the cells in the lining of the mouth. They can appear as red or white patches. […] Head and neck cancer risk is higher in people with a brother or sister (sibling) who had head and neck cancer. […] People who have the following cancers are also at increased risk of mouth cancer: a type of cervical cancer called squamous cell cancer, cancer of the food pipe (oesophageal squamous cell cancer), lung cancer.

• #32 Risks And Causes Of Mouth And Oropharyngeal Cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/mouth-cancer/risks-causes

  Research shows an increased risk of mouth and oropharyngeal cancer in people with HIV/AIDS – there are higher rates of Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in people with HIV. […] Changes can happen in the cells in the lining of the mouth. They can appear as red or white patches. […] Head and neck cancer risk is higher in people with a brother or sister (sibling) who had head and neck cancer. […] People who have the following cancers are also at increased risk of mouth cancer: a type of cervical cancer called squamous cell cancer, cancer of the food pipe (oesophageal squamous cell cancer), lung cancer.

• #33 Head and Neck Cancers – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/head-neck-fact-sheet

  Occupational exposure to wood dust is a risk factor for nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Radiation to the head and neck, for noncancerous conditions or cancer, is a risk factor for cancer of the salivary glands. […] Infection with the Epstein-Barr virus is a risk factor for nasopharyngeal cancer and cancer of the salivary glands. […] Some genetic disorders, such as Fanconi anemia, can increase the risk of developing precancerous lesions and cancers early in life.

• #34 Throat Cancer | Tampa General Hospital

  https://www.tgh.org/institutes-and-services/conditions/throat-cancer

  Throat cancer causes include: […] Potential throat cancer causes include: […] Having human papilloma virus (HPV), which can cause healthy cells in areas such as the base of the tongue or the tonsils to become abnormal […] Having Fanconi anemia or dyskeratosis congenita, inherited genetic defects than can make DNA more prone to cancerous changes.

• #35 Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563268/

  Other less common risk factors include a diet low in vegetables and fruits, betel quid chewing, poor nutrition, marijuana smoking, asbestos exposure, and certain genetic mutations such as P53 mutation and CDKN2A (p16) mutations. […] The overall five-year survival rate in oropharyngeal carcinoma is around 60%. However, the prognosis varies depending on the etiology. In comparison to HPV-negative oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, HPV-positive oropharyngeal carcinoma shows a better prognosis and increased response to the treatment. The higher survival with HPV-associated cancer is because of favorable tumor biology and a healthier and younger patient population.

• #36 Throat cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/throat-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20366462

  Throat cancer occurs when cells in your throat develop genetic mutations. These mutations cause cells to grow uncontrollably and continue living after healthy cells would normally die. The accumulating cells can form a tumor in your throat. […] It’s not clear what causes the mutation that causes throat cancer. But doctors have identified factors that may increase your risk. […] HPV increases the risk of cancer of the throat, soft palate, tonsils and back of the tongue. […] Human papillomavirus, also called HPV, is a common infection that’s passed through sexual contact. It increases the risk of certain types of throat cancer. HPV has been linked to cancer that affects the soft palate, tonsils, back of the tongue, and the side and back wall of the throat. […] Factors that can increase your risk of throat cancer include: Tobacco use, including smoking and chewing tobacco, Excessive alcohol use, Viral infections, including human papillomavirus (HPV) and Epstein-Barr virus, A diet lacking in fruits and vegetables, Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Exposure to toxic substances at work.

• #37 Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563268/

  Other less common risk factors include a diet low in vegetables and fruits, betel quid chewing, poor nutrition, marijuana smoking, asbestos exposure, and certain genetic mutations such as P53 mutation and CDKN2A (p16) mutations. […] The overall five-year survival rate in oropharyngeal carcinoma is around 60%. However, the prognosis varies depending on the etiology. In comparison to HPV-negative oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, HPV-positive oropharyngeal carcinoma shows a better prognosis and increased response to the treatment. The higher survival with HPV-associated cancer is because of favorable tumor biology and a healthier and younger patient population.

• #38 Tonsil Cancer – Symptoms, Causes, Treatments

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/cancer/tonsil-cancer

  Most tonsil cancers are squamous cell carcinomas, which arise in the lining tissues of the mouth, although it is possible for lymphoma (a type of immune system cancer) to develop in the tonsils. […] Smoking is the most common risk factor for squamous cell carcinomas of the tonsils. Alcohol is also a risk factor; the combination of smoking and alcohol use yields an even greater risk than using either substance alone. […] Although the specific cause of tonsil cancer is not known, several risk factors have been identified, including tobacco use, which is the strongest single risk factor for developing tonsil cancer, and alcohol use. Infection by human papilloma virus plays an important role in the development of genetic changes that initiate the development of cancer. […] A number of factors increase the risk of developing tonsil cancer. Not all people with risk factors will get tonsil cancer. Risk factors for tonsil cancer include: Age over 50 years, Alcohol abuse, Chewing betel quid (paan), a popular stimulant in Southeast Asia, Compromised immune system due to conditions such as HIV/AIDS, taking corticosteroids, or taking medications for organ transplant, Diets low in vegetables and fruits, Drinking mate, a tea-like stimulant popular in South America, Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection, Male gender, Smoking or use of other tobacco products.

• #39 Head and Neck Cancers – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/head-neck-fact-sheet

  Cancers of the head and neck can also begin in the salivary glands, sinuses, or muscles or nerves in the head and neck, but these types of cancer are much less common than squamous cell carcinomas. […] Alcohol and tobacco use (including secondhand smoke and smokeless tobacco, sometimes called chewing tobacco or snuff) are the two most important risk factors for head and neck cancers, especially cancers of the oral cavity, hypopharynx, and voice box. […] Infection with cancer-causing types of human papillomavirus (HPV), especially HPV type 16, is a risk factor for oropharyngeal cancers that involve the tonsils or the base of the tongue. […] About three-quarters of all oropharyngeal cancers are caused by chronic HPV infection. […] Other known risk factors for specific cancers of the head and neck include the following: Paan (betel quid). The use of paan (betel quid) in the mouth, a common custom in Southeast Asia, is strongly associated with an increased risk of mouth cancers.

• #40 Throat cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/throat-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20366462

  Throat cancer occurs when cells in your throat develop genetic mutations. These mutations cause cells to grow uncontrollably and continue living after healthy cells would normally die. The accumulating cells can form a tumor in your throat. […] It’s not clear what causes the mutation that causes throat cancer. But doctors have identified factors that may increase your risk. […] HPV increases the risk of cancer of the throat, soft palate, tonsils and back of the tongue. […] Human papillomavirus, also called HPV, is a common infection that’s passed through sexual contact. It increases the risk of certain types of throat cancer. HPV has been linked to cancer that affects the soft palate, tonsils, back of the tongue, and the side and back wall of the throat. […] Factors that can increase your risk of throat cancer include: Tobacco use, including smoking and chewing tobacco, Excessive alcohol use, Viral infections, including human papillomavirus (HPV) and Epstein-Barr virus, A diet lacking in fruits and vegetables, Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Exposure to toxic substances at work.

• #41 Throat Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention – Pi Health Cancer Hospital

  https://www.pihealthcancerhospital.com/blog/throat-cancer-symptoms-causes-risk-factors-and-prevention/

  Tonsil cancer: Cancer that develops in the tonsils, which are located in the back of the throat. […] Throat cancer develops when cells in the throat undergo genetic abnormalities, causing them to grow uncontrollably and form tumors. Several causes may contribute to these genomic alterations, including: […] Tobacco usage is a leading cause of throat cancer. Tobaccos toxic chemicals can damage the DNA in throat cells, causing mutations and cancer. […] Certain HPV strains, a sexually transmitted virus, have been associated to throat cancer, particularly oropharyngeal carcinoma. HPV can induce alterations in the cells of the throat, eventually leading to cancer. […] Environmental exposures: Working with asbestos, wood dust, or certain chemicals increases the risk of developing throat cancer. These substances can be inhaled or ingested, leading to damage in the cells of the throat. Prolonged exposure to such chemicals can cause mutations and increase the likelihood of cancer development.

• #42 Throat cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/throat-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20366462

  Throat cancer occurs when cells in your throat develop genetic mutations. These mutations cause cells to grow uncontrollably and continue living after healthy cells would normally die. The accumulating cells can form a tumor in your throat. […] It’s not clear what causes the mutation that causes throat cancer. But doctors have identified factors that may increase your risk. […] HPV increases the risk of cancer of the throat, soft palate, tonsils and back of the tongue. […] Human papillomavirus, also called HPV, is a common infection that’s passed through sexual contact. It increases the risk of certain types of throat cancer. HPV has been linked to cancer that affects the soft palate, tonsils, back of the tongue, and the side and back wall of the throat. […] Factors that can increase your risk of throat cancer include: Tobacco use, including smoking and chewing tobacco, Excessive alcohol use, Viral infections, including human papillomavirus (HPV) and Epstein-Barr virus, A diet lacking in fruits and vegetables, Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Exposure to toxic substances at work.

• #43 Throat Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Types, Stages & Treatment

  https://www.careinsurance.com/blog/health-insurance-articles/common-causes-symptoms-and-treatment-of-throat-cancer

  Age: The risk of throat cancer increases with age as cells accumulate damage over time from factors like alcohol consumption, smoking, and exposure to harmful substances. Prolonged exposure to these risks increases the chance of cells becoming cancerous. […] Poor Nutrition: Poor nutrition weakens the immune system and impairs the body’s ability to fight infections and abnormal cell growth. It also contributes to health issues like obesity, further increasing the risk of throat cancer. […] Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): GERD is a condition where stomach acid refluxes into the oesophagus. This backflow is known as acid reflux. Repeated acid reflux can irritate throat tissues, potentially leading to cellular changes that may develop into cancer.

• #44 Head and Neck Cancers – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/head-neck-fact-sheet

  Occupational exposure to wood dust is a risk factor for nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Radiation to the head and neck, for noncancerous conditions or cancer, is a risk factor for cancer of the salivary glands. […] Infection with the Epstein-Barr virus is a risk factor for nasopharyngeal cancer and cancer of the salivary glands. […] Some genetic disorders, such as Fanconi anemia, can increase the risk of developing precancerous lesions and cancers early in life.

• #45 Tonsil cancer: Oncologist on causes, symptoms and treatment of tonsil cancer | Health – Hindustan Times

  https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/health/tonsil-cancer-oncologist-on-causes-symptoms-and-treatment-of-tonsil-cancer-101671636036115.html

  Tonsil cancer occurs when there is an abnormal growth in the cells that form your tonsil – two oval shaped pads at the back of your mouth. […] Dr Jain says the factors causing the changes in the DNA of the cell lining the throat are: […] Alcohol tobacco: These are the two most common and confounding factors for all head and neck cancer including tonsil cancer. Alcohol and smoking work in synergy to cause cancer. […] Infection of human papillomavirus (HPV), is a risk factor for oropharyngeal cancers. […] Radiation exposure: History of prior radiation to the head and neck, for any condition or cancer, can be a risk factor. […] Underlying genetic disorders such as Fanconi anaemia etc.

• #46 What are the Causes and Risk Factors of Throat Cancer? | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/throat/throat-cancer-risk-factors-prevention

  Throat cancer (including cancers of the larynx and tonsils) can affect anyone. Major risk factors include infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV) as well as tobacco and alcohol use. […] HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer is the fastest-growing head and neck cancer in the United States. Your risk of developing HPV-positive throat cancer depends in part on the strain of HPV to which you were exposed. […] Tobacco use includes both smoking and smokeless tobacco (snuff and chewing tobacco). People who are exposed to secondhand smoke are also at a greater risk for throat cancer. […] Alcohol consumption is another major risk factor for throat cancer. […] People who chew betel quid or gutka, which is more common in parts of Asia, have an increased risk of throat cancer. […] Other factors that may put you at a greater risk for throat cancer include: a diet low in fruits and vegetables, a diet high in salt-cured fish and meat, a diagnosis of Plummer-Vinson syndrome, exposure to the Epstein-Barr virus, Asian ancestry, drinking yerba mate, a caffeinated drink from South America.

• #47 Tonsil Cancer – Symptoms, Causes, Treatments

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/cancer/tonsil-cancer

  Most tonsil cancers are squamous cell carcinomas, which arise in the lining tissues of the mouth, although it is possible for lymphoma (a type of immune system cancer) to develop in the tonsils. […] Smoking is the most common risk factor for squamous cell carcinomas of the tonsils. Alcohol is also a risk factor; the combination of smoking and alcohol use yields an even greater risk than using either substance alone. […] Although the specific cause of tonsil cancer is not known, several risk factors have been identified, including tobacco use, which is the strongest single risk factor for developing tonsil cancer, and alcohol use. Infection by human papilloma virus plays an important role in the development of genetic changes that initiate the development of cancer. […] A number of factors increase the risk of developing tonsil cancer. Not all people with risk factors will get tonsil cancer. Risk factors for tonsil cancer include: Age over 50 years, Alcohol abuse, Chewing betel quid (paan), a popular stimulant in Southeast Asia, Compromised immune system due to conditions such as HIV/AIDS, taking corticosteroids, or taking medications for organ transplant, Diets low in vegetables and fruits, Drinking mate, a tea-like stimulant popular in South America, Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection, Male gender, Smoking or use of other tobacco products.

• #48 Tonsil cancer: Symptoms, causes, and outlook

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/tonsil-cancer

  Tonsil cancer is a type of oropharyngeal cancer. These cancers affect the mouth and throat. […] Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) seems to increase the risk and affect the prognosis of tonsil cancer. […] According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the number of tonsil cancer cases appears to be rising, possibly due to an increase in HPV infections. […] Drinking alcohol, smoking, and having HPV appear to increase the risk. […] According to the American Head and Neck Society, risk factors include: Environmental factors: These include using tobacco products and having a high alcohol intake. […] Viruses: People with HPV or HIV may have a higher risk of tonsil cancer. […] In the past, people who received a tonsil cancer diagnosis tended to be male and over 50 years of age. However, the relationship between age and tonsil cancer can vary, based on HPV status. HPV-positive cancers tend to appear in people with the infection who are younger and do not smoke.

• #49 12 things to know about tonsil cancer  | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/q-a–what-you-should.h00-158512467.html

  Yes. Even if youve had a tonsillectomy (a procedure in which the palatine tonsils are surgically removed), you can still get tonsil cancer (also called oropharyngeal cancer). Theres always a possibility that some tonsil tissue was left behind. […] Historically, tonsil cancer was connected most often with tobacco and alcohol use. But the rates of tonsil cancer among those groups have either stabilized or decreased over time. […] Meanwhile, the number of tonsil cancer diagnoses among patients who dont smoke or drink is skyrocketing. Roughly 90% of those cases are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). The vast majority of those are squamous cell carcinomas. […] If you are diagnosed with tonsil cancer at a very early stage, its recurrence rate is very low. The same applies to tonsil cancer thats caused by HPV.

• #50 Tonsil Cancer: Symptoms, Treatment, and Prognosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/tonsil-cancer

  Tonsil cancer can develop even in people whove had their tonsils removed because a small piece of tonsil tissue may be left behind. […] In the past, the known risk factors for tonsil cancer were being older and using tobacco or alcohol. People who both smoke and drink heavily have double the chances of developing cancers in their throat. […] Recently more young people who dont smoke or drink are developing tonsil cancer, as well as other cancers in their throat or head and neck. The connection seems to be human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is a common virus associated with sexual contact. Tonsil cancer caused from HPV is a type of squamous cell carcinoma. […] As with all cancers, tonsil cancer results from a combination of factors, including your genetics, behavior, and environment.

• #51 Tonsil Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment Options

  https://www.metropolisindia.com/blog/preventive-healthcare/tonsil-cancer-symptoms-causes-treatment

  Gender: Men are more likely than women to develop tonsil cancer. […] Some other potential risk factors include a diet low in fruits and vegetables, poor oral hygiene, and a weakened immune system. […] While having one or more risk factors doesn’t mean you will definitely develop tonsil cancer, it’s important to be aware of them and take steps to reduce your risk where possible.

• #52 Tonsil Cancer | HEAL Medical | Oncology | Cancer Treatments

  https://www.heal-medical.com/en/our-services/tonsil-cancer/

  Tonsil cancer is a type of head and neck cancer which encompasses a wide variety of cancers that occur in the head and neck region, including areas such as the throat, salivary glands, tongue, nasopharynx, oral cavity, and tonsils. […] There are many contributing factors, including a correlation with unsafe sexual practices. […] The exact cause of tonsil cancer is not fully understood, but several risk factors are associated with its development: […] Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection: In particular, infection with HPV serotype 16 is closely linked to the development of tonsil cancer. […] It is more common in adults over the age of 40. […] Men have a higher risk of developing tonsil cancer compared to women. […] With the increasing prevalence of HPV infections, particularly HPV type 16, the incidence of tonsil cancer has risen globally in recent years, especially in developed countries. […] However, due to lifestyle changes (such as smoking and drinking) and the rise in HPV infection rates, the risk of this disease has increased in specific high-risk populations.

• #53 Causes of Throat, Mouth and other Cancers of the Head & Neck < Yale School of Medicine

  https://medicine.yale.edu/news-article/causes-of-throat-mouth-and-other-cancers-of-the-head-and-neck/

  The major risk factors are tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and HPV (human papillomavirus) infection. Tobacco and alcohol synergize to significantly increase cancer risk, meaning those with long-term use of alcohol and tobacco together, the risk increases significantly. Also, HPV-associated head and neck cancers are really on the rise. […] HPV association with these cancers has been recognized only in the last 20 to 30 years, which is not long for a disease. HPV-associated head and neck cancers have increased significantly about 200% in the last 20 years. The HPV vaccines have significantly reduced cervical cancers, so that HPV-associated head and neck cancers have surpassed cervical. Almost all are back-of-throat cancers – tonsils and base of the tongue.

• #54 What are the Causes and Risk Factors of Throat Cancer? | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/throat/throat-cancer-risk-factors-prevention

  Throat cancer (including cancers of the larynx and tonsils) can affect anyone. Major risk factors include infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV) as well as tobacco and alcohol use. […] HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer is the fastest-growing head and neck cancer in the United States. Your risk of developing HPV-positive throat cancer depends in part on the strain of HPV to which you were exposed. […] Tobacco use includes both smoking and smokeless tobacco (snuff and chewing tobacco). People who are exposed to secondhand smoke are also at a greater risk for throat cancer. […] Alcohol consumption is another major risk factor for throat cancer. […] People who chew betel quid or gutka, which is more common in parts of Asia, have an increased risk of throat cancer. […] Other factors that may put you at a greater risk for throat cancer include: a diet low in fruits and vegetables, a diet high in salt-cured fish and meat, a diagnosis of Plummer-Vinson syndrome, exposure to the Epstein-Barr virus, Asian ancestry, drinking yerba mate, a caffeinated drink from South America.

• #55 Throat cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/throat-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20366462

  Throat cancer occurs when cells in your throat develop genetic mutations. These mutations cause cells to grow uncontrollably and continue living after healthy cells would normally die. The accumulating cells can form a tumor in your throat. […] It’s not clear what causes the mutation that causes throat cancer. But doctors have identified factors that may increase your risk. […] HPV increases the risk of cancer of the throat, soft palate, tonsils and back of the tongue. […] Human papillomavirus, also called HPV, is a common infection that’s passed through sexual contact. It increases the risk of certain types of throat cancer. HPV has been linked to cancer that affects the soft palate, tonsils, back of the tongue, and the side and back wall of the throat. […] Factors that can increase your risk of throat cancer include: Tobacco use, including smoking and chewing tobacco, Excessive alcohol use, Viral infections, including human papillomavirus (HPV) and Epstein-Barr virus, A diet lacking in fruits and vegetables, Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Exposure to toxic substances at work.

• #56 Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563268/

  Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, commonly known as throat cancer or tonsil cancer, is a type of head and neck cancer that refers to the cancer of the base and posterior one-third of the tongue, the tonsils, soft palate, and posterior and lateral pharyngeal walls. […] The etiology of oropharyngeal carcinoma is broadly categorized into HPV-associated and non-HPV-associated carcinomas. […] HPV-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma occurs in patients who have been infected with the human papillomavirus. Among the many types of human papillomavirus, HPV16 is the most common type found in oropharyngeal cancers. […] Oral sex and open-mouthed kissing are the most common reasons for oral HPV infection. […] On the other hand, smoking tobacco and alcohol consumption have been widely identified as the major risk factors for non-HPV-associated oropharyngeal carcinomas.

• #57 Oropharyngeal Cancer: Symptoms, Stages & Prognosis

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12180-oropharyngeal-cancer

  Tonsil cancer is the most common type of oropharyngeal cancer. […] Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common cause. HPV makes proteins that interfere with genes that manage the cells lining your mouth and throat, including how fast these cells grow. Oropharyngeal cancer happens when genes stop managing cell growth and cells grow uncontrollably and form tumors. […] Other causes include: Tobacco use, including smoking cigarettes and cigars and using chewing tobacco, damages the cells that line your throat. […] Drinking beverages containing alcohol may damage cells in your throat, affecting their ability to repair DNA. […] The most significant risk factor is being infected with HPV, particularly HPV type 16. Other risk factors include: A history of smoking cigarettes and using other forms of tobacco. Heavy consumption of beverages that contain alcohol. […] Smoking and drinking beverages containing alcohol increase your risk of developing a new or second cancer, or that oropharyngeal cancer will come back.

• #58 What Causes Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal (Throat) Cancers? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Doctors and scientists cant say for sure what causes each case of oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancer. But they do know many of the risk factors and how some of them may lead to cells becoming cancer. […] Scientists believe that some risk factors, such as tobacco or heavy alcohol use, may cause these cancers by damaging the DNA of cells that line the inside of the mouth and throat. […] Many of the chemicals found in tobacco can damage DNA directly. […] Certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections (mainly HPV16), are important causes of most oropharyngeal (middle throat) cancers. […] Some people inherit DNA mutations (changes) from their parents that increase their risk for developing certain cancers. But inherited gene mutations are not believed to cause very many cancers of the oral cavity or oropharynx. […] Acquired gene mutations are gene changes that usually happen during life, rather than being inherited. These gene mutations often result from exposure to cancer-causing chemicals, like those found in tobacco smoke.

• #59 Head and neck cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_and_neck_cancer

  The majority of head and neck cancer is caused by the use of alcohol or tobacco (including smokeless tobacco). An increasing number of cases are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). […] Alcohol and tobacco use are major risk factors for head and neck cancer. 72% of head and neck cancer cases are caused by using both alcohol and tobacco. This rises to 89% when looking specifically at laryngeal cancer. […] There is thought to be a dose-dependent relationship between alcohol use and development of head and neck cancer where higher rates of alcohol consumption contribute to an increased risk of developing head and neck cancer. […] Tobacco smoking is one of the main risk factors for head and neck cancer. Cigarette smokers have a lifetime increased risk for head and neck cancer that is 5 to 25 times higher than the general population.

• #60 Tonsil Cancer Awareness: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.aceneuroenthospital.com/tonsil-cancer-causes-symptoms-treatment/

  DNA mutations in healthy cells lead to cancerous growth. […] HPVs significant role, especially in younger patients, necessitates awareness of signs of tonsil cancer. […] Traditional risk factors include tobacco, alcohol use, and weakened immune systems. […] Smoking cessation significantly lowers risk. […] HPV prevention through vaccination is crucial, especially for those at risk of developing signs of tonsil cancer. […] Early-stage cancers, especially HPV-related, have high survival rates. […] Generally, tonsil cancer is not fatal if detected early through recognition of signs of tonsil cancer. […] Survival rates are favorable, particularly for HPV-related cases, but vary based on individual circumstances.

• #61 Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563268/

  Other less common risk factors include a diet low in vegetables and fruits, betel quid chewing, poor nutrition, marijuana smoking, asbestos exposure, and certain genetic mutations such as P53 mutation and CDKN2A (p16) mutations. […] The overall five-year survival rate in oropharyngeal carcinoma is around 60%. However, the prognosis varies depending on the etiology. In comparison to HPV-negative oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, HPV-positive oropharyngeal carcinoma shows a better prognosis and increased response to the treatment. The higher survival with HPV-associated cancer is because of favorable tumor biology and a healthier and younger patient population.

• #62 What is tonsil cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/head-neck-cancer/tonsil/about

  Cancer happens when abnormal cells start to divide and grow in an uncontrolled way. […] The main risk factors for tonsil cancer are smoking, drinking alcohol and infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV). […] The main risk factors for developing this type of cancer are smoking, regularly drinking a lot of alcohol, infection with a virus called human papilloma virus (HPV). […] Tonsil cancer is especially linked to type 16. […] Only a very small number of people with HPV develop tonsil cancer. […] The stage of tonsil cancer also depends on whether your cancer cells contain the HPV. […] Tonsil cancers that contain HPV tend to do better than tonsil cancers that don’t contain HPV.

• #63 Tonsil Cyst Vs. Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, And Treatment – Adoctor

  https://adoctor.org/health-wellness/telling-the-difference-between-tonsil-cysts-and-tonsil-cancer/

  Tonsil cancer is the most common type of mouth and throat cancer. The most common subtype is called squamous cell carcinoma. […] Tonsil cancer results from genetic mutations in the cells in your tonsils. […] Like all types of cancer, tonsil cancer results from genetic changes to your cells that cause them to replicate uncontrollably. These changes can arise due to genetic factors or damage to your cells that occur later in life. […] Risk factors for tonsil cancer include: smoking, alcohol overuse, HPV infection, a family history of oral cancer. […] Tonsil cancer may cause one side of your throat to look different than the other. You might notice swelling or red or white patches. […] Tonsil cancer in the early stages is contained to your tonsil and may not cause noticeable symptoms. Late stage cancer can spread to your lymph nodes and other tissues. […] The survival rate for tonsil cancer depends on whether you test positive for HPV. HPV tumors have a 5-year survival rate of about 71% compared with about 46% for HPV-negative tumors. […] Tonsil cancer often causes a persistent sore throat or a noticeable lump on one side of your throat.

• #64 Tonsil Cancer: Symptoms, Treatment, and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/all-about-cancer-of-the-tonsils-1191979

  Of these three sets of tonsils, the palatine tonsils are the most likely to become malignant (cancerous). […] Several risk factors can predispose a person to tonsil cancer, including alcohol use, smoking, and/or infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). […] The CDC estimates that 70% of cases of head and neck cancers are caused by HPV. It is believed that the virus is usually transmitted through unprotected oral sex. […] HPV-positive malignancies are much more responsive to treatment than other head and neck cancers.

• #65 12 things to know about tonsil cancer  | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/q-a–what-you-should.h00-158512467.html

  Yes. Even if youve had a tonsillectomy (a procedure in which the palatine tonsils are surgically removed), you can still get tonsil cancer (also called oropharyngeal cancer). Theres always a possibility that some tonsil tissue was left behind. […] Historically, tonsil cancer was connected most often with tobacco and alcohol use. But the rates of tonsil cancer among those groups have either stabilized or decreased over time. […] Meanwhile, the number of tonsil cancer diagnoses among patients who dont smoke or drink is skyrocketing. Roughly 90% of those cases are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). The vast majority of those are squamous cell carcinomas. […] If you are diagnosed with tonsil cancer at a very early stage, its recurrence rate is very low. The same applies to tonsil cancer thats caused by HPV.

• #66 What Is the Prognosis for Tonsil Cancer?

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/tonsil-cancer-prognosis

  There are a few key things that have an impact on your tonsil cancer prognosis, including your age and health, the stage of the cancer, and whether you have human papillomavirus (HPV) — an infection that’s passed through sex. […] One reason is that HPV is more common in young people. HPV raises your chances of getting a cancer of the mouth and throat. […] People with HPV-positive tonsil cancer have a better outlook and a higher chance of a cure than those with HPV-negative cancer. […] Smokers are more likely to get tonsil cancer, and to die from it, than nonsmokers. […] Your doctor will test you for HPV.

• #67 What is tonsil cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/head-neck-cancer/tonsil/about

  Cancer happens when abnormal cells start to divide and grow in an uncontrolled way. […] The main risk factors for tonsil cancer are smoking, drinking alcohol and infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV). […] The main risk factors for developing this type of cancer are smoking, regularly drinking a lot of alcohol, infection with a virus called human papilloma virus (HPV). […] Tonsil cancer is especially linked to type 16. […] Only a very small number of people with HPV develop tonsil cancer. […] The stage of tonsil cancer also depends on whether your cancer cells contain the HPV. […] Tonsil cancers that contain HPV tend to do better than tonsil cancers that don’t contain HPV.

• #68 Oropharyngeal Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention, and More

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/oral-head-neck-cancer/oropharyngeal-cancer/guide/

  According to Stat Pearls, people with oropharyngeal cancer that is HPV related generally have a better prognosis than those with oropharyngeal cancer that’s not related to HPV. This could be due to the tumor makeup or because many HPV-related cases are diagnosed in a younger, healthier population. […] Over the past 10 years, there’s been at least a four- to fivefold increase in the number of oropharyngeal cancer cases in the United States, says Mount Sinai. Researchers believe that this surge correlates to a rise in HPV cases. Yale Medicine reports that HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer has increased more than 200 percent since the 1980s.

• #69 Tonsil Cancer: Symptoms, HPV and Other Causes & Treatment

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/head-and-neck-cancer/types/tonsil-cancer

  Getting the HPV vaccine, quitting smoking and reducing excessive drinking are all steps that may help decrease the risk of developing tonsil cancer. […] Cancers linked to an HPV infection have better outcomes than those not linked to an infection. Those not linked to HPV are more likely to appear in older male smokers with other illnesses, which may be why they have a worse survival rate.

• #70 Tonsil Cancer: Symptoms, HPV and Other Causes & Treatment

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/head-and-neck-cancer/types/tonsil-cancer

  Most people probably think of their tonsils only in the context of having them removed as a kid or having them swell up from a cold or flu. But cancer of the tonsils is one of the more common cancers that occur in the mouth and throat and its most often caused by a virus that may be prevented with a vaccine. […] A virus called the human papillomavirus (HPV) causes this cancer. However, tonsil cancer has also been linked to specific lifestyle factors. […] Risk factors for tonsil cancer include: Tobacco use, Alcohol consumption, HPV type 16 infection. […] Having several of these risk factors for example, smoking and drinking heavily further increases the risk of developing tonsil cancer. […] HPV is a common infection, but some types of the virus are more dangerous than others. Not all types of HPV cause cancer. Some types of HPV are called high-risk because they put those infected at high risk of developing tumors. Infection with these high-risk strains (including type 16, which is associated with tonsil cancer) is preventable with the HPV vaccine.

• #71 Tonsil Cancer Awareness: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.aceneuroenthospital.com/tonsil-cancer-causes-symptoms-treatment/

  DNA mutations in healthy cells lead to cancerous growth. […] HPVs significant role, especially in younger patients, necessitates awareness of signs of tonsil cancer. […] Traditional risk factors include tobacco, alcohol use, and weakened immune systems. […] Smoking cessation significantly lowers risk. […] HPV prevention through vaccination is crucial, especially for those at risk of developing signs of tonsil cancer. […] Early-stage cancers, especially HPV-related, have high survival rates. […] Generally, tonsil cancer is not fatal if detected early through recognition of signs of tonsil cancer. […] Survival rates are favorable, particularly for HPV-related cases, but vary based on individual circumstances.

• #72 Tonsil Cancer: Symptoms, HPV and Other Causes & Treatment

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/head-and-neck-cancer/types/tonsil-cancer

  Getting the HPV vaccine, quitting smoking and reducing excessive drinking are all steps that may help decrease the risk of developing tonsil cancer. […] Cancers linked to an HPV infection have better outcomes than those not linked to an infection. Those not linked to HPV are more likely to appear in older male smokers with other illnesses, which may be why they have a worse survival rate.

• #73 Throat cancer | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/throat-cancer

  Smoking or chewing tobacco, and drinking alcohol puts you at higher risk of throat cancer. […] Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a risk factor for certain throat cancers. […] Oropharyngeal cancer is on the rise in Victoria 70% of oropharyngeal cancers are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), the same virus that causes cervical cancer. […] Throat cancer risk factors include: smoking or chewing tobacco, heavy alcohol consumption, human papillomavirus (HPV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) the virus that causes glandular fever, family history of cancer (a genetic predisposition), poor diet, chronic goitre (enlargement of the thyroid gland), radiation exposure, being overweight or obese. […] Smoking and drinking alcohol are major risk factors for throat cancer. Using tobacco (including smoking cigarettes or cigars), exposes your mouth to cancer-causing substances (known as carcinogens). […] The human papillomavirus (HPV) the same virus that causes cervical cancer causes 70% of oropharyngeal cancers. […] Following this advice doesnt mean that you will never get throat cancer, but it can reduce your risk, and has other health benefits too.

• #74 Tonsil Cancer Awareness: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.aceneuroenthospital.com/tonsil-cancer-causes-symptoms-treatment/

  Tonsil cancer, a significant type of oropharyngeal cancer, is becoming increasingly prevalent and warrants heightened awareness. […] By understanding these critical aspects, particularly signs of tonsil cancer, individuals can be better equipped to recognize early signs and seek timely medical intervention. […] Tonsil cancer originates from abnormal cell growth in the tonsils, part of the immune system. […] A notable increase in cases due to HPV, heightens the need for recognition of signs of tonsil cancer. […] Tonsil cancers link to HPV leads to an increased incidence in younger populations, emphasizing early detection of signs of tonsil cancer. […] Symptoms are often subtle initially and can escalate to noticeable tonsil cancer symptoms like persistent neck lumps, mouth sores, and bloody saliva.

• #75

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00405-024-08830-7

  To explore the prevalence of synchronous and metachronous tonsillar cancer in patients with base of tongue cancer, as well as identifying potential risk factors linked to these secondary malignancies. […] Among 198 patients with base of tongue cancer, 5.6% had a history of tonsillar cancer, either prior to (4.5%), synchronous (0.5%), or metachronous (0.5%) to the base of tongue diagnosis. […] The prevalence of synchronous or metachronous tonsillar cancer among patients without previous bilateral tonsillectomy was 1.2%. […] Our findings deepen understanding of tonsillar cancer in patients with base of tongue cancer. The prevalence of synchronous or metachronous tonsillar cancer was found to be relatively low, suggesting that routine tonsillectomy for all base of tongue cancer patients is not warranted.

• #76

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00405-024-08830-7

  The risk of developing a second primary malignancy is increased in patients with head and neck cancer. […] It is important to identify the risk profile linked to these secondary malignancies in patients with base of tongue cancer to enhance patient counselling, improve management, and better guidance in the planning of follow-up. […] We hypothesised that the frequency of tonsillar cancer would also be considerable among patients with base of tongue cancer. […] Our study found that 1.2% of patients with base of tongue cancer without previous tonsillectomy developed synchronous or metachronous tonsillar cancer, rising to 5.6% when including those with prior tonsillar cancer. Patients with both cancers (regardless of temporal relation) were older, had heavier smoking histories, and showed less frequent P16-overexpression. Based on our findings, we do not recommend tonsillectomy for all patients diagnosed with a base of tongue cancer.

• #77 Tonsil Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537238/

  Tonsil cancer is the most common form of oropharyngeal malignancy, and its incidence is sharply rising due to the increasing prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-induced cancers. […] Traditionally, oropharyngeal and tonsil cancers were attributed to smoking and alcohol misuse, with the former remaining an independent indicator of poor prognosis. In more recent years; however, there has been a sharp increase in the number of cases occurring secondary to HPV, with up to 93% of new oropharyngeal cancers in Western Europe showing HPV positivity. […] Additionally, there is a growing body of evidence to suggest having a spouse with HPV-related cancer can result in a slight increase in the likelihood of developing oropharyngeal and anogenital cancers.

• #78 Tonsil Cancer | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/throat/types-throat/tonsil

  Tonsil cancer is a form of oropharyngeal cancer that occurs when the cells that make up the tonsils grow out of control and form lesions or tumors. […] Tonsil cancer is becoming increasingly common in the United States. It is often caused by past infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV). […] The main cause of tonsil cancer in the United States is prior infection with HPV. Smoking and chewing tobacco as well as heavy alcohol use are also common risk factors for tonsil cancer.

• #79 Oropharyngeal Cancer – Head and Neck Cancer Australia

  https://www.headandneckcancer.org.au/types-of-head-neck-cancer/tonsil-cancer/

  The main causes of Oropharyngeal Cancer are: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection (especially HPV types 16 and 18) We now know HPV causes many oropharyngeal cancers. […] Smoking (cigarettes, cigars or pipes) or using smokeless tobacco (snuff and chewing tobacco) If a person smokes or has smoked in the past, they have a higher risk of getting oropharyngal cancer than someone who does not smoke. […] Drinking alcohol If a person drinks a lot of alcohol over many years, they have a higher risk of getting oropharyngeal cancer, especially combined with smoking.

• #80 Throat Cancer | Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/throat-cancer

  Risk factors for throat cancers include: […] Around 60% of pharyngeal and laryngeal cancers in Australia are caused by smoking; around 30% are caused by excess alcohol consumption. So quitting smoking and moderating alcohol consumption will significantly reduce your risk of developing throat cancer.

• #81 What men need to know about HPV-related throat cancer | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/publications/focused-on-health/what-men-need-to-know-about-hpv-related-throat-cancer.h12-1593780.html

  HPV-related throat cancer is on the rise, and the typical patient is a male in his 50s or 60s. […] The reason: human papillomavirus (HPV). […] Experts are not sure why HPV-related throat cancer mostly strikes white males who don’t smoke. […] The HPV virus spreads to the oropharynx through oral sex or intimate kissing. […] The virus can lay dormant in cells for years if the body doesn’t clear it. In some cases, it causes cancer. […] In addition to throat cancer, HPV can cause genital warts as well as a number of cancers in both men and women, including anal, cervical, penile, vaginal and vulvar. […] Nearly every male and female will be infected with HPV in their lifetime. Most people clear the virus within a couple of years and never know they had it.

• #82 Causes of head and neck cancer – Oracle Head and Neck Cancer UK

  https://oraclehnc.org.uk/head-and-neck-cancer/causes

  People over the age of 40 are at higher risk for head and neck cancer. […] Inhaling asbestos, wood dust, paint fumes, and certain chemicals may increase a persons risk of head and neck cancer, particularly Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer. […] A diet low in vitamins A and B can raise a persons risk of head and neck cancer. […] Research suggests that people who have used marijuana may be at higher risk for head and neck cancer. […] A weakened immune system can raise a persons risk of head and neck cancer. […] Exposure to radiation is associated with salivary gland cancer. […] People who have had 1 head and neck cancer have a higher chance of developing another head and neck cancer in the future.

• #83 Tonsil Cyst Vs. Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, And Treatment – Adoctor

  https://adoctor.org/health-wellness/telling-the-difference-between-tonsil-cysts-and-tonsil-cancer/

  Tonsil cancer is the most common type of mouth and throat cancer. The most common subtype is called squamous cell carcinoma. […] Tonsil cancer results from genetic mutations in the cells in your tonsils. […] Like all types of cancer, tonsil cancer results from genetic changes to your cells that cause them to replicate uncontrollably. These changes can arise due to genetic factors or damage to your cells that occur later in life. […] Risk factors for tonsil cancer include: smoking, alcohol overuse, HPV infection, a family history of oral cancer. […] Tonsil cancer may cause one side of your throat to look different than the other. You might notice swelling or red or white patches. […] Tonsil cancer in the early stages is contained to your tonsil and may not cause noticeable symptoms. Late stage cancer can spread to your lymph nodes and other tissues. […] The survival rate for tonsil cancer depends on whether you test positive for HPV. HPV tumors have a 5-year survival rate of about 71% compared with about 46% for HPV-negative tumors. […] Tonsil cancer often causes a persistent sore throat or a noticeable lump on one side of your throat.

• #84 What causes throat cancer? – AnswerCast

  https://answercast.com/explore/what-causes-throat-cancer

  Professor Christopher Nutting lists some of the causes of throat cancer, including a history of heavy smoking or alcohol use in the past. […] There is a separate group of mostly younger patients with a better prognosis whose tumours are caused by an infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV). […] In some patients who have a history of heavy smoking or alcohol use in the past then that’s the most common cause. […] There is a separate group of mostly younger patients with a better prognosis whose tumours are caused by an infection with the human papillomavirus. […] This is a very common virus which has infected most adults, but then a very small proportion this can 20 or 30 years after the initial infection propose the development of a cancer later on.

• #85 Oropharyngeal Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention, and More

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/oral-head-neck-cancer/oropharyngeal-cancer/guide/

  According to Stat Pearls, people with oropharyngeal cancer that is HPV related generally have a better prognosis than those with oropharyngeal cancer that’s not related to HPV. This could be due to the tumor makeup or because many HPV-related cases are diagnosed in a younger, healthier population. […] Over the past 10 years, there’s been at least a four- to fivefold increase in the number of oropharyngeal cancer cases in the United States, says Mount Sinai. Researchers believe that this surge correlates to a rise in HPV cases. Yale Medicine reports that HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer has increased more than 200 percent since the 1980s.

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