Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Chronic Cough: Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/15048-chronic-cough-overview

  Chronic cough is a cough that lasts more than eight weeks in adults and four weeks in children. […] Treatment for chronic cough depends on the associated health condition. Your healthcare provider will discuss a tailored treatment plan based on your unique needs. […] Because chronic cough is a symptom of so many health conditions, total prevention may not be possible. However, there are certain things you can do to reduce your risk. […] Quit smoking, or dont start smoking, as this is the most common reason for chronic cough. […] Eat fruit and foods that contain fiber. Research suggests that a combination of fiber and flavonoids found in fruit may prevent chronic cough.

• #1 Cough: Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment & Conditions

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/17755-cough

  You can help prevent coughs caused by infections by: […] Getting vaccinated for influenza, COVID-19 and pneumonia. […] Avoiding people who are ill. […] Avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth. […] Wash your hands often with soap and water and/or using hand sanitizers.

• #1 Chronic Cough: Symptoms, Causes, 5 Types & 5 Prevention Tips

  https://www.medicinenet.com/chronic_cough/article.htm

  Chronic cough may be prevented by not smoking and managing medical problems such as asthma, postnasal drip, GERD, and getting vaccinated against whooping cough. […] Don’t smoke, as smoking is the most common cause of chronic cough. […] Talk to your doctors about managing your asthma, postnasal drip, or GERD to avoid chronic cough symptoms. […] Make sure you and your child get the whooping cough (pertussis) vaccine.

• #1 Cough – types, treatments and remedies | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/cough

  Coughing is how your body cleans the lungs and airways. […] You can have a non-productive (dry) cough or a productive (chesty) cough. […] Coughing that lasts for more than 3 weeks may be a sign of a health problem. […] You should seek medical care if you: have a cough that lasts for more than 3 weeks. […] You can’t prevent a cough caused by cold, flu or COVID-19. However, you can lower your chances of getting sick in the first place. […] Adults and children can get vaccinated against some bacterial infections that cause coughing. Vaccines are available against the bacteria that cause whooping cough (pertussis) and pneumococcal disease. […] If a cough is caused by asthma, correct asthma treatment can help. […] Tobacco smoke is a significant trigger for cough. Avoid cigarette smoke. Things in the environment and workplace can also cause asthma-related coughs.

• #1 Whooping Cough: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/children/whooping-cough-symptoms-treatment

  Vaccines and other preventative medications can reduce the risk of spreading the infection. […] The DTaP vaccine can help protect children from whooping cough. Starting at 2 months, infants should get a dose every other month for the first 6 months, another between 15 and 18 months, and then one last time between ages 4 and 6. […] Older children and adults need the Tdap vaccine and a booster every 10 years because the vaccine can weaken over time. The best age for preteens to get it is between 11 and 12. […] Another important key to prevention is to protect the people around you. If someone in your household has whooping cough, make sure they cover their mouth or cough into their elbow to prevent the bacteria from spreading. […] If you’ve been exposed to whooping cough, your doctor may prescribe an antibiotic to help prevent infection, particularly if:

• #1 Patient education: Chronic cough in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/chronic-cough-in-adults-beyond-the-basics/print

  Coughing from time to time helps clear particles and secretions from the lungs and helps to prevent infection. However, sometimes a cough can become a chronic condition. A chronic cough is usually defined as a cough that lasts for eight weeks or longer. […] Treatment of chronic cough aims to eliminate the underlying cause. Most of the time, each type of treatment is tried separately, one after another, instead of all at the same time. Seeing which one works best helps to figure out the underlying cause. On the other hand, a number of patients have more than one cause for their chronic cough. In such cases cough only resolves when all causes are successfully treated at the same time. […] Here are some examples of treatment choices for different causes of cough. […] Cough due to acid reflux may respond to the following lifestyle changes: Avoid substances that increase reflux, such as high-fat foods, chocolate, colas, red wine, acidic juices, and excessive alcohol. Avoid eating for two to three hours before lying down. Elevate the head of the bed six to eight inches. Lose weight, if you are overweight. Stop smoking. […] Eosinophilic bronchitis is treated with inhaled glucocorticoids. These medications are also used for asthma and work to decrease inflammation in the airways. Examples include budesonide (Pulmicort) and fluticasone (Flovent).

• #1 Treating and Managing Chronic Cough | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/chronic-cough/treating-and-managing

  Lifestyle changes are not a cure for your chronic cough but may help in managing your cough. […] Avoid irritants. If you are aware of something that triggers your cough, try to decrease your exposure to this irritant. […] Drink lots of fluids. This can help thin mucus and will keep you hydrated. […] Avoid tobacco smoke. Tobacco smoke is a lung irritant and can worsen your cough. […] Soothe your throat. Hard candy, cough drops, or honey can help to soothe your throat. […] Moisturize the air. Use of a cool-mist humidifier may help decrease your cough. Be sure to clean the water basin of your humidifier frequently.

• #1 Cough: Causes, Emergency Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention

  https://www.healthline.com/health/cough

  A cough isnt usually concerning unless it lingers for more than two weeks or you have additional symptoms such as difficulty breathing. […] Most episodes of coughing will clear up or at least significantly improve within 2 weeks. […] Contact a doctor if you have a cough that hasnt cleared up or improved in 2 weeks. It may be a symptom of a more serious problem. […] Infrequent coughing is necessary to clear your airways. But there are ways you can prevent other coughs. […] Smoking is a common contributor to a chronic cough. It can be very difficult to cure a smokers cough. […] If you have existing medical conditions that increase your chances of developing a cough, such as GERD or asthma, ask a doctor about different management strategies. Once you manage your condition, you may find that your cough disappears or becomes much less frequent.

• #1 Chronic Cough: Practice Essentials, Mechanism of Cough, Causes of Chronic Cough

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1048560-overview

  If the patient does not cease smoking, a decrease in tobacco consumption is also a useful means of reducing cough. […] Investigation for respiratory symptoms that may indicate the presence of asthma is recommended in patients with chronic cough. […] In patients with chronic cough, spirometry with a bronchodilator reversibility test is recommended, whether or not symptoms suggestive of asthma exist. […] If there is no obvious etiology for a patient’s chronic cough, at least 4 weeks of trial treatment with inhaled corticosteroids is recommended. […] Treatment of chronic cough is possible using inhaled 2 mimetics, inhaled anticholinergics, or anti-leukotrienes combined with inhaled corticosteroids, to exercise a small impact on the cough. […] Anti-reflux treatment in patients with chronic cough is justified only in the presence of clinical symptoms of reflux (heartburn, regurgitation). […] It is recommended that when symptoms suggestive of UACS exist, trial treatment be initiated combining nasal cavity cleaning with physiologic serum and nasal corticosteroids.

• #1 Chronic Cough: Practice Essentials, Mechanism of Cough, Causes of Chronic Cough

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1048560-overview

  Management should begin with cessation of smoking or angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor use in those patients whose history indicates such action. Most patients have a resolution of their cough within 4 weeks of smoking cessation. […] Cough related to ACE inhibitor use usually subsides within 2 weeks, but the median time has been reported to be 26 days. […] For the immunocompetent nonsmoker who does not use ACE inhibitors and has normal chest radiograph findings, a systematic approach to the most common causes of chronic cough is warranted, keeping in mind that more than one cause may be present. […] An empiric and integrative approach that uses sequential and additive therapy is needed to systematically evaluate and effectively treat patients with chronic cough. […] It is recommended that smoking cessation assistance be offered to chronic cough patients who smoke; at least 4 weeks are required to observe smoking cessations benefits on chronic cough.

• #1 Treatment of Unexplained Chronic Cough

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5831652/

  1. In adult patients with chronic cough, we suggest that unexplained chronic cough be defined as a cough that persists longer than 8 weeks, and remains unexplained after investigation, and supervised therapeutic trial(s) conducted according to published best-practice guidelines (Ungraded Consensus-Based Statement). […] 2. In adult patients with chronic cough, we suggest that patients with chronic cough undergo a guideline/protocol based assessment process that includes objective testing for bronchial hyperresponsiveness and eosinophilic bronchitis, or a therapeutic corticosteroid trial (Ungraded Consensus-Based Statement). […] 3. In adult patients with unexplained chronic cough, we suggest a therapeutic trial of multimodality speech pathology therapy (Grade 2C). […] 4. In adult patients with unexplained chronic cough and negative tests for bronchial hyperresponsiveness and eosinophilia (sputum eosinophils, exhaled nitric oxide), we suggest that inhaled corticosteroids not be prescribed (Grade 2B).

• #1 A cough that won’t go away: Evaluation and treatment in 2 patients | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/87/2/83

  Consultation with a speech pathologist who has expertise in behavioral cough suppression therapy is also indicated. Behavioral therapy is usually done concurrently with drug treatment, though patients may respond to one or the other, or to both, to varying degrees. […] Behavioral cough suppression therapy is a good option for patients with unexplained chronic cough and is recommended by current guidelines. It is hypothesized that behavioral therapy, given by a speech-language pathologist, effectively reduces cough sensitivity, improves voluntary control over cough, and reduces laryngeal muscle tension. Additionally, there may be an element of placebo response. Behavioral cough suppression intervention involves education, strategies to control cough, vocal hygiene training, and psychoeducational counseling.

• #1 Treatment of Unexplained Chronic Cough

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5831652/

  5. In adult patients with unexplained chronic cough, we suggest a therapeutic trial of gabapentin as long as the potential side effects and the risk-benefit profile are discussed with patients before use of the medication, and there is a reassessment of the risk-benefit profile at 6 months before continuing the drug (Grade 2C). […] 6. In adult patients with unexplained chronic cough and a negative workup for acid gastroesophageal reflux disease, we suggest that proton pump inhibitor therapy not be prescribed (Grade 2C). […] A multimodality speech pathology intervention improved cough severity. […] The evidence supporting the diagnosis and management of UCC is limited. UCC requires further study to establish agreed terminology and the optimal methods of investigation using established criteria for intervention fidelity. Speech pathology-based cough suppression is suggested as a treatment option for UCC.

• #1 Patient education: Chronic cough in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/chronic-cough-in-adults-beyond-the-basics

  Coughing from time to time helps clear particles and secretions from the lungs and helps to prevent infection. However, sometimes a cough can become a chronic condition. A chronic cough is usually defined as a cough that lasts for eight weeks or longer. […] The most common causes of chronic cough are postnasal drip, asthma, and acid reflux from the stomach. These three causes account for up to 90 percent of all cases of chronic cough. […] Treatment of chronic cough aims to eliminate the underlying cause. Most of the time, each type of treatment is tried separately, one after another, instead of all at the same time. Seeing which one works best helps to figure out the underlying cause. […] A cough related to postnasal drip may improve with the use of a decongestant, nasal or oral antihistamine, nasal glucocorticoid, or a nasal spray that contains ipratropium.

• #1 Chronic Cough | Condition | UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://utswmed.org/conditions-treatments/chronic-cough/

  UT Southwestern Medical Center provides expert care for people who have a chronic cough and other conditions affecting the airways, larynx (voice box), throat, and lungs. Using the latest technology, we work to evaluate, diagnose, and treat the underlying causes of chronic cough. […] Our multidisciplinary approach often combines the expertise of fellowship-trained laryngologists, pulmonologists, speech-language pathologists, allergists, and other care professionals focused on voice, throat, and lung conditions. Our physicians, therapists, and researchers are widely recognized as experts in the accurate diagnosis and effective treatment of chronic cough. […] Treatment for chronic cough involves remedying the underlying cause, and options include: […] Cough suppression techniques, taught by our speech-language pathologists, to help reduce the severity and frequency of the cough. […] Steps that patients can take on their own include: […] Reducing or stopping smoking.

• #1 Chronic Cough | Diagnosis & Treatment | IU Health

  https://iuhealth.org/find-medical-services/chronic-cough

  Chronic cough refers to a cough that lasts more than eight weeks. Many different lung diseases cause chronic coughing. […] Your pulmonologist will use a variety of noninvasive tests to determine the cause of your chronic cough. He / she will help you manage your cough so you can live an active lifestyle. […] IU Health Pulmonology & Respiratory Care physicians create personalized treatment plans that may include the following services depending on the cause of your cough: Education. Learning more about your condition allows you to make lifestyle changes that reduce the severity of your cough. […] We help you learn to breathe easier through exercise and education so you can build your strength and energy back and learn to manage your lung condition.

• #1 Chronic Cough: Evaluation and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1101/p575.html

  Although chronic cough in adults (cough lasting longer than eight weeks) can be caused by many etiologies, four conditions account for most cases: upper airway cough syndrome, gastroesophageal reflux disease/laryngopharyngeal reflux disease, asthma, and nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis. […] In patients with refractory chronic cough, referral to a pulmonologist or otolaryngologist should be considered, as well as a trial of gabapentin (Neurontin), pregabalin (Lyrica), or speech therapy. […] The initial evaluation should focus on identifying potential triggers, such as the use of an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, environmental exposures, smoking status, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). […] The diagnostic approach should focus on detection and treatment of the four most common causes of chronic cough in adults: upper airway cough syndrome (UACS), asthma, nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)/laryngopharyngeal reflux disease.

• #1 A cough that won’t go away: Evaluation and treatment in 2 patients | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/87/2/83

  Unexplained chronic cough (also known as chronic refractory cough) is common, imposes a large healthcare burden, and can adversely affect quality of life. […] While the exact cause of chronic refractory cough is unknown, there are evidence-based treatment options. […] A thorough and complete history may be able to uncover the underlying problem in a large number of patients. […] The most common causes of chronic cough include asthma (and other lung diseases), UACS, and GERD. Testing for these underlying conditions should be pursued before establishing a diagnosis of unexplained chronic cough. […] Neuromodulators have proved to be efficacious in the treatment of unexplained chronic cough and should be first-line therapy. Behavioral cough suppression therapy administered by a speech pathologist also shows efficacy and should be offered either in conjunction with other treatments or by itself.

• #1 Cough management: a practical approach | Cough | Full Text

  https://coughjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1745-9974-7-7

  Cough is one of the most common symptoms for which patients seek medical attention from primary care physicians and pulmonologists. […] The potential benefits of an early treatment of cough could include the prevention of the vicious cycle of cough. […] The prevention of the vicious cycle of cough could avoid many related complications, such as fatigue, sleep deprivation, hoarseness, musculoskeletal pain, sweating, and urinary incontinence. […] The objective of managing chronic or persistent cough is to address its cause. […] Among these peripherally acting anti-tussives, such as levodropropizine and moguisteine, have been recommended when symptomatic relief of a chronic or persistent cough is indicated.

• #1 Chronic Cough Treatment & Management | AAENT – Expert ENT Care in Annapolis & Severna Park, MD

  https://aaentmd.com/ent/cough/

  Adhere to good hygiene practices and be extra cautious during flu season or amidst respiratory infection outbreaks. […] Embracing treatment early on and adhering to medical advice can drastically elevate the chances of a complete recovery, ensuring the nuisance of persistent coughing becomes a thing of the past. […] A lingering cough might affect certain ENT treatments and surgeries’ outcomes. Addressing and managing a chronic cough can ensure smoother procedures and optimal post-treatment results at AAENT.

• #2 Cough – types, treatments and remedies | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/cough

  Coughing is how your body cleans the lungs and airways. […] You can have a non-productive (dry) cough or a productive (chesty) cough. […] Coughing that lasts for more than 3 weeks may be a sign of a health problem. […] You should seek medical care if you: have a cough that lasts for more than 3 weeks. […] You can’t prevent a cough caused by cold, flu or COVID-19. However, you can lower your chances of getting sick in the first place. […] Adults and children can get vaccinated against some bacterial infections that cause coughing. Vaccines are available against the bacteria that cause whooping cough (pertussis) and pneumococcal disease. […] If a cough is caused by asthma, correct asthma treatment can help. […] Tobacco smoke is a significant trigger for cough. Avoid cigarette smoke. Things in the environment and workplace can also cause asthma-related coughs.

• #2 Chronic Cough: Practice Essentials, Mechanism of Cough, Causes of Chronic Cough

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1048560-overview

  Management should begin with cessation of smoking or angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor use in those patients whose history indicates such action. Most patients have a resolution of their cough within 4 weeks of smoking cessation. […] Cough related to ACE inhibitor use usually subsides within 2 weeks, but the median time has been reported to be 26 days. […] For the immunocompetent nonsmoker who does not use ACE inhibitors and has normal chest radiograph findings, a systematic approach to the most common causes of chronic cough is warranted, keeping in mind that more than one cause may be present. […] An empiric and integrative approach that uses sequential and additive therapy is needed to systematically evaluate and effectively treat patients with chronic cough. […] It is recommended that smoking cessation assistance be offered to chronic cough patients who smoke; at least 4 weeks are required to observe smoking cessations benefits on chronic cough.

• #2 Fever: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/primary-care/cough

  Coughs often cannot be prevented. […] Sometimes, however, avoiding irritants that can cause coughing, such as smoking, can reduce your likelihood of developing a cough. […] Coughs as a symptom of preventable conditions may be avoided by protecting yourself from that health condition as much as you can, for example, by getting a flu vaccine. […] You can help prevent coughing by: […] Avoiding smoking […] Getting vaccinated for influenza (flu), pneumonia, and COVID-19.

• #2 Whooping Cough: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/children/whooping-cough-symptoms-treatment

  Vaccines and other preventative medications can reduce the risk of spreading the infection. […] The DTaP vaccine can help protect children from whooping cough. Starting at 2 months, infants should get a dose every other month for the first 6 months, another between 15 and 18 months, and then one last time between ages 4 and 6. […] Older children and adults need the Tdap vaccine and a booster every 10 years because the vaccine can weaken over time. The best age for preteens to get it is between 11 and 12. […] Another important key to prevention is to protect the people around you. If someone in your household has whooping cough, make sure they cover their mouth or cough into their elbow to prevent the bacteria from spreading. […] If you’ve been exposed to whooping cough, your doctor may prescribe an antibiotic to help prevent infection, particularly if:

• #2 Cough Symptoms, Types, Treatment and Prevention | Vicks

  https://vicks.com/en-us/symptom/cough

  How to Prevent a Cough From Cold or Flu […] Having strong immune defenses will go a long way toward helping you fight off next cough, cold, or flu coming your way. […] Some of the simplest methods for preventing person-to-person or object-to-person transmission are also the most effective. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and National Institutes for Health (NIH) offer the useful guidelines for preventing the spread of germs and viruses, including respiratory infection, and protecting yourself and those around you: […] Practice good hand hygiene by washing your hands frequently with soap and water for at least 20 seconds. […] Cover your cough: cough into a tissue or into your elbow, but not into your hands. […] Avoid touching your eyes, nose, or mouth, all of which are easy entry points for bacteria and viruses into your body where they may cause infection. […] Practice social distancing: maintain 6 feet of distance from others, including in public places. […] Self-quarantine: if you develop cold or flu symptoms, stay home from work and/or school if possible.

• #2 Patient education: Chronic cough in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/chronic-cough-in-adults-beyond-the-basics

  If your cough is due to asthma, you will be given the standard treatment for asthma, which includes an inhaled glucocorticoid such as fluticasone (Flovent), budesonide (Pulmicort), or beclomethasone (QVAR). […] Cough due to acid reflux may respond to the following lifestyle changes: Avoid substances that increase reflux, such as high-fat foods, chocolate, colas, red wine, acidic juices, and excessive alcohol. […] Eosinophilic bronchitis is treated with inhaled glucocorticoids. These medications are also used for asthma and work to decrease inflammation in the airways. […] If, after a thorough evaluation, the cause of your cough cannot be determined and the cough persists, a medication that suppresses your cough may be recommended.

• #2 Chronic Cough: Evaluation and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1101/p575.html/1000

  If a specific cause is identified, therapy should be started; otherwise, initial treatment includes a decongestant combined with a first-generation antihistamine. […] Treatment usually includes an inhaled bronchodilator and high-dose inhaled corticosteroid. […] Avoidance strategies should be recommended when the inflammation is due to occupational exposure or inhaled allergens. […] Consensus guidelines recommend empiric therapy for at least eight weeks in conjunction with lifestyle changes such as dietary changes and weight loss. […] Patients with unexplained chronic cough after evaluation and treatment of common causes should be referred to a pulmonologist or otolaryngologist. […] Neuromodulators have shown some benefit in randomized trials based on the hypothesis that refractory chronic cough may be due to hypersensitivity of the cough reflex caused by peripheral (afferent limb of the cough reflex) and central mechanisms (central sensitization). […] Chronic cough in children younger than 15 years is defined as cough lasting more than four weeks. […] The most common causes of chronic cough in children six to 14 years of age are asthma, protracted bacterial bronchitis, and UACS.

• #2 Treating and Managing Chronic Cough | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/chronic-cough/treating-and-managing

  Lifestyle changes are not a cure for your chronic cough but may help in managing your cough. […] Avoid irritants. If you are aware of something that triggers your cough, try to decrease your exposure to this irritant. […] Drink lots of fluids. This can help thin mucus and will keep you hydrated. […] Avoid tobacco smoke. Tobacco smoke is a lung irritant and can worsen your cough. […] Soothe your throat. Hard candy, cough drops, or honey can help to soothe your throat. […] Moisturize the air. Use of a cool-mist humidifier may help decrease your cough. Be sure to clean the water basin of your humidifier frequently.

• #2 Chronic Cough: Symptoms, Causes, 5 Types & 5 Prevention Tips

  https://www.medicinenet.com/chronic_cough/article.htm

  Chronic cough may be prevented by not smoking and managing medical problems such as asthma, postnasal drip, GERD, and getting vaccinated against whooping cough. […] Don’t smoke, as smoking is the most common cause of chronic cough. […] Talk to your doctors about managing your asthma, postnasal drip, or GERD to avoid chronic cough symptoms. […] Make sure you and your child get the whooping cough (pertussis) vaccine.

• #2 Chronic Cough: Causes, Symptoms, and Effective Treatments

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/cough/chronic-cough-what-causes-it-how-to-treat-it/

  Doctors may consider different medications when determining how to treat a persistent cough, depending on the cause: Inhaled drugs such as corticosteroids and bronchodilators reduce inflammation and open the airways for chronic cough caused by asthma. […] Nondrug interventions for chronic cough may help some patients, says Dowdall. Normally provided by speech and language pathologists, these include training people in cough suppression techniques and teaching them breathing exercises.

• #2 That Nagging Cough – Harvard Health Publishing – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/that-nagging-cough

  Chronic coughing is common, so frequent that it rates as one of the most common reasons for seeing a doctor. […] Chronic coughs should be diagnosed and treated before they linger too long. […] The best way to find out if a chronic cough is the result of postnasal drip is to try treatment. […] If doctors suspect that asthma is responsible for a chronic cough, they can order pulmonary function tests to confirm the diagnosis; if these tests are inconclusive, patients may be asked to inhale small doses of methacholine, a drug that often triggers wheezing in asthmatics. […] A simpler approach to diagnosis is to try treatment. […] The most effective treatment is to quit smoking and avoid air pollutants. […] If the cough is mild, patients may choose to continue their medication, or they may cough less if they change to a different ACE inhibitor.

• #2 Treatment of Unexplained Chronic Cough

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5831652/

  5. In adult patients with unexplained chronic cough, we suggest a therapeutic trial of gabapentin as long as the potential side effects and the risk-benefit profile are discussed with patients before use of the medication, and there is a reassessment of the risk-benefit profile at 6 months before continuing the drug (Grade 2C). […] 6. In adult patients with unexplained chronic cough and a negative workup for acid gastroesophageal reflux disease, we suggest that proton pump inhibitor therapy not be prescribed (Grade 2C). […] A multimodality speech pathology intervention improved cough severity. […] The evidence supporting the diagnosis and management of UCC is limited. UCC requires further study to establish agreed terminology and the optimal methods of investigation using established criteria for intervention fidelity. Speech pathology-based cough suppression is suggested as a treatment option for UCC.

• #2 A cough that won’t go away: Evaluation and treatment in 2 patients | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/87/2/83

  Nevertheless, cough is common in GERD, we cannot rule out GERD even if 24-hour monitoring yields negative results, and proton pump inhibitors pose a low level of risk. Therefore, we decide on a trial of a proton pump inhibitor for our patient. […] Four months later, the patient returns, visibly agitated, and states that the proton pump inhibitor has not helped his cough at all. At this juncture, we make the diagnosis of unexplained chronic cough, also known as chronic refractory cough, as a diagnosis of exclusion. […] Of note, although the most likely cause is neurogenic cough, this is not synonymous with unexplained chronic cough. […] Neuromodulators are most often the first-line treatment for unexplained chronic cough. Although this is an off-label use, these drugs are thought to lessen the increased neural sensitization that underlies many cases of chronic cough. Currently, there is evidence that amitriptyline, gabapentin, pregabalin, tramadol, and baclofen may benefit chronic cough patients.

• #2 Updates in Treatment of Adults With Chronic Cough

  https://www.ajmc.com/view/updates-in-treatment-of-adults-with-chronic-cough

  CHEST guidelines recommend that individuals with a known cause of their chronic cough have their therapy optimized for each diagnosis. […] Education to avoid exposure to known environmental and occupational triggers should also be provided. A referral to a cough clinic should be considered in patients with RCC. […] A comparison of CHEST and ERS guideline recommendations for the nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic treatment of chronic cough is outlined in Table 2. […] Chronic cough management is often complex, requiring an individualized treatment plan. […] Current CHEST guidelines recommend a trial of multimodality speech pathology therapy in patients with UCC. […] The desired outcomes for SPTCC include a reduced urge to cough, improved coping skills, decreased anxiety and depression, and reduced laryngeal constriction.

• #2 Updates in Treatment of Adults With Chronic Cough

  https://www.ajmc.com/view/updates-in-treatment-of-adults-with-chronic-cough

  Current options for the management of RCC and UCC will be discussed in further detail in subsequent sections. Chronic cough management is often complex, requiring an individualized treatment plan. […] Traditional treatments, such as speech therapy, opiates, and neuromodulators, have had limited success in improving cough frequency, severity, and QOL in patients affected. […] As a result, increased research has focused on the development of novel therapeutic targets based on an increased understanding of the neurobiology associated with the cough reflex. These new agents have demonstrated positive benefits for reducing cough frequency, severity, and QOL while being generally well tolerated in clinical trials. Therefore, it is likely that some of these agents may become available for treating patients and may help improve their QOL.

• #2 Chronic Cough: Evaluation and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1101/p575.html

  Nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis is characterized by chronic cough in patients with no symptoms or objective evidence of variable airflow obstruction, normal airway responsiveness on a methacholine inhalation test, and sputum eosinophilia. […] The prevalence of GERD and laryngopharyngeal reflux disease as causative factors in chronic cough varies from 0% to 73%. […] Patients with unexplained chronic cough after evaluation and treatment of common causes should be referred to a pulmonologist or otolaryngologist. […] Gabapentin (Neurontin, 1,800 mg per day), which improved symptoms within four weeks; pregabalin (Lyrica, 300 mg per day) in conjunction with speech therapy, which showed greater improvement vs. placebo with speech therapy; and speech and language therapy alone. […] Chronic cough in children younger than 15 years is defined as cough lasting more than four weeks. […] The most common causes of chronic cough in children six to 14 years of age are asthma, protracted bacterial bronchitis, and UACS.

• #2 A cough that won’t go away: Evaluation and treatment in 2 patients | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/87/2/83

  Clinical response to neuromodulators and cough suppression therapy varies widely. Adjustments to the dose or type of neuromodulator may be required to achieve the desired effect. […] Numerous alternative therapies have shown promise in treating unexplained chronic cough. More research is warranted toward developing the ideal treatment.

• #3 Cough – types, treatments and remedies | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/cough

  An ongoing or intense cough can cause complications. These include: sleep disruption, headache, hoarseness and laryngitis, urinary incontinence, back and chest pain, fractured rib. […] A cough becomes chronic if it lasts more than 8 weeks in adults and 4 weeks in children and should be investigated with GP.

• #3 Chronic Cough: Symptoms, Causes, 5 Types & 5 Prevention Tips

  https://www.medicinenet.com/chronic_cough/article.htm

  Chronic cough may be prevented by not smoking and managing medical problems such as asthma, postnasal drip, GERD, and getting vaccinated against whooping cough. […] Don’t smoke, as smoking is the most common cause of chronic cough. […] Talk to your doctors about managing your asthma, postnasal drip, or GERD to avoid chronic cough symptoms. […] Make sure you and your child get the whooping cough (pertussis) vaccine.

• #3 A Comprehensive Guide On Chronic Cough Treatment – 2024 Update

  https://www.chi-health.com.sg/chronic-cough-treatment-comprehensive-guide-2024/

  In cases where environmental triggers are believed to contribute to your chronic cough, your doctor may recommend implementing lifestyle changes. For instance, if dry air exacerbates your coughing episodes, your physician might advise utilising a humidifier to add moisture to the air, thereby alleviating throat irritation and promoting more comfortable breathing environments. Additionally, your healthcare provider may offer guidance on avoiding other potential triggers, such as allergens or irritants in the home or workplace, to help manage and reduce the frequency of coughing episodes.

• #3 How to Stop Coughing Naturally: 10 Effective Methods

  https://www.mountelizabeth.com.sg/health-plus/article/how-to-stop-coughing-naturally

  A chronic cough can be more than just a mere annoyance. It can disrupt your sleep, make you feel uncomfortable, interfere with work and social interactions, and even signal an underlying health condition. […] Keeping your body well-hydrated is the first line of defense against a cough. When you’re dehydrated, your body produces less saliva and mucus, making your throat dry and more prone to irritation. This can lead to an unrelenting cough. Drinking plenty of water helps to thin mucus in your throat, making it easier to cough up and clearing your airways. […] Honey is a time-honoured remedy for soothing a cough. Its antibacterial and antimicrobial properties can help clear infection, while its viscosity can coat and soothe an irritated throat. Consider having a spoonful of honey before bed to reduce night-time coughing.

• #3 Chronic Cough: Practice Essentials, Mechanism of Cough, Causes of Chronic Cough

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1048560-overview

  If the patient does not cease smoking, a decrease in tobacco consumption is also a useful means of reducing cough. […] Investigation for respiratory symptoms that may indicate the presence of asthma is recommended in patients with chronic cough. […] In patients with chronic cough, spirometry with a bronchodilator reversibility test is recommended, whether or not symptoms suggestive of asthma exist. […] If there is no obvious etiology for a patient’s chronic cough, at least 4 weeks of trial treatment with inhaled corticosteroids is recommended. […] Treatment of chronic cough is possible using inhaled 2 mimetics, inhaled anticholinergics, or anti-leukotrienes combined with inhaled corticosteroids, to exercise a small impact on the cough. […] Anti-reflux treatment in patients with chronic cough is justified only in the presence of clinical symptoms of reflux (heartburn, regurgitation). […] It is recommended that when symptoms suggestive of UACS exist, trial treatment be initiated combining nasal cavity cleaning with physiologic serum and nasal corticosteroids.

• #3 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/AMA/comments/1hi30rm/i_successfully_treat_chronic_cough_every_day/

  I successfully treat chronic cough every day without side effects! Im the leading expert in cognitive behavioral cough suppression therapy and developer of a new treatment for chronic cough. […] My work focuses on understanding and treating refractory or unexplained chronic cough (RCC/UCC) that stubborn, persistent cough that just wont go away. […] One of my most exciting projects is Cough Desensitization Therapy (CDT) a new treatment that combines cough suppression techniques with capsaicin inhalation (yes, thats the spicy stuff in chili peppers) to reduce cough sensitivity. […] Early results from my telehealth-based group therapy sessions on behavioral cough suppression therapy are also promising, with over 50% of participants reporting their cough is gone or almost gone! […] Im also advising on the development of the first digital therapeutic (DTx) for chronic cough, and also cough management wellness techniques available on the cough monitoring smartphone app – CoughPro – which is available globally.

• #3 A cough that won’t go away: Evaluation and treatment in 2 patients | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/87/2/83

  Nevertheless, cough is common in GERD, we cannot rule out GERD even if 24-hour monitoring yields negative results, and proton pump inhibitors pose a low level of risk. Therefore, we decide on a trial of a proton pump inhibitor for our patient. […] Four months later, the patient returns, visibly agitated, and states that the proton pump inhibitor has not helped his cough at all. At this juncture, we make the diagnosis of unexplained chronic cough, also known as chronic refractory cough, as a diagnosis of exclusion. […] Of note, although the most likely cause is neurogenic cough, this is not synonymous with unexplained chronic cough. […] Neuromodulators are most often the first-line treatment for unexplained chronic cough. Although this is an off-label use, these drugs are thought to lessen the increased neural sensitization that underlies many cases of chronic cough. Currently, there is evidence that amitriptyline, gabapentin, pregabalin, tramadol, and baclofen may benefit chronic cough patients.

• #3 Chronic Cough: Evaluation and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1101/p575.html/1000

  If a specific cause is identified, therapy should be started; otherwise, initial treatment includes a decongestant combined with a first-generation antihistamine. […] Treatment usually includes an inhaled bronchodilator and high-dose inhaled corticosteroid. […] Avoidance strategies should be recommended when the inflammation is due to occupational exposure or inhaled allergens. […] Consensus guidelines recommend empiric therapy for at least eight weeks in conjunction with lifestyle changes such as dietary changes and weight loss. […] Patients with unexplained chronic cough after evaluation and treatment of common causes should be referred to a pulmonologist or otolaryngologist. […] Neuromodulators have shown some benefit in randomized trials based on the hypothesis that refractory chronic cough may be due to hypersensitivity of the cough reflex caused by peripheral (afferent limb of the cough reflex) and central mechanisms (central sensitization). […] Chronic cough in children younger than 15 years is defined as cough lasting more than four weeks. […] The most common causes of chronic cough in children six to 14 years of age are asthma, protracted bacterial bronchitis, and UACS.

• #4 Chronic Cough: Practice Essentials, Mechanism of Cough, Causes of Chronic Cough

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1048560-overview

  If the patient does not cease smoking, a decrease in tobacco consumption is also a useful means of reducing cough. […] Investigation for respiratory symptoms that may indicate the presence of asthma is recommended in patients with chronic cough. […] In patients with chronic cough, spirometry with a bronchodilator reversibility test is recommended, whether or not symptoms suggestive of asthma exist. […] If there is no obvious etiology for a patient’s chronic cough, at least 4 weeks of trial treatment with inhaled corticosteroids is recommended. […] Treatment of chronic cough is possible using inhaled 2 mimetics, inhaled anticholinergics, or anti-leukotrienes combined with inhaled corticosteroids, to exercise a small impact on the cough. […] Anti-reflux treatment in patients with chronic cough is justified only in the presence of clinical symptoms of reflux (heartburn, regurgitation). […] It is recommended that when symptoms suggestive of UACS exist, trial treatment be initiated combining nasal cavity cleaning with physiologic serum and nasal corticosteroids.

• #5 Cough – types, treatments and remedies | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/cough

  Coughing is how your body cleans the lungs and airways. […] You can have a non-productive (dry) cough or a productive (chesty) cough. […] Coughing that lasts for more than 3 weeks may be a sign of a health problem. […] You should seek medical care if you: have a cough that lasts for more than 3 weeks. […] You can’t prevent a cough caused by cold, flu or COVID-19. However, you can lower your chances of getting sick in the first place. […] Adults and children can get vaccinated against some bacterial infections that cause coughing. Vaccines are available against the bacteria that cause whooping cough (pertussis) and pneumococcal disease. […] If a cough is caused by asthma, correct asthma treatment can help. […] Tobacco smoke is a significant trigger for cough. Avoid cigarette smoke. Things in the environment and workplace can also cause asthma-related coughs.

• #6 Chronic Cough: Causes, Symptoms, and Effective Treatments

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/cough/chronic-cough-what-causes-it-how-to-treat-it/

  Coughing is a reflex that typically serves as a defense mechanism to clear the airways of irritants or secretions. […] The top causes of chronic cough include asthma, acid reflux, sinus issues causing postnasal drip, long-term smoking, and secondhand smoke exposure. […] Medications may include inhaled corticosteroids or bronchodilators (for asthma), antihistamines and decongestants (for allergies), and acid blockers (for acid reflux). Nondrug approaches like breathing exercises can also help. […] Doctors often take a multipronged approach when determining how to stop a chronic cough, says Dowdall. The underlying cause would be treated; for example, treat an infection or reflux, and the cough should improve. […] Lifestyle changes to help with chronic cough can include the following: Stop smoking and avoid tobacco smoke because both can irritate lungs.

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