Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Chronic Coughing: Possible Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Asthma Allergy Centers in Michigan

  https://www.asthmaallergycenters.com/education/chronic-cough/

  Chronic cough is usually defined as a cough that lasts for 6 to 8 weeks or longer. Most of the time, chronic cough has an underlying cause and needs to be evaluated. […] Causes of upper airway cough include: Gastroesophageal Reflux (GERD) or Laryngopharyngeal Reflux (LPR), Postnasal Drip Syndrome from Rhinitis and/or Sinusitis, ACE Inhibitors and Vocal Cord Dysfunction. […] Use of ACE inhibitors Medications known as angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, which are commonly used to treat high blood pressure, cause a chronic cough in up to 20% of patients. The cough is usually dry and hacking. Switching to another medication often improves the cough over the course of one to two weeks. […] Asthma is the second most frequent cause of chronic cough in adults and is the leading cause in children.

• #2 Chronic Cough – Lung Foundation Australia

  https://lungfoundation.com.au/lung-health/lung-disease/chronic-cough/

  A cough that lasts longer than four weeks is considered a chronic cough in children and should be investigated with a GP. […] A cough that lasts longer than eight weeks is considered a chronic cough in adults and should be investigated with a GP. […] It is estimated that approximately 10% of adults experience chronic cough globally. […] Chronic cough may be a sign of an underlying medical condition. It may be due to upper, middle or lower airway diseases or a condition unrelated to the lungs. […] Chronic respiratory disease is prevalent amongst Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children, particularly protracted bacterial bronchitis and bronchiectasis which typically present with chronic wet cough. […] This clinical guidance tool provides an overview of definitions, causes and risk factors and prevention of chronic cough in adults. […] This clinical guidance tool provides an overview of definitions, causes and risk factors and prevention of chronic cough in children.

• #3 Chronic Cough: Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/15048-chronic-cough-overview

  Chronic coughing can affect your life in negative ways that disrupt your daily routine. The most obvious is that you can become extremely tired because you can’t sleep (insomnia). Coughing nonstop can also make your muscles hurt and even break your ribs. […] Because chronic cough is a symptom of so many health conditions, total prevention may not be possible. However, there are certain things you can do to reduce your risk. For example: Quit smoking, or don’t start smoking, as this is the most common reason for chronic cough. Avoid contact with anyone you know who may have bronchitis or pneumonia. Eat fruit and foods that contain fiber. Research suggests that a combination of fiber and flavonoids found in fruit may prevent chronic cough.

• #4 Chronic Cough | Risk Factors, Causes, Symptoms, & Treatments

  https://www.nationaljewish.org/conditions/chronic-cough

  Prolonged non-productive cough, even when it is not a sign of serious underlying disease, may become an exhausting and debilitating process that aggravates the patient’s condition and can lead to social isolation. Therefore, a cough lasting longer than 6 weeks should be approached aggressively. […] Post-nasal drip, asthma and gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) – all manageable conditions – account for most of the cases of chronic cough. Unfortunately, many patients with chronic cough have experienced repeated treatment failure and have come to regard their condition as permanent and incurable. In most cases, this perception is incorrect. However, control of the cough in these patients requires experience, patience, and an interdisciplinary approach. […] Evaluation may include an examination of the vocal cords, chest and sinus X-rays, allergy skin tests, pulmonary function tests, bronchial challenge, and esophageal pH monitoring. These procedures identify the cause of cough in nearly all cases. Treatment of underlying conditions and breathing exercises generally result in therapeutic success.

• #5 What causes a chronic cough? – Duly Health and Care | Duly Health and Care

  https://www.dulyhealthandcare.com/health-topic/cant-stop-coughing-it-may-be-chronic-cough

  Chronic cough is usually defined as a cough that lasts for three weeks or longer. […] In almost all cases, an underlying cause for chronic cough can be found and treated. […] The most common causes of chronic cough are postnasal drip, asthma, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). These three causes are responsible for up to 90 percent of all cases of chronic cough. […] Postnasal drip is the most common cause of chronic cough. […] Asthma is generally reported to be the second most frequent cause of chronic cough in adults and is the leading cause in children. […] Gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD, is a disease in which acid from the stomach flows back (refluxes) into the tube connecting the stomach and the throat (the esophagus). The presence of this acidic material in the esophagus and/or its subsequent presence in the throat or even the lungs, can lead to chronic irritation and coughing. GERD is believed to be the third most common cause of chronic cough.

• #6 Chronic Cough: Practice Essentials, Mechanism of Cough, Causes of Chronic Cough

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1048560-overview

  The etiologies of chronic cough are numerous and may include pathology from the nose and nasopharynx to the distal bronchial tree. Obvious causes such as smoking and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor use can be easily ascertained from the history. After this, the challenge for the clinician lies in how to efficiently and systematically evaluate the patient without an overly exhaustive workup. Further compounding this is the fact that oftentimes more than one condition is simultaneously present. […] Prospective studies have shown that 3 conditions account for the etiologic cause of chronic cough in 92-100% of immunocompetent, nonsmoking patients with normal chest radiograph findings. In order of frequency, they are as follows: Upper airway cough syndrome (UACS), previously referred to as postnasal drip syndrome (PNDS); Asthma; Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). These 3 conditions make up what is called the pathogenic triad of chronic cough.

• #7 Chronic Cough: Practice Essentials, Mechanism of Cough, Causes of Chronic Cough

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1048560-overview

  A fourth etiology that deserves mention is nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis (NAEB), which is relatively common, easy to diagnose and treat, and should be considered early on in the diagnostic evaluation. […] Another way to categorize the etiologies is to draw a distinction between cough due to eosinophilic airway diseases (asthma and NAEB) and noneosinophilic chronic cough. Eosinophilic airway diseases have airway inflammation due to eosinophils, which can be diagnosed by raised induced sputum eosinophil counts and increased exhaled nitric oxide levels. They are also associated with good steroid responsiveness. […] The physician who focuses on diagnosing and treating these conditions can be very successful at treating chronic cough. […] NAEB has been implicated as an etiology of chronic cough in 13-33% of patients. It is characterized by eosinophilic infiltration of the bronchial tree as well as the absence of variable airflow obstruction and airway hyperresponsiveness. This disease is highly responsive to inhaled corticosteroids.

• #8 Evaluation of the Patient with Chronic Cough | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/1015/p887.html

  Initial evaluation of the patient with chronic cough (i.e., of more than eight weeks’ duration) should include a focused history and physical examination, and in most patients, chest radiography. […] The most common causes of chronic cough in adults are upper airway cough syndrome, asthma, and gastroesophageal reflux disease, alone or in combination. […] In children, a cough lasting longer than four weeks is considered chronic. The most common causes in children are respiratory tract infections, asthma, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. […] Most episodes of chronic cough in adults are caused by upper airway cough syndrome (UACS, also known as postnasal drip syndrome), asthma, or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), alone or in combination. […] Chronic cough has two or more causes in 18 to 62 percent of patients, and three causes in up to 42 percent of patients.

• #8 Evaluation of the Patient with Chronic Cough | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/1015/p887.html

  Chronic cough due to gastroesophageal reflux disease: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. […] ACE inhibitors cause a nonproductive cough in 5 to 20 percent of patients, affecting women more often than men. […] Nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis has been increasingly identified in patients presenting to pulmonary medicine clinics. […] Chronic bronchitis caused by exposure to cigarette smoke or other irritants is an important cause of chronic cough. […] A habitual cough is a diagnosis of exclusion. […] In children, a cough lasting longer than four weeks is considered chronic. The most common causes of chronic cough in children are asthma, respiratory tract infections, and GERD.

• #9 Chronic Cough Causes

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/Lung/Sx/ChrncCghCs.htm

  Chronic Cough Causes, Chronic Cough Causes in Adults […] Common (represents 90% of Chronic Cough Causes) […] Upper Airway Cough Syndrome or post nasal drainage (40%) […] Asthma (24%) […] Gastroesophageal Reflux (15%) […] Bronchitis or post-Bronchitic Cough (11%) […] Pertussis is responsible for 20% of severe cough in adults and teens 2 weeks presenting to ED […] Less Common Causes of Chronic Cough […] Bronchogenic Carcinoma […] Esophageal Cancer […] Bronchiectasis (4%) […] Chronic occupational inhalation Bronchial irritants […] Psychogenic cough (Habit Cough)

• #10 Chronic cough – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-cough/symptoms-causes/syc-20351575

  A chronic cough is more than just annoying. It can interrupt your sleep and leave you feeling very tired. The most common causes are tobacco use and asthma. Other common causes include fluid that drips from the nose down the back of the throat, called postnasal drip, and the backward flow of stomach acid into the tube that connects the throat to the stomach, called acid reflux. Fortunately, chronic cough usually goes away once the underlying issue is treated. […] Most cases of chronic cough are due to these causes, which can occur alone or together: Postnasal drip. When your nose or sinuses produce extra mucus, it can drip down the back of your throat and cause you to cough. This condition also is called upper airway cough syndrome. Asthma. An asthma-related cough may come and go with the seasons. It may appear after an upper respiratory tract infection. Or it can get worse when you’re exposed to cold air or certain chemicals or fragrances. In one type of asthma known as cough-variant asthma, a cough is the main symptom. Gastroesophageal reflux disease. In this common condition, also called GERD, stomach acid flows back into the tube that connects your stomach and throat. This tube is also known as your esophagus. The constant irritation can lead to chronic coughing. Then the coughing can make GERD worse, creating a vicious cycle. Infections. A cough can last long after other symptoms of pneumonia, flu, a cold or another infection of the upper respiratory tract have gone away. A common cause of a chronic cough in adults but one that often isn’t recognized is whooping cough, also known as pertussis. Chronic cough also can occur with fungal infections of the lung, as well as tuberculosis infection, also called TB, or lung infection with nontuberculous mycobacteria, also called NTM. NTM is found in soil, water and dust. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Also called COPD, this is a lifelong inflammatory lung disease that limits airflow from the lungs. COPD includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Chronic bronchitis can cause a cough that brings up colored sputum. Emphysema causes shortness of breath and damages the air sacs in the lungs, also known as alveoli. Most people with COPD are current or former smokers.

• #10 Chronic cough – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-cough/symptoms-causes/syc-20351575

  Less commonly, chronic cough may be caused by: Aspiration when food or other items are swallowed or inhaled and go into the lungs. Bronchiectasis widened and damaged airways that slowly lose the ability to clear out mucus. Bronchiolitis an infection that causes swelling, irritation and buildup of mucus in the small airways of the lung. Cystic fibrosis a genetic disorder that affects the lungs, digestive system and other organs. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis gradual damage and scarring of the lungs due to a cause that isn’t known. Lung cancer cancer that starts in the lungs, including non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer. Nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis when airways are inflamed but asthma is not the cause. Sarcoidosis groups of inflamed cells that form lumps or nodules in different parts of the body but most often in the lungs.

• #11 Patient education: Chronic cough in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/chronic-cough-in-adults-beyond-the-basics

  Coughing from time to time helps clear particles and secretions from the lungs and helps to prevent infection. However, sometimes a cough can become a chronic condition. A chronic cough is usually defined as a cough that lasts for eight weeks or longer. […] The most common causes of chronic cough are postnasal drip, asthma, and acid reflux from the stomach. These three causes account for up to 90 percent of all cases of chronic cough. Less common causes include infections, medications, and a variety of lung diseases. […] Postnasal drip occurs when secretions from the nose drip or flow into the back of the throat from the nose. These secretions can irritate the throat and trigger a cough. Postnasal drip can develop in people with allergies, colds, rhinitis, and sinusitis. […] Asthma is the second most frequent cause of chronic cough in adults and is the leading cause in children. In addition to coughing, you may also wheeze or feel short of breath. However, some people have a condition known as cough variant asthma, in which cough is the only symptom of asthma.

• #12 Here’s what may be causing your chronic cough | GoHealth Urgent Care

  https://www.gohealthuc.com/library/what-may-be-causing-your-chronic-cough

  A cough is a natural mechanism that protects the airway from allergens, infectious pathogens, and foreign objects. While coughing in response to these causes is normal and often short-lived, some patients experience a cough that becomes a chronic condition. […] A chronic cough is defined as a cough that lasts longer than eight weeks in an adult or four weeks in a child. Here are common conditions that can cause a persistent cough. […] Postnasal drip (PND) happens when excess mucus from the nose drips down the back of the throat. PND can cause a sore throat, persistent throat clearing, a raspy voice, and a chronic cough, as well as feeling a lump in the throat when swallowing. […] PND can be caused by allergies, upper respiratory infections, acid reflux, and cold, dry air. In addition to treating the underlying condition, PND often improves with decongestants, nasal steroid sprays, and sleeping with the head of the bed elevated.

• #12 Here’s what may be causing your chronic cough | GoHealth Urgent Care

  https://www.gohealthuc.com/library/what-may-be-causing-your-chronic-cough

  Atypical pneumonia is caused by pathogens that don’t have a cellular wall, so they cause symptoms that are more like viruses than bacteria. These pathogens cause a milder form of pneumonia than typical pneumonia-causing pathogens, making the symptoms less severe. Because of this, atypical pneumonia is often called “walking pneumonia” because most patients are still able to keep up with their usual activities. […] Atypical pneumonia symptoms include fatigue, sore throat, headache, low-grade fever, and a persistent cough. Antibiotics are the most common treatment for this infection. […] Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) are a class of medication most used to treat high blood pressure and heart failure. Up to 10% of patients who take this class of medication will develop a chronic cough that does not resolve until the patient is switched to a different class of medication.

• #12 Here’s what may be causing your chronic cough | GoHealth Urgent Care

  https://www.gohealthuc.com/library/what-may-be-causing-your-chronic-cough

  It’s not clear yet why ACE inhibitors cause a chronic cough. Research is ongoing to see if there’s a genetic component or if the medication causes structural changes in the airway. […] Lung disease can also cause a chronic cough. For this reason, imaging is often indicated for patients with a cough lasting more than a few weeks. The most common imaging is a chest X-ray. In addition to detecting infections, lung imaging can detect conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), fibrosis, scarring, and lung cancer. […] The quality of the air you breathe, particularly indoors, can cause a persistent, nagging cough. Environmental factors that can be the cause of a chronic cough include: Chemicals in household products, Dust, Mold, Pet dander and fur, Pollen, Smoke from fireplaces, Tobacco smoke.

• #13

  https://www.healio.com/news/pulmonology/20210208/cough-features-concomitant-symptoms-history-useful-to-determine-causes-of-chronic-cough

  Nocturnal cough alone was identified as a predictor of cough variant asthma (OR = 2.037; 95% CI, 1.003-4.139; specificity, 97.6%; sensitivity, 8.1%). […] Heartburn (OR = 2.671; 95% CI, 1.544-4.62), belching (OR = 2.536; 95% CI, 1.62-3.971) and acid regurgitation (OR = 2.043; 95% CI, 1.299-3.212) indicated gastroesophageal reflux-related cough (specificity, 85.5% to 94.9%; sensitivity, 22.8% to 40.7%). […] If a patient has reflux symptoms or cough after meals, gastroesophageal reflux-related cough should be considered. […] If a patient presents with postnasal dripping and/or rhinitis/sinusitis-related symptoms, the diagnosis of upper airway cough syndrome should be high on the differentials, the researchers concluded. These clinical features can be useful in indicating common causes of chronic cough and guiding empiric therapy.

• #14 Chronic Cough: Evaluation and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1101/p575.html

  Although chronic cough in adults (cough lasting longer than eight weeks) can be caused by many etiologies, four conditions account for most cases: upper airway cough syndrome, gastroesophageal reflux disease/laryngopharyngeal reflux disease, asthma, and nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis. […] Other potential causes include angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor use, environmental triggers, tobacco use, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and obstructive sleep apnea. […] The diagnostic approach should focus on detection and treatment of the four most common causes of chronic cough in adults: upper airway cough syndrome (UACS), asthma, nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)/laryngopharyngeal reflux disease. […] The prevalence of asthma in patients with chronic cough ranges from 24% to 29%.

• #14 Chronic Cough: Evaluation and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1101/p575.html

  COPD commonly causes chronic cough, but most patients presenting with chronic cough do not have undiagnosed COPD. […] Nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis is characterized by chronic cough in patients with no symptoms or objective evidence of variable airflow obstruction, normal airway responsiveness on a methacholine inhalation test, and sputum eosinophilia. […] The prevalence of GERD and laryngopharyngeal reflux disease as causative factors in chronic cough varies from 0% to 73%. […] ACE inhibitorrelated cough has been reported in 5% to 35% of patients and is more common in women. […] Patients with unexplained chronic cough after evaluation and treatment of common causes should be referred to a pulmonologist or otolaryngologist. […] Chronic cough in children younger than 15 years is defined as cough lasting more than four weeks. […] The most common causes of chronic cough in children six to 14 years of age are asthma, protracted bacterial bronchitis, and UACS.

• #15 Chronic Cough: Causes, Symptoms, and Effective Treatments

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/cough/chronic-cough-what-causes-it-how-to-treat-it/

  Asthma, allergies, sinus problems, acid reflux, and certain blood pressure medications are just a few triggers for a persistent cough. […] The top reasons are asthma, acid reflux, and sinus issues that cause postnasal drip, says Rachel Taliercio, DO, a pulmonologist at the Cleveland Clinic in Ohio. Long-term smoking and secondhand smoke can also cause a persistent cough (also called smokers cough), which is the bodys attempt to clear the airways of mucus and irritants caused by smoking. […] The top causes of chronic cough include asthma, acid reflux, sinus issues causing postnasal drip, long-term smoking, and secondhand smoke exposure. […] Postnasal drip, asthma, and acid reflux from the stomach are responsible for about 90 percent of all cases of chronic cough. […] Asthma is a frequent cause of chronic cough in adults and is the leading cause in children, says Taliercio.

• #15 Chronic Cough: Causes, Symptoms, and Effective Treatments

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/cough/chronic-cough-what-causes-it-how-to-treat-it/

  Gastroesophageal reflux and gastroesophageal reflux disease occur when acid from the stomach flows back into the esophagus, the tube connecting the stomach and the throat. […] Chronic bronchitis usually occurs with current or past smokers and is sometimes called smokers cough. […] Very few people with a chronic cough have lung cancer, but it can happen, and the risk is higher in current and past smokers. […] People who have had severe or recurrent respiratory infections can have damage to their airway walls and permanent dilation of the bronchi (the tubes that carry air from the windpipe to the lungs), called bronchiectasis. […] This is a habitual cough that continues even though the underlying cause appears to be gone. […] With this condition, excessive coughing is caused by relatively mild stimuli or irritants, says Taliercio.

• #16

  https://consensus.app/questions/chronic-cough-causes/

  Asthma, postnasal drip syndrome, and gastroesophageal reflux disease are responsible for 93.6% of chronic cough cases, and considering both pulmonary and extrapulmonary causes is crucial for effective treatment. […] Chronic cough in infants and children is most often caused by cough-variant asthma, followed by sinusitis, gastroesophageal reflux, aberrant innominate artery, psychogenic cough, and sub-glottic stenosis. […] Protracted bacterial bronchitis (PBB) is the second most common cause of chronic cough in children under 6 years of age, and its misdiagnosis can lead to complications like bronchiectasis.

• #17 What Causes a Chronic Cough? | Midwest Ear, Nose & Throat Specialists | Blog

  https://mwent.net/what-causes-a-chronic-cough/

  A chronic cough is defined as a cough that lasts eight weeks or longer in adults or four weeks or longer in children. […] Five Common Causes of a Chronic Cough […] Asthma. An asthma-related cough is often dry. It may worsen depending on the time of year and other factors like allergen exposure, stress, exercise or cold air. […] Chronic bronchitis. This long-term inflammation of the airways is common among smokers. The inflammation causes too much mucus production. […] Recent infection. Sometimes an upper respiratory infection can leave a lingering cough even after other symptoms have resolved. […] Postnasal drip. This condition is caused by excess mucus building up and dripping down the back of your throat. […] Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). GERD occurs when stomach acid flows up into your esophagus. This causes irritation and leads to symptoms like heartburn and can also cause coughing.

• #18 Patient education: Chronic cough in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/chronic-cough-in-adults-beyond-the-basics

  Gastroesophageal reflux, also known as acid reflux, occurs when acid from the stomach flows back (refluxes) into the esophagus, the tube connecting the stomach and the throat. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) refers to symptoms caused by acid reflux. Many people with cough due to acid reflux have heartburn or a sour taste in the mouth. However, some patients with GERD have cough as their only symptom. […] A number of other conditions can lead to chronic cough. These include: Respiratory tract infection — An upper respiratory infection such as a cold can cause a cough that lasts more than eight weeks. […] Medications known as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, which are commonly used to treat high blood pressure, cause a chronic cough in up to 20 percent of patients. […] Chronic bronchitis is a condition in which the airways are irritated, causing you to cough, sometimes raising phlegm.

• #19 That Nagging Cough – Harvard Health Publishing – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/that-nagging-cough

  Chronic coughing is common, so frequent that it rates as one of the most common reasons for seeing a doctor. […] Smoking is a leading cause. Sooner or later, most cigarette smokers develop a chronic „smoker’s cough.” […] Dozens of conditions can cause a recurrent, lingering cough, but the lion’s share are caused by just five: postnasal drip, asthma, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), chronic bronchitis, and treatment with ACE inhibitors, used for high blood pressure and heart failure. […] Postnasal drip is the leading cause of the lingering cough. But it’s far from the only cause. […] Asthma results from bronchospasm, the temporary, reversible narrowing of the medium-sized tubes that carry air into the lungs. […] Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) can cause coughing without heartburn.

• #19 That Nagging Cough – Harvard Health Publishing – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/that-nagging-cough

  Chronic bronchitis is persistent inflammation of the bronchial tubes causing airway narrowing and production of excess mucus. […] ACE inhibitors are favored by many doctors because they produce good results and have few side effects, with one exception — a persistent cough. It occurs in up to 10% of people taking an ACE inhibitor.

• #20 Chronic Cough – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430791/

  Chronic cough is a widespread yet underappreciated condition that imposes substantial illness on affected individuals. […] The most common etiologies of chronic cough involve a range of respiratory and nonrespiratory conditions. […] In asthma, cough can be the sole symptom, especially in patients with cough-variant asthma. […] NAEB is characterized by eosinophilic inflammation in the airways, similar to asthma. […] Chronic bronchitis, a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is characterized by persistent cough due to increased mucus production in the airways. […] Reflux-induced cough can occur through direct and indirect mechanisms. […] UACS is a significant contributor to chronic cough, comparable to other major causes, such as asthma and gastroesophageal reflux.

• #20 Chronic Cough – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430791/

  Cough is an adverse effect of some medications, particularly angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. […] Bronchiectasis accounts for 2% of patients with chronic cough but can be seen in up to 4% of those with excessive sputum production. […] Respiratory tract pathogens are a common cause of cough. […] Tumors in the respiratory system can irritate airways and lead to a persistent cough. […] Cough is a common symptom associated with ILD and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). […] A chronic cough with an unknown cause that does not respond to empirical treatment and is refractory can be considered idiopathic.

• #21 Patient education: Chronic cough in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/chronic-cough-in-adults-beyond-the-basics

  Treatment of chronic cough aims to eliminate the underlying cause. Most of the time, each type of treatment is tried separately, one after another, instead of all at the same time. […] A cough related to postnasal drip may improve with the use of a decongestant, nasal or oral antihistamine, nasal glucocorticoid, or a nasal spray that contains ipratropium. […] If your cough is due to asthma, you will be given the standard treatment for asthma, which includes an inhaled glucocorticoid such as fluticasone (Flovent), budesonide (Pulmicort), or beclomethasone (QVAR). […] Cough due to acid reflux may respond to the following lifestyle changes: Avoid substances that increase reflux, such as high-fat foods, chocolate, colas, red wine, acidic juices, and excessive alcohol. […] Eosinophilic bronchitis is treated with inhaled glucocorticoids. […] If, after a thorough evaluation, the cause of your cough cannot be determined and the cough persists, a medication that suppresses your cough may be recommended.

• #22 Chronic Cough: Symptoms, Causes, 5 Types & 5 Prevention Tips

  https://www.medicinenet.com/chronic_cough/article.htm

  Chronic cough is a cough that persists over time. Chronic cough is not a disease in itself, but rather a symptom of an underlying condition. […] Causes and risk factors for chronic cough include: smoking, chronic bronchitis, common colds, flu, emphysema, dry mouth, asthma, allergies, hay fever (allergic rhinitis), sinus problems and post-nasal drip, GERD, cystic fibrosis, whooping cough (pertussis), infections, medication side effects, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bronchiectasis, and lung cancer. […] Some common causes and risk factors for chronic cough include asthma, allergic rhinitis, sinus problems (for example sinus infection), esophageal reflux of stomach contents, medications such as ACE inhibitors, and whooping cough. […] Cigarette smoking is the most common cause of a constant, chronic cough.

• #23 Chronic Cough: 8 Causes, Treatment, and More

  https://www.health.com/condition/copd/8-causes-of-chronic-cough-and-what-to-do-about-it

  People who smoke often develop a cough. Your body’s natural response to get rid of chemicals that enter the airways and lungs from tobacco use causes coughing. […] Coughing is one of the most common symptoms of colds, flu, and other respiratory tract infections. […] Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors treat heart failure and high blood pressure. These medications often cause a persistent dry cough. […] Pertussis (whooping cough) is a highly contagious respiratory illness. Bacteria called Bordetella pertussis cause whooping cough. Common symptoms include a slight fever, runny nose, and violent cough that can make breathing hard.

• #24

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2016/09130/prevalence_of_chronic_cough_and_possible_causes_in.10.aspx

  We believe that our study have some merits and could contribute more to clinical practice. […] Our data showed not only a high prevalence of cigarette smoking (47.7%) in subjects with chronic cough, but also a strong impact of smoking (OR 3.16) on the prevalence of chronic cough independent of underlying diseases. […] In conclusion, GERD-related cough is not prevalent in Korean population, and more attention should be paid to smoking and COPD in subjects with chronic cough along with asthma or UACS.

• #25 What is Chronic Cough Syndrome?

  https://www.aaaai.org/tools-for-the-public/conditions-library/asthma/what-is-chronic-cough-syndrome

  Certain high blood pressure (hypertension) medications such as ACE inhibitors (for example, lisinopril) can cause chronic cough syndrome. […] Finally, if diagnostic testing and management of these common conditions are not helpful, many patients can benefit from therapies to help decrease throat sensitivity, known as cough hypersensitivity syndrome (e.g. habit cough), that can contribute to cough.

• #26 Overview of Chronic Cough

  https://www.ajmc.com/view/overview-of-chronic-cough

  There are 4 main CC phenotypes: cough-variant asthma, reflux cough, upper airway cough syndrome, and iatrogenic cough. Inflammation may be caused in the airways, as occurs in a quarter of people. This inflammation may occur through innate immune system stimulation instead of atopy. This phenotype is cough-variant asthma, atopic cough, or eosinophilic bronchitis. […] Another phenotype that is often overdiagnosed is reflux cough caused by acid and nonacid reflux. The diagnosis is typically dependent on symptoms. Gastric contents are able to move to the larynx and trachea because of an impaired lower esophageal sphincter, leading to symptoms including heartburn, chest pain, a sour taste in the mouth, and regurgitation. […] Iatrogenic cough is caused by several medications, including angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, bisphosphonates, or calcium channel antagonists. ACE inhibitor-induced cough may be caused by an accumulation of bradykinin and prostaglandins, which sensitize cough receptors.

• #26 Overview of Chronic Cough

  https://www.ajmc.com/view/overview-of-chronic-cough

  Etiologies of a cough typically vary depending on the duration of symptoms, triggers, and prior illness. A complete history and physical examination are needed to identify the cause. Medications causing iatrogenic CC should be considered in each individual, as this cause is often overlooked, and can include angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, bisphosphonates, and calcium channel antagonists. Medical attention is often sought because of vomiting, exhaustion, sleep disruption, and social embarrassment. Esophageal reflux and dysmotility are common factors that may exacerbate CC. Airway secretions also play a part in the severity of CC. Any condition that may impair the nervous or muscular systems can contribute to decreased cough efficiency. Other causes may be foreign bodies or lung cancer. Psychogenic causes may respond to treatment for anxiety, depression, or resolving social issues.

• #27 What can cause a persistent dry cough? – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/what-can-cause-a-persistent-dry-cough

  My first question is whether you had cold symptoms or COVID before the cough began. If so, it’s common to still have a cough for weeks after an upper respiratory infection. However, when someone has a cough lasting six weeks or longer, my practice is to order a chest x-ray to check for an underlying lung problem. […] A virus causes most upper respiratory infections. After the infection is long gone, inflamed tissues and hypersensitive nerves remain in the larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), or bronchi (airways). These changes can last for much longer than people realize. In addition to a nagging cough, many people also develop wheezing. […] Coughing also can be a side effect of medications, particularly ACE inhibitors, such as lisinopril (Prinivil, Zestril, others) or enalapril (Vasotec), that are used to treat high blood pressure and heart disease. The other common causes of a persistent cough in a nonsmoker with clear lungs and a normal chest x-ray are postnasal drip, acid reflux, and undiagnosed asthma.

• #28 Evaluation of chronic cough – Etiology | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/69/aetiology

  Other common causes include the following: ACE inhibitors: dry cough, typically associated with a tickling or scratching sensation in the throat. […] Postinfectious cough: postinfectious cough is the most common etiology of subacute cough. […] Chronic bronchitis: adult with a history of chronic productive cough lasting for more than 3 months of the year and for at least 2 consecutive years when other diagnoses have been ruled out. […] Bordetella pertussis: when local epidemiology indicates a high rate of pertussis infection, testing for Bordetella pertussis is recommended. […] Diagnoses to consider are those that impart cough through stimulation of airway mechanical and chemical receptors that feed into the vagus nerve. […] Obstructive sleep apnea may cause repeated drops in intrapleural pressure, resulting in episodes of nocturnal aspiration, throat irritation and cough.

• #28 Evaluation of chronic cough – Etiology | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/69/aetiology

  Oral-pharyngeal dysphagia that results in recurrent aspiration of foods and liquids may also cause cough. […] Zenker diverticulum can cause chronic cough, accompanied by dysphagia, regurgitation, aspiration, and weight loss. […] Neurologic conditions affecting the medulla oblongata or cerebellum may increase the cough reflex. […] In areas of endemic infection with fungi or parasites, diagnostic evaluation for these should be undertaken when more common causes of cough have been ruled out. […] Chronic cough that persists in spite of therapeutic trials and is otherwise unexplained by extensive evaluations is labeled as refractory chronic cough or unexplained chronic cough.

• #29 Chronic Cough: Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/15048-chronic-cough-overview

  Chronic cough is usually a symptom of another health condition. But sometimes, it’s a disease without an underlying cause. […] The most common chronic cough causes include asthma, postnasal drip and GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease). These conditions account for up to 90% of all chronic cough cases. […] Causes of chronic cough include: Allergies. Asthma. Bronchiectasis. Bronchitis. Cancer. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Fungal infections in your lungs. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Nontuberculous mycobacteria infection. Obesity, particularly in the stomach area. Taking angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, a prescription medication. Tuberculosis. Whooping cough (pertussis). Sinus conditions like sinusitis. Upper respiratory conditions like flu, pneumonia and colds.

• #30 Chronic Cough

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/Lung/Sx/ChrncCgh.htm

  Chronic Cough Causes […] Pertussis is responsible for 20% of severe cough in adults and teens 2 weeks presenting to emergency departments […] Most common causes of adult cough include Upper Airway Cough Syndrome (UACS), Asthma, Nonasthmatic eosinophilic Bronchitis, and Gastroesophageal Reflux or laryngopharyngeal reflux disease. […] Tobacco Smoking, Vaping, and Cannabis are airway irritants that can contribute to chronic cough. […] Chronic Bronchitis or COPD can present with a productive cough and is often associated with a history of tobacco smoking. […] Medications such as ACE Inhibitors and Beta Blockers can also cause chronic cough. […] Recent Upper Respiratory Infection or Bronchitis can lead to airway hyperresponsiveness, contributing to chronic cough. […] Conditions resulting in abnormal findings on imaging include Bronchiectasis, Bronchogenic Carcinoma, Tuberculosis, Sarcoidosis, and Persistent Pneumonia. […] Consider infectious cause evaluation for Tuberculosis and Bordetella Pertussis. […] Obstructive Sleep Apnea is present in up to 40% of patients with Chronic Cough.

• #31 Cough | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/lungs-and-airways/cough/

  Coughs in children can also be caused by respiratory tract infections, asthma or GORD. […] Causes of coughs that are more common in children than adults include: bronchiolitis a mild respiratory tract infection that usually causes cold-like symptoms; croup causes a distinctive barking cough and a harsh sound known as stridor when the child breathes in; whooping cough causes symptoms such as intense, hacking bouts of coughing, vomiting, and a whoop sound with each sharp intake of breath after coughing. […] Occasionally, a persistent cough in a child can be a sign of a serious long-term condition, such as cystic fibrosis.

• #32 Can’t Stop Coughing? Common Causes and What Helps

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/constant-cough-symptoms-2248845

  Asthma is a chronic condition that causes the airways to swell. Asthma can make it difficult to breathe, which can trigger coughing. […] COPD is an important cause of a chronic cough, often accompanied by shortness of breath, wheezing cough, and chesty cough. Smoking is both a cause of COPD and a trigger for COPD exacerbations (attacks). […] Acid reflux, whether occasional or chronic, can cause coughing due to the backflow of stomach acid through the esophageal sphincter. […] Medications called ACE inhibitors used to treat high blood pressure and heart failure can cause chronic coughing both during the day and at night. […] Less common causes of a constant cough include congestive heart failure, collapsed lung, fungal infections, lung cancer, pulmonary edema, and tuberculosis. […] A chronic cough is one that persists or recurs for more than eight weeks. There are many possible causes including infections, allergies, asthma, COPD, GERD, and even certain medications. Less common causes include tuberculosis and cancer.

• #33 Patient education: Chronic cough in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/chronic-cough-in-adults-beyond-the-basics

  Although lung cancer can cause coughing, very few people with a chronic cough have lung cancer. […] A special type of inflammation in the airways called eosinophilic bronchitis can cause a chronic cough. […] Sometimes one or more severe or recurrent respiratory infections can damage airway walls, leading to widening of the affected airways, decreased ability to clear secretions, and chronic infection of those airways. […] The larynx is the region of the upper airway that includes the vocal cords (voice box). Acute irritation of the larynx leads to reflexive cough to protect the lower airway and the lungs from entry of food or other foreign material. […] To investigate the cause of a chronic cough, your healthcare provider will ask about your symptoms and perform a physical examination.

• #34 Chronic Cough: Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment

  https://liberatehealthcare.co.uk/conditions-treatments/chronic-cough/

  A chronic cough is determined as lasting more than eight weeks in adults, or four weeks in children. […] Smoking is a key risk factor with chronic cough, as is passive smoking. […] However, asthma, allergies, COPD, infections, certain medications and acid reflux can also be common causes. […] Chronic coughing occurs as a defence by your body to protect you against long-term harm. […] There are several common causes of chronic coughing, including: Smoking, allergies, asthma, infection, chronic bronchitis, postnasal drip, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD), blood pressure medication. […] Whilst lung cancer is a less common cause of chronic coughing it is very serious. […] If you have had a persistent cough, for more than three weeks, seek assessment by a doctor to rule out the risk of lung cancer.

• #35 Chronic cough – European Lung Foundation

  https://europeanlung.org/en/information-hub/lung-conditions/chronic-cough/

  It is common for chronic cough to be caused by long-term bronchitis due to cigarette smoking. […] People with chronic cough have hypersensitive nerves. […] Worrying symptoms that may require an urgent referral include weight loss, fever, recurrent chest infections, persistent (but not when it comes and goes) hoarseness, swallowing problems and coughing up blood. […] Your doctor may treat you for any other underlying condition that may be causing the cough. […] Conditions that may be associated with cough commonly include asthma, reflux and blocked nose (rhinitis) and doctors usually start treatment targeted to these conditions. […] If the cough persists despite treating underlying conditions or no underlying conditions are identified, you may be diagnosed with a refractory chronic cough (RCC).

• #35 Chronic cough – European Lung Foundation

  https://europeanlung.org/en/information-hub/lung-conditions/chronic-cough/

  The underlying problem here is usually a disorder of airway nerves known as cough hypersensitivity and needs specific treatment. […] Several trials of new drugs are currently underway drugs specifically targeting the nerves which cause the sensation of irritation. […] Healthcare professionals from around the world recently produced a new statement on chronic cough, which suggests for the first time that chronic cough should be managed as a separate condition. […] Now that chronic cough has been defined in this way, experts hope that more people will receive a targeted approach to managing their cough.

• #36 Chronic cough – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_cough

  In clinical guidelines chronic cough is defined as a cough lasting more than 8 weeks in adults and more than 4 weeks in children. […] Chronic cough is a common symptom in several different respiratory diseases like COPD or pulmonary fibrosis but in non-smokers with a normal chest x-ray chronic cough are often associated with asthma, rhinosinusitis, and gastroesophageal reflux disease or could have no specific cause known (idiopathic). […] The current theory about the cause of chronic cough, independent of associated condition, is that it is caused by a hypersensitivity in the cough sensory nerves, called cough hypersensitivity syndrome. […] Possible causes, alone or in conjunction, that produce the chronic cough include the following. Postnasal drip, when excess mucus is produced in the sinus of the nose and drips back towards the throat, causes a cough reflex, also known as upper airway cough syndrome.

• #37 Solving Your Chronic Cough: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatments | University of Utah Health

  https://healthcare.utah.edu/healthfeed/2025/04/solving-your-chronic-cough-symptoms-diagnosis-treatments

  An occasional cough helps clear irritants and secretions from your lungs and prevents infection. But if you develop a chronic cough, you should get evaluated. In adults, a cough lasting longer than eight weeks is considered a chronic cough. While it can sometimes be difficult to pinpoint the problem triggering a chronic cough, the most common causes include: Chronic bronchitis […] Asthma and allergies […] Respiratory infections […] Tobacco use […] Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease […] Interstitial lung disease […] Postnasal drip […] Allergies […] Acid reflux […] Some medicines, including ACE inhibitors prescribed to treat hypertension and cardiac conditions […] Upper airway hypersensitivity. A common cause of persistent cough is a condition called cough hypersensitivity syndrome. When your cough reflex gets more sensitive, it can cause you to cough when you’re exposed to even small stimuli like talking, smelling perfumes, and drinking cold liquids.

• #38 Chronic cough: Causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321597

  Medications known as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors can cause a chronic cough in some people. These medications end in -pril and include benazepril, captopril, and ramipril. […] Some less common causes of a chronic cough include: Aspiration. Aspiration is the medical term for when food or saliva goes down the airway instead of the food pipe. The excess fluid can collect bacteria or viruses and may lead to irritation of the airway. Sometimes aspiration can lead to pneumonia. […] Cystic fibrosis causes excess mucus in the lungs and airways, which can cause a chronic cough. […] Sometimes coughing and shortness of breath can be symptoms of heart disease or heart failure. This is called a heart cough. A person with this condition may notice their cough worsens when they are lying completely flat.

• #38 Chronic cough: Causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321597

  While rare, persistent coughing can be a sign of lung cancer. A person with this disease may also experience chest pain as well as blood in their sputum. […] Most cases of a chronic cough can be treated, typically with over-the-counter treatments. However, sometimes a chronic cough can indicate a more serious cause that a doctor should evaluate.

• #39 Cough

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/cough/basics/causes/sym-20050846

  While a cough once in a while is common, a cough that lasts for several weeks or one that brings up discolored or bloody mucus may be a sign of a medical condition. A cough is called „acute” if it lasts less than three weeks. It’s called „chronic” if it lasts longer than eight weeks in adults or longer than four weeks in children. […] Most chronic coughs are related to underlying lung, heart or sinus conditions. […] Common lung causes of chronic cough include: Asthma (most common in children), Bronchiectasis, which leads to a buildup of mucus that can be streaked with blood and raise the risk of infection, Chronic bronchitis, COPD a long-term lung disease that causes trouble with breathing, Cystic fibrosis, Emphysema a lung condition that causes shortness of breath, Lung cancer, Pulmonary embolism, Sarcoidosis, Tuberculosis. […] Causes shown here are commonly associated with this symptom. Work with your doctor or other health care professional for an accurate diagnosis.

• #40 The spectrum, clinical features and diagnosis of chronic cough due to rare causes – Lai – Journal of Thoracic Disease

  https://jtd.amegroups.org/article/view/51121/html

  The rare causes of chronic cough were related to the nervous system, endocrine system, cardiovascular system, skeletal system, etc. as well as psychology. […] Diagnosing rare causes of chronic cough is a challenge for clinicians. […] This study showed that many rare causes of chronic cough were misdiagnosed as chronic bronchitis or chronic pharyngitis. […] Special examinations such as HRCT and bronchoscopy play an important role in diagnosing rare causes and should be considered based on the patients condition after excluding common causes of chronic cough.

• #41 Chronic Cough: Practice Essentials, Mechanism of Cough, Causes of Chronic Cough

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1048560-overview

  A plethora of other causes account for the remaining 5-10%. They include: Bronchiectasis, Bronchiolitis, Bronchogenic carcinoma, Chronic aspiration, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Congestive heart failure (CHF), Foreign body of the airway, Interstitial lung disease, Neuromuscular disorders, Pertussis, Psychogenic cough, Sarcoidosis, Tracheoesophageal fistula, Tuberculosis, Zenker diverticulum.

• #42 Chronic cough: Causes and when to see a doctor | HealthPartners Blog

  https://www.healthpartners.com/blog/chronic-cough-causes/

  A chronic cough is usually a sign that somethings bothering one or more parts of your respiratory system it could be your nose, sinuses, throat, airway tubes or lungs. […] Generally speaking, causes of chronic coughs can be grouped into a few general categories: Substances that irritate your respiratory system, Viral and bacterial infections, Chronic medical conditions. […] A cough is one of the most common symptoms of a respiratory infection. […] A chronic cough can be caused by medical conditions that affect your ability to breathe, circulate blood and control the amount of mucus in your lungs. […] Acid reflux is one of the most common causes of chronic cough. […] The main symptom of COPD is a chronic cough. […] A chronic dry cough is common with lung cancer. […] There are several other medical conditions that can cause chronic coughs, but these conditions are typically uncommon or very rare.

• #43 Idiopathic chronic cough: a real disease or a failure of diagnosis? | Cough | Full Text

  https://coughjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1745-9974-1-9

  Despite extensive diagnostic evaluation and numerous treatment trials, a number of patients remain troubled by a chronic and uncontrollable cough. […] Eosinophilic bronchitis, atopic cough and non-acid reflux have been recently added to the diagnostic spectrum for chronic cough. […] In some cases, failure to consider these conditions may explain treatment failure. […] However, a subset of patients with persisting symptoms may be regarded as having an idiopathic cough. […] These individuals are most commonly female, of postmenopausal age and frequently report viral upper respiratory tract infections as an initiating event. […] If this is the case then almost nothing is known about the underlying pathophysiological processes responsible for this condition and at present there are no effective treatment options.

• #44 Idiopathic chronic cough: a real disease or a failure of diagnosis? | Cough | Full Text

  https://coughjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1745-9974-1-9

  Although the systematic evaluation of both extrapulmonary and pulmonary causes for cough is widely held to be effective, doubt has been cast on the perception that the diagnostic triad of CVA, PNDS and GORD accounts for the almost all causes of chronic cough. […] For some, this represents a population with idiopathic cough but others suggest it reflects failed management. […] The concept of 'Non-acid reflux’ has recently gained attention. […] This study suggests antireflux surgery may improve cough that is resistant to medical therapy, and that the improvement is sustained. […] The common and less common associations with cough must be rigorously excluded before a diagnosis of idiopathic cough can be assigned. […] None-the-less, this author firmly believes such a condition exists and it will be addressed in some detail in the following section.

• #45 Idiopathic chronic cough: a real disease or a failure of diagnosis? | Cough | Full Text

  https://coughjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1745-9974-1-9

  Although inadequate management will continue to explain a significant number of patients with a chronic and uncontrollable cough, an attempt has been made in this article to highlight idiopathic cough as a distinct clinical entity. […] The excess of middle-aged females with idiopathic cough raises the possibility of some sex hormonal influence.

• #46 Chronic Cough and Causes in Children

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/12/3947

  Aspiration of foreign bodies can be retained and then can result in a persistent cough, often with wheezing. […] Abnormalities of pharyngeal structures can cause a chronic cough. […] Arnold’s nerve reflex is a cough induced by stimulating the ear canal. […] A habit cough is a cough without a cause. […] The controversial causes of persistent cough in children include asthma, post-nasal drip, and gastroesophageal reflux (GERD). […] The causes of chronic cough addressed in this chapter include tracheomalacia, primary ciliary dyskinesia, retained aspiration, pharyngeal abnormalities Arnold’s reflex, and habit coughing.

• #46 Chronic Cough and Causes in Children

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/12/3947

  Chronic cough can be from aspiration of a foreign substance, a respiratory infection, an anatomical abnormality, or a defect in innate or acquired immunity. […] Viral respiratory infections are a common cause of acute coughs. […] Protracted bacterial bronchitis (PBB) can result from an acute cough. PBB is the most common cause of chronic cough in infants and toddlers. […] Asthma is another common cause of a chronic cough that can occur at all ages. […] Tracheobronchomalacia is sometimes confused with asthma because of wheezing from a narrowed airway. […] The incidence of tracheomalacia in the general population of the Netherlands is estimated to be at least 1 in 2100 births. […] Primary ciliary dyskinesia is a congenital disorder caused by genetic mutations that affect the mucosal cilia structure of the airways and elsewhere.

• #47 Overview of Chronic Cough

  https://www.ajmc.com/view/overview-of-chronic-cough

  In a meta-analysis, asthma (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 3.01; 95% CI, 2.33-3.70), persistent smoking (adjusted OR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.36-2.26), and low education levels/socioeconomic status (adjusted OR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.20-1.72) were associated with increased risk of CC, after adjusting for confounders such as smoking. […] A comprehensive scoping review reported a total of 214 total triggers for CC or RCC reported in the literature. Smoke from tobacco (consisting of smoke, smoking, and tobacco) accounted for over 50% of responses. Other common triggers included reflux, postnasal drip, odors, and airborne. Less common triggers included capsaicin, wood, cement, and metal. The breadth of triggers shows the importance of a thorough patient interview regarding cough symptoms and potential triggers.

• #48 Overview of Chronic Cough

  https://www.ajmc.com/view/overview-of-chronic-cough

  Triggers can be categorized based on occupational exposure, which can vary depending on one’s environment. Environmental irritants may include perfumes, bleaches, or cold air. Occupational exposure from irritants such as chemicals or dust particles may also occur. […] CC is related to an increased number of coughs due to inhaled stimuli compared with non-coughers. This response may result from increased sensitivity of cough receptors or central changes in the brain stem. Changes in neurotransmitters or neuromodulators, the excitability of the postsynaptic neuron, and the nerve structure may lead to sensitization. […] A cough may be caused by excessive stimulation of a normal cough response; however, most people presenting with CC have cough reflex hypersensitivity and complaints of sensitivity to environmental irritants that leads to a tickling sensation in the throat and the urge to cough. Cough reflex hypersensitivity causes a response to a low level of stimuli from thermal, chemical, or mechanical means. This suggests a heightened sensitivity of the neuronal pathways controlling the cough reflex.

• #49 Unexplained chronic cough | informedhealth.org

  https://www.informedhealth.org/unexplained-chronic-cough.html

  A chronic cough is a cough that lasts for longer than eight weeks. If healthcare professionals are unable to identify the cause of the cough, its referred to as unexplained. […] If you have unexplained chronic cough, it means health professionals have been unable to identify any physical causes like respiratory infections, asthma or GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease). But that doesnt mean the cough is just in your mind. Experts believe that the cause is an over-sensitive cough reflex, brought on by something like a previous respiratory infection. […] The risk of unexplained chronic cough is high for people whose work requires them to talk or sing a lot. […] Most people who have an unexplained chronic cough are over 45 years old. The condition often lasts several years. […] In addition, an unexplained chronic cough can takes its toll emotionally, interfere with social activities and impair quality of life.

• #50 Prevalence, pathogenesis, and causes of chronic cough – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18424325/

  Cough is a reflex action of the respiratory tract that is used to clear the upper airways. Chronic cough lasting for more than 8 weeks is common in the community. The causes include cigarette smoking, exposure to cigarette smoke, and exposure to environmental pollution, especially particulates. Diseases causing chronic cough include asthma, eosinophilic bronchitis, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, postnasal drip syndrome or rhinosinusitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary fibrosis, and bronchiectasis. […] In some patients, no cause is identified, leading to the diagnosis of idiopathic cough. Chronic cough is often associated with an increased response to tussive agents such as capsaicin. […] Structural and inflammatory airway mucosal changes in non-asthmatic chronic cough could represent the cause or the traumatic response to repetitive coughing. Effective control of cough requires not only controlling the disease causing the cough but also desensitisation of cough pathways.

• #51 Diagnosing Chronic Cough | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/chronic-cough-in-children/diagnosis

  The vast majority of chronic cough in children is due to protracted bacterial bronchitis, a prolonged infection in the bronchial tubes that supply oxygen to the lungs. Protracted bacterial bronchitis occurs when bacteria such as Haemophilus influenza and Streptococcus pneumonia colonize the airways. This condition increases mucus production, which can cause a persistent, phlegmy cough for more than four weeks with no other symptoms. […] In recent years, doctors at Hassenfeld Childrens Hospital at NYU Langone have begun to diagnose more people with pertussis, or whooping cough, an infection caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis that leads to uncontrollable, violent coughing. […] Some children have a type of asthma that causes a dry, chronic cough, which is known as cough-variant asthma.

• #51 Diagnosing Chronic Cough | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/chronic-cough-in-children/diagnosis

  Other causes of a chronic cough in children include: Postnasal drip and sinusitis, which sometimes occur in children with allergies; Exposure to second-hand smoke; Tuberculosis, a bacterial lung infection; Serious lung diseases, such as cystic fibrosis; Congenital airway and gastrointestinal tract abnormalities, which affect the structure of the lungs or airways and can cause breathing problems. […] Gastroesophageal reflux disease is a common cause of chronic cough in adults. However, research shows that although this condition can make a cough worse, it is not among the leading causes of chronic cough in children.

• #52 Chronic Cough | Condition | UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://utswmed.org/conditions-treatments/chronic-cough/

  UT Southwestern Medical Center provides expert care for people who have a chronic cough and other conditions affecting the airways, larynx (voice box), throat, and lungs. Using the latest technology, we work to evaluate, diagnose, and treat the underlying causes of chronic cough. […] The most common causes of chronic cough are: […] Some less common causes of a chronic cough include: […] Our multidisciplinary approach often combines the expertise of fellowship-trained laryngologists, pulmonologists, speech-language pathologists, allergists, and other care professionals focused on voice, throat, and lung conditions. […] Treatment for chronic cough involves remedying the underlying cause, and options include:

• #53 Chronic Cough and Throat Irritation | Duke Health

  https://www.dukehealth.org/treatments/voice-disorders/chronic-cough-and-throat-irritation

  Speech therapy is an integral part of treating chronic cough or other forms of throat irritation. […] Improving your voice will not only help you speak more easily and clearly, but it can reduce your throat irritation and cough. […] If you have other medical conditions that may contribute to your voice issues — such as allergies, asthma, or acid reflux — we will work with your other providers throughout Duke Health to ensure you receive the best care from an integrated team.

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