Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Assessment and Management of Chronic Cough | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program

  https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/chronic-cough/research-protocol

  In the United States, cough is the most common complaint for which patients seek medical attention and is the second most common reason for a general medical examination accounting for over 26 million office visits in the United States annually. […] Cough that lasts more than 4 weeks in children younger than 14 years of age or more than 8 weeks in adolescents and adults 14 years of age and older is considered to be chronic. Such chronic cough is responsible for up to 38 percent of pulmonary outpatient visits. […] The purpose of this review is to evaluate the effectiveness of instruments to evaluate cough and the comparative effectiveness of treatments for the symptom of cough for patients with either refractory or unexplained cough. […] In patients with no identifiable cause of cough (unexplained or idiopathic) or no response to specific treatment (unresponsive, refractory, or intractable), chronic cough poses a particularly challenging problem.

• #2 Chronic cough diagnosis, treatment, and referral practices among family physicians in the United States: a survey study | BMC Primary Care | Full Text

  https://bmcprimcare.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12875-024-02433-1

  Cough is one of the most common presenting problems for patients in primary care and is largely managed in primary care clinical settings. […] The objective of this study was to characterize current diagnosis, treatment, and referral practices among family physicians and to identify potentially impactful strategies to optimize chronic cough management in primary care. […] About half (49.6%) of respondents defined chronic cough in a manner consistent with the American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) chronic cough guidelines, with the rest differing in opinion primarily regarding duration of symptom presentation. […] Respondents reported trying to rule out most common causes of chronic cough themselves before referring and indicated a desire for more resources to help them manage and treat chronic cough.

• #3 Chronic cough – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-cough/symptoms-causes/syc-20351575

  A chronic cough is a cough that lasts eight weeks or longer in adults, or four weeks in children. […] A chronic cough is more than just annoying. It can interrupt your sleep and leave you feeling very tired. […] Severe cases of chronic cough can cause vomiting and lightheadedness, and even break a rib. […] Fortunately, chronic cough usually goes away once the underlying issue is treated. […] See your healthcare professional if you have a cough that lasts for weeks, especially one that brings up sputum or blood, disturbs your sleep, or affects school or work. […] Most cases of chronic cough are due to these causes, which can occur alone or together: […] Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Also called COPD, this is a lifelong inflammatory lung disease that limits airflow from the lungs.

• #4 Chronic cough – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-cough/symptoms-causes/syc-20351575

  Chronic bronchitis can cause a cough that brings up colored sputum. […] Emphysema causes shortness of breath and damages the air sacs in the lungs, also known as alveoli. […] Having a cough that doesn’t stop can be very tiring. […] Coughing can cause various concerns, including: […] Sleep disruption. […] Headache. […] Dizziness. […] Vomiting. […] Sweating a lot. […] Unintended bladder loss, also known as urinary incontinence. […] Broken ribs. […] Passing out, also known as syncope.

• #5 Treating and Managing Chronic Cough | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/chronic-cough/treating-and-managing

  A diagnosis of chronic cough can be both confirming and frustrating. […] You and your healthcare provider may have more work to do to manage living with chronic cough. A chronic cough can impact your quality of life and depending on the severity of the cough, may cause vomiting, muscle pain, rib fractures, urinary incontinence, tiredness, syncope, and depression. It is important to talk to your healthcare provider about managing these symptoms along with your cough. […] If your cough is identified as being caused by a specific medical condition such as asthma, COPD, pulmonary fibrosis, sinus drainage issues, nasal polyps, gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) there may be specific treatments prescribed by your healthcare provider that can be helpful in getting rid of the cough or at least making it more manageable.

• #6 Chronic cough – European Lung Foundation

  https://europeanlung.org/en/information-hub/lung-conditions/chronic-cough/

  The condition tends to affect people later in life, with a peak age of around 50 years. Women are two times more likely to experience chronic cough than men. […] You may have chronic cough as part of another condition, including asthma, rhinitis (a blocked, itchy, or runny nose), COPD, bronchitis or an interstitial lung disease (ILD). Although this may explain the reason you have a cough, healthcare professionals from around the world are suggesting that even when cough exists at the same time as another condition it may need separate treatment. […] Chronic cough can have a huge impact on your quality of life. You may find that the things that can trigger a coughing fit, including eating and speaking, cause you to limit your social life and make you feel isolated. […] Despite the fact that it is very common, many people with chronic cough may find it difficult to get a diagnosis from their healthcare professional, due to a lack of understanding or awareness of the condition.

• #7 Understanding the Foundations of Chronic Cough

  https://www.ajmc.com/view/understanding-the-foundations-of-chronic-cough

  Chronic cough represents one of the most common reasons for visits to both primary care providers and specialists, creating substantial socioeconomic impact as well as contributing to global healthcare burden. […] The impact of chronic cough on a patients QOL is often overlooked or underappreciated by healthcare practitioners. […] Patients with chronic cough can develop anxiety and depression, which may lead to significant alterations in their social and family lives. […] Improvement in cough score correlated with improvement in depression scores as well. […] A thorough evaluation with attention to evidence-based guidelines is critical to improving patient outcomes. […] The 3 most common etiologies, UACS, asthma, and GERD, must be systematically evaluated in all patients. […] Physicians must be cognizant of the predominance of women presenting with chronic cough and the subtleties associated with potential extrapulmonary symptoms.

• #8 Chronic Cough: Evaluation and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1101/p575.html

  Although chronic cough in adults (cough lasting longer than eight weeks) can be caused by many etiologies, four conditions account for most cases: upper airway cough syndrome, gastroesophageal reflux disease/laryngopharyngeal reflux disease, asthma, and nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis. Patients should be evaluated clinically (with spirometry, if indicated), and empiric treatment should be initiated. […] In children, cough is considered chronic if present for more than four weeks. In children six to 14 years of age, it is most commonly caused by asthma, protracted bacterial bronchitis, and upper airway cough syndrome. Evaluation should focus initially on these etiologies, with targeted treatment and monitoring for resolution. […] When persistent and excessive, cough can seriously impair quality of life and lead to vomiting, muscle pain, rib fractures, urinary incontinence, tiredness, syncope, and depression.

• #9 Evaluation of the Patient with Chronic Cough | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/1015/p887.html

  Evaluation of children with chronic cough should include, at minimum, chest radiography and spirometry. […] Most episodes of chronic cough in adults are caused by upper airway cough syndrome (UACS, also known as postnasal drip syndrome), asthma, or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), alone or in combination. […] Chronic cough has two or more causes in 18 to 62 percent of patients, and three causes in up to 42 percent of patients. […] Empiric treatment should be initiated sequentially for the three most common causes of chronic cough until symptoms are resolved. […] Patients may need to be treated for multiple causes simultaneously; in such cases, treatments should be added to the primary regimen rather than replacing it. […] The evaluation of chronic cough begins with a thorough history, including smoking status, environmental exposures, and medication use.

• #10 Evaluation of the Patient with Chronic Cough | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/1015/p887.html

  Evaluation of children with chronic cough should include, at minimum, chest radiography and spirometry. […] Most episodes of chronic cough in adults are caused by upper airway cough syndrome (UACS, also known as postnasal drip syndrome), asthma, or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), alone or in combination. […] Chronic cough has two or more causes in 18 to 62 percent of patients, and three causes in up to 42 percent of patients. […] Empiric treatment should be initiated sequentially for the three most common causes of chronic cough until symptoms are resolved. […] Patients may need to be treated for multiple causes simultaneously; in such cases, treatments should be added to the primary regimen rather than replacing it. […] The evaluation of chronic cough begins with a thorough history, including smoking status, environmental exposures, and medication use.

• #11 Burden and impact of chronic cough in UK primary care: a dataset analysis | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/11/12/e054832

  The dataset used in this study provided a whole system view of the patient journey throughout their medical care, and enabled a direct assessment of CC on healthcare utilisation and quantification of the associated economic cost. […] We have demonstrated increased outpatient costs following the index date for CC diagnosis in individuals with a range of common CC-associated comorbidities. […] In this cross-sectional primary-care based evaluation, CC was present in 2% of adults, contributing to considerable morbidity and health economic burden. One-third of individuals had ongoing CC symptoms in the absence of associated comorbidities.

• #12 What is Chronic Cough? – ENT Health

  https://www.enthealth.org/be_ent_smart/what-is-chronic-cough/

  You can speak to your primary care physician or pulmonologist about evaluation and treatment for asthma. […] One of the main symptoms of reflux is chronic cough, and LPR may also contribute to post-nasal drip. […] Neurogenic or neuropathic cough is a type of chronic cough related to overly sensitive nerves in the upper respiratory system and voice box, or larynx. […] There are several treatments for neurogenic cough. […] Your doctor will talk to you about the most appropriate medication for your condition. […] Speak with your ENT specialist about whether one of these procedures may be prescribed for you.

• #13 Chronic Cough: Practice Essentials, Mechanism of Cough, Causes of Chronic Cough

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1048560-overview

  Only when management of the most common causes has failed to yield a resolution of cough should a more extensive workup begin. […] Similarities have been demonstrated between neuropathic pain and chronic cough, and centrally acting neuromodulators such as tricyclic antidepressants (amitriptyline, nortriptyline), gabapentin, and pregabalin have shown benefit in improving cough (albeit with risk of side effects). […] French guidelines on chronic cough published in 2023 include the following for first-line management: Questioning patients with chronic cough about physical, social, and psychological complications is recommended.

• #14 Chronic cough – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-cough/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351580

  Your healthcare professional asks about your medical history and does a physical exam. A thorough medical history and physical exam can give important clues about a chronic cough. […] Finding out what’s causing a chronic cough is very important to effective treatment. In many cases, more than one underlying condition may be causing your chronic cough. […] Your healthcare professional works to find the cause of your cough and the best treatment for you. During that time, your healthcare professional also may prescribe a medicine to reduce coughing, called a cough suppressant. Cough suppressants are not recommended for children. […] Follow the plan your healthcare professional gives you for treating the cause of your cough. In the meantime, you can try these tips to ease your cough: […] You may see your family healthcare professional at first. But you may need to see a doctor who specializes in lung disorders. This health professional is known as a pulmonologist.

• #15 Evaluation of the Patient with Chronic Cough | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/1015/p887.html

  Initial evaluation of the patient with chronic cough (i.e., of more than eight weeks’ duration) should include a focused history and physical examination, and in most patients, chest radiography. […] The most common causes of chronic cough in adults are upper airway cough syndrome, asthma, and gastroesophageal reflux disease, alone or in combination. […] If upper airway cough syndrome is suspected, a trial of a decongestant and a first-generation antihistamine is warranted. […] The diagnosis of asthma should be confirmed based on clinical response to empiric therapy with inhaled bronchodilators or corticosteroids. […] Empiric treatment for gastroesophageal reflux disease should be initiated in lieu of testing for patients with chronic cough and reflux symptoms. […] Patients should avoid exposure to cough-evoking irritants, such as cigarette smoke.

• #16 Evaluation of the Patient with Chronic Cough | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/1015/p887.html

  GERD is the third leading cause of chronic cough in adults. […] Although GERD treatment is not universally beneficial for cough associated with the disease, an empiric trial of a proton pump inhibitor is recommended. […] Chronic bronchitis caused by exposure to cigarette smoke or other irritants is an important cause of chronic cough. […] A habitual cough is a diagnosis of exclusion. […] Children with chronic cough should undergo chest radiography and spirometry, at minimum.

• #17 Evaluation of the Patient with Chronic Cough | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/1015/p887.html

  Chest radiography should be obtained if the patient does not smoke or take an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, or if the cough persists after withdrawal of the medication. […] Normal chest radiography usually excludes bronchiectasis, persistent pneumonia, sarcoidosis, and tuberculosis. […] The most likely etiologies in nonsmoking patients are UACS, asthma, and GERD. […] A diagnosis of UACS can also be made after a trial of therapy. […] UACS that is not caused by sinusitis usually responds to a combination of a decongestant and first-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist. […] Asthma is the next most common cause of chronic cough in adults. […] Cough is the most commonly reported symptom in patients with chronic asthma, and it is the only manifestation in up to 57 percent (i.e., cough-variant asthma).

• #18 Evaluation of the Patient with Chronic Cough | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/1015/p887.html

  Further testing, such as high-resolution computed tomography, and referral to a pulmonologist may be indicated if the cause of chronic cough is not identified. […] In children, a cough lasting longer than four weeks is considered chronic. […] The most common causes in children are respiratory tract infections, asthma, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. […] Evaluation of children with chronic cough should include chest radiography and spirometry. […] Chronic cough can be associated with significant distress and impairment in quality of life. […] This article presents a systematic approach to the evaluation of chronic cough based on the results of prospective studies and an evidence-based practice guideline. […] In adults with normal chest radiography, empiric treatment should be initiated in sequential and additive steps targeting the most common causes of chronic cough (i.e., upper airway cough syndrome, asthma, and gastroesophageal reflux disease).

• #19 Ineffective Airway Clearance & Coughing Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/ineffective-airway-clearance/

  Utilize this comprehensive nursing care plan and nursing diagnosis guide to provide effective care for patients experiencing ineffective airway clearance and cough. […] Nurses play a crucial role in teaching clients and their families about airway clearance interventions to maintain a patent airway, improve breathing comfort, enhance ventilation and oxygenation, and prevent associated risks. […] Effective airway clearance and management of ineffective coughing are essential aspects of nursing care for clients with respiratory conditions. […] This nursing care plan aims to outline the key strategies and interventions necessary to optimize airway clearance and manage coughing problems in a client. […] The following are the nursing problem priorities for clients with ineffective cough and airway clearance: Improvement of airway patency.

• #20 Ineffective Airway Clearance & Coughing Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/ineffective-airway-clearance/

  Management of hypoxemia. […] Prevention of respiratory infection or distress. […] Education and self-management. […] Identification of risk factors and potential complications. […] Proper medication administration. […] These signs and symptoms reflect the compromised ability to maintain a clear and open airway, leading to impaired ventilation and oxygenation. […] Early recognition and prompt nursing interventions are crucial to optimize airway clearance and prevent further respiratory complications. […] After thorough assessment, nursing diagnoses are formulated to address the challenges of ineffective airway clearance, guided by the nurses clinical judgment and understanding of the patients unique condition. […] Here are examples of nursing diagnoses that may be useful for common concerns associated with ineffective airway clearance: Ineffective Airway Clearance related to excessive mucus production secondary to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as evidenced by ineffective cough, audible gurgling, and diminished breath sounds.

• #21 Ineffective Airway Clearance & Coughing Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/ineffective-airway-clearance/

  Management of hypoxemia. […] Prevention of respiratory infection or distress. […] Education and self-management. […] Identification of risk factors and potential complications. […] Proper medication administration. […] These signs and symptoms reflect the compromised ability to maintain a clear and open airway, leading to impaired ventilation and oxygenation. […] Early recognition and prompt nursing interventions are crucial to optimize airway clearance and prevent further respiratory complications. […] After thorough assessment, nursing diagnoses are formulated to address the challenges of ineffective airway clearance, guided by the nurses clinical judgment and understanding of the patients unique condition. […] Here are examples of nursing diagnoses that may be useful for common concerns associated with ineffective airway clearance: Ineffective Airway Clearance related to excessive mucus production secondary to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as evidenced by ineffective cough, audible gurgling, and diminished breath sounds.

• #22 Nursing Care Plan for Cough: Essential Guide for Quick Recovery!

  https://healthokglobal.com/nursing-care-plan-for-cough

  Developing an effective nursing care plan for patients with a cough involves thorough assessment, diagnosis, and intervention. […] This comprehensive guide provides essential information on creating and implementing a nursing care plan for cough, ensuring patient recovery and comfort. […] The first step in creating a nursing care plan for cough is a comprehensive assessment. […] Based on the assessment, the following nursing diagnoses may be identified for a patient with a cough: […] Nursing interventions for managing a cough focus on relieving symptoms, addressing the underlying cause, and preventing complications. […] Regular evaluation and monitoring are essential to assess the effectiveness of the nursing care plan and make necessary adjustments. […] Implementing preventive measures can help reduce the risk of developing a cough and associated respiratory conditions. […] Creating and implementing a nursing care plan for cough involves a comprehensive approach that includes assessment, diagnosis, intervention, and evaluation.

• #23 Cough Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/cough-nursing-diagnosis/

  Cough is a protective reflex that helps clear the airways of secretions, foreign particles, and irritants. This nursing diagnosis focuses on identifying types of cough and associated symptoms and implementing appropriate interventions to manage cough effectively while preventing complications. […] Cough can be triggered by various factors affecting respiratory function: Airway inflammation or irritation, Respiratory tract infections (viral, bacterial), Chronic conditions: Asthma, COPD, Bronchiectasis, Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Environmental factors: Allergens, Pollutants, Smoke exposure, Medications (e.g., ACE inhibitors), Postnasal drip, Psychological factors (habit cough). […] The patient will demonstrate effective cough suppression techniques. The patient will maintain clear airways. The patient will show improved sleep patterns. The patient will maintain adequate hydration. The patient will report decreased frequency and severity of cough. The patient will demonstrate proper sputum clearance techniques. The patient will avoid complications.

• #24 Urology & Continence Care Today | May 2025

  https://www.ucc-today.com/journals/issue/launch-edition/article/effects-of-chronic-cough-on-urinary-incontinence-ucct

  A frequent side-effect of chronic coughing is urinary incontinence (UI) mainly stress urinary incontinence. […] Urinary incontinence (UI) has long been associated with respiratory symptoms and, in the main, a chronic cough. […] The main type of UI associated with chronic coughing is stress urinary incontinence (SUI), which is the involuntary leakage of urine from the urethra associated with effort, physical exertion, sneezing or coughing. […] The incidence of UI in females with chronic cough is higher than in males. […] Complications of urinary incontinence can have a severe negative impact on quality of life. […] Thus, UI associated with chronic cough has been demonstrated as a significant clinical problem that professionals should have the knowledge to be able to identify and address.

• #25 Cough (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568776/

  Patients with cough are often worse at night. If a patient is unable to sleep due to excessive coughing or is vomiting due to cough it is appropriate to contact the provider for as needed orders. […] The nursing team will monitor Vital Signs per local protocol to include the pulse oximetry and hydration status by checking skin turgor. […] There are many causes of cough and most are benign. But cough can also be due to malignancies, nerve injuries and serious infections; thus a multidisciplinary approach is essential when a cough is persistent. […] A thorough history is vital when trying to establish the cause of a cough; when the cough is prolonged and associated with other symptoms, a referral to a pulmonologist or an ENT surgeon is recommended.

• #26 Cough (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568776/

  The learner will describe three nursing interventions for cough. […] The nurse can provide the following interventions to provide comfort and assist with recovery: […] Educate on good forceful coughing techniques using the abdominal muscles. […] Encourage the patient to hydrate. […] Encourage to ambulate/reposition every two hours. […] Elevate the head of the bed by propping up on pillows. […] Gargle/drink warm liquids to soothe the throat. […] Use PO Peppermints/cough-drops while awake. […] Facilitate warm showers/steam/humidifiers. […] Apply OTC menthol rub to the chest/back. […] Perform chest physiotherapy. […] Encourage sterile saline rinses. […] Provide frequent oral care (every four hours). […] If the patient has any changes in level of consciousness, cyanosis, pallor, hemoptysis, or any other symptoms associated with hypoxia follow local protocol concerning activation of the Rapid Response Team or paging providers.

• #27 Ineffective Airway Clearance & Coughing Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/ineffective-airway-clearance/

  By formulating SMART goals, nurses can ensure that the goals are specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound, providing a clear framework for assessing progress and promoting effective airway clearance in clients. […] Airway patency is of utmost importance for adequate oxygenation, ventilation, prevention of respiratory complications, effective coughing, and overall respiratory function. […] Nurses must prioritize the assessment and maintenance of a patent airway to ensure optimal respiratory well-being for the clients. […] Coughing is a mechanism for clearing secretions. […] An ineffective cough compromises airway clearance and prevents mucus from being expelled. […] Teach the client the proper ways of coughing and breathing (e.g., take a deep breath, hold for two seconds, and cough two or three times in succession).

• #28 Ineffective Airway Clearance & Coughing Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/ineffective-airway-clearance/

  Nasotracheal suctioning is needed when clients are unable to cough out secretions properly due to weakness, thick mucus plugs, or excessive or tenacious mucus production. […] Coordinate with a respiratory therapist for chest physiotherapy and nebulizer management as indicated. […] Inadequate clearance of mucus and secretions allows them to accumulate and pool in the airways. […] These retained secretions create an environment that is conducive to the growth of bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms. […] Educate the client on coughing, deep breathing, and splinting techniques. […] Hydration facilitates the easy elimination of secretions. […] Sufficient fluid intake ensures that the mucus remains adequately hydrated, promoting its optimal consistency for efficient airway clearance.

• #29 Chronic Cough: Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/15048-chronic-cough-overview

  Chronic cough is a cough that lasts more than eight weeks in adults and four weeks in children. […] Treatment for chronic cough depends on the associated health condition. Your healthcare provider will discuss a tailored treatment plan based on your unique needs. […] Possible chronic cough treatments may include: Decongestants to relieve postnasal drip. […] To relieve symptoms of chronic cough: Drink plenty of water (at least eight 8-ounce glasses a day). […] You should schedule a visit with a healthcare provider if you have a lingering cough that wont go away. […] Chronic cough is a cough that lasts longer than eight weeks in an adult and four weeks in a child. If coughing is having a negative impact on your life, contact a healthcare provider to find the cause.

• #30 Chronic Cough: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.chronic-cough-care-instructions.abp1885

  A cough is a symptom, not a disease. To treat a chronic cough, you may need to treat the problem that causes it. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor if you are having problems. […] Drink plenty of water and other fluids. This may help soothe a dry or sore throat. Honey or lemon juice in hot water or tea may ease a dry cough. […] Do not smoke or allow others to smoke around you. Smoke can make a cough worse. If you need help quitting, talk to your doctor about stop-smoking programs and medicines. […] Take cough medicine as directed by your doctor. […] Call your doctor now or seek immediate medical care if: You cough up blood. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor if: You cough more deeply or more often, especially if you notice more mucus or a change in the color of your mucus.

• #31 Ineffective Airway Clearance Nursing Care Plan | Diagnosis & Intervention

  https://simplenursing.com/nursing-care-plan-ineffective-airway-clearance/

  Ineffective airway clearance refers to the inability of the client to effectively clear secretions or obstructions from the airway, leading to compromised oxygenation and ventilation. […] Cough and ability to clear secretions. […] Administer supplemental oxygen and bronchodilators as prescribed. […] Encourage deep breathing and coughing exercises. […] Maintain oxygen saturation levels above 90%. […] Effectively clear secretions. […] Drinking plenty of fluids can help thin the thick mucus that is clogging the airway due to the diagnosis of chronic bronchitis allowing for expectoration. […] A cool mist humidifier increases the humidity of the air in the room which thins the secretions associated with chronic bronchitis thereby allowing for easier expectoration. […] Guaifenesin is an expectorant that helps loosen secretions and increases the ability to cough up the mucus. […] Chest physiotherapy is an airway clearance technique to drain the lungs. The technique includes percussion, vibration, deep breathing, and coughing.

• #32 Cough (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568776/

  The learner will describe three nursing interventions for cough. […] The nurse can provide the following interventions to provide comfort and assist with recovery: […] Educate on good forceful coughing techniques using the abdominal muscles. […] Encourage the patient to hydrate. […] Encourage to ambulate/reposition every two hours. […] Elevate the head of the bed by propping up on pillows. […] Gargle/drink warm liquids to soothe the throat. […] Use PO Peppermints/cough-drops while awake. […] Facilitate warm showers/steam/humidifiers. […] Apply OTC menthol rub to the chest/back. […] Perform chest physiotherapy. […] Encourage sterile saline rinses. […] Provide frequent oral care (every four hours). […] If the patient has any changes in level of consciousness, cyanosis, pallor, hemoptysis, or any other symptoms associated with hypoxia follow local protocol concerning activation of the Rapid Response Team or paging providers.

• #33 Ineffective Airway Clearance & Coughing Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/ineffective-airway-clearance/

  Utilize this comprehensive nursing care plan and nursing diagnosis guide to provide effective care for patients experiencing ineffective airway clearance and cough. […] Nurses play a crucial role in teaching clients and their families about airway clearance interventions to maintain a patent airway, improve breathing comfort, enhance ventilation and oxygenation, and prevent associated risks. […] Effective airway clearance and management of ineffective coughing are essential aspects of nursing care for clients with respiratory conditions. […] This nursing care plan aims to outline the key strategies and interventions necessary to optimize airway clearance and manage coughing problems in a client. […] The following are the nursing problem priorities for clients with ineffective cough and airway clearance: Improvement of airway patency.

• #34 Bronchitis: Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/bronchitis-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Patient education is essential in the management of bronchitis. For effective management and prevention of complications, adherence to the treatment regimen and lifestyle modifications are essential. […] Chronic bronchitis or other chronic underlying respiratory conditions increase the risk of impaired gas exchange. […] Chronic bronchitis is another form of COPD that can lead to severely impaired lung function. […] Bronchitis is characterized by inflammation of the bronchi, which are the main airways of the lungs, causing them to become irritated and swollen. Its main symptoms include cough and mucus accumulation, leading to ineffective airway clearance. […] Inflammation of the bronchial tubes, narrowing of the airways, and mucus may cause ineffective breathing patterns. This can result in wheezing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath.

• #35 Bronchitis: Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/bronchitis-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Chronic bronchitis is defined as inflammation of the bronchial tubes, causing a long-term cough lasting at least three months and recurring within two years. […] The goal of treatment for patients with bronchitis is to relieve symptoms and prevent complications like pneumonia. Nurses take the lead in providing supportive interventions and patient education. […] Nursing interventions and care are essential for the patients recovery. […] Bronchitis is rarely caused by bacteria, so antibiotics are not usually recommended. Care is supportive and centered on relieving symptoms. […] Control the cough and sputum production. Avoiding environmental irritants (especially cigarette smoke) is imperative to control cough and sputum production. […] Educate the patient on practices to reduce the risk of recurrent bronchitis, other respiratory diseases, or worsening complications, such as: Avoid smoking and secondhand smoke.

• #36 Urology & Continence Care Today | May 2025

  https://www.ucc-today.com/journals/issue/launch-edition/article/effects-of-chronic-cough-on-urinary-incontinence-ucct

  It has been identified that healthcare professionals are not familiar with UI in men or women who suffer with respiratory conditions and exacerbation of chronic cough. […] A continence assessment should include complete medical, surgical, obstetric, neurological and mental health history, details of any allergies, mobility, dexterity, and cognitive or social issues. […] Prevention is the primary aim of treating UI associated with chronic cough. […] One of the best ways to improve SUI is the instruction of pelvic floor exercises and pelvic floor rehabilitation. […] The study indicated that the initiation of pelvic floor exercises did improve SUI outcomes for this group of individuals and should be promoted as a treatment. […] Individuals who are at risk, or already suffer with UI due to their condition, should be identified and treated.

• #37 Chronic Cough: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.chronic-cough-care-instructions.abp1885

  A cough is a symptom, not a disease. To treat a chronic cough, you may need to treat the problem that causes it. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor if you are having problems. […] Drink plenty of water and other fluids. This may help soothe a dry or sore throat. Honey or lemon juice in hot water or tea may ease a dry cough. […] Do not smoke or allow others to smoke around you. Smoke can make a cough worse. If you need help quitting, talk to your doctor about stop-smoking programs and medicines. […] Take cough medicine as directed by your doctor. […] Call your doctor now or seek immediate medical care if: You cough up blood. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor if: You cough more deeply or more often, especially if you notice more mucus or a change in the color of your mucus.

• #38

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=abp1885

  A chronic cough lasts more than 8 weeks. […] To treat a chronic cough, you may need to treat the problem that causes it. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. […] Drink plenty of water and other fluids. This may help soothe a dry or sore throat. […] Do not smoke or allow others to smoke around you. Smoke can make a cough worse. […] Take cough medicine as directed by your doctor. […] You may want to ask your doctor if a medicine that thins mucus would help. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line now or seek immediate medical care if you cough up blood. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if you cough more deeply or more often, especially if you notice more mucus or a change in the colour of your mucus.

• #39 Cough (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568776/

  Patients with cough are often worse at night. If a patient is unable to sleep due to excessive coughing or is vomiting due to cough it is appropriate to contact the provider for as needed orders. […] The nursing team will monitor Vital Signs per local protocol to include the pulse oximetry and hydration status by checking skin turgor. […] There are many causes of cough and most are benign. But cough can also be due to malignancies, nerve injuries and serious infections; thus a multidisciplinary approach is essential when a cough is persistent. […] A thorough history is vital when trying to establish the cause of a cough; when the cough is prolonged and associated with other symptoms, a referral to a pulmonologist or an ENT surgeon is recommended.

• #40 Chronic Cough – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430791/

  The prognosis for chronic cough is contingent upon the underlying cause. […] Chronic cough, when left unaddressed, can lead to a range of complications that significantly impact an individual’s quality of life. Prolonged coughing episodes may result in physical exhaustion, disturbed sleep patterns, and increased stress, ultimately affecting one’s overall well-being. […] Therefore, addressing chronic cough promptly through medical intervention and lifestyle modifications is crucial to prevent these complications and improve the overall health and daily functioning of individuals affected by this persistent condition. […] Chronic cough necessitates an interprofessional team due to its multitude of potential causes. Primary care clinicians and nurse practitioners must consistently consider the possibility of malignancy when evaluating patients presenting with a persistent cough.

• #41 Chronic Cough: Practice Essentials, Mechanism of Cough, Causes of Chronic Cough

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1048560-overview

  The management of chronic cough presents a challenge for the clinician. Typically defined as a cough that persists for longer than 8 weeks, this is the most common presenting symptom in adults who seek medical treatment in an ambulatory setting. Chronic cough is estimated to occur in up to 40% of the population. […] A multidisciplinary approach is often needed, with the primary care provider coordinating care with appropriate referrals to the otolaryngologist, pulmonologist, or both, as appropriate. Additional specialists also important in the workup include the gastroenterologist, allergist and immunologist, neurologist, and speech therapist. […] Management should begin with cessation of smoking or angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor use in those patients whose history indicates such action. Most patients have a resolution of their cough within 4 weeks of smoking cessation. Cough related to ACE inhibitor use usually subsides within 2 weeks, but the median time has been reported to be 26 days.

• #42 Chronic Cough Signs & Symptoms | Rush

  https://www.rush.edu/conditions/chronic-cough

  Chronic cough isn’t a disease by itself, but a symptom of something else. The most common causes include the following: […] Your cough could have more than one cause, so it’s important to see a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating chronic cough and can give you a thorough assessment. […] Specialists at Rush who treat the causes of chronic cough include allergists and immunologists; gastroenterologists; ear, nose and throat (ENT) experts; and pulmonologists. […] Your treatment will depend on what’s causing your cough. Potential treatments include medications such as antihistamines, decongestants, acid blockers and inhalers, or surgical treatment if you have an airway blockage. […] Rush offers specialized care for children with chronic cough in the Pediatric Aerodigestive Program, where pediatric ENT, gastroenterology and pulmonology specialists work together on a thorough evaluation, a personalized treatment plan and any support your family needs.

• #43 Chronic cough and a normal chest X-ray – a simple systematic approach to exclude common causes before referral to secondary care: a retrospective cohort study | npj Primary Care Respiratory Medicine

  https://www.nature.com/articles/npjpcrm201581

  Before referral from general practice, there had frequently been a failure to fully consider common causes of chronic cough by simple investigation (chest X-ray and spirometry) and interventions (empirical trials of treatment or withdrawal of an ACEi). […] The majority (80%) of cases of chronic cough referred from primary to secondary care could therefore be managed in a systematic and simple way. […] Fewer patients with chronic cough could be referred to secondary care. The majority of patients in our clinic were managed successfully with a simple and systematic approach adaptable to general practice.

• #44 Chronic cough diagnosis, treatment, and referral practices among family physicians in the United States: a survey study | BMC Primary Care | Full Text

  https://bmcprimcare.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12875-024-02433-1

  Family physicians indicated at least sometimes referring chronic cough patients to specialists. […] Most respondents indicated conducting their evaluation in phases and assessing for and ruling out most common causes of chronic cough before referral to a specialist. […] Our findings support that chronic cough is largely managed within primary care without referral with respondents indicating a preference to treat most chronic cough patients themselves whenever possible. […] It is important to note that survey respondents reported that many if not most chronic cough patients are being managed by family physicians in primary care and that, for those referred to other specialists, family physicians continue to manage the comprehensive care for these patients. […] Family physicians use multiple factors to determine when a cough is chronic, but when prompted, generally agree with the ACCP guidelines of longer than 8 weeks. […] Family physicians prefer to treat chronic cough themselves and report a patient-centered approach to caring for patients with chronic cough, including referral to specialists when appropriate.

• #45 How guidance on chronic cough affects nursing care

  https://journals.rcni.com/primary-health-care/opinion/how-guidance-on-chronic-cough-affects-nursing-care-phc.34.2.10.s4

  Chronic cough is a common respiratory illness and experienced by up to 10% of people in the UK, according to the British Thoracic Society (BTS). Nurses can play an important role in monitoring patients, educating them about the causes of chronic cough defined as lasting longer than eight weeks and ensuring timely referral for investigation.

• #46 User Login

  https://www.jcn.co.uk/journals/issue/10-2023/article/chronic-cough-in-adults-diagnosing-and-resolving-the-problem

  Chronic coughs are those lasting for more than eight weeks. […] This article hopes to give nurses and non-medical prescribers who are approached by patients asking for advice some insight into diagnosing and resolving the problem, with the aim of improving quality of life for those affected.

• #47 Integration of Behavioral Cough Suppression Therapy Into Lung Cancer Care: Nonpharmacologic Interventions for Chronic Cough | Oncology Nursing Society

  https://www.ons.org/publications-research/cjon/26/1/integration-behavioral-cough-suppression-therapy-lung-cancer-care

  Chronic cough is a demanding symptom of lung cancer. […] Current guidelines do not describe how oncology nurses, as a vital part of the interprofessional team, can use nonpharmacologic interventions described by behavioral cough suppression therapy (BCST) techniques for patients with lung cancer. […] Oncology nurses can investigate the use of BCST techniques for patients with lung cancer with chronic cough as a nonpharmacologic intervention. Assessment of patients with chronic cough should be carried out before initiating referral for BCST, including identifying cough triggers, causes of cough, and cough types.

• #48 Nursing Care Plan for Cough: Essential Guide for Quick Recovery!

  https://healthokglobal.com/nursing-care-plan-for-cough

  Developing an effective nursing care plan for patients with a cough involves thorough assessment, diagnosis, and intervention. […] This comprehensive guide provides essential information on creating and implementing a nursing care plan for cough, ensuring patient recovery and comfort. […] The first step in creating a nursing care plan for cough is a comprehensive assessment. […] Based on the assessment, the following nursing diagnoses may be identified for a patient with a cough: […] Nursing interventions for managing a cough focus on relieving symptoms, addressing the underlying cause, and preventing complications. […] Regular evaluation and monitoring are essential to assess the effectiveness of the nursing care plan and make necessary adjustments. […] Implementing preventive measures can help reduce the risk of developing a cough and associated respiratory conditions. […] Creating and implementing a nursing care plan for cough involves a comprehensive approach that includes assessment, diagnosis, intervention, and evaluation.

• #49 Ineffective Airway Clearance Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plans | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/ineffective-airway-clearance-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Ineffective airway clearance is the inability to clear secretions or obstructions from the respiratory tract. This can be detrimental to breathing and create complications. Nurses understand the most important aspects of care include maintaining the airway, breathing, and circulation (ABCs). Nurses must be vigilant in assessing for airway obstruction and implementing interventions to prevent worsening secretions. […] The following are common nursing care planning goals and expected outcomes for ineffective airway clearance: Patient will maintain a patent airway as evidenced by clear breath sounds, oxygen saturation within normal limits, and the ability to cough to clear secretions. Patient will avoid specific behaviors or factors that worsen secretions and airway clearance. Patient/caregiver will demonstrate techniques to effectively clear secretions. Patient/caregiver will verbalize signs and symptoms of ineffective airway clearance.

• #50 Cough Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/cough-nursing-diagnosis/

  Cough is a protective reflex that helps clear the airways of secretions, foreign particles, and irritants. This nursing diagnosis focuses on identifying types of cough and associated symptoms and implementing appropriate interventions to manage cough effectively while preventing complications. […] Cough can be triggered by various factors affecting respiratory function: Airway inflammation or irritation, Respiratory tract infections (viral, bacterial), Chronic conditions: Asthma, COPD, Bronchiectasis, Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Environmental factors: Allergens, Pollutants, Smoke exposure, Medications (e.g., ACE inhibitors), Postnasal drip, Psychological factors (habit cough). […] The patient will demonstrate effective cough suppression techniques. The patient will maintain clear airways. The patient will show improved sleep patterns. The patient will maintain adequate hydration. The patient will report decreased frequency and severity of cough. The patient will demonstrate proper sputum clearance techniques. The patient will avoid complications.

• #51 Ineffective Airway Clearance & Coughing Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/ineffective-airway-clearance/

  By formulating SMART goals, nurses can ensure that the goals are specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound, providing a clear framework for assessing progress and promoting effective airway clearance in clients. […] Airway patency is of utmost importance for adequate oxygenation, ventilation, prevention of respiratory complications, effective coughing, and overall respiratory function. […] Nurses must prioritize the assessment and maintenance of a patent airway to ensure optimal respiratory well-being for the clients. […] Coughing is a mechanism for clearing secretions. […] An ineffective cough compromises airway clearance and prevents mucus from being expelled. […] Teach the client the proper ways of coughing and breathing (e.g., take a deep breath, hold for two seconds, and cough two or three times in succession).

• #52 Chronic Cough: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.chronic-cough-care-instructions.abp1885

  A cough is a symptom, not a disease. To treat a chronic cough, you may need to treat the problem that causes it. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor if you are having problems. […] Drink plenty of water and other fluids. This may help soothe a dry or sore throat. Honey or lemon juice in hot water or tea may ease a dry cough. […] Do not smoke or allow others to smoke around you. Smoke can make a cough worse. If you need help quitting, talk to your doctor about stop-smoking programs and medicines. […] Take cough medicine as directed by your doctor. […] Call your doctor now or seek immediate medical care if: You cough up blood. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor if: You cough more deeply or more often, especially if you notice more mucus or a change in the color of your mucus.

• #53

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=abp1885

  A chronic cough lasts more than 8 weeks. […] To treat a chronic cough, you may need to treat the problem that causes it. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. […] Drink plenty of water and other fluids. This may help soothe a dry or sore throat. […] Do not smoke or allow others to smoke around you. Smoke can make a cough worse. […] Take cough medicine as directed by your doctor. […] You may want to ask your doctor if a medicine that thins mucus would help. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line now or seek immediate medical care if you cough up blood. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if you cough more deeply or more often, especially if you notice more mucus or a change in the colour of your mucus.

• #54 Burden and impact of chronic cough in UK primary care: a dataset analysis | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/11/12/e054832

  The dataset used in this study provided a whole system view of the patient journey throughout their medical care, and enabled a direct assessment of CC on healthcare utilisation and quantification of the associated economic cost. […] We have demonstrated increased outpatient costs following the index date for CC diagnosis in individuals with a range of common CC-associated comorbidities. […] In this cross-sectional primary-care based evaluation, CC was present in 2% of adults, contributing to considerable morbidity and health economic burden. One-third of individuals had ongoing CC symptoms in the absence of associated comorbidities.

• #55 Ineffective Airway Clearance & Coughing Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/ineffective-airway-clearance/

  Utilize this comprehensive nursing care plan and nursing diagnosis guide to provide effective care for patients experiencing ineffective airway clearance and cough. […] Nurses play a crucial role in teaching clients and their families about airway clearance interventions to maintain a patent airway, improve breathing comfort, enhance ventilation and oxygenation, and prevent associated risks. […] Effective airway clearance and management of ineffective coughing are essential aspects of nursing care for clients with respiratory conditions. […] This nursing care plan aims to outline the key strategies and interventions necessary to optimize airway clearance and manage coughing problems in a client. […] The following are the nursing problem priorities for clients with ineffective cough and airway clearance: Improvement of airway patency.

• #56 Ineffective Airway Clearance Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plans | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/ineffective-airway-clearance-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Nursing interventions and care are essential for the patients recovery. […] Suctioning helps in removing secretions in patients who cannot cough effectively. […] If the nurse suspects that there is a risk of infection, sputum samples can be cultured for the presence of bacteria. […] Nursing care plans help prioritize assessments and interventions for both short and long-term goals of care. […] Ineffective airway clearance related to the effects of tracheostomy, as evidenced by an inability to clear secretions. […] Coughing can effectively remove secretions. Noting the patients ability to cough will determine the level of assistance needed in clearing secretions. […] Coughing is the most effective way to remove secretions. However, since the patient cannot cough secretions, suctioning may assist the patient in clearing the airway.

• #57 Nursing Care Plan for Cough: Essential Guide for Quick Recovery!

  https://healthokglobal.com/nursing-care-plan-for-cough

  Developing an effective nursing care plan for patients with a cough involves thorough assessment, diagnosis, and intervention. […] This comprehensive guide provides essential information on creating and implementing a nursing care plan for cough, ensuring patient recovery and comfort. […] The first step in creating a nursing care plan for cough is a comprehensive assessment. […] Based on the assessment, the following nursing diagnoses may be identified for a patient with a cough: […] Nursing interventions for managing a cough focus on relieving symptoms, addressing the underlying cause, and preventing complications. […] Regular evaluation and monitoring are essential to assess the effectiveness of the nursing care plan and make necessary adjustments. […] Implementing preventive measures can help reduce the risk of developing a cough and associated respiratory conditions. […] Creating and implementing a nursing care plan for cough involves a comprehensive approach that includes assessment, diagnosis, intervention, and evaluation.

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