Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Brain metastases – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/brain-metastases/symptoms-causes/syc-20350136

  Brain metastases may form one or more tumors in the brain. As they grow, they put pressure on surrounding brain tissue. This can cause symptoms such as headache, personality changes, confusion, seizures, vision changes, trouble speaking, numbness, weakness or loss of balance. […] Symptoms caused by brain metastases can vary. They depend on location, size and how fast they’re growing. […] Symptoms of brain metastases include: Headache, sometimes with vomiting or nausea. Mental changes, such as increasing memory problems. Seizures. Weakness or numbness on one side of the body. Vision changes. Difficulty speaking or understanding language. Loss of balance.

• #2 Brain Metastases: When Cancer Spreads to the Brain

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17225-metastatic-brain-tumors

  Brain metastasis symptoms vary based on the tumors location and how its impacting your brain function in that area. The most common symptoms include: […] As brain metastases progress, you may notice new symptoms, including: […] Sometimes, brain metastases cause a stroke. But while stroke symptoms come on suddenly, most metastatic brain tumor symptoms come on slowly and worsen over time. […] Brain metastases are often curable. But even when theres no cure, treatments can help you live longer and improve your quality of life. The life expectancy associated with brain metastases was once less than six months. But new treatments have extended the timeline so that most people with this diagnosis are living longer and with much better symptom management. In fact, most people with brain metastases dont die from their brain tumor(s). […] Still, many of the questions that most people with brain metastases have like how fast their tumor will grow are highly individual. Your experience depends on the primary cancer, how many tumors you have and how you respond to treatment, among other things.

• #3 8 Top Brain Metastases Symptoms & Signs | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/brain-metastases/brain-metastases-symptoms.html

  The symptoms caused by a brain metastasis depend on the tumors location. For instance, a metastasis in a section of the brain that manages visual processing may cause vision problems. […] common brain metastasis symptoms include: […] Headaches: These are often the first symptoms of a brain metastasis. They are caused by the tumor putting pressure on the brain and skull. A headache caused by brain metastases usually becomes progressively worse as time passes. It may not get better with over-the-counter pain medicine and it may be associated with nausea or vomiting. It can get worse when you lie down, bend over or bear down, such as when you have a bowel movement. […] Seizures: Seizures can take many different forms, such as episodes of numbness, tingling, uncontrollable arm and leg movements, difficulty speaking, strange smells or sensations, staring and unresponsive episodes or convulsions.

• #4 Signs & Symptoms of Brain Metastases | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/brain-tumors-metastatic/symptoms

  The symptoms and signs of brain metastases can be hard to see at first. We often find these tumors when we are testing you for other health conditions. We also find them when we are assessing the stage of your primary cancer. […] Your symptoms usually depend on the tumors location and size. Possible symptoms include: […] A tumor makes pressure inside the skull, squeezing nearby brain tissue. This causes headaches. They are often worse in the morning and hurt less as the day goes on. […] Brain metastases put pressure on the brain. This can cause nausea (feeling like throwing up) and vomiting (throwing up). […] A tumor affects the flow of electrical impulses through the brain. A seizure is sudden, uncontrolled change in your brain electrical activity. A partial seizure affects one area of your brain.

• #5 Brain metastases | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/metastatic/brain-metastases

  Cancer that starts in one part of the body and spreads to the brain is called brain metastases. It’s sometimes called a metastatic brain tumour. Brain metastases are much more common than primary brain cancer. […] The most common symptom of brain metastases is a headache. Headaches may be caused by a tumour pressing on the brain, swelling caused by a fluid buildup around the brain (called edema), bleeding or hydrocephalus. […] Other signs and symptoms of brain metastases include: seizure, nausea and vomiting, weakness or numbness in parts of the body, such as the face, arms or legs, confusion and problems with memory, changes in behaviour and personality, problems with balance and coordination, loss of bladder or bowel control (called incontinence), problems with speech, problems with swallowing.

• #6 Metastatic Brain Tumors – AANS

  http://www.aans.org/patients/conditions-treatments/metastatic-brain-tumors/

  Tumors that spread to the brain from a primary neoplasm located in other organs of the body are referred to as metastatic brain tumors. They are among the most common intracranial brain tumors encountered by physicians. These tumors are a common complication of systemic cancers and an important cause of morbidity (rate of disease) and mortality (death) in patients. […] Approximately 200,000 new cases of brain metastases are diagnosed in the U.S. each year, and the number may be growing with increased awareness and improved diagnostic techniques. […] Besides the following symptoms, many patients may experience additional complications caused by the original tumor and its related manifestations. Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP): In most patients, symptoms of brain metastases are caused by the expansion of lesions and increased ICP. The most common symptoms of increased ICP are headache, vomiting and disturbance of consciousness. Headache is the initial symptom in about half of brain tumor patients and is eventually experienced by the majority, at some point. Vomiting is an occasional accompaniment to the headache. It is far more common in children than in adults. In children, vomiting may be especially dramatic or forceful, so much so that it may be labeled as projectile in nature. Alteration in Consciousness: Patients at some point commonly experience alterations in consciousness, including both the level of consciousness and/or its quality. A brain tumor can induce a wide spectrum of changes in mental status, ranging from subtle alterations in personality to states of profound and irretrievable coma. Seizures (Epileptic Seizures/Fits): Seizures are associated with brain tumors in almost 35 percent of patients. Age increases the risk of epilepsy caused by a tumor especially in individuals beyond 45 years of age. Focal (Specific) Neurological Symptoms: Whereas headaches, altered mental status and seizures may be seen with tumors that occur in many parts of the brain, some symptoms are associated with tumors that occur in specific locations. These focal neurological symptoms affect the side of the body opposite from the side where the tumor resides and may include different modalities of sensation such as tingling and motor changes (hemiparesis).

• #7 8 Top Brain Metastases Symptoms & Signs | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/brain-metastases/brain-metastases-symptoms.html

  Changes in mental function, mood or personality: You may become withdrawn, moody or inefficient at work. You may feel drowsy, confused and unable to think. Depression and anxiety, especially if either develops suddenly, may be an early symptom of a brain tumor. You may become uninhibited or behave in ways you never have before. […] Speech problems: Issues can include trouble finding words, talking incoherently and an inability to express or understand language. […] Changes in the senses: Brain metastases can impact your ability to hear, smell or see. This can include double vision or blurred vision. […] Changes in the sense of touch: Your ability to feel heat, cold, pressure, a light touch or sharp objects may change. […] Loss of balance or coordination. […] Changes in pulse or breathing rates: This symptom is caused by the tumor pressing against the brainstem.

• #8 Brain metastases: Symptoms, prognosis, diagnosis, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/brain-metastases

  Brain metastases happen when cancer spreads from one area of the body to the brain. About 20% of people with cancer develop brain metastases. This can affect a persons outlook. […] Symptoms of brain metastases vary depending on many factors, including how big the tumor or tumors are and where they are in the brain. […] Some symptoms that may develop include: a chronic or intense headache, trouble moving one part of the body, numbness or tingling, confusion or problems with attention, changes in behavior or emotions, seizures, nausea or vomiting. […] Metastatic brain cancer is usually terminal. While some people are able to live longer than others and while a few survive much longer than average, most people have months to live by the time they receive a diagnosis. […] A 2018 study involving 145 people with brain metastases found that most died within 1 year of diagnosis. […] Even if a surgeon removes tumors from the brain, it is common for them to come back. […] Survival rates for metastatic brain cancer have improved considerably over the last 3 decades due to technologies such as whole brain radiation.

• #9 Signs & Symptoms of Brain Metastases | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/brain-tumors-metastatic/symptoms

  A tumor can affect the parts of the brain that control speech, vision, and understanding. […] A tumor can affect the parts of the brain that control the muscles. This can cause weakness and numbness. You may have problems with movement and other motor functions. This happens if a tumor gets in the way of the normal flow of signals from the brain to muscles.

• #10 Stage 4 Metastatic Brain Cancer: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/brain-cancer/types/metastatic-brain-cancer

  Brain metastases are the most common type of brain tumor, accounting for between 98,000 and 170,000 cases annually in the United States. […] Patients with brain metastases may experience symptoms such as: Seizures, Numbness or tingling, Headaches, Changes in speech, Changes in coordination or balance, Altered mood, mental acuity or behavior, Blurred or double vision, Sharper or duller senses, such as hearing or smelling, Weakness affecting one side of the body. […] Cancer patients who experience any of these symptoms should contact their care team right away to evaluate the cause.

• #11 Final Stages of Brain Cancer Metastasis – Symptoms of the Last Stage of Brain Cancer

  https://massivebio.com/final-stages-of-brain-cancer-metastasis/

  Final stages of brain cancer metastasis often result in increased symptoms and complexities in patient care. The spread of cancer cells to other parts of the brain and other organs leads to a significant escalation in both the number and severity of symptoms. Treatment strategies at this stage focus on symptom management and maintaining quality of life. […] Final stage brain cancer presents a range of symptoms that significantly affect a patients quality of life and neurological functions. The specific symptoms experienced can vary, particularly influenced by the tumors location, such as the Temporal lobe or Occipital lobe. Below are the key symptoms associated with the final stages of this disease: Changes in vision: Tumors in the occipital lobe often lead to vision problems, such as blurred vision and difficulties with visual perception. Memory loss and confusion: Impairments in memory and understanding, caused by tumors affecting the temporal lobe, are common, manifesting as forgetfulness and confusion. Cognitive and behavioral changes: Tumors can cause shifts in personality and behavior, including mood swings and changes in social behavior. Physical Weakness: A general decline in physical strength and coordination makes daily tasks challenging.

• #12 Final Stages of Brain Cancer Metastasis – Symptoms of the Last Stage of Brain Cancer

  https://massivebio.com/final-stages-of-brain-cancer-metastasis/

  End-stage brain cancer significantly impacts survival rate and life expectancy. As the disease progresses, these rates generally decrease, reflecting the advanced and aggressive nature of the cancer. Effective palliative care is crucial to manage symptoms and provide the best quality of life possible under these circumstances. […] The brain metastases generally begin subtly but grow increasingly disruptive. Cerebral metastases profoundly affect cognitive and sensory capabilities, notably in the parietal lobe and temporal lobe. The parietal lobes damage leads to issues with spatial orientation and sensory perception, while deterioration in the temporal lobe disrupts memory and language processing. […] As the cancer progresses to the right cerebellar area, it severely impairs balance and motor control. This deterioration manifests as increased instability and a dramatic decline in physical activity, significantly affecting the patients quality of life.

• #13 Final Stages of Brain Cancer Metastasis – Symptoms of the Last Stage of Brain Cancer

  https://massivebio.com/final-stages-of-brain-cancer-metastasis/

  The life expectancy of someone with brain cancer metastasis is influenced by numerous factors, including the origin of the cancer, the location of the metastasis in the brain, and the effectiveness of the treatment. Metastatic brain cancer occurs when cancer cells from another part of the body, such as the lung, spread to the brain. These metastatic cells can travel to various regions of the brain, including the parietal lobe, which is responsible for functions such as movement and sensation. When the cancer affects this area, patients may experience weakness, difficulty with coordination, or even issues with language. […] In conclusion, brain metastasis represents a serious complication, with the specific prognosis dependent on the cancer type, the location of brain metastasis, and available treatment options.

• #14 Brain Metastases Symptoms | Expert Surgeon | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD

  https://www.aaroncohen-gadol.com/en/patients/brain-metastasis/types/symptoms

  Increased intracranial pressure due to brain metastases can lead to nausea and vomiting. These symptoms are often more severe in the morning and may be accompanied by other neurological signs. […] Some patients may exhibit personality changes, mood swings, or emotional instability. These changes can be distressing for both the patient and their loved ones. […] Brain metastases located in areas responsible for speech and language can lead to difficulties in speaking, understanding language, or finding the right words. […] Tumors affecting the cerebellum, a part of the brain responsible for coordination, can cause balance and gait issues. Cerebellar metastasis symptoms can be particularly noticeable or disrupting. […] In severe cases, brain metastases can lead to a decreased level of consciousness, including coma. This is a medical emergency requiring immediate attention.

• #15 Metastatic Brain Cancer

  https://www.rwjbh.org/treatment-care/neuroscience/neurosurgery/conditions-treated/brain-metastases/

  Changes in mental function, mood, and personality: Those with brain metastases often cannot notice the gradual changes in their mental function, which may include depression, anxiety, drowsiness, confusion, and memory problems. It can be difficult to concentrate, and you may be inefficient at work. […] Seizures: These seizures are not always dramatic events with noticeable convulsions. Those who have seizures may experience episodes of staring while being unresponsive to stimuli, and you may notice numbness, tingling, a metallic taste, and other strange sensations. […] Speech difficulties: Expressing and understanding language may become more difficult, and you may have trouble finding words. […] Changes in pulse and/or breathing rates: This is caused by the tumor pressing against your brainstem.

• #16 8 Top Brain Metastases Symptoms & Signs | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/brain-metastases/brain-metastases-symptoms.html

  In addition, brain metastases can harm the brain by: […] Invading and destroying brain tissue. […] Putting pressure on nearby tissue. […] Taking up space and increasing pressure within the skull (intracranial pressure). […] Causing fluid to build-up in the brain. […] Blocking normal circulation of cerebrospinal fluid through the spaces within the brain. […] Causing bleeding in the brain.

• #17 Brain Metastases: Staging and Treatment | OncoLink

  https://www.oncolink.org/cancers/brain-tumors/brain-metastasis/brain-metastases-staging-and-treatment

  Brain metastases take up space in the brain, putting pressure on nearby tissue. This pressure can cause symptoms. […] WBRT improves symptoms of brain metastases in 70-90% of patients, although some of this is also a result of the corticosteroids. Recurrence is common, and control of brain metastases may only happen in half of the patients. […] Patients with tumors that are more sensitive to the effects of radiation respond better (lung and breast, for example) than those with tumors that are less sensitive to radiation (melanoma and renal cancers).

• #18 Diagnosing Metastatic Brain Tumors | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/metastatic-brain-tumors/diagnosis

  A metastatic brain tumor is cancer that has spread to the brain from another part of the body. These tumors which are also called brain metastases are malignant, meaning they can spread throughout the body. […] Symptoms of brain metastases, which may develop gradually or rapidly, depend on the tumors size and location. They may include headache, weakness on one side of the body, seizures, vision changes, memory loss, or problems with balance and walking. A growing tumor often has fluid buildup, called edema, around it. Edema puts pressure on the brain and may damage the organ or be fatal.

• #19 Brain Metastasis Clinical Presentation: History, Physical

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1157902-clinical

  Headache (42%) and seizure (21%) are the 2 most common presenting symptoms. […] New onset of seizures in a patient older than 35 years is highly suggestive of primary or metastatic disease. […] In addition, 35% of patients have cognitive dysfunction, and 30% have motor dysfunction. […] About 10% of patients present with hemorrhage. Metastases commonly derive from choriocarcinoma, melanoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, thyroid carcinoma, and renal carcinoma bleeding; most of these hemorrhages are intramural.

• #20 Signs Lung Cancer Has Spread to Your Brain

  https://www.webmd.com/lung-cancer/signs-lung-cancer-spread-brain

  If lung cancer isnt caught early, theres a high risk of it spreading to other parts of your body, including the brain. […] This can cause one or more tumors to form in the brain, which can lead to serious symptoms like blurry vision, slurred speech, headaches, and seizures. […] About 50% of those who have lung cancer will develop brain mets. And around 25% already have them at the time of diagnosis. […] The median survival of people with lung cancer and brain mets is about 12 months. […] Symptoms related to brain mets depend on the location and size of the tumors in the brain. Symptoms also reflect how quickly a tumor is growing and if there is actual increased pressure within the brain. […] Focal symptoms result from direct pressure or destruction locally in the brain. […] Global symptoms include headaches, confusion or memory problems, nausea and vomiting, and personality changes. […] The symptoms may suddenly change if you have a bleed (hemorrhagic stroke) from the tumor. […] If your lung cancer spreads to the brain, research shows that the outlook is poor. On average, those who develop brain mets tend to live for less than 6 months after diagnosis.

• #21 Metastatic Brain Tumors – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/cancer/metastatic-brain-tumors-a-to-z

  A metastatic brain tumor is cancer that has spread (metastasized) from another part of the body to the brain. […] The signs and symptoms of secondary brain tumors depend on their size and location. This is because different parts of the brain control different functions. […] Signs and symptoms of brain metastases include headaches, seizures, visual changes, such as double vision, lack of energy and/or sleepiness, vomiting, changes in mood, behavior, or personality, weakness in parts of the body, trouble speaking or hearing, problems with memory or mental ability, loss of balance or coordination. […] Some people with metastatic brain tumors don’t show any symptoms. However, over time, the brain metastases will continue to grow, eventually causing symptoms. […] Primary cancers spread to the brain at different rates. For example, lung cancer tends to spread to the brain much sooner than many other cancers. The tumors will continue to grow until they are treated. […] The outlook for patients with brain metastases depends on the patient’s age, the number and location of the tumors, how well the tumors respond to treatment, whether the primary tumor is still growing and spreading.

• #22 Brain Metastases | Cancer Spread to Brain | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/managing-cancer/advanced-cancer/brain-metastases.html

  Brain metastases develop most often in people with lung cancer, breast cancer, and melanoma, but also with other types of cancer. Brain metastases can be found at the same time as the primary cancer or later. […] Symptoms of brain metastases depend on the location, size and number of growths in the brain, or the amount of swelling. Metastases can push on or cause swelling in specific areas causing specific symptoms. Not everyone with a brain metastasis will have symptoms but most do. […] The most common symptoms are: Headache, Not being able to move parts of your body, like an arm or leg, Sleepiness, Memory problems, Changes in emotions or how a person acts, Problems hearing, seeing, or swallowing, Seizures, Nausea or vomiting.

• #23 Emerging Treatments for Brain Metastases in Breast Cancer | Cancer Today

  https://www.cancertodaymag.org/cancer-talk/emerging-treatments-for-brain-metastases-in-breast-cancer/

  Brain metastases can affect nearly a third of patients with metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer, a type of breast cancer that expresses a high level of HER2 proteins. […] Research showing new treatments have stopped progression in the brain and even prevented new metastases have created more options for treating patients with brain metastases and allowed for broader clinical trial criteria that include patients with brain metastases. […] Local therapy is very much a key element or the key element for brain metastases in part because of how effective these treatments are, with radiation and surgery, and also in recognition of how important the functional consequences of unrelenting brain metastases are. […] But management of brain metastases has evolved in what Dent called a watershed moment as researchers discover systemic therapies that penetrate the blood-brain barrier and ward off tumor progression.

• #24 Brain metastases – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/brain-metastases/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350140

  Coping with brain metastases involves accepting the news that your cancer has spread beyond its original site. Cancer that has spread can be difficult to cure. People with a single brain metastasis have a better chance of long-term survival than do people with multiple metastatic tumors. Your healthcare team will work to reduce your pain and help you continue your daily activities.

• #24 Brain metastases – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/brain-metastases/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350140

  Treatment for brain metastases can help ease symptoms, slow tumor growth and extend life. Even with successful treatment, they may return. That’s why your healthcare professional will follow you closely. […] Medicines can help control symptoms of brain metastases and make you more comfortable. Options might include: Steroids. These high-dose medicines also are called corticosteroids. They may decrease swelling in the brain caused by brain metastases, helping to relieve symptoms. Anti-seizure drugs. These medicines may help control seizures if you have any. […] Brain tumors may form in parts of the brain that control movement, speech, vision and thinking. That’s why rehabilitation may need to be part of recovery. Your healthcare professional may refer you to these services: Physical therapy. Physical therapists can help you regain strength, coordination, and the ability to move and balance. Occupational therapy. Occupational therapists can help you return to your usual daily activities, such as work. Speech therapy. Speech pathologists can work with you if you have trouble speaking. Cognitive rehabilitation therapy. Healthcare professionals can help if you are having difficulty with memory loss, word recall, mood issues and attention.

• #25 Brain metastases | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20117642/

  Brain metastases may form one or more tumors in the brain. As they grow, they put pressure on surrounding brain tissue. This can cause symptoms such as headache, personality changes, confusion, seizures, vision changes, trouble speaking, numbness, weakness or loss of balance. […] Symptoms caused by brain metastases can vary. They depend on location, size and how fast theyre growing. […] Symptoms of brain metastases include: Headache, sometimes with vomiting or nausea. Mental changes, such as increasing memory problems. Seizures. Weakness or numbness on one side of the body. Vision changes. Difficulty speaking or understanding language. Loss of balance. […] Treatment for brain metastases can help ease symptoms, slow tumor growth and extend life. Even with successful treatment, they may return. […] Brain tumors may form in parts of the brain that control movement, speech, vision and thinking. Thats why rehabilitation may need to be part of recovery. […] Coping with brain metastases involves accepting the news that your cancer has spread beyond its original site.

• #26 Metastatic Brain Tumors – AANS

  http://www.aans.org/patients/conditions-treatments/metastatic-brain-tumors/

  Many people with metastatic brain tumors have widespread tumor metastasis. The effectiveness of treatment of brain metastases is almost always determined by how well the primary cancer is controlled. In the absence of control of the primary cancer, treatment of metastatic brain tumors would be a futile endeavor. The prognostic factors are complex and largely depend upon the status of systemic disease, extent of neurological deficit, length of time between first diagnosis of cancer and the diagnosis of brain metastasis, the type of primary tumor and the nature, size and invasiveness of the metastatic lesion, among other things. Hence, careful coordination and communication between the neurosurgeon, radiation oncologist and primary oncologist is essential. Relapse of disease either in the brain or the body is common and hence, frequent and consistent follow-up with imaging studies is also essential.

• #27 Brain metastasis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_metastasis

  The prognosis for brain metastases is variable; it depends on the type of primary cancer, the age of the patient, the absence or presence of extracranial metastases, and the number of metastatic sites in the brain. For patients who do not undergo treatment the average survival is between one and two months. However, in some patients, such as those with no extracranial metastases, those who are younger than 65, and those with a single site of metastasis in the brain only, prognosis is much better, with median survival rates of up to 13.5 months. […] Brain metastases are most commonly diagnosed within multiple intracranial areas within the context of extracranial diseases.

• #28 Correlating symptoms and their changes with survival in patients with brain metastases – Wong – Annals of Palliative Medicine

  https://apm.amegroups.org/article/view/11615/html

  Having a clear prognosis for patients with brain metastases allows health care practitioners (HCPs) to determine appropriate palliative management and assist patients when making informed treatment decisions. […] Fatigue, headaches, and focal weakness are the most prevalent symptoms, although other symptoms can include seizures and visual impairments. […] The most common symptom changes following whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) were: worsened fatigue, appetite loss, and weakness. Worsened difficulty concentrating, fatigue, nausea and headaches were most predictive of a poorer survival outcome. […] HCPs should be aware of the shorter prognosis associated with patients exhibiting one or more of these symptoms and tailor care accordingly to maximize patients remaining quality of life (QOL).

• #29 Correlating symptoms and their changes with survival in patients with brain metastases – Wong – Annals of Palliative Medicine

  https://apm.amegroups.org/article/view/11615/html

  In particular, individuals scoring with moderate to severe fatigue and appetite loss had shorter survival than those presenting with mild or no symptoms. […] Greater burden of appetite loss, headache, and difficulty concentrating were also correlated with shorter OS. As time progressed, increased concentration difficulties, issues with balance, and fatigue intensity were associated with higher risk of death. […] Patients with increased concentration difficulty had higher risk of impending death compared to patients with no change or with decreased scores. […] For month 2, symptom change of fatigue was significantly related to OS. Patients with increased experience of fatigue had shorter survival compared to patients with decreased score. […] For month 3, three symptom changes were significantly related to OS: nausea, appetite loss, and concentration difficulty. Patients with increased nausea had higher risk of impending death comparing to patients with decreased score.

• #30 Secondary (metastatic) breast cancer in the brain | Breast Cancer Now

  https://breastcancernow.org/about-breast-cancer/secondary-breast-cancer/secondary-breast-cancer-treatment/secondary-metastatic-breast-cancer-in-the-brain

  A build-up of pressure in the brain, caused by areas of secondary breast cancer, can lead to headaches. These might be different to headaches you’ve had before. They may get worse, continue for days or not go away completely. […] Cancer-related fatigue is 1 of the most common symptoms in people with secondary breast cancer. Fatigue is extreme tiredness that does not go away with rest or sleep. It has many causes, from the emotional impact of a diagnosis to side effects of treatment or growth and spread of the cancer.

• #31 Recognizing the Symptoms of Terminal Brain Cancer – Ezra

  https://ezra.com/blog/recognizing-the-symptoms-of-terminal-brain-cancer

  End-stage brain cancer symptoms are typically similar to Stage 3, however, with worsening effects on the body and brain. […] Cognitive decline is a hallmark symptom of terminal brain cancer, significantly impacting patients daily lives. Common cognitive symptoms include memory loss, confusion, difficulty concentrating, impaired problem-solving, and language difficulties. These symptoms can profoundly affect a patients ability to perform daily activities. […] Increasing from stage 3, personality changes, mood disturbances, and behavioural shifts become more common as the tumor affects different brain regions. These changes can be distressing for both patients and families. […] As terminal brain cancer progresses, patients often develop speech and swallowing problems. Speech difficulties can range from slurred speech to complete inability to communicate verbally, depending on the affected brain areas. Swallowing issues (dysphagia) are common, especially in end-stage brain cancer, making eating and drinking challenging and increasing the risk of aspiration. […] The timeline for progression and survival rates for stage 4 brain cancer varies based on tumor type, patient age, overall health, and whether treatment is pursued. […] Symptoms worsen quickly, with rapid decline in mobility, cognition, and overall well-being.

• #32 Brain metastases | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/brain-metastases?lang=us

  Brain metastases are estimated to account for approximately 25-50% of intracranial tumors in hospitalized patients. […] These patients can commonly present with headaches, seizures, mental status alterations, ataxia, nausea and vomiting, and visual disturbances. However, up to 60-75% of patients can be asymptomatic at the time of imaging. […] Overall patients with brain metastases typically have a mean survival of one month without treatment. With treatment, survival improves, but it is still dismal. The mean age of survival is still less than one year, although in some patients with solitary metastases, longer survival is encountered.

• #33 FDA Brain Metastasis | Metastatic Brain Cancer Prognosis | Diagnosed with Breast Cancer | How Long Do I Have to Live with Brain Mets? | MBCBrainmets.org

  https://mbcbrainmets.org/brain-metastasis/

  The prognosis of patients with breast cancer who develop brain metastasis has substantially improved over the past 20 years, but can vary widely depending upon your breast cancer subtype and your age. […] Historically, survival of patients with breast cancer brain metastasis was very poor, ranging from 3-6 months. However, with the development of new treatments that effectively control cancer outside of the brain, patients with BCBM are living longer. The overall survival for breast cancer patients with brain metastasis (all types combined) is now closer to just over 2 years, with a life expectancy of 3 years for those with HER2+ tumors. […] Studies have also shown that specialized care known as palliative or supportive care, which addresses the symptoms and stress of an advanced disease, can improve quality of life. In some cases, it can even extend survival. For patients with brain metastasis, palliative radiation therapy is often prescribed to control tumors or relieve symptoms such as headaches. […] Treatment options for breast cancer patients with brain metastasis often include oral or IV medication, surgery, stereotactic radiosurgery, whole-brain radiation therapy or some combination of these.

• #34 TTFields Increases Time to Progression in Patients With Brain Metastases From NSCLC

  https://www.targetedonc.com/view/ttfields-increases-time-to-progression-in-patients-with-brain-metastases-from-nsclc

  Findings from the phase 3 METIS trial found that tumor-treating fields were able to significantly improve time to intracranial progression in patients with brain metastases from non-small cell lung cancer. […] Adult patients with brain metastases from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with tumor-treating fields (TTFields) plus supportive care experienced a significant improvement in time to intracranial progression, meeting the primary end point of the phase 3 METIS trial (NCT02831959). […] With a median treatment duration of 16 weeks, patients who were treated with TTFields and supportive care had a median time to intracranial progression of 21.9 months vs 11.3 months for patients treated with supportive care alone (n = 298; HR, 0.67; P =.016). […] In this international, multicenter, phase 3 trial, the use of TTFields therapy significantly delayed time to brain relapse, with associated improvement in quality of life and stable cognition. This is a major benefit and is potentially practice changing.

• #35 Emerging Treatments for Brain Metastases in Breast Cancer | Cancer Today

  https://www.cancertodaymag.org/cancer-talk/emerging-treatments-for-brain-metastases-in-breast-cancer/

  The study leading to the approval, called HER2CLIMB, included 612 patients who had received one or more prior HER2-based treatment regimens for metastatic cancer. Those with brain metastases who took Tukysa with trastuzumab and capecitabine had delayed progression in the brain for a median of 9.9 months, compared with 4.2 months in patients who took trastuzumab, capecitabine and a placebo. […] This trial really showcased that we saw this tremendous intracranial response in improvement in PFS [progression-free survival]. […] In another study, almost half of patients with brain metastases who were given Enhertu had a response in the brain and many had a sustained response. […] Newer systemic therapies may ease these concerns as several studies show these treatments may also prevent metastases in the first place.

• #36 Emerging Treatments for Brain Metastases in Breast Cancer | Cancer Today

  https://www.cancertodaymag.org/cancer-talk/emerging-treatments-for-brain-metastases-in-breast-cancer/

  When you add in the tucatinib [Tukysa], you are getting to more than two years where you dont see any CNS mets, which is why it is really exciting to see these agents move up to earliest line in our metastatic armamentarium but also in earlier breast cancer. Can we prevent brain metastases in the first place, and this data would suggest yes.

• #37 Review of Current Principles of the Diagnosis and Management of Brain Metastases

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9171239/

  The role of surgery in the management of brain metastases has grown over time and is now considered the standard care for select patients. […] Advances in radiotherapy and systemic therapy have led to an expanded role for surgery in patients with multiple brain metastases and created a new indication for surgery in patients with symptomatic brain metastases: resection to reduce steroid dependence. […] Radiation therapy is the mainstay of treatment of intracranial metastases to attain local control and prevent growth and recurrence. […] Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) has emerged as a favorable alternative to WBRT in many patients with brain metastases. […] The nature of metastatic cancer renders each patient with brain metastases unique, and therefore no single treatment paradigm is appropriate for every such patient.

• #38 Brain Metastases Treatment | UVA Health

  https://uvahealth.com/services/brain-cancer-treatment/brain-metastases

  You may have symptoms like headaches, seizures, memory issues, weakness, and vision problems. […] Some treatments can help you live longer, but wont help you have good quality of life during that extra time. And some treatments, like whole-brain radiation therapy, relieve symptoms. But then the treatment causes neurological problems. […] Brain metastases cant be cured. But at UVA Health, we’ll help you choose treatments that give you the most time with the highest quality of life. […] Surgery to remove brain tumors may help relieve symptoms. […] Taking out the tumors can relieve pressure on your brain and lessen your symptoms.

• #39 Treatment for secondary brain cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/secondary-cancer/secondary-brain-cancer/treatment

  Treatment for secondary brain cancer aims to control the cancer and your symptoms. […] Secondary brain cancer can cause symptoms. The treatments above might help to control your symptoms by shrinking or removing the brain tumours. […] Symptoms of raised intracranial pressure might include: headaches, feeling or being sick, seizures (fits), behaviour changes, changes to your vision. […] Your doctor might give you anti epileptic medicines to help prevent seizures (fits). Seizures are sudden bursts of electrical activity in the brain. These can be quite scary for you and the people around you when they happen. […] It’s important to tell your treatment team if you have any pain so they can get on top of it early. They will work with you to find the right painkiller and strength to help ease the pain.

• #40 Brain metastasis: clinical manifestations, symptom management, and palliative care – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29307363/

  Patients who have brain metastases can suffer from a medley of symptoms, including headaches, seizures, cognitive impairment, fatigue, and focal deficits. […] Most of these symptoms are related to direct brain compression from the tumor or from edema. […] The location of the metastases will determine the focal deficits incurred and most patients will be on a course of steroids tapered according to their clinical status. […] Brain metastases are the most common cerebral malignancy. […] Palliative care is an essential and important part of approaching patients with metastases. […] For patients near the end of life, comfort is the ultimate goal in providing a good quality of life.

• #41 Brain Metastasis: Recognizing Symptoms Early Can Help – Kidney Cancer Association

  https://www.kidneycancer.org/brain-metastasis-recognizing-symptoms-early-can-help/

  About 15% of people with advanced RCC will develop brain tumors, and the prognosis for such cases is generally poor. People with brain tumors from RCC may experience dizziness, headaches, nausea, and other neurological symptoms. […] Finding brain tumors early–even before people become symptomatic–is key to increasing responsiveness to therapy, according to Dr. Eric Jonasch, a medical oncologist and kidney cancer expert at MD Anderson Cancer Center. […] When they’re small, they’re actually fairly easy to treat . . . but when they get bigger, then they become a bigger problem to manage. So that’s why finding them–even if they’re not symptomatic–finding them early is important, said Jonasch. […] People diagnosed with metastatic RCC should receive an initial MRI of the brain plus a repeat scan once a year, advised Jonasch.

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