Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Tonsil Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537238/

  Tonsil cancer is the most common form of oropharyngeal malignancy, and its incidence is sharply rising due to the increasing prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-induced cancers. […] Large epidemiological studies have shown tonsils are the most common site of oropharyngeal cancer, compromising 23.1% of all malignancies in this anatomical region, with an overall incidence rate of 8.4 cases per 100,000. […] Of concern, the rate of tonsil and oropharyngeal cancers has increased dramatically in the last 40 years. This significant rise has been attributed to the „viral epidemic” of HPV, with western countries seeing an increase in the proportion of HPV-associated cancers from 42.5% before 2000 to 72.2% between 2005 and 2009. […] The 2016 eight edition splits oropharyngeal cancer into p16 positive and negative cancers to reflect the current understanding of the influence of HPV and p16 on the prognosis and management. […] Prognosis of tonsil cancer is dependent on the HPV status of the tumor, with HPV positive tumors showing a 5-year overall survival of 71% compared to 46% in HPV negative disease in one study.

• #2 Mouth Cancer Facts | Mouth Cancer Foundation

  https://www.mouthcancerfoundation.org/mouth-cancer-facts-and-figures/

  53% of mouth cancers appear on the tongue and tonsils. […] Nearly one-in-four (23%) of mouth cancers in the UK appear on the tonsil. […] The number of people losing their life to mouth cancer in the UK has increased by 46% in the last 10 years. […] The number of people losing their life to mouth cancer in the UK has increased by 14% in the last 5 years. […] The number of people losing their life to mouth cancer in the UK has increased by 5% in the last year.

• #3 Tonsil Cancer: Symptoms, Signs & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21931-tonsil-cancer

  Tonsil cancer is a type of oropharyngeal cancer. […] Tonsil cancer is the most common form of oropharyngeal cancer. […] The American Cancer Society (ACS) estimates that in 2024, more than 21,000 people in the U.S. will develop a type of oropharyngeal cancer, including tonsil cancer. […] Experts know that tonsil cancer develops when healthy cells mutate (change) and become cancerous cells. […] Recent research shows that having the human papillomavirus (HPV) increases your risk of developing tonsil cancer. […] Tonsil cancer can be aggressive, meaning it can spread (metastasize) very quickly from your tonsils to other areas of your body. […] Healthcare providers use cancer staging systems to develop treatment plans. […] Overall, 85% of people with tonsil cancer and HPV were alive five years after their diagnosis. […] Statistically, tonsil cancer isn’t likely to be fatal.

• #4 2023 Throat Cancer Statistics | Top 40 Key Facts

  https://www.asbestos.com/cancer/laryngeal/throat-cancer-statistics/

  Throat cancers affect the lives of thousands of Americans every year. Risk factors include smoking, heavy drinking, human papillomavirus (HPV) and exposure to carcinogens like asbestos. […] Throat cancers are fairly rare when compared to all cancer diagnoses. […] In 2021, cancer of the larynx represented 0.7% of all new cancer cases and 0.6% of all cancer deaths. […] An estimated 12,470 new cases of laryngeal cancer will be diagnosed in 2022. […] The country of Hungary has the highest oropharyngeal cancer rate in the world, more than twice the rate found in the U.S. […] Approximately 54,010 adults in America will be diagnosed with oral and oropharyngeal cancer, with men facing rates twice as high as women. […] Considered rare, laryngeal cancer is the 22nd most common cancer in America.

• #5 Tonsil Cancer – Symptoms of Tonsil Cancer

  https://encer.store/tonsil-cancer/?srsltid=AfmBOooiXGYcj1dy66PYoZjrdCEdyz0YMxCPXq8Vr615ZZ5yDWS2ET4m

  Tonsil cancer, a common form of oropharyngeal cancer, arises from the tonsils located at the back of the throat (pharynx). […] Although tonsil cancer is relatively rare, the American Cancer Society (ACS) projects that over 21,000 individuals in the U.S. will be diagnosed with oropharyngeal cancers in 2024. […] Survival rates for tonsil cancer are influenced by various factors, including HPV status. Approximately 85% of individuals diagnosed with HPV-positive tonsil cancer survive five years post-diagnosis.

• #6 HPV and the Changing Epidemiology of Head and Neck Cancer – Eye & Ear Foundation of Pittsburgh

  https://eyeandear.org/2023/08/hpv-and-the-changing-epidemiology-of-head-and-neck-cancer/

  HPV+ Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma has dramatically altered the epidemiology, demographics, and outcomes in head and neck cancer. […] An important paper published in 2011 in the Journal of Clinical Oncology found there was a 28% increase in all OPSCC, a 225% increase in HPV+ OPSCC, and a 50% decrease in HPV- OPSSC. […] Rates continue to increase and will likely increase by even more over the next 20 years until vaccination. […] HPV vaccination in eligible veterans is poor. […] HPV+ OPSCC has dramatically altered the epidemiology, demographics, and outcomes in HNC.

• #7 Incidence of tonsillar cancer in northern Sweden: Impact of human papilloma virus

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/ol.2015.3775

  The incidence rate of tonsillar cancer is increasing worldwide. […] The incidence of tonsillar cancer appears to have been increasing during recent years, despite a decline in smoking and alcohol consumption. […] The incidence of tonsillar cancer in the cohort demonstrated a 2fold increase between 1990 and 2013; specifically, a 2.7fold increase was observed in men whilst the female group exhibited only a small increase. […] The total age-standardized incidence of tonsillar cancer in northern Sweden doubled between 1990 and 2013, from 0.691.38 per 100,000 individuals. […] The present results revealed that 91% of the cases of tonsillar cancer were HPV-positive. […] The findings demonstrating no recent change in the incidence of tonsillar cancer in women in this region may be an indication of the differences in HPV exposure and susceptibility between sparsely populated and densely populated areas.

• #8 Oral Cavity & Oropharyngeal Cancer Key Statistics 2021 | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-cancer/about/key-statistics.html

  About 59,660 new cases of oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancer. […] About 12,770 deaths from oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancer. […] Oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers occur most often in the following sites: The tonsils and oropharynx (the part of the throat behind the mouth). […] These cancers are more than twice as common in men as in women. […] Since the mid-2000s, incidence rates have increased by about 1% per year, mostly because of a rise in cancers linked with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. […] The death rate for cancers of the mouth and throat increased by 0.7% per year from 2009 through 2022, after decades of decline. This is mainly because of an increase in oropharyngeal cancer mortality of almost 2% per year during that time.

• #9 Head and neck cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_and_neck_cancer

  This increase since the 1970s has mostly affected wealthier nations and male populations. […] More than 70% of throat cancers are at an advanced stage when discovered. […] Men are 89% more likely than women to be diagnosed with these cancers and are almost twice as likely to die of them. […] African Americans are disproportionately affected by head and neck cancer, with younger ages of incidence, increased mortality, and more advanced disease at presentation.

• #9 Head and neck cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_and_neck_cancer

  Globally, head and neck cancer accounts for 650,000 new cases of cancer and 330,000 deaths annually on average. In 2018, it was the seventh most common cancer worldwide, with 890,000 new cases documented and 450,000 people dying from the disease. […] The risk of developing head and neck cancer increases with age, especially after 50 years. Most people who do so are between 50 and 70 years old. […] In the United States, head and neck cancer makes up 3% of all cancer cases (averaging 53,000 new diagnoses per year) and 1.5% of cancer deaths. […] Notably, head and neck cancer secondary to chronic alcohol or tobacco use has been steadily declining as less of the population chronically smokes tobacco. […] However, HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer is rising, particularly in younger people in westernized nations, which is thought to be reflective of changes in oral sexual practices, specifically with regard to the number of oral sexual partners.

• #10 Human Papillomavirus-Associated Oropharyngeal Cancer: Global Epidemiology and Public Policy Implications

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/15/16/4080

  With the growing epidemic of HPV-associated OPSCC globally, there is an opportunity to expand the current coverage of gender-neutral HPV vaccinations. […] HPV vaccination is the best preventative approach but requires strategic implementation prior to sexual debut and exposure to sexually transmitted HPV to be most effective. […] The incidence of HPV-associated OPSCC varies both regionally and between sexes. […] The North American region has the highest incidences of HPV-associated OPSCC in the world. […] The ASIR is estimated to be 3.41 per 100,000 in males and 0.71 in females, with an estimated 63% AF. […] The prevalence of HPV among OPSCC is an estimated 66.3% in the United States; these trends have additionally been increasing. […] The population-level incidence of HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancers increased by 225% from 1988 to 2004.

• #10 Human Papillomavirus-Associated Oropharyngeal Cancer: Global Epidemiology and Public Policy Implications

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/15/16/4080

  The number of cases of human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated oropharyngeal cancers has surpassed that of cervical cancer in high-income countries such as the United States. […] Across the globe, an estimated 30% of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCC), which primarily involve the tonsils and the base of the tongue, are driven by HPV, with HPV16 being the most common subtype associated with malignancy. […] Multiple studies have shown regional and sex-based variations in incidence of HPV-associated OPSCC, with the highest incidences in North America, Europe, and Oceania. […] Although the majority of studies suggest that HPV-associated OPSCC affects younger age groups, studies have also noted a rise in HPV-associated OPSCC among the elderly population over 70 years of age in countries such as the United States.

• #10 Human Papillomavirus-Associated Oropharyngeal Cancer: Global Epidemiology and Public Policy Implications

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/15/16/4080

  The proportion of tonsillar cancers that were HPV-positive substantially increased from 25% in 1993–1999 to 62% in 2006–2011. […] The ASIR of HPV-associated OPSCC in Europe is an estimated 1.72 per 100,000 population among males and 0.41 among females. […] An estimated 41.9% of all OPSCC cases in Europe are thought to be driven by HPV. […] The ASIR of HPV-associated OPSCC is on the lower side regionally at 0.49 per 100,000 population in males and 0.10 in females. […] The estimated regional ASIR is 0.44 per 100,000 population for males and 0.10 for females in Africa. […] In Latin America, the ASIR per 100,000 population for males is 0.33 compared to 0.07 for females, the lowest compared to other regions. […] HPV vaccinations are the primary mode of prevention for HPV-associated OPSCC, and there exist gaps in the coverage and gender neutrality of HPV vaccination policies.

• #11 HPV and Throat/Oral Cancer FAQs | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/locations/head-neck-institute/cancer/oral/hpv-faqs

  What is the long-term prognosis for people with HPV-positive throat cancer?While the prevalence of throat cancer derived from HPV is steadily increasing, data suggest that it is easily treated. […] Patients with HPV-positive throat cancer have a disease-free survival rate of 85-90 percent over five years. […] Do men or women get this more frequently?Cases of this cancer are much more frequent in men. […] The average age of a patient with this is 40-55, a decade younger than the traditional “smoker/drinker” patient with throat cancer. […] What new research is ongoing to better understand and prevent HPV-positive throat cancer?The Mount Sinai Health System is studying the immune response to the virus and transmission through the HOTSPOT study and the Immune Monitoring Study. […] We are opening two trials, the Quarterback Trial (for patients with advanced oropharynx cancer, to study how to reduce radiotherapy for patients) and the SIRS trials (to investigate whether radiotherapy is necessary after surgery for early oropharynx cancers).

• #12 Incidence of oropharyngeal cancer on the rise – Oral Cancer News

  https://oralcancernews.org/wp/incidence-of-oropharyngeal-cancer-on-the-rise/

  NCI scientists report that the incidence of oropharyngeal cancer significantly increased during the period 1983-2002 among people in countries that are economically developed. […] Recent studies from several countries have reported rising incidence of oropharyngeal cancers and subsequent studies have shown the human papilloma virus (HPV) as the potential cause. […] Chaturvedi and his collaborators at Ohio State University and the International Agency for Research on Cancer evaluated incidence trends for oropharyngeal and oral cavity cancers. Their analysis was based on cancer registry data from more than 180,000 patients in 23 countries. They found that oropharyngeal cancer incidence increased overall among both women and men from 1983 to 2002, almost exclusively in economically developed countries. […] Researchers note that prophylactic HPV vaccine has been shown to protect against oral HPV infection, suggesting an additional benefit of vaccination programs for both women and men.

• #13 Racial/ethnic disparities in HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer outcomes among males in the United States: a national cohort study – Villalona – Annals of Cancer Epidemiology

  https://ace.amegroups.org/article/view/6986/html

  Little is known regarding differences in male human papillomavirus (HPV)-related oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) incidence and outcomes by race/ethnicity. We evaluated age-adjusted incidence trends, late-stage diagnosis, survival, and cancer-specific mortality (CSM) among males diagnosed with HPV-related OPC. […] The majority of the 162,183 HPV-related OPCs were in non-Hispanic (NH) White males (84.2%), with 50% increase in late-stage cancer incidence among White males from 2005 to 2016. […] NH White males are disproportionately affected by late-stage HPV-related OPC, while Hispanic and NH Black males have higher CSM that was not explained by stage or treatment modality. Interventions to increase HPV vaccine uptake, early detection, and treatment of OPC in males are needed to decrease disparities in incidence and mortality.

• #13 Racial/ethnic disparities in HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer outcomes among males in the United States: a national cohort study – Villalona – Annals of Cancer Epidemiology

  https://ace.amegroups.org/article/view/6986/html

  In multivariable analyses adjusting for all covariates except treatment modality, NH Black and Hispanic males, age over 54 years, all insurances other than private, residence in counties with higher poverty, and living in the Northeast were associated with higher mortality. Adjusting further for treatment modality attenuated, but did not eliminate, the higher mortality in Hispanic and NH Black males.

• #14 HPV-Related Throat Cancer Outcomes in Men Vary by Race, Ethnicity – Southern Iowa Mental Health Center

  https://simhcottumwa.org/hpv-related-throat-cancer-outcomes-in-men-vary-by-race-ethnicity/

  FRIDAY, July 15, 2022 (HealthDay News) — Non-Hispanic White men are disproportionately affected by late-stage human papillomavirus (HPV)-related oropharyngeal cancer (OPC), but cancer-specific mortality (CSM) is elevated among Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black men, according to a study published online July 1 in the Annals of Cancer Epidemiology. […] The researchers found that 84.2 percent of the 162,183 HPV-related OPCs were in non-Hispanic White men; from 2005 to 2016, there was a 50 percent increase in late-stage cancer incidence among White men. Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black men had similar odds of late-stage diagnosis as White men, but they had higher CSM (adjusted hazard ratios, 1.17 and 1.79, respectively). The higher mortality among Hispanic and Black men was attenuated, but not eliminated, after adjustment for treatment.

• #15 Head and Neck Squamous Cell Cancer: Approach to Staging and Surveillance | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-38490-6_17

  One pathologic tumor type, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), accounts for the majority of all head and neck (HN) cancers yet is a heterogeneous malignancy. […] Paralleling the declining trend of smoking over the last 30 years has been an overall decline in the incidence of HN SCC, particularly in the oral cavity, larynx, and hypopharynx. Conversely, in the oropharynx there has been a rise in lingual and palatine tonsillar SCC, particularly in patients under the age of 60 years, who may have no or a limited history of tobacco and alcohol use. […] Currently in the USA about 70% of oropharyngeal tonsillar SCC are due to HPV. HPV-positive SCC is more responsive to chemoradiation than HPV-negative SCC, and patients have an overall better prognosis. […] Following treatment, both baseline and surveillance imaging requires careful evaluation to detect residual or recurrent SCC, treatment complications, and second primary neoplasms.

• #15 Head and Neck Squamous Cell Cancer: Approach to Staging and Surveillance | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-38490-6_17

  Following surgery, radiation, and/or chemotherapy, a post-treatment baseline imaging study should be obtained and should be evaluated with knowledge of the primary site and AJCC/UICC tumor stage, and the entire treatment plan. […] Recurrent SCC most often occurs during the first 2 years following treatment. The frequency of surveillance imaging during this time is variable and may be performed in 3-6 month intervals, depending on the initial tumor staging and histologic prognostic features and the ongoing clinical course and physical findings.

• #16 Oropharyngeal Cancer: What patients should know about in 2024

  https://oncodaily.com/oncolibrary/cancer-types/oropharyngeal-cancer-63810

  Oropharyngeal cancer is a type of head and neck cancer that affects the tissues in the throat, including the tonsils, base of the tongue, and soft palate. […] Oropharyngeal cancer is a relatively rare type of head and neck cancer, with an estimated 53,000 new cases diagnosed in the U.S. each year. However, its prevalence has been increasing in recent decades. […] The rising incidence of oropharyngeal cancer, particularly among men, is largely attributed to the increasing prevalence of HPV-related disease. […] HPV is found in about two-thirds of oropharyngeal cancers. […] The type of oropharyngeal cancer is determined by the specific cell of origin and helps guide treatment. Tonsil cancer is the most common subsite. […] HPV status is a key prognostic factor. […] HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancers have a better prognosis than HPV-negative cancers. […] Regular follow-up care with the multidisciplinary cancer team is essential to monitor for and manage any long-term or late effects of treatment.

• #17 Rutgers study finds racial disparities in HPV-related throat cancer mortality rates – WHYY

  https://whyy.org/articles/rutgers-study-hpv-related-throat-cancers-black-and-hispanic-men-health-disparities/

  Black and Hispanic men are dying at higher rates than white men from throat cancer caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), a new Rutgers University study finds, but researchers cant pinpoint the cause. […] The Rutgers study, which was published recently in the Annals of Cancer Epidemiology, analyzed data from the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries on 162,183 men diagnosed with HPV-associated cancers between 2005 to 2016. […] Last year in the U.S., more than 7,000 men died from cancers of the mouth and throat, and an estimated 38,800 men were diagnosed with the disease. The disease is more than twice as common in men as in women. […] While throat cancer was previously linked to tobacco and alcohol use, it is now HPV the most common sexually transmitted disease that is thought to cause 70% of oropharyngeal cancers in the United States, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

• #17 Rutgers study finds racial disparities in HPV-related throat cancer mortality rates – WHYY

  https://whyy.org/articles/rutgers-study-hpv-related-throat-cancers-black-and-hispanic-men-health-disparities/

  The reason for higher mortality rates in Black and Hispanic men remains a question, but Ferrante has one hypothesis. […] Other factors may include lower socioeconomic status, being referred to surgery less frequently, or receiving care at lower-quality hospitals. […] Dr. Schmalbach said that research is continuing to show that HPV patients are predominantly young. Most patients dont have a smoking or drinking history, and they often present with bulky lymph nodes as opposed to large tumors in the back of their throat. […] In 2020, the Food and Drug Administration approved the use of Gardasil 9, the HPV vaccine, to prevent cancers of the head and neck. The vaccine is currently recommended for males and females ages 9 to 45 years old.

• #18 HPV’s Connection to Head and Neck Cancers Determines the Present and Future of This Treatment Landscape

  https://www.targetedonc.com/view/hpv-s-connection-to-head-and-neck-cancers-determines-the-present-and-future-of-this-treatment-landscape

  These persistent infections are established by the virus escaping cell-cycle checkpoints through the mediated E6 and E7 degradation of p53 and Rb proteins that cause the infected cells to be terminally differentiated. […] While prevention remains an area of greater need for head and neck cancers, the field has advanced to better treat these patients, specifically those with HPV-positive head and neck cancer. […] Young also explained that the ability to do surveillance for some of these tumors with better imaging and bloodborne assays for tumor markers has impacted the ability to tailor treatment to patients. […] With this increase in surveillance, it has allowed for targeted treatments to find a role in the treatment landscape, but only as a secondary or tertiary treatment right now.

• #19 Human Papillomavirus Induced Adenocarcinoma of Tonsil: A Rare Entity

  https://www.scitechnol.com/peer-review/human-papillomavirus-induced-adenocarcinoma-of-tonsil-a-rare-entity-QEor.php?article_id=18720

  Oropharyngeal carcinoma or tonsil cancers are mainly squamous cell cancers. Smoking, alcohol consumption and Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection are leading causative factors Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OPSCC). […] Majority of tonsil cancer or oropharyngeal malignancy is Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC). […] Also, there has been a rise in the number of cases of tonsil cancer occurring secondary to the HPV infection. HPV 16 subtype has the greatest association with oropharyngeal cancers. […] HPV-positive patients are predominantly seen in younger population group and those who use less alcohol and tobacco. As a group, they respond favourably to radiotherapy or surgery when compared to HPV-negative cancers in terms of improved locoregional tumour control, disease-specific survival, and Overall Survival (OS).

• #19 Human Papillomavirus Induced Adenocarcinoma of Tonsil: A Rare Entity

  https://www.scitechnol.com/peer-review/human-papillomavirus-induced-adenocarcinoma-of-tonsil-a-rare-entity-QEor.php?article_id=18720

  Prognosis of HPV positive tonsil cancer showed a 5-year OS of 71% compared to 46% in HPV negative disease. […] Unfortunately, up to 66% of patients with head and neck cancers are diagnosed at advanced stages- III and IV with about 10% of patients presenting as distant metastases. […] Carcinoma of tonsil accounts for 10% of all head and neck cancers and local spread or neck node involvement are the usual mode of metastasis. […] Locally advanced oropharyngeal cancer or staged III and IV have high chances of recurrence and has poor prognosis. […] Platinum drugs regimens vis cisplatin and carboplatin or sometimes Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor [EGFR] antibody cetuximab with concurrent radiation is the standard of care for patients with good performance status in locally advanced oropharyngeal cancers.

• #20 Human papillomavirus and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: a 12-year retrospective review in a New South Wales tertiary referral centre – Taylor – Australian Journal of Otolaryngology

  https://www.theajo.com/article/view/4143/html

  The rates of HPV-positive disease increased similarly (r=0.923, P0.0001, m =2.730.36) also demonstrating a fall from 2013 to 2016. […] HPV-positive patients were more likely to be male, present earlier, with smaller primary tumour load and more extensive nodal metastasis compared to HPV-negative patients. […] Our survival analysis corroborates the important, previously documented finding that HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer represents a distinct and clinically relevant subgroup with better overall survival.

• #21 The Naked Truth about Tonsil Cancer | Froedtert & MCW

  https://www.froedtert.com/stories/reflections/naked-truth-about-tonsil-cancer

  Most truths are so naked that people feel sorry for them and cover them up, at least a little bit. […] Recent research has confirmed the shift in the dominant demographic for tonsil cancers from older, smoking men to younger, non-smoking men. […] Since the 1970s, the incidence of HPV-related cancer has increased by 53 percent. […] A study in the New England Journal of Medicine found that the greater the number of vaginal sex partners and the greater the number of oral sex partners, the greater the likelihood of developing one of these cancers. […] We hope that these kinds of infections and their associated cancers will be eliminated in future generations because of the HPV immunizations. […] We do know from the New England Journal of Medicine article that people who have had 25 vaginal or 5 oral partners had 3X the risk of developing one of these cancers than people who had 6 vaginal or no oral partners.

• #21 The Naked Truth about Tonsil Cancer | Froedtert & MCW

  https://www.froedtert.com/stories/reflections/naked-truth-about-tonsil-cancer

  In addition, patients who had a positive blood test demonstrating the L1 antigen of HPV-16 (a very sensitive test for prior HPV-16 infection) were 32X more likely to have one of these cancers than people who did not test positive. […] If a person is immunized before sexual exposure to HPV, the infection never happens and the genetic material is never incorporated.

• #22 HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer: epidemiology, molecular biology and clinical management | Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41571-022-00603-7

  Human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive (HPV+) oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) has one of the most rapidly increasing incidences of any cancer in high-income countries. […] The incidence of human papillomavirus-associated oropharyngeal cancer (HPV+ OPSCC) is expected to continue to rise over the coming decades until the benefits of gender-neutral prophylactic HPV vaccination begin to become manifest. […] The incidence of HPV+ OPSCC appears to be highest in high-income countries, although more epidemiological data are needed from low- and middle-income countries, in which HPV vaccination coverage remains low. […] The substantially better prognosis of patients with HPV+ OPSCC compared to those with HPV OPSCC has been recognized in the American Joint Committee on Cancer TNM8 staging guidelines, which recommend stratification by HPV status to improve staging.

• #22 HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer: epidemiology, molecular biology and clinical management | Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41571-022-00603-7

  Importantly, OPSCC is often detected at an advanced stage owing to a lack of symptoms in the early stages; therefore, a need exists to identify and validate possible diagnostic biomarkers to aid in earlier detection. […] Ultimately, a need exists for improved understanding of the molecular basis and clinical course of this disease to guide efforts towards early detection and precision care, and to improve patient outcomes.

• #23 Posttreatment surveillance of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/posttreatment-surveillance-of-squamous-cell-carcinoma-of-the-head-and-neck

  Regular posttreatment follow-up is an essential part of the care of patients who are treated for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. […] The goals of posttreatment surveillance are the early detection of locoregional recurrences, distant metastases, or second primary malignancies, and evaluation for and management of treatment-related complications. […] The rationale for surveillance is that early detection of either a recurrence or a second primary tumor allows for appropriate treatment and better functional and survival outcomes. […] However, controlled prospective data demonstrating a survival benefit for any follow-up strategy do not exist. […] Routine surveillance has been associated with a survival benefit in some observational studies when patients diagnosed at routine follow-up were compared with those who presented with symptoms. […] However, other studies have not observed a survival benefit from detecting asymptomatic recurrences. […] A randomized controlled trial of no meaningful follow-up versus surveillance after head and neck cancer treatment is impossible due to ethical considerations.

• #24 Oral Cavity and Pharynx Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/oralcav.html

  Oral cancer is more common in men than women, among those with a history of tobacco or heavy alcohol use, and individuals infected with human papillomavirus (HPV). […] For oral cancer, death rates are higher among males, particularly among non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White populations. […] The death rate was 2.7 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20192023 deaths, age-adjusted. […] Keeping track of new cases, deaths, and survival over time (trends) can help scientists understand whether progress is being made and where additional research is needed to address challenges, such as improving screening or finding better treatments. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new oral cavity and pharynx cancer cases have been rising on average 1.0% each year over 20132022. Age-adjusted death rates have been rising on average 0.8% each year over 20142023.

• #25 Surveillance of Tonsillar Cancer Incidence Rates in Minority Groups vs Non-Hispanic Whites in Large US Metropolitan Areas – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29595946/

  BACKGROUND: For oropharyngeal (OP) cancers at anatomical sites regarded as related to human papillomavirus (HPV), surveillance using population-based cancer registries has shown that age-standardized incidence rates are higher in US non-Hispanic whites (NHWs) vs minority groups. […] The overall rate (20032013) was higher for NHWs vs each minority group in almost all MSAs. […] Surveillance of OP carcinoma incidence by MSA appears justified, but should use databases that attempt to collect information on racial ethnic subgroups (eg, birthplace and/or ancestry for HWs).

• #26 Cancer Incidence – Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Registries Limited-Use – Catalog

  https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/cancer-incidence-surveillance-epidemiology-and-end-results-seer-registries-limited-use

  SEER Limited-Use cancer incidence data with associated population data. Geographic areas available are county and SEER registry. The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program of the National Cancer Institute collects and distributes high quality, comprehensive cancer data from a number of population-based cancer registries. […] The SEER Program is the only comprehensive source of population-based information in the United States that includes stage of cancer at the time of diagnosis and survival rates within each stage.

• #27 Cancers Linked With HPV Each Year | Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/hpv/cases.html

  Cervical cancer is the most common HPV-associated cancer among women, and oropharyngeal cancers (cancers of the back of the throat, including the base of the tongue and tonsils) are the most common among men. […] An HPV-associated cancer is a specific cellular type of cancer that is diagnosed in a part of the body where HPV is often found. These parts of the body include the cervix, vagina, vulva, penis, anus, and oropharynx (back of the throat, including the base of the tongue and tonsils). […] HPV causes nearly all cervical cancers and many cancers of the vagina, vulva, penis, anus, rectum, and oropharynx. […] Data are from population-based cancer registries participating in CDC’s National Program of Cancer Registries (NPCR) and/or the National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program for 2017 to 2021, covering 98% of the United States population.

• #28 Krebs – Cancer of the oral cavity and throat

  https://www.krebsdaten.de/Krebs/EN/Content/Cancer_sites/Oral_cavity_and_throat_cancer/oral_cavity_and_throat_cancer_node.html

  The ZfKD regularly publishes reports on cancer epidemiology in Germany. […] Age-standardised incidence rates rose for both sexes between 1999 and 2011. Since 2011, the rates for women have remained nearly constant, and for men there has even been a decline. […] On average, women, at 62 percent, have higher relative 5-year survival rates than men, at 52 percent. […] The main risk factors for developing cancer of the oral cavity and throat are tobacco and alcohol consumption in all their forms. If both substances are consumed together, the effect is substantially increased. […] Another major risk factor is chronic infection with human papilloma viruses (HPV), especially with so-called high-risk viruses. HPV infections cause cancer of the throat (pharynx) in particular, but much less frequently in the oral cavity.

• #29 Head and neck cancer surveillance: A guide past the five-year mark

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2024/supplement-december/head-and-neck-cancer-surveillance

  Head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer worldwide, with 890,000 new cases in 2018. The incidence of HNSCC is expected to increase by 30% to 1.08 million new cases annually by 2030. Within Australia, head and neck cancer is the seventh most common cancer diagnosed. […] Current clinical practice defines the Australian head and neck oncology framework as a five-year follow-up period by surgical and oncological specialists following treatment. If there is no recurrence of malignancy or other acute clinical concern during this time, the patient is subsequently discharged into the care of their GP. […] Risk stratifying and effective counselling have vital roles within head and neck cancer surveillance. Smoking and alcohol are the leading risk factors for head and neck cancer (in particular those not caused by human papillomavirus [HPV]), and patients who continue to partake are at exceptionally high risk of developing recurrence or a second primary malignancy.

• #30 Oral Cancer: Epidemiology, Prevention, Early Detection, and Treatment | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/77956

  One of the most common types of cancer is head and neck cancer. Head and neck cancers are the sixth most common cancer worldwide and the most common cancer in developing countries. Oral cancer, which is a subset of head and neck cancers, refers to any cancerous growth in the oral cavity. Risk factors for oral cancer include age, malnutrition, genetic factors, family history, X-rays, papilloma virus, alcohol, smoking, tobacco, which three last are the strongest risk factors. The highest incidence of tobacco related oral cancer is seen in low and middle income countries. Screening programs can be valuable in patients from high-risk groups (smokers and alcoholics) or in patients with a previous diagnosis of cancer outside the head and neck. […] Oral cancer is a serious and growing problem in many countries. Epidemiological studies show that the incidence of oral cancer and its mortality varies in different parts of the world. In developing countries, oral cancer is the sixth cancer among men and the tenth cancer in women. Worldwide, more than 400,000 new cases of oral cancer are diagnosed each year, two-thirds of which occur in Asian countries such as Sri Lanka, Indonesia, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. In these high-risk countries, oral cancer is the most common malignancy, accounting for over 25% of all new cases of cancer each year. […] Screening programs can be valuable in patients from high-risk groups (smokers and alcoholics) or in patients with a previous diagnosis of cancer outside the head and neck.

• #31 Risk for Developing HPV-Related Throat Cancer Low | Johns Hopkins | Bloomberg School of Public Health

  https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2017/risk-for-developing-hpv-related-throat-cancer-low

  For most people these data should be very reassuring, as they show that their risk of oropharyngeal cancer is very low, DSouza says. […] Mass screening for oral HPV infection is not advisable, she adds, because existing tests, for example, of oral HPV 16 DNA, currently have more harms (from false positives) than benefits.

• #32

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/delivering-better-oral-health-an-evidence-based-toolkit-for-prevention/chapter-6-oral-cancer

  Oropharyngeal cancer incidence rates are rising rapidly in all 4 UK countries, with 2,977 people in England diagnosed with oropharyngeal cancer in 2016. In Wales, oropharyngeal cancer now exceeds oral cavity cancer rates, and has been reported as the fastest rising incidence of any cancer in Scotland. The risk of oropharyngeal cancer is more than 3 times higher among men than women, and over 3-fold higher among those from more deprived socioeconomic areas than less deprived areas. […] Survival rates are improving but remain poor overall. Just over half of all people (56%) diagnosed with mouth cancer between 2009 and 2013 in England survived for 5 years or more. The prognosis for oropharyngeal cancer is a little better, with 66% of people diagnosed with oropharyngeal cancer during 2009 to 2013 surviving for 5 years or more. Earlier detection can improve prognosis.

• #33 Particular HPV strain linked to improved prognosis for throat cancer – UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health

  https://sph.unc.edu/sph-news/particular-hpv-strain-linked-to-improved-prognosis-for-throat-cancer/

  When it comes to cancer-causing viruses such as human papillomavirus (HPV), researchers are continuing to find that infection with one strain may be better than another. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that more than 15,600 cases of HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer are diagnosed in the United States each year. […] Previous studies have shown that patients with HPV-linked oropharyngeal cancer have higher survival and lower recurrence rates compared to those with HPV-negative oropharyngeal cancer. […] Zevallos and his colleagues confirmed earlier findings that patients with oropharyngeal cancer tumors infected with HPV16 had improved overall survival. […] They found that 71.4 percent of patients with HPV16-linked oropharyngeal cancer lived at least five years.

• #33 Particular HPV strain linked to improved prognosis for throat cancer – UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health

  https://sph.unc.edu/sph-news/particular-hpv-strain-linked-to-improved-prognosis-for-throat-cancer/

  The finding that non-HPV16 types are closer to the HPV-negative group in terms of survival differences suggests that those patients should definitely not be considered for anything other than standard aggressive therapy. […] The researchers noted that additional research needs to be done in a larger sample size to rule out the possibility that characteristics other than HPV status are driving survival differences, and to clarify whether the patients found to have other HPV strains were not false-positives. […] They also cautioned, based on their findings, that a commonly used clinical test that measures for the presence of the p16 protein may not be specific enough to identify HPV-linked oropharyngeal cancer patients who are good candidates for treatment de-intensification. […] Zevallos said this is an important finding because patients whose cancer was not infected with HPV16 had a lower five-year survival rate, meaning they would not be good candidates for treatment de-escalation. […] Even though we rely almost exclusively around the country on p16 positivity as a surrogate for HPV16 presence, this sheds some light on the fact that we maybe should be considering HPV genotyping because of the survival differences we saw here.

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