Przerzuty do mózgu
Epidemiologia

Przerzuty do mózgu stanowią najczęstszy typ nowotworów wewnątrzczaszkowych u dorosłych, występując u 10-30% pacjentów z nowotworami systemowymi oraz u 6-10% dzieci z chorobami nowotworowymi. Rocznie w USA diagnozuje się około 170 000 nowych przypadków, z częstością występowania różniącą się w zależności od pierwotnej lokalizacji nowotworu. Najczęściej przerzuty do mózgu pochodzą z raka płuca (16-20%), nerki (7-10%), czerniaka (7%), raka piersi (5%) oraz jelita grubego (1-2%). Przerzuty mogą pojawić się synchronicznie (37,8%) lub metachronicznie (62,2%), najczęściej w ciągu 2 lat od rozpoznania pierwotnego nowotworu. Epidemiologiczny wzrost częstości przerzutów do mózgu przypisuje się lepszym metodom obrazowania, wydłużonemu przeżyciu pacjentów oraz ograniczonej penetracji bariery krew-mózg przez terapie przeciwnowotworowe. Przerzuty występują najczęściej u pacjentów w wieku 50-70 lat, z dominacją wieloogniskowych zmian (>80%), a obecność przerzutów pozaczaszkowych, zwłaszcza do płuc, wątroby i kości, zwiększa ryzyko ich rozwoju.

  1. Epidemiologia przerzutów do mózgu
    1. Rozkład według nowotworów pierwotnych
    2. Przerzuty synchroniczne a metachroniczne
    3. Trendy w zapadalności
    4. Czynniki demograficzne
  2. Wzorce przerzutów do mózgu
  3. Przeżycie i rokowanie
    1. Czynniki prognostyczne
  4. Nadzór i badania przesiewowe
    1. Modele predykcyjne
  5. Implikacje dla praktyki klinicznej
    1. Przyszłe kierunki
    2. Kolejne rozdziały

Epidemiologia przerzutów do mózgu

Przerzuty do mózgu stanowią najczęstszy typ nowotworów wewnątrzczaszkowych u dorosłych, znacznie przewyższając liczbę pierwotnych guzów mózgu. Szacuje się, że dotykają one od 10% do 30% dorosłych pacjentów z nowotworami systemowymi oraz od 6% do 10% dzieci z chorobami nowotworowymi.123 Rzeczywista liczba nowych przypadków przerzutów do mózgu rozpoznawanych rocznie w Stanach Zjednoczonych szacowana jest na 170 000, chociaż dokładne określenie częstości występowania jest trudne ze względu na brak ogólnokrajowego, systematycznego mechanizmu raportowania przerzutów do mózgu.45

Według badań epidemiologicznych, przerzuty do mózgu występują u około 20-40% wszystkich pacjentów z rozpoznaniem pierwotnego nowotworu.67 Więcej niż 20% pacjentów z chorobą systemową ma przerzuty do mózgu w badaniu autopsyjnym, a około 15% pacjentów z nowotworami zgłasza się z objawami neurologicznymi przed rozpoznaniem pierwotnego nowotworu.8 Przerzuty do mózgu stanowią około 20% zgonów z powodu nowotworów rocznie.9

Rozkład według nowotworów pierwotnych

Częstość występowania przerzutów do mózgu różni się znacznie w zależności od pierwotnej lokalizacji nowotworu. Nowotwory płuc, piersi i czerniak stanowią najczęstsze przyczyny przerzutów do mózgu, odpowiadając za 67-80% wszystkich przypadków.1011 W ostatnich latach zaobserwowano również wzrost częstości występowania przerzutów do mózgu u pacjentów z rakiem nerki, jelita grubego i jajnika.1213

Pięcioletnia skumulowana częstość występowania przerzutów do mózgu w najczęściej przerzutujących do mózgu nowotworach wynosi:14

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Badanie oparte na populacji obejmujące 169 444 pacjentów z nowotworami z lat 1973-2001 w Detroit wykazało, że ogółem 10% pacjentów z diagnozą jednego z pięciu głównych nowotworów pierwotnych rozwinęło przerzuty do mózgu. W szczególności przerzuty do mózgu wystąpiły w 20% przypadków raka płuca, 7% czerniaków, 7% raków nerki, 5% raków piersi i 2% raków jelita grubego.1617

Przerzuty synchroniczne a metachroniczne

Przerzuty do mózgu mogą być pierwszym objawem wcześniej niezdiagnozowanego nowotworu lub pojawić się po latach czy nawet dekadach od rozpoznania pierwotnego nowotworu.18 Na podstawie retrospektywnego badania populacyjnego zidentyfikowano 300 863 (2,6%) pacjentów z przerzutami do mózgu spośród 11 497 663 pacjentów z 15 najczęstszymi nowotworami pierwotnymi. Wśród wszystkich przerzutów do mózgu, 113 827 (37,8%) występowało synchronicznie (zdefiniowane jako rozpoznanie w ciągu dwóch miesięcy od diagnozy pierwotnego nowotworu), a 187 036 (62,2%) występowało metachronicznie (zdefiniowane jako rozpoznanie ponad dwa miesiące po diagnozie pierwotnego nowotworu).1920

Co ważne, 19% pacjentów, u których rozwinęły się przerzuty do mózgu, zostało zdiagnozowanych w ciągu 2-6 miesięcy od rozpoznania pierwotnego nowotworu. Ta wysoka częstość występowania przerzutów do mózgu pojawiających się blisko diagnozy pierwotnego nowotworu może wskazywać na potrzebę zwiększonego wczesnego badania wewnątrzczaszkowego.21 Większość przerzutów do mózgu pojawia się metachronicznie i w ciągu 2 lat od rozpoznania pierwotnego nowotworu.22

Częstość występowania przerzutów do mózgu wydaje się wzrastać w ostatnich dekadach. Szwedzkie badanie zidentyfikowało kohortę 15 517 pacjentów z przerzutami do mózgu w Szwedzkim Krajowym Rejestrze Pacjentów w 2009 roku. W tym badaniu roczna, dostosowana do wieku częstość hospitalizacji z powodu przerzutów do mózgu podwoiła się między 1987 a 2006 rokiem, z 7 do 14 pacjentów na 100 000. Głównymi nowotworami odpowiedzialnymi za wzrost przerzutów do mózgu były rak płuca, niezależnie od płci, oraz rak piersi u kobiet.23

Wzrost częstości występowania przerzutów do mózgu przypisuje się kilku czynnikom:2425

  • Ulepszonym metodom obrazowania, umożliwiającym wcześniejsze wykrycie
  • Przedłużonemu przeżyciu pacjentów z nowotworami dzięki nowoczesnym terapiom
  • Czujnym protokołom nadzoru monitorującym nawroty
  • Ograniczonej zdolności nowych metod leczenia nowotworów do przekraczania bariery krew-mózg, co czyni ośrodkowy układ nerwowy (OUN) „sanktuarium” dla przerzutów

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Czynniki demograficzne

Przerzuty do mózgu występują najczęściej u pacjentów w wieku 50-70 lat (około 60% przypadków), chociaż mogą dotyczyć każdej grupy wiekowej.29 Przerzuty do OUN nie są powszechne u dzieci, stanowiąc jedynie 6% nowotworów OUN w tej grupie wiekowej.30

Chociaż czerniak częściej rozprzestrzenia się do mózgu u mężczyzn niż u kobiet, płeć nie wpływa na ogólną częstość występowania przerzutów do mózgu.31 Czynniki ryzyka dla rozwoju przerzutów do mózgu obejmują:3233

  • Młodszy wiek (poniżej 65 lat)
  • Wyższe stadium nowotworu
  • Konkretne lokalizacje pierwotne (płuca, piersi, czerniak)
  • Obecność przerzutów pozaczaszkowych (zwłaszcza do płuc, wątroby i kości)
  • Specyficzne biomarkery molekularne związane z funkcją komórkową

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Wzorce przerzutów do mózgu

Przerzuty do mózgu mogą mieć różne wzorce występowania. Tylko 10-20% pacjentów ma pojedynczy przerzut do mózgu, podczas gdy zdecydowana większość pacjentów (ponad 80%) ma zwykle wiele przerzutów.37 Liczba pacjentów z pojedynczym przerzutem do mózgu zmniejsza się, podczas gdy odsetek pacjentów z trzema lub więcej przerzutami wzrasta w ostatnich latach.38

U pacjentów z przerzutami do mózgu często występują również synchroniczne przerzuty pozaczaszkowe.39 Badania wykazały, że około 70% pacjentów z przerzutami do mózgu miało przerzuty do płuc w momencie diagnozy, a około 40% miało przerzuty do wątroby, co odbiega od typowego wzorca przerzutów raka jelita grubego.40

Przerzuty do płuc są często uważane za czynnik zwiększający ryzyko rozwoju przerzutów do mózgu. Pacjenci z rakiem jelita grubego i przerzutami do płuc mają częstość występowania przerzutów do mózgu między 6,2 a 22,6%, co jest znacznie wyższe niż średnia częstość występowania przerzutów do mózgu nawet u pacjentów z przerzutowym rakiem jelita grubego.41

Przeżycie i rokowanie

Rozpoznanie przerzutów do mózgu wiąże się generalnie ze złym rokowaniem. Szacowane 2-letnie i 5-letnie wskaźniki przeżycia całkowitego we wszystkich typach pierwotnych nowotworów wynoszą odpowiednio 8,1% i 2,4%.42 Badania wykazały, że około 52% pacjentów z przerzutami do mózgu umiera z powodu choroby neurologicznej.43

Mediana przeżycia pacjentów z przerzutami do mózgu bez leczenia wynosi 1-2 miesiące.44 Leczenie poprawia przeżycie – randomizowane badania radioterapii całego mózgu (WBRT) dla przerzutów do mózgu z niedrobnokomórkowego raka płuca i raka piersi wykazały medianę przeżycia 4-6 miesięcy.45

W badaniu analizującym trendy czasowe, mediana przeżycia pacjentów z przerzutami do mózgu wzrosła nieznacznie w ostatnich latach (z 3,2 do 3,9 miesiąca). Jednak jednoroczny wskaźnik przeżycia wzrósł z 15% do 34%, a zaobserwowano również przypadki długotrwałego przeżycia.46 Przeżycie zależy również od charakteru pierwotnego nowotworu.47

Przerzuty do mózgu wiążą się z 30,4-miesięcznym skróceniem mediany przeżycia. Po wystąpieniu przerzutu do mózgu, przerzuty rozpoznane metachronicznie wiązały się z 1,4-miesięcznym zwiększonym przeżyciem w porównaniu z przerzutami synchronicznymi.48

Czynniki prognostyczne

Wśród pacjentów z przerzutami do mózgu, następujące czynniki są związane ze znacznie gorszym przeżyciem całkowitym:49

  • Płeć męska
  • Wiek ≥65 lat
  • Synchroniczne przerzuty do wątroby, kości lub płuc
  • Wcześniejszy rok diagnozy

50

Leczenie przeciwnowotworowe i liczba linii zastosowanych przed wystąpieniem przerzutów do mózgu były wyższe u najnowszych pacjentów, co może przyczyniać się do poprawy wskaźników przeżycia w niektórych grupach.51

Nadzór i badania przesiewowe

Nadzór obrazowy ma kluczowe znaczenie dla wszystkich pacjentów leczonych z powodu przerzutów do mózgu. Europejskie Stowarzyszenie Neuroonkologiczne i Europejskie Towarzystwo Onkologii Medycznej zalecają badanie neurologiczne z rezonansem magnetycznym mózgu co 2-3 miesiące u pacjentów ze znanymi przerzutami do mózgu lub gdy podejrzewa się progresję neurologiczną.5253

Obecne wytyczne dotyczące badań przesiewowych MRI mózgu są ograniczone. Wytyczne National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) zawierają zalecenia dotyczące MRI mózgu tylko w wybranych okolicznościach dla drobnokomórkowego raka płuca (SCLC), niedrobnokomórkowego raka płuca (NSCLC), raka piersi, raka nerki, raka jelita grubego i czerniaka.54

Według wytycznych NCCN (2024), rezonans magnetyczny mózgu z kontrastem jest zalecany przy rozpoznaniu w celu wykluczenia bezobjawowych przerzutów do mózgu u pacjentów ze stadium II, III i IV NSCLC, jeśli rozważana jest agresywna terapia skojarzona.55 W przypadku SCLC zaleca się MRI lub CT mózgu z kontrastem co 3-4 miesiące w pierwszym roku, a następnie co 6 miesięcy, niezależnie od statusu profilaktycznego napromieniania czaszki (PCI).56

Badania przesiewowe są szczególnie zalecane dla podgrup wysokiego ryzyka, w tym pacjentów z:57

58

Badania te mogą pomóc we wczesnym wykryciu przerzutów do mózgu, prowadząc do potencjalnie lepszej kontroli choroby.59 Niedawne badanie opublikowane w Neuro-Oncology sugeruje, że bezobjawowe przerzuty do mózgu mogą być częstsze u pacjentów z rakiem piersi w stadium IV niż wcześniej rozumiano, co może wymagać ponownego rozważenia obecnych wytycznych dotyczących badań przesiewowych.60

Modele predykcyjne

Rozwijane są modele predykcyjne do oszacowania ryzyka przerzutów do mózgu w momencie początkowej diagnozy nowotworu. Modele te mogą być wykorzystywane do optymalizacji standardów nadzoru i/lub do wyboru pacjentów do interwencji zapobiegawczych.6162

Niedawne badanie z powodzeniem opracowało i zwalidowało modele specyficzne dla choroby, aby przewidzieć obecność przerzutów do mózgu u pacjentów z nowo zdiagnozowanym nowotworem. Modele dla raka piersi, czerniaka, raka nerki i raka jelita grubego wykazały doskonałą do wybitnej dyskryminację ze średnimi wartościami AUC opartymi na losowym podziale danych treningowych/testowych wszystkie większe niż 0,87.63

Takie modele predykcyjne mogą być wykorzystywane do kierowania nadzorem i terapiami zapobiegawczymi dostosowanymi do indywidualnych pacjentów z przerzutami do mózgu, a wynikające z nich nomogramy i narzędzia internetowe mogą pomóc klinicystom w podejmowaniu decyzji o wykonaniu rezonansu magnetycznego mózgu jako części ich postępowania diagnostycznego.6465

Implikacje dla praktyki klinicznej

Przerzuty do mózgu stanowią istotne wyzwanie kliniczne, wpływając na jakość życia i przeżycie pacjentów z nowotworami. Dla klinicystów ważne jest zrozumienie epidemiologii przerzutów do mózgu w celu poprawy diagnostyki i leczenia.66

Lepsze zrozumienie czynników ryzyka i wzorców epidemiologicznych przerzutów do mózgu może pomóc w:6768

  • Identyfikacji osób najbardziej narażonych na ich rozwój
  • Wyborze pacjentów, którzy najprawdopodobniej skorzystają z nadzoru i profilaktyki przerzutów do mózgu
  • Informowaniu zaleceń dotyczących badań przesiewowych
  • Optymalizacji decyzji terapeutycznych

6970

Retrospektywne badanie przeprowadzone przez Lamba i wsp. wykazało średnio 2,8 wizyt na SOR na osoborok i dwie hospitalizacje na osoborok wśród starszych pacjentów z przerzutami do mózgu. Ponad połowa pacjentów z przerzutami do mózgu zgłaszających się na oddział ratunkowy jest przyjmowana do szpitala, a skuteczne zarządzanie tymi pacjentami oparte na SOR pozostaje wyzwaniem.71

Profilaktyczne napromienianie czaszki (PCI) wykazało skuteczność w drobnokomórkowym raku płuca od ponad 30 lat. Badanie fazy III NVALT-11/DLCRG-02 wykazało, że PCI zmniejsza częstość występowania objawowych przerzutów do mózgu. Skumulowana częstość występowania przerzutów do mózgu po 5 i 10 latach wynosiła 16,7% vs 28,3% dla PCI vs obserwacji, z HR 0,43 (p = 0,004).72

Terapia przeciwnowotworowa i radioterapia przed rozwojem przerzutów do mózgu mogą przedłużyć czas do przerzutu i poprawić przeżycie.73 Znaczny odsetek przerzutów do mózgu występujących w ciągu 2-6 miesięcy od rozpoznania pierwotnego nowotworu, szczególnie w przypadku raka wątroby, płuc i trzustki, może kierować przyszłymi zaleceniami dotyczącymi wewnątrzczaszkowego określania stadium.7475

Przyszłe kierunki

Dalsza charakterystyka populacji pacjentów z przerzutami do mózgu może lepiej informować o wysiłkach w zakresie badań przesiewowych, zapobiegania i leczenia.76 Istnieje rosnące zainteresowanie zrozumieniem, które biomarkery molekularne są skutecznymi predyktorami ryzyka przerzutów do mózgu, co mogłoby zwiększyć moc badań klinicznych poprzez wybór pacjentów, którzy najprawdopodobniej skorzystają z leczenia profilaktycznego.77

Postęp w niechirurgicznych i chirurgicznych terapiach przerzutów do mózgu następuje w szybkim tempie, umożliwiając konkretne zalecenia na różnych poziomach, aby pomóc praktykom medycznym i chirurgicznym.78 Leczenie wielodyscyplinarne jest niezbędne, a potrzebne są badania w celu wyjaśnienia optymalnej sekwencji różnych modalności terapeutycznych.79

Choć zrozumienie epidemiologii przerzutów do mózgu pozostaje wyzwaniem, jasne jest, że skala problemu jest znacząca, dotykając pacjentów w liczbach zbliżonych do wskaźników zapadalności na najczęstsze konkretne typy pierwotnych nowotworów.80 Dokładniejsze śledzenie i raportowanie przerzutów do mózgu umożliwiłoby naukowcom lepsze zrozumienie ich rzeczywistej częstości występowania i rozwój bardziej ukierunkowanych strategii zapobiegania i leczenia.

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  1. 10.04.2026
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Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of brain metastases – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-brain-metastases
    Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of brain metastases […] Brain metastases are the most common intracranial tumors in adults, accounting for significantly more than one-half of brain tumors. In patients with systemic malignancies, brain metastases occur in 10 to 30 percent of adults and 6 to 10 percent of children. […] Increasing incidence with advances in systemic therapy.
  • #2 Brain Metastasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1157902-overview
    Brain metastases are cancer cells that have spread to the brain from primary tumors in other organs in the body. Metastatic tumors are among the most common mass lesions in the brain. It is estimated that 20%40% of all patients diagnosed with a primary cancer will develop a secondary cancer in the brain. […] Brain metastases are the most common type of intracranial tumor in adults. In patients with systemic malignancies, brain metastases occur in 10%30% of adults and 6%10% of children with systemic malignancies. […] More than 20% of patients with systemic disease have brain metastasis on autopsy. About 15% of patients with cancer present with neurologic symptoms before their systemic cancer is diagnosed. […] Although melanoma spreads to the brain more commonly in males than in females, gender does not affect the overall incidence of brain metastases.
  • #3 Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of brain metastases – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-brain-metastases/print
    Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of brain metastases […] Brain metastases are the most common intracranial tumors in adults, accounting for significantly more than one-half of brain tumors. In patients with systemic malignancies, brain metastases occur in 10 to 30 percent of adults and 6 to 10 percent of children. […] The etiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of brain metastases will be reviewed here, along with an overview of the approach to treatment. Specific treatment approaches, as well as the use of systemic therapy according to the underlying cancer type, are discussed separately.
  • #4 Epidemiology of Brain Metastases – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32921345/
    Brain metastasis continues to be a devastating complication of systemic malignancy, affecting approximately 20% of all patients suffering from cancer. […] Despite being a major source of morbidity and mortality for this patient population, a nationwide, systematic mechanism for reporting of brain metastases does not exist. […] Better understanding the epidemiology of brain metastases will help identify individuals who are at greatest risk of developing them and guide clinicians in selecting patients who are most likely to benefit from brain metastasis surveillance and prophylaxis.
  • #5 Recent Trends in Epidemiology of Brain Metastases: An Overview | Anticancer Research
    https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/32/11/4655
    Brain metastases (BM) are the most common intracranial neoplasm in adults. […] Their epidemiological characteristics have changed significantly, including an increased incidence in tumors frequently associated with BM, such as lung and breast cancer or melanoma, but also a more frequent occurrence with other primary tumor entities such as renal, colorectal and ovarian cancer. […] The estimated number of new cases of BM diagnosed each year in the USA is 170,000. […] The incidence of BM is hypothesized to have increased during the last 20 years. […] The cumulative incidence of BM was 32.5% in patients with small cell lung cancer diagnosed in the period 1986-1990, and 26% for patients diagnosed in 1991-1995. […] The authors concluded that there was no evidence of an increasing incidence of BM in patients with breast and lung cancer.
  • #6 Brain Metastasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1157902-overview
    Brain metastases are cancer cells that have spread to the brain from primary tumors in other organs in the body. Metastatic tumors are among the most common mass lesions in the brain. It is estimated that 20%40% of all patients diagnosed with a primary cancer will develop a secondary cancer in the brain. […] Brain metastases are the most common type of intracranial tumor in adults. In patients with systemic malignancies, brain metastases occur in 10%30% of adults and 6%10% of children with systemic malignancies. […] More than 20% of patients with systemic disease have brain metastasis on autopsy. About 15% of patients with cancer present with neurologic symptoms before their systemic cancer is diagnosed. […] Although melanoma spreads to the brain more commonly in males than in females, gender does not affect the overall incidence of brain metastases.
  • #7 How Common Are Brain Metastases? – Brainlab.org
    https://www.brainlab.org/get-educated/brain-metastasis/investigate-brain-metastasis/how-common-are-brain-metastases/
    Its estimated that 20-40% of all patients diagnosed with a primary cancer will develop a secondary cancer in the brain, called metastasis. Today, more people are being diagnosed with brain mets because improvements in medical imaging are helping with early diagnosis. In addition, better and more effective treatments are controlling primary cancers and prolonging life, which can allow time for the primary cancer to migrate to the brain. […] Patients should discuss quality of life and preservation of cognitive function when analyzing brain metastasis treatment options such as surgery, whole brain radiation and stereotactic radiosurgery. Over the last decade, studies have been conducted that suggest that some patients can be treated with stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) alone without whole brain radiation therapy. Memory and learning are important components of any patients quality of life, and we now know that SRS alone is a viable and effective treatment consideration.
  • #8 Brain Metastasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1157902-overview
    Brain metastases are cancer cells that have spread to the brain from primary tumors in other organs in the body. Metastatic tumors are among the most common mass lesions in the brain. It is estimated that 20%40% of all patients diagnosed with a primary cancer will develop a secondary cancer in the brain. […] Brain metastases are the most common type of intracranial tumor in adults. In patients with systemic malignancies, brain metastases occur in 10%30% of adults and 6%10% of children with systemic malignancies. […] More than 20% of patients with systemic disease have brain metastasis on autopsy. About 15% of patients with cancer present with neurologic symptoms before their systemic cancer is diagnosed. […] Although melanoma spreads to the brain more commonly in males than in females, gender does not affect the overall incidence of brain metastases.
  • #9 Brain Metastasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1157902-overview
    About 60% of patients are aged 5070 years. […] CNS metastasis is not common in children; it accounts for only 6% of CNS tumors in children. […] Brain metastases account for 20% of cancer deaths annually, a rate that can be traced to an increase in the median survival of patients with cancer because of modern therapies, increased availability of advanced imaging techniques for early detection, and vigilant surveillance protocols for monitoring recurrence.
  • #10 Brain metastases: epidemiology – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29307358/
    Brain metastases (BM) are the most commonly diagnosed type of central nervous system tumor in the United States. Estimates of the frequency of BM vary significantly, as there is no nationwide reporting system for metastases. BM may be the first sign of a previously undiagnosed cancer, or occur years or decades after the primary cancer was diagnosed. Incidence of BM varies significantly by primary cancer site. Lung, breast, and melanoma continue to be the leading cause of BM. […] These tumors are increasingly more common as new therapeutics, advanced imaging, and improved screening have led to lengthened survival after primary diagnosis for cancer patients. BM are difficult to treat, and for most individuals the diagnosis of BM generally portends a poor prognosis.
  • #11 Brain metastasis – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_metastasis
    More cases of brain metastases were found in adults, compared to children. 67% to 80% of all cancer patients were found to develop brain metastases, as of 2012. Lung cancer, breast cancer and melanoma patients were found to be at the highest risk of developing brain metastases. However, recent trends in brain metastasis epidemiology have shown an increase in incidence for patients with renal, colorectal, or ovarian cancers. Brain metastases are most commonly diagnosed within multiple intracranial areas within the context of extracranial diseases. […] Advances in systemic treatments of brain metastases, such as radiosurgery, whole-brain radiotherapy and surgical resection has led to an increase in median survival rate of brain metastases patients.
  • #12 Recent Trends in Epidemiology of Brain Metastases: An Overview | Anticancer Research
    https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/32/11/4655
    Brain metastases (BM) are the most common intracranial neoplasm in adults. […] Their epidemiological characteristics have changed significantly, including an increased incidence in tumors frequently associated with BM, such as lung and breast cancer or melanoma, but also a more frequent occurrence with other primary tumor entities such as renal, colorectal and ovarian cancer. […] The estimated number of new cases of BM diagnosed each year in the USA is 170,000. […] The incidence of BM is hypothesized to have increased during the last 20 years. […] The cumulative incidence of BM was 32.5% in patients with small cell lung cancer diagnosed in the period 1986-1990, and 26% for patients diagnosed in 1991-1995. […] The authors concluded that there was no evidence of an increasing incidence of BM in patients with breast and lung cancer.
  • #13 Brain metastasis – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_metastasis
    More cases of brain metastases were found in adults, compared to children. 67% to 80% of all cancer patients were found to develop brain metastases, as of 2012. Lung cancer, breast cancer and melanoma patients were found to be at the highest risk of developing brain metastases. However, recent trends in brain metastasis epidemiology have shown an increase in incidence for patients with renal, colorectal, or ovarian cancers. Brain metastases are most commonly diagnosed within multiple intracranial areas within the context of extracranial diseases. […] Advances in systemic treatments of brain metastases, such as radiosurgery, whole-brain radiotherapy and surgical resection has led to an increase in median survival rate of brain metastases patients.
  • #14 LearnOncology
    https://www.learnoncology.ca/modules/brain-metastases
    Brain metastases occur in between 10-30% of cancer patients, and are the most common intracranial tumours in adults. […] Brain metastases affect between 10% and 30% of adult patients with cancer, and 6% to 10% of children. […] The 5-year cumulative incidence of brain metastasis in the cancers that most commonly metastasize to the brain is as follows: 16-20% in lung cancer, 7-10% in renal cell carcinoma, 7% in melanoma, 5% in breast cancer, and 1-2% in colorectal cancer. […] Cancers that commonly metastasize to brain in adults are usually carcinomas, including those of the lung, breast, kidney, and colorectal carcinoma, as well as melanoma. […] In children, sarcomas, neuroblastomas, germ cell tumours commonly metastasize to the brain. […] The differential diagnosis of neurological symptoms in a cancer patient is broad.
  • #15 LearnOncology
    https://www.learnoncology.ca/modules/brain-metastases
    Brain metastases occur in between 10-30% of cancer patients, and are the most common intracranial tumours in adults. […] Brain metastases affect between 10% and 30% of adult patients with cancer, and 6% to 10% of children. […] The 5-year cumulative incidence of brain metastasis in the cancers that most commonly metastasize to the brain is as follows: 16-20% in lung cancer, 7-10% in renal cell carcinoma, 7% in melanoma, 5% in breast cancer, and 1-2% in colorectal cancer. […] Cancers that commonly metastasize to brain in adults are usually carcinomas, including those of the lung, breast, kidney, and colorectal carcinoma, as well as melanoma. […] In children, sarcomas, neuroblastomas, germ cell tumours commonly metastasize to the brain. […] The differential diagnosis of neurological symptoms in a cancer patient is broad.
  • #16 Brain metastases | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
    https://radiopaedia.org/articles/brain-metastases?lang=us
    Brain metastases are estimated to account for approximately 25-50% of intracranial tumors in hospitalized patients. […] The true incidence of brain metastases is unknown, but estimates are as high as 200,000 cases per year in the United States alone. […] A population-based study of 169,444 cancer patients from 1973-2001 in Detroit revealed that overall, 10% of patients diagnosed with one of these five primaries went on to develop brain metastases. Specifically, 20% of lung cancers, 7% of melanomas, 7% of renal cancers, 5% of breast cancers and 2% of colorectal cancers metastasized to the brain.
  • #17 Brain Metastases: Epidemiology and Pathophysiology | SpringerLink
    https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-387-69222-7_1
    Brain metastases are a devastating complication of systemic cancer. Although they typically occur late in the course of the disease, their symptoms of seizures, paralysis and cognitive failure have a major negative impact on quality of life and, once detected, they portend a poor prognosis. Most patients die within months, either from the brain metastasis itself, or if that can be controlled, from widespread systemic disease. Recent data suggest a rise in the incidence of brain metastases, so that clinicians face mounting challenges in caring for these patients. […] Gavrilovic IT, Posner JB: Brain metastases: epidemiology and pathophysiology. J Neurooncol 2005; 75(1):514. […] Barnholtz-Sloan JS, Sloan AE, Lai P, et al: Incidence proportions of brain metastases in patients diagnosed (1973 to 2001) in the metropolitan Detroit cancer surveillance system. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22(14):28652872. […] Schouten LJ, Rutten J, Huveneers HAM, et al: Incidence of brain metastases in a cohort of patients with carcinoma of the breast, colon, kidney, and lung and melanoma. Cancer 2002; 94(10):26982705.
  • #18 Brain metastases: epidemiology – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29307358/
    Brain metastases (BM) are the most commonly diagnosed type of central nervous system tumor in the United States. Estimates of the frequency of BM vary significantly, as there is no nationwide reporting system for metastases. BM may be the first sign of a previously undiagnosed cancer, or occur years or decades after the primary cancer was diagnosed. Incidence of BM varies significantly by primary cancer site. Lung, breast, and melanoma continue to be the leading cause of BM. […] These tumors are increasingly more common as new therapeutics, advanced imaging, and improved screening have led to lengthened survival after primary diagnosis for cancer patients. BM are difficult to treat, and for most individuals the diagnosis of BM generally portends a poor prognosis.
  • #19 Epidemiology and survival outcomes of synchronous and metachronous brain metastases: a retrospective population-based study in: Neurosurgical Focus Volume 55 Issue 2 (2023) Journals
    https://thejns.org/focus/view/journals/neurosurg-focus/55/2/article-pE3.xml
    Brain metastases (BMs) are the most common CNS tumors, yet their prevalence is difficult to determine. Most studies only report synchronous metastases, which make up a fraction of all BMs. The authors report the incidence and prognosis of patients with synchronous and metachronous BMs over a decade. […] Of the 11,497,663 patients with 15 primary cancers identified, 300,863 (2.6%) developed BMs. BMs most commonly arose from lung and breast cancers and melanoma. Of all BMs, 113,827 (37.8%) presented synchronously and 187,036 (62.2%) presented metachronously. […] The majority of BMs present metachronously and arise within 2 years of primary cancer diagnosis. The substantial rate of BMs presenting within 6 months of primary cancer, especially liver, lung, and pancreatic cancer, may guide future recommendations on intracranial staging. Antineoplastic therapy prior to the development of BM may prolong the time before metastasis and improve survival. Further characterization of this population can better inform screening, prevention, and treatment efforts.
  • #20 Epidemiology and Survival Outcomes of Synchronous and Metachronous Brain Metastases: A Retrospective Population-Based Study – BroadcastMed
    https://www.broadcastmed.com/neurology/5225/videos/epidemiology-and-survival-outcomes-of-synchronous-and-metachronous-brain-metastases-a-retrospective-population-based-study
    Neurosurgeons Chetan Bettegowda and Jordina Rincon-Torroella discuss results from their retrospective study about the incidence and survival outcomes of brain metastases over the past decade. […] Understanding the epidemiology of brain metastasis is of tremendous importance to inform screening recommendations, preventative measures and treatment decisions. […] We identified a total of 11,497,000 patients. The diagnosis of one of the 15 most common primary cancers that metastasized to the brain. 2.6% of these patients develop brain metastases. […] 37.8% of patients had synchronous brain metastasis, which is defined as a diagnosis of primary cancer and brain metastasis within two months. […] 62.2% of patients had metachronous brain metastasis, which is defined as a diagnosis of brain metastasis. More than two months after the diagnosis of primary cancer, except for lung and bronchos cancer, all primary cancers were more likely to present metachronous.
  • #21 Epidemiology and Survival Outcomes of Synchronous and Metachronous Brain Metastases: A Retrospective Population-Based Study – BroadcastMed
    https://www.broadcastmed.com/neurology/5225/videos/epidemiology-and-survival-outcomes-of-synchronous-and-metachronous-brain-metastases-a-retrospective-population-based-study
    19% of those who developed brain metastasis were diagnosed within 2 to 6 months of their primary cancer diagnosis. This high rate of brain metastases presenting close to the diagnosis of primary cancer may indicate a role for increased early intracranial screening. […] Brain metastases are associated with 30.4 months decreased median survival. […] Once the brain metastasis was present, metachronous, diagnosed metastasis were associated with 1.4 months increased survival. […] In conclusion, most brain metastases present metachronous and within two years of primary cancer diagnosis. The substantial rate of brain metastases presenting within 2 to 6 months of primary cancer may guide future recommendations for intracranial staging, anti neoplastic and radiation therapy. Prior to the development of brain metastases may prolong time before metastasis and improve survival.
  • #22 Epidemiology and survival outcomes of synchronous and metachronous brain metastases: a retrospective population-based study in: Neurosurgical Focus Volume 55 Issue 2 (2023) Journals
    https://thejns.org/focus/view/journals/neurosurg-focus/55/2/article-pE3.xml
    Brain metastases (BMs) are the most common CNS tumors, yet their prevalence is difficult to determine. Most studies only report synchronous metastases, which make up a fraction of all BMs. The authors report the incidence and prognosis of patients with synchronous and metachronous BMs over a decade. […] Of the 11,497,663 patients with 15 primary cancers identified, 300,863 (2.6%) developed BMs. BMs most commonly arose from lung and breast cancers and melanoma. Of all BMs, 113,827 (37.8%) presented synchronously and 187,036 (62.2%) presented metachronously. […] The majority of BMs present metachronously and arise within 2 years of primary cancer diagnosis. The substantial rate of BMs presenting within 6 months of primary cancer, especially liver, lung, and pancreatic cancer, may guide future recommendations on intracranial staging. Antineoplastic therapy prior to the development of BM may prolong the time before metastasis and improve survival. Further characterization of this population can better inform screening, prevention, and treatment efforts.
  • #23 Recent Trends in Epidemiology of Brain Metastases: An Overview | Anticancer Research
    https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/32/11/4655
    Conversely, a more recent survey by Smedby et al. identified a cohort of 15,517 patients with BM in the Swedish National Patient Registry 2009. […] In this study, the annual age-adjusted incidence rate of hospitalization for BM doubled between 1987 and 2006, from 7 to 14 patients per 100,000. […] Primary malignancies behind the increase of BM were mainly lung cancer, irrespective of gender, and breast cancer in women. […] Currently, the global prevalence of BM ranges from 8.5% to 9.6%. […] These data are likely to underestimate the true BM prevalence, due to asymptomatic BM or symptomatic but ignored BM in a seriously ill patient with otherwise symptomatic advanced cancer. […] The highest incidence for BM occurred for individuals diagnosed with advanced-stage disease. […] However, BM have become more often diagnosed as associated with multiple extracranial metastases.
  • #24 Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of brain metastases – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-brain-metastases
    Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of brain metastases […] Brain metastases are the most common intracranial tumors in adults, accounting for significantly more than one-half of brain tumors. In patients with systemic malignancies, brain metastases occur in 10 to 30 percent of adults and 6 to 10 percent of children. […] Increasing incidence with advances in systemic therapy.
  • #25 Brain Metastasis in the Emergency Department: Epidemiology, Presentation, Investigations, and Management
    https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/14/2583
    Brain metastases (BMs), the most common type of cerebral tumor, are primarily associated with lung cancer, breast cancer, and melanoma. Patients typically present to the emergency department (ED) with insidious symptoms such as headaches, focal neurological deficits, seizures, and signs of increased intracranial pressure. […] Brain metastases (BMs) are the most prevalent type of cerebral tumor, significantly affecting survival. In adults, lung cancer, breast cancer, and melanoma are the primary cancers associated with BMs. Symptoms often result from brain compression, and patients may present to the emergency department (ED) with life-threatening conditions. […] The incidence of intracranial malignancies, which involve BMs and leptomeningeal disease, has been on the rise, attributed to enhanced screening methods and prolonged survival with advanced systemic therapy. However, another contributing factor to the increased incidence of BMs could be the limited ability of new cancer treatments to cross the blood–brain barrier, making the central nervous system (CNS) a “sanctuary” site for metastasis.
  • #26 Brain Tumor Facts
    https://braintumor.org/brain-tumors/about-brain-tumors/brain-tumor-facts/
    Each year, approximately 70,000-200,000 patients are diagnosed with brain metastases (metastatic brain tumors/secondary brain tumors), while ~100,000 will die every year as the result of brain metastases. […] The incidence of brain metastases appears to be increasing. […] Several studies have cited that the percentage of patients with cancer who will develop brain metastases is anywhere from approximately 10% to 30%. […] Virtually all cancers have been associated with the ability to metastasize to the brain. […] Metastatic brain tumors are five times more common than primary brain tumors (those that originate in the brain).
  • #27 Prevention of Brain Metastases: A New Frontier
    https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/11/2134
    This review discusses the topic of prevention of brain metastases from the most frequent solid tumor types, i.e., lung cancer, breast cancer and melanoma. […] The need for screening with an MRI in asymptomatic patients at risk of brain metastases is emphasized. […] The incidence of BM shows a rising trend due to the advent and usage of better diagnostic modalities and therapy. […] Approximately 20% of patients with stage IV (metastatic) or III (advanced) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have BM at initial diagnosis, and more than one-third develop BM as their disease progresses. […] According to the NCCN guidelines (2024) brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with contrast is recommended at diagnosis to rule out asymptomatic BM in patients with stage II, III and IV NSCLC if aggressive combined modality therapy is being considered.
  • #28 Brain Metastasis in the Emergency Department: Epidemiology, Presentation, Investigations, and Management
    https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/14/2583
    Brain metastases (BMs), the most common type of cerebral tumor, are primarily associated with lung cancer, breast cancer, and melanoma. Patients typically present to the emergency department (ED) with insidious symptoms such as headaches, focal neurological deficits, seizures, and signs of increased intracranial pressure. […] Brain metastases (BMs) are the most prevalent type of cerebral tumor, significantly affecting survival. In adults, lung cancer, breast cancer, and melanoma are the primary cancers associated with BMs. Symptoms often result from brain compression, and patients may present to the emergency department (ED) with life-threatening conditions. […] The incidence of intracranial malignancies, which involve BMs and leptomeningeal disease, has been on the rise, attributed to enhanced screening methods and prolonged survival with advanced systemic therapy. However, another contributing factor to the increased incidence of BMs could be the limited ability of new cancer treatments to cross the blood–brain barrier, making the central nervous system (CNS) a “sanctuary” site for metastasis.
  • #29 Brain Metastasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1157902-overview
    About 60% of patients are aged 5070 years. […] CNS metastasis is not common in children; it accounts for only 6% of CNS tumors in children. […] Brain metastases account for 20% of cancer deaths annually, a rate that can be traced to an increase in the median survival of patients with cancer because of modern therapies, increased availability of advanced imaging techniques for early detection, and vigilant surveillance protocols for monitoring recurrence.
  • #30 Brain Metastasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1157902-overview
    About 60% of patients are aged 5070 years. […] CNS metastasis is not common in children; it accounts for only 6% of CNS tumors in children. […] Brain metastases account for 20% of cancer deaths annually, a rate that can be traced to an increase in the median survival of patients with cancer because of modern therapies, increased availability of advanced imaging techniques for early detection, and vigilant surveillance protocols for monitoring recurrence.
  • #31 Brain Metastasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1157902-overview
    Brain metastases are cancer cells that have spread to the brain from primary tumors in other organs in the body. Metastatic tumors are among the most common mass lesions in the brain. It is estimated that 20%40% of all patients diagnosed with a primary cancer will develop a secondary cancer in the brain. […] Brain metastases are the most common type of intracranial tumor in adults. In patients with systemic malignancies, brain metastases occur in 10%30% of adults and 6%10% of children with systemic malignancies. […] More than 20% of patients with systemic disease have brain metastasis on autopsy. About 15% of patients with cancer present with neurologic symptoms before their systemic cancer is diagnosed. […] Although melanoma spreads to the brain more commonly in males than in females, gender does not affect the overall incidence of brain metastases.
  • #32 < ?php wp_title( '|', true, 'right' ); ?>
    https://surgicalneurologyint.com/surgicalint-articles/epidemiology-and-prognosis-of-brain-metastases/
    A substantial, but uncertain, number of patients with cancer develop brain metastases. Risk of brain metastasis is recognized to vary with type of primary cancer. […] Recent data suggest that molecular biomarkers that relate to cellular function can predict risk of developing brain metastases. Such information could optimize surveillance standards and/or be used to select patients for preventive interventions. […] Despite the uncertainty in determining the incidence rate of brain metastases, it is clear that the magnitude of the problem is substantial, affecting patients in numbers that approach the incidence rates of the most common specific primary cancer types. […] There is increasing interest in understanding risk factors for developing brain metastases that are specific to primary cancers.
  • #33 Epidemiology of Brain Metastases | Cureus
    https://www.cureus.com/abstracts/525-epidemiology-of-brain-metastases
    Epidemiology of Brain Metastases […] Objectives: Recent studies examining the incidence and prognosis of brain metastases are limited. We aimed to utilize the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database to examine modern trends of brain metastases in the United States. […] Methods: A total of 42,047 patients with brain metastases from 2010-2015 were identified from the SEER database. Descriptive analysis was utilized to examine trends in incidence. The Kaplan-Meier method and a Cox proportional hazards model was utilized to examine overall survival (OS) and evaluate potential prognostic factors. […] Results: The majority of patients were diagnosed from ages 50 (91.9%), with 52.8% being male. Common primary sites included lung (80%), melanoma (3.8%), breast (3.7%), and kidney/renal pelvis (3.0%). Among pediatric patients, common primaries included kidney/renal pelvis and melanomas. Incidence was roughly 7.3 cases/100,000. Synchronous brain metastases were associated with significantly poorer OS compared to extracranial metastases alone (hazard ratio (HR) =1.56; 95% CI: 1.54-1.58; p 0.001). Among patients with brain metastases, male gender (HR=1.60 vs. 1.52), age 65 years old (HR=1.60 vs. 1.46), synchronous liver, bone, or lung metastases (HR=1.61 vs. 1.49), and earlier year of diagnosis (HR=0.98 for each year following 2010) were associated with significantly poorer OS.
  • #34 Epidemiology of Brain Metastases | Cureus
    https://www.cureus.com/abstracts/525-epidemiology-of-brain-metastases
    Epidemiology of Brain Metastases […] Objectives: Recent studies examining the incidence and prognosis of brain metastases are limited. We aimed to utilize the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database to examine modern trends of brain metastases in the United States. […] Methods: A total of 42,047 patients with brain metastases from 2010-2015 were identified from the SEER database. Descriptive analysis was utilized to examine trends in incidence. The Kaplan-Meier method and a Cox proportional hazards model was utilized to examine overall survival (OS) and evaluate potential prognostic factors. […] Results: The majority of patients were diagnosed from ages 50 (91.9%), with 52.8% being male. Common primary sites included lung (80%), melanoma (3.8%), breast (3.7%), and kidney/renal pelvis (3.0%). Among pediatric patients, common primaries included kidney/renal pelvis and melanomas. Incidence was roughly 7.3 cases/100,000. Synchronous brain metastases were associated with significantly poorer OS compared to extracranial metastases alone (hazard ratio (HR) =1.56; 95% CI: 1.54-1.58; p 0.001). Among patients with brain metastases, male gender (HR=1.60 vs. 1.52), age 65 years old (HR=1.60 vs. 1.46), synchronous liver, bone, or lung metastases (HR=1.61 vs. 1.49), and earlier year of diagnosis (HR=0.98 for each year following 2010) were associated with significantly poorer OS.
  • #35 Analysis of risk factors and prognostic factors of brain metastasis in gastric cancer: a surveillance, epidemiology and end-results database study | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-46109-9
    Brain metastasis in gastric cancer (GC) patients is a rare phenomenon that is associated with adverse clinical outcomes and poor survival rates. […] We conducted a retrospective cohort study to investigate the incidence, risk factors and prognostic factors of brain metastasis in GC patients. […] Brain metastasis was reported in 368 (0.62%) patients. […] On logistic regression, the risk of brain metastasis was significantly greater in males, patients aged 60 years and patients having concurrent bone and lung metastasis. […] High grade and high N stage were significant risk factors for development of brain metastasis. […] Patients who had undergone surgery for the primary tumor were at reduced risk for brain metastasis (adjusted odds ratio 0.210, 95% CI 0.1310.337). […] The median OS was 3 months in patients with brain metastasis and 17 months in patients without brain metastasis (p0.05).
  • #36 Analysis of risk factors and prognostic factors of brain metastasis in gastric cancer: a surveillance, epidemiology and end-results database study | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-46109-9
    Our results indicated a greater risk of brain metastasis in patients aged less than 60 years, those who had already developed lung and bone metastasis, patients with grade II, III, and IV cancer, and patients with N3 stage. […] Surgery of primary tumor was the best diagnostic predictor for brain metastasis. […] The median OS and the median CSS were lower in patients with brain metastasis than in those without brain metastasis. […] Better OS and CSS were seen in patients who underwent surgery for primary tumor; whereas, OS and CSS were worse for patients with primary tumor of antrum and grade IV tumor. […] The presence of brain metastasis significantly reduces the overall and cancer-specific survival, and higher staging and grading are associated with a worse prognosis.
  • #37 How Common Are Brain Metastases? – Brainlab.org
    https://www.brainlab.org/get-educated/brain-metastasis/investigate-brain-metastasis/how-common-are-brain-metastases/
    One of the most common types of cancer in the brain is known as metastasis to the brain, also referred to as brain metastases, secondary brain tumors, or simply brain mets. Metastatic brain tumors are cancer that has spread to the brain from other parts of the body, like the breast or the lungs, usually through the bloodstream. Brain metastases are more common in adults than children and occur equally in men and women. 10-20% of patients have only one secondary brain tumor, but the vast majority of patients (80+%) typically have more than one metastatic tumor. Brain metastases are considered malignant forms of cancer. […] While there are many statistics about which cancers most commonly spread to the brain, weve used the U.S. National Program of Cancer Registries and secondary tumor incidence rates to show how often different primary cancers develop into brain metastasis.
  • #38 Recent Trends in Epidemiology of Brain Metastases: An Overview | Anticancer Research
    https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/32/11/4655
    The number of patients with a single BM is also decreasing, whereas the proportion of patients with three or more BM has increased. […] The use of surgical resection ranges between 16% and 18%. […] Its use has dramatically increased with time, with currently three times more surgical procedures being carried out for BM. […] Systemic treatment and the number of lines administered before the BM onset was higher in the most recent patients. […] The median survival was only minimally improved in the most recent patients (from 3.2 to 3.9 months). […] In contrast, the one-year survival rate increased from 15% to 34% and some long-term survivors were observed. […] Survival is also dependent on the nature of the primary cancer.
  • #39
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11912-011-0203-y
    Brain metastases are one of the most common neurologic complications of cancer. The incidence is 9%17% based on various studies, although the exact incidence is thought to be higher. The incidence is increasing with the availability of improved imaging techniques which aid early diagnosis, and effective systemic treatment regimens which prolong life, thus allowing cancer to disseminate to the brain. Lung cancer, breast cancer, and melanoma are the most frequent to develop brain metastases, and account for 67%80% of all cancers. Most patients with brain metastases have synchronous extracerebral metastases. Some patients present with no known primary cancer diagnosis. In children, brain metastases are rare; germ cell tumors, sarcomas, and neuroblastoma are the common offenders. […] Sul J, Posner JB. Brain metastases: epidemiology and pathophysiology. Cancer Treat Res. 2007;136:121.
  • #40 Systematic review: brain metastases from colorectal cancer—Incidence and patient characteristics | BMC Cancer | Full Text
    https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-016-2290-5
    In our review, we found that about 70 % of BM patients had lung metastases at diagnosis and about 40 % had liver metastases. This deviated from the normal pattern of metastases from CRC. […] Several authors have presented theories to explain the different metastatic patterns in patients with BM. The most common hypothesis is that the pattern reflects the vascular anatomy; the cancer can spread to the brain through three principle routes. […] Increased awareness of specific characteristics can potentially increase the chance of early diagnosis of BM, which may lead to lower total number of BM and better performance status, ultimately increasing the potential number of treatment options. […] In patients with rectal primary, lung metastases, and/or KRAS mutation, increased awareness of BM is advisable.
  • #41 Systematic review: brain metastases from colorectal cancer—Incidence and patient characteristics | BMC Cancer | Full Text
    https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-016-2290-5
    The reported incidence of BM from CRC may be increasing because of improved diagnostics and increased survival of patients, but this is not well documented. […] Intensified surveillance of patients at risk of BM development could potentially lead to earlier detection, hereby increasing the number of treatment options available and improving prognosis. […] BM are a late stage phenomenon in CRC, and naturally more common in patients who already have metastatic disease, with an incidence ranging from 2.5 to 23 %. […] Lung metastases have often been hypothesized to increase the risk of BM development, and CRC patients with lung metastases have an incidence of BM between 6.2 and 22.6 %, which is considerably higher than the average incidence of BM even in mCRC patients. A few authors also showed that patients with lung metastases had a statistically significant increased risk of BM.
  • #42 Brain Metastasis in the Emergency Department: Epidemiology, Presentation, Investigations, and Management
    https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/14/2583
    BMs represent the most common intracranial malignancies and are ten times more common than primary brain cancers. About 10% of cancer patients develop BMs during their illness, and up to 37% of patients also develop leptomeningeal disease. […] The estimated 2-year and 5-year overall survival rates across all primary tumor types are 8.1% and 2.4%, respectively. Studies have shown that around 52% of patients with BMs die of neurological disease. […] A retrospective study by Lamba et al. examined ED visits and hospitalizations among older patients with BMs. The study showed an average of 2.8 ED visits per person-year and two hospitalizations per person-year. […] It is important to recognize that over half of patients with BMs presenting to the emergency department (ED) are admitted to the hospital, and effective ED-based management of these patients remains a challenge.
  • #43 Brain Metastasis in the Emergency Department: Epidemiology, Presentation, Investigations, and Management
    https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/14/2583
    BMs represent the most common intracranial malignancies and are ten times more common than primary brain cancers. About 10% of cancer patients develop BMs during their illness, and up to 37% of patients also develop leptomeningeal disease. […] The estimated 2-year and 5-year overall survival rates across all primary tumor types are 8.1% and 2.4%, respectively. Studies have shown that around 52% of patients with BMs die of neurological disease. […] A retrospective study by Lamba et al. examined ED visits and hospitalizations among older patients with BMs. The study showed an average of 2.8 ED visits per person-year and two hospitalizations per person-year. […] It is important to recognize that over half of patients with BMs presenting to the emergency department (ED) are admitted to the hospital, and effective ED-based management of these patients remains a challenge.
  • #44 LearnOncology
    https://www.learnoncology.ca/modules/brain-metastases
    Patients treated for brain metastases should undergo surveillance using MRI or CT in order to detect recurrence early, particularly if they did not receive WBRT and are well enough to tolerate additional treatments. […] While survival is variable, depending on the primary tumour, untreated across all malignancies, median survival in the setting of brain metastases is 1-2 months. […] This is improved with treatment – randomized trials of WBRT for brain metastases from NSCLC and breast cancer showed median survival of 4-6 months.
  • #45 LearnOncology
    https://www.learnoncology.ca/modules/brain-metastases
    Patients treated for brain metastases should undergo surveillance using MRI or CT in order to detect recurrence early, particularly if they did not receive WBRT and are well enough to tolerate additional treatments. […] While survival is variable, depending on the primary tumour, untreated across all malignancies, median survival in the setting of brain metastases is 1-2 months. […] This is improved with treatment – randomized trials of WBRT for brain metastases from NSCLC and breast cancer showed median survival of 4-6 months.
  • #46 Recent Trends in Epidemiology of Brain Metastases: An Overview | Anticancer Research
    https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/32/11/4655
    The number of patients with a single BM is also decreasing, whereas the proportion of patients with three or more BM has increased. […] The use of surgical resection ranges between 16% and 18%. […] Its use has dramatically increased with time, with currently three times more surgical procedures being carried out for BM. […] Systemic treatment and the number of lines administered before the BM onset was higher in the most recent patients. […] The median survival was only minimally improved in the most recent patients (from 3.2 to 3.9 months). […] In contrast, the one-year survival rate increased from 15% to 34% and some long-term survivors were observed. […] Survival is also dependent on the nature of the primary cancer.
  • #47 Recent Trends in Epidemiology of Brain Metastases: An Overview | Anticancer Research
    https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/32/11/4655
    The number of patients with a single BM is also decreasing, whereas the proportion of patients with three or more BM has increased. […] The use of surgical resection ranges between 16% and 18%. […] Its use has dramatically increased with time, with currently three times more surgical procedures being carried out for BM. […] Systemic treatment and the number of lines administered before the BM onset was higher in the most recent patients. […] The median survival was only minimally improved in the most recent patients (from 3.2 to 3.9 months). […] In contrast, the one-year survival rate increased from 15% to 34% and some long-term survivors were observed. […] Survival is also dependent on the nature of the primary cancer.
  • #48 Epidemiology and Survival Outcomes of Synchronous and Metachronous Brain Metastases: A Retrospective Population-Based Study – BroadcastMed
    https://www.broadcastmed.com/neurology/5225/videos/epidemiology-and-survival-outcomes-of-synchronous-and-metachronous-brain-metastases-a-retrospective-population-based-study
    19% of those who developed brain metastasis were diagnosed within 2 to 6 months of their primary cancer diagnosis. This high rate of brain metastases presenting close to the diagnosis of primary cancer may indicate a role for increased early intracranial screening. […] Brain metastases are associated with 30.4 months decreased median survival. […] Once the brain metastasis was present, metachronous, diagnosed metastasis were associated with 1.4 months increased survival. […] In conclusion, most brain metastases present metachronous and within two years of primary cancer diagnosis. The substantial rate of brain metastases presenting within 2 to 6 months of primary cancer may guide future recommendations for intracranial staging, anti neoplastic and radiation therapy. Prior to the development of brain metastases may prolong time before metastasis and improve survival.
  • #49 Epidemiology of Brain Metastases | Cureus
    https://www.cureus.com/abstracts/525-epidemiology-of-brain-metastases
    Epidemiology of Brain Metastases […] Objectives: Recent studies examining the incidence and prognosis of brain metastases are limited. We aimed to utilize the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database to examine modern trends of brain metastases in the United States. […] Methods: A total of 42,047 patients with brain metastases from 2010-2015 were identified from the SEER database. Descriptive analysis was utilized to examine trends in incidence. The Kaplan-Meier method and a Cox proportional hazards model was utilized to examine overall survival (OS) and evaluate potential prognostic factors. […] Results: The majority of patients were diagnosed from ages 50 (91.9%), with 52.8% being male. Common primary sites included lung (80%), melanoma (3.8%), breast (3.7%), and kidney/renal pelvis (3.0%). Among pediatric patients, common primaries included kidney/renal pelvis and melanomas. Incidence was roughly 7.3 cases/100,000. Synchronous brain metastases were associated with significantly poorer OS compared to extracranial metastases alone (hazard ratio (HR) =1.56; 95% CI: 1.54-1.58; p 0.001). Among patients with brain metastases, male gender (HR=1.60 vs. 1.52), age 65 years old (HR=1.60 vs. 1.46), synchronous liver, bone, or lung metastases (HR=1.61 vs. 1.49), and earlier year of diagnosis (HR=0.98 for each year following 2010) were associated with significantly poorer OS.
  • #50 Epidemiology of Brain Metastases | Cureus
    https://www.cureus.com/abstracts/525-epidemiology-of-brain-metastases
    Epidemiology of Brain Metastases […] Objectives: Recent studies examining the incidence and prognosis of brain metastases are limited. We aimed to utilize the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database to examine modern trends of brain metastases in the United States. […] Methods: A total of 42,047 patients with brain metastases from 2010-2015 were identified from the SEER database. Descriptive analysis was utilized to examine trends in incidence. The Kaplan-Meier method and a Cox proportional hazards model was utilized to examine overall survival (OS) and evaluate potential prognostic factors. […] Results: The majority of patients were diagnosed from ages 50 (91.9%), with 52.8% being male. Common primary sites included lung (80%), melanoma (3.8%), breast (3.7%), and kidney/renal pelvis (3.0%). Among pediatric patients, common primaries included kidney/renal pelvis and melanomas. Incidence was roughly 7.3 cases/100,000. Synchronous brain metastases were associated with significantly poorer OS compared to extracranial metastases alone (hazard ratio (HR) =1.56; 95% CI: 1.54-1.58; p 0.001). Among patients with brain metastases, male gender (HR=1.60 vs. 1.52), age 65 years old (HR=1.60 vs. 1.46), synchronous liver, bone, or lung metastases (HR=1.61 vs. 1.49), and earlier year of diagnosis (HR=0.98 for each year following 2010) were associated with significantly poorer OS.
  • #51 Recent Trends in Epidemiology of Brain Metastases: An Overview | Anticancer Research
    https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/32/11/4655
    The number of patients with a single BM is also decreasing, whereas the proportion of patients with three or more BM has increased. […] The use of surgical resection ranges between 16% and 18%. […] Its use has dramatically increased with time, with currently three times more surgical procedures being carried out for BM. […] Systemic treatment and the number of lines administered before the BM onset was higher in the most recent patients. […] The median survival was only minimally improved in the most recent patients (from 3.2 to 3.9 months). […] In contrast, the one-year survival rate increased from 15% to 34% and some long-term survivors were observed. […] Survival is also dependent on the nature of the primary cancer.
  • #52 Brain Metastasis in the Emergency Department: Epidemiology, Presentation, Investigations, and Management
    https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/14/2583
    Imaging surveillance is critical for all patients treated for BMs. The European Association of Neuro-oncology and European Society for Medical Oncology recommend neurological examination with brain MRI every 2–3 months in patients with known BMs, or when neurological progression is suspected. […] These subgroups include patients with stage IV melanoma, stage IV breast cancer (either triple-negative or HER2-positive), or lung cancer (with the possible exception of stage I NSCLC). These screenings can help in the early detection of BMs, leading to potentially better disease control.
  • #53 What is your surveillance strategy in patients with brain
    https://www.themednet.org/what-is-your-surveillance-strategy-in-patients-with-brain-metastases-who-are-getting-systemic-therapy
    Generally, I’d consider a repeat MRI every 2-3 months, earlier if warranted. […] I would agree that every 3 months is reasonable. […] I presume that the question is talking about patients with brain metastases treated with IT alone (meaning no history of radiation).
  • #54 Estimating the risk of brain metastasis for patients newly diagnosed with cancer | Communications Medicine
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s43856-024-00445-7
    Brain metastases (BM) affect clinical management and prognosis but limited resources exist to estimate BM risk in newly diagnosed cancer patients. […] Additionally, guidelines for brain MRI screening are limited. […] The proportion of patients with BM at diagnosis is 0.3%, 1.5%, 1.3%, 0.3%, 16.0%, and 10.3% for breast cancer, melanoma, kidney cancer, CRC, SCLC, and NSCLC, respectively. […] The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines provide considerations for brain MRI in only select circumstances for small cell lung cancer (SCLC), non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), breast cancer, kidney cancer, colorectal cancer (CRC) and melanoma. […] Given the limitations of the current guidelines regarding brain MRI for patients with a new diagnosis of cancer, we aimed to develop and validate cancer-specific models to predict the presence of BM at time of cancer diagnosis.
  • #55 Prevention of Brain Metastases: A New Frontier
    https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/11/2134
    This review discusses the topic of prevention of brain metastases from the most frequent solid tumor types, i.e., lung cancer, breast cancer and melanoma. […] The need for screening with an MRI in asymptomatic patients at risk of brain metastases is emphasized. […] The incidence of BM shows a rising trend due to the advent and usage of better diagnostic modalities and therapy. […] Approximately 20% of patients with stage IV (metastatic) or III (advanced) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have BM at initial diagnosis, and more than one-third develop BM as their disease progresses. […] According to the NCCN guidelines (2024) brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with contrast is recommended at diagnosis to rule out asymptomatic BM in patients with stage II, III and IV NSCLC if aggressive combined modality therapy is being considered.
  • #56 Prevention of Brain Metastases: A New Frontier
    https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/11/2134
    Brain MRI or CT with contrast are suggested for surveillance every 3–4 months during Year 1, then every 6 months afterwards regardless of PCI status. […] Prophylactic cranial irradiation has shown success in SCLC for more than 30 years. […] Nearly half of patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) develop BM. […] The phase III NVALT-11/DLCRG-02 trial showed that PCI reduces the incidence of symptomatic brain metastases. […] The cumulative incidence of BM at 5 and 10 years was 16.7% vs. 28.3% for PCI vs. observation with an HR of 0.43 (p = 0.004). […] The risk of brain metastasis (BM) in early or locally advanced (non-metastatic) BC is low. […] The risk of BM in metastatic BC (MBC) is definitely higher as compared to non-metastatic disease. […] The diagnosis of MBM is not likely to not occur at the time of initial diagnosis.
  • #57 Brain Metastasis in the Emergency Department: Epidemiology, Presentation, Investigations, and Management
    https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/14/2583
    Imaging surveillance is critical for all patients treated for BMs. The European Association of Neuro-oncology and European Society for Medical Oncology recommend neurological examination with brain MRI every 2–3 months in patients with known BMs, or when neurological progression is suspected. […] These subgroups include patients with stage IV melanoma, stage IV breast cancer (either triple-negative or HER2-positive), or lung cancer (with the possible exception of stage I NSCLC). These screenings can help in the early detection of BMs, leading to potentially better disease control.
  • #58 Brain Metastasis in the Emergency Department: Epidemiology, Presentation, Investigations, and Management
    https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/14/2583
    Imaging surveillance is critical for all patients treated for BMs. The European Association of Neuro-oncology and European Society for Medical Oncology recommend neurological examination with brain MRI every 2–3 months in patients with known BMs, or when neurological progression is suspected. […] These subgroups include patients with stage IV melanoma, stage IV breast cancer (either triple-negative or HER2-positive), or lung cancer (with the possible exception of stage I NSCLC). These screenings can help in the early detection of BMs, leading to potentially better disease control.
  • #59 Brain Metastasis in the Emergency Department: Epidemiology, Presentation, Investigations, and Management
    https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/14/2583
    Imaging surveillance is critical for all patients treated for BMs. The European Association of Neuro-oncology and European Society for Medical Oncology recommend neurological examination with brain MRI every 2–3 months in patients with known BMs, or when neurological progression is suspected. […] These subgroups include patients with stage IV melanoma, stage IV breast cancer (either triple-negative or HER2-positive), or lung cancer (with the possible exception of stage I NSCLC). These screenings can help in the early detection of BMs, leading to potentially better disease control.
  • #60 Does Brain MRI Surveillance Benefit Asymptomatic Patients With Stage IV Breast Cancer – The ASCO Post
    https://ascopost.com/news/january-2025/does-brain-mri-surveillance-benefit-asymptomatic-patients-with-stage-iv-breast-cancer/
    Researchers have found that asymptomatic brain metastases may be more common in patients with stage IV breast cancer than previously understood, according to a recent study published by Ahmed et al in Neuro-Oncology. […] The findings suggest that physicians may need to reconsider current screening guidelines for detecting brain metastases in asymptomatic patients. […] Our study suggests that asymptomatic brain metastasis is quite common in [patients with] stage IV breast cancer, emphasized lead study author Kamran Ahmed, MD, an associate member and Section Chief for Breast Radiation Oncology at the Moffitt Cancer Center. […] Although larger studies are needed to confirm our findings, given the improvements in systemic and local therapies for breast cancer brain metastasis, the time may be appropriate to reconsider current guidelines that recommend against routine MRI surveillance in late-stage breast cancer, he concluded.
  • #61 < ?php wp_title( '|', true, 'right' ); ?>
    https://surgicalneurologyint.com/surgicalint-articles/epidemiology-and-prognosis-of-brain-metastases/
    A substantial, but uncertain, number of patients with cancer develop brain metastases. Risk of brain metastasis is recognized to vary with type of primary cancer. […] Recent data suggest that molecular biomarkers that relate to cellular function can predict risk of developing brain metastases. Such information could optimize surveillance standards and/or be used to select patients for preventive interventions. […] Despite the uncertainty in determining the incidence rate of brain metastases, it is clear that the magnitude of the problem is substantial, affecting patients in numbers that approach the incidence rates of the most common specific primary cancer types. […] There is increasing interest in understanding risk factors for developing brain metastases that are specific to primary cancers.
  • #62 < ?php wp_title( '|', true, 'right' ); ?>
    https://surgicalneurologyint.com/surgicalint-articles/epidemiology-and-prognosis-of-brain-metastases/
    The desire to enhance the power of clinical trials by selecting patients most likely to benefit from prophylactic treatment against brain metastases, along with the question regarding reliability of clinical prognostic factors, has generated interest in determining which molecular biomarkers are effective predictors of brain metastasis risk. […] The incidence rate of brain metastases is difficult to estimate, but its magnitude is likely on the order of 104-105 per year in the United States. Progress has been made in determining predictive factors for occurrence of brain metastases in specific primary cancer types. […] Such predictive models could be used to guide surveillance and preventive therapies individualized to patients with brain metastases.
  • #63 Estimating the risk of brain metastasis for patients newly diagnosed with cancer | Communications Medicine
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s43856-024-00445-7
    Limited resources exist to estimate the risk of BM at the time of initial cancer diagnosis, and only SCLC and NSCLC have clear recommendations in the NCCN regarding the use of brain MRI for staging. […] This study successfully developed and validated disease-specific models to predict the presence of BM in patients with a new cancer diagnosis. […] The models for breast cancer, melanoma, kidney cancer, and CRC exhibited excellent to outstanding discrimination with average AUC values based on random training/testing data splitting all larger than 0.87. […] This work can be referred to in guidelines for cancer staging and the nomograms and Webtools can guide clinicians in the decision to obtain brain MRI as a part of their staging work-up.
  • #64 Estimating the risk of brain metastasis for patients newly diagnosed with cancer | Communications Medicine
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s43856-024-00445-7
    Limited resources exist to estimate the risk of BM at the time of initial cancer diagnosis, and only SCLC and NSCLC have clear recommendations in the NCCN regarding the use of brain MRI for staging. […] This study successfully developed and validated disease-specific models to predict the presence of BM in patients with a new cancer diagnosis. […] The models for breast cancer, melanoma, kidney cancer, and CRC exhibited excellent to outstanding discrimination with average AUC values based on random training/testing data splitting all larger than 0.87. […] This work can be referred to in guidelines for cancer staging and the nomograms and Webtools can guide clinicians in the decision to obtain brain MRI as a part of their staging work-up.
  • #65 < ?php wp_title( '|', true, 'right' ); ?>
    https://surgicalneurologyint.com/surgicalint-articles/epidemiology-and-prognosis-of-brain-metastases/
    The desire to enhance the power of clinical trials by selecting patients most likely to benefit from prophylactic treatment against brain metastases, along with the question regarding reliability of clinical prognostic factors, has generated interest in determining which molecular biomarkers are effective predictors of brain metastasis risk. […] The incidence rate of brain metastases is difficult to estimate, but its magnitude is likely on the order of 104-105 per year in the United States. Progress has been made in determining predictive factors for occurrence of brain metastases in specific primary cancer types. […] Such predictive models could be used to guide surveillance and preventive therapies individualized to patients with brain metastases.
  • #66 < ?php wp_title( '|', true, 'right' ); ?>
    https://surgicalneurologyint.com/surgicalint-articles/epidemiology-and-prognosis-of-brain-metastases/
    A substantial, but uncertain, number of patients with cancer develop brain metastases. Risk of brain metastasis is recognized to vary with type of primary cancer. […] Recent data suggest that molecular biomarkers that relate to cellular function can predict risk of developing brain metastases. Such information could optimize surveillance standards and/or be used to select patients for preventive interventions. […] Despite the uncertainty in determining the incidence rate of brain metastases, it is clear that the magnitude of the problem is substantial, affecting patients in numbers that approach the incidence rates of the most common specific primary cancer types. […] There is increasing interest in understanding risk factors for developing brain metastases that are specific to primary cancers.
  • #67 Epidemiology of Brain Metastases – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32921345/
    Brain metastasis continues to be a devastating complication of systemic malignancy, affecting approximately 20% of all patients suffering from cancer. […] Despite being a major source of morbidity and mortality for this patient population, a nationwide, systematic mechanism for reporting of brain metastases does not exist. […] Better understanding the epidemiology of brain metastases will help identify individuals who are at greatest risk of developing them and guide clinicians in selecting patients who are most likely to benefit from brain metastasis surveillance and prophylaxis.
  • #68 Epidemiology and Survival Outcomes of Synchronous and Metachronous Brain Metastases: A Retrospective Population-Based Study – BroadcastMed
    https://www.broadcastmed.com/neurology/5225/videos/epidemiology-and-survival-outcomes-of-synchronous-and-metachronous-brain-metastases-a-retrospective-population-based-study
    Neurosurgeons Chetan Bettegowda and Jordina Rincon-Torroella discuss results from their retrospective study about the incidence and survival outcomes of brain metastases over the past decade. […] Understanding the epidemiology of brain metastasis is of tremendous importance to inform screening recommendations, preventative measures and treatment decisions. […] We identified a total of 11,497,000 patients. The diagnosis of one of the 15 most common primary cancers that metastasized to the brain. 2.6% of these patients develop brain metastases. […] 37.8% of patients had synchronous brain metastasis, which is defined as a diagnosis of primary cancer and brain metastasis within two months. […] 62.2% of patients had metachronous brain metastasis, which is defined as a diagnosis of brain metastasis. More than two months after the diagnosis of primary cancer, except for lung and bronchos cancer, all primary cancers were more likely to present metachronous.
  • #69 Epidemiology and Survival Outcomes of Synchronous and Metachronous Brain Metastases: A Retrospective Population-Based Study – BroadcastMed
    https://www.broadcastmed.com/neurology/5225/videos/epidemiology-and-survival-outcomes-of-synchronous-and-metachronous-brain-metastases-a-retrospective-population-based-study
    Neurosurgeons Chetan Bettegowda and Jordina Rincon-Torroella discuss results from their retrospective study about the incidence and survival outcomes of brain metastases over the past decade. […] Understanding the epidemiology of brain metastasis is of tremendous importance to inform screening recommendations, preventative measures and treatment decisions. […] We identified a total of 11,497,000 patients. The diagnosis of one of the 15 most common primary cancers that metastasized to the brain. 2.6% of these patients develop brain metastases. […] 37.8% of patients had synchronous brain metastasis, which is defined as a diagnosis of primary cancer and brain metastasis within two months. […] 62.2% of patients had metachronous brain metastasis, which is defined as a diagnosis of brain metastasis. More than two months after the diagnosis of primary cancer, except for lung and bronchos cancer, all primary cancers were more likely to present metachronous.
  • #70 Epidemiology of Brain Metastases – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32921345/
    Brain metastasis continues to be a devastating complication of systemic malignancy, affecting approximately 20% of all patients suffering from cancer. […] Despite being a major source of morbidity and mortality for this patient population, a nationwide, systematic mechanism for reporting of brain metastases does not exist. […] Better understanding the epidemiology of brain metastases will help identify individuals who are at greatest risk of developing them and guide clinicians in selecting patients who are most likely to benefit from brain metastasis surveillance and prophylaxis.
  • #71 Brain Metastasis in the Emergency Department: Epidemiology, Presentation, Investigations, and Management
    https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/14/2583
    BMs represent the most common intracranial malignancies and are ten times more common than primary brain cancers. About 10% of cancer patients develop BMs during their illness, and up to 37% of patients also develop leptomeningeal disease. […] The estimated 2-year and 5-year overall survival rates across all primary tumor types are 8.1% and 2.4%, respectively. Studies have shown that around 52% of patients with BMs die of neurological disease. […] A retrospective study by Lamba et al. examined ED visits and hospitalizations among older patients with BMs. The study showed an average of 2.8 ED visits per person-year and two hospitalizations per person-year. […] It is important to recognize that over half of patients with BMs presenting to the emergency department (ED) are admitted to the hospital, and effective ED-based management of these patients remains a challenge.
  • #72 Prevention of Brain Metastases: A New Frontier
    https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/11/2134
    Brain MRI or CT with contrast are suggested for surveillance every 3–4 months during Year 1, then every 6 months afterwards regardless of PCI status. […] Prophylactic cranial irradiation has shown success in SCLC for more than 30 years. […] Nearly half of patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) develop BM. […] The phase III NVALT-11/DLCRG-02 trial showed that PCI reduces the incidence of symptomatic brain metastases. […] The cumulative incidence of BM at 5 and 10 years was 16.7% vs. 28.3% for PCI vs. observation with an HR of 0.43 (p = 0.004). […] The risk of brain metastasis (BM) in early or locally advanced (non-metastatic) BC is low. […] The risk of BM in metastatic BC (MBC) is definitely higher as compared to non-metastatic disease. […] The diagnosis of MBM is not likely to not occur at the time of initial diagnosis.
  • #73 Epidemiology and Survival Outcomes of Synchronous and Metachronous Brain Metastases: A Retrospective Population-Based Study – BroadcastMed
    https://www.broadcastmed.com/neurology/5225/videos/epidemiology-and-survival-outcomes-of-synchronous-and-metachronous-brain-metastases-a-retrospective-population-based-study
    19% of those who developed brain metastasis were diagnosed within 2 to 6 months of their primary cancer diagnosis. This high rate of brain metastases presenting close to the diagnosis of primary cancer may indicate a role for increased early intracranial screening. […] Brain metastases are associated with 30.4 months decreased median survival. […] Once the brain metastasis was present, metachronous, diagnosed metastasis were associated with 1.4 months increased survival. […] In conclusion, most brain metastases present metachronous and within two years of primary cancer diagnosis. The substantial rate of brain metastases presenting within 2 to 6 months of primary cancer may guide future recommendations for intracranial staging, anti neoplastic and radiation therapy. Prior to the development of brain metastases may prolong time before metastasis and improve survival.
  • #74 Epidemiology and survival outcomes of synchronous and metachronous brain metastases: a retrospective population-based study in: Neurosurgical Focus Volume 55 Issue 2 (2023) Journals
    https://thejns.org/focus/view/journals/neurosurg-focus/55/2/article-pE3.xml
    Brain metastases (BMs) are the most common CNS tumors, yet their prevalence is difficult to determine. Most studies only report synchronous metastases, which make up a fraction of all BMs. The authors report the incidence and prognosis of patients with synchronous and metachronous BMs over a decade. […] Of the 11,497,663 patients with 15 primary cancers identified, 300,863 (2.6%) developed BMs. BMs most commonly arose from lung and breast cancers and melanoma. Of all BMs, 113,827 (37.8%) presented synchronously and 187,036 (62.2%) presented metachronously. […] The majority of BMs present metachronously and arise within 2 years of primary cancer diagnosis. The substantial rate of BMs presenting within 6 months of primary cancer, especially liver, lung, and pancreatic cancer, may guide future recommendations on intracranial staging. Antineoplastic therapy prior to the development of BM may prolong the time before metastasis and improve survival. Further characterization of this population can better inform screening, prevention, and treatment efforts.
  • #75 Epidemiology and Survival Outcomes of Synchronous and Metachronous Brain Metastases: A Retrospective Population-Based Study – BroadcastMed
    https://www.broadcastmed.com/neurology/5225/videos/epidemiology-and-survival-outcomes-of-synchronous-and-metachronous-brain-metastases-a-retrospective-population-based-study
    19% of those who developed brain metastasis were diagnosed within 2 to 6 months of their primary cancer diagnosis. This high rate of brain metastases presenting close to the diagnosis of primary cancer may indicate a role for increased early intracranial screening. […] Brain metastases are associated with 30.4 months decreased median survival. […] Once the brain metastasis was present, metachronous, diagnosed metastasis were associated with 1.4 months increased survival. […] In conclusion, most brain metastases present metachronous and within two years of primary cancer diagnosis. The substantial rate of brain metastases presenting within 2 to 6 months of primary cancer may guide future recommendations for intracranial staging, anti neoplastic and radiation therapy. Prior to the development of brain metastases may prolong time before metastasis and improve survival.
  • #76 Epidemiology and survival outcomes of synchronous and metachronous brain metastases: a retrospective population-based study in: Neurosurgical Focus Volume 55 Issue 2 (2023) Journals
    https://thejns.org/focus/view/journals/neurosurg-focus/55/2/article-pE3.xml
    Brain metastases (BMs) are the most common CNS tumors, yet their prevalence is difficult to determine. Most studies only report synchronous metastases, which make up a fraction of all BMs. The authors report the incidence and prognosis of patients with synchronous and metachronous BMs over a decade. […] Of the 11,497,663 patients with 15 primary cancers identified, 300,863 (2.6%) developed BMs. BMs most commonly arose from lung and breast cancers and melanoma. Of all BMs, 113,827 (37.8%) presented synchronously and 187,036 (62.2%) presented metachronously. […] The majority of BMs present metachronously and arise within 2 years of primary cancer diagnosis. The substantial rate of BMs presenting within 6 months of primary cancer, especially liver, lung, and pancreatic cancer, may guide future recommendations on intracranial staging. Antineoplastic therapy prior to the development of BM may prolong the time before metastasis and improve survival. Further characterization of this population can better inform screening, prevention, and treatment efforts.
  • #77 < ?php wp_title( '|', true, 'right' ); ?>
    https://surgicalneurologyint.com/surgicalint-articles/epidemiology-and-prognosis-of-brain-metastases/
    The desire to enhance the power of clinical trials by selecting patients most likely to benefit from prophylactic treatment against brain metastases, along with the question regarding reliability of clinical prognostic factors, has generated interest in determining which molecular biomarkers are effective predictors of brain metastasis risk. […] The incidence rate of brain metastases is difficult to estimate, but its magnitude is likely on the order of 104-105 per year in the United States. Progress has been made in determining predictive factors for occurrence of brain metastases in specific primary cancer types. […] Such predictive models could be used to guide surveillance and preventive therapies individualized to patients with brain metastases.
  • #78 Congress of Neurological Surgeons Issues New Guidelines on the Role of Emerging Therapies in Managing Adults with Metastatic Brain Tumors | Newswise
    https://www.newswise.com/articles/congress-of-neurological-surgeons-issues-new-guidelines-on-the-role-of-emerging-therapies-in-managing-adults-with-metastatic-brain-tumors
    „Advancement of nonsurgical and surgical therapies for metastatic brain tumors is occurring at a rapid rate,” Dr. Olsons group says. „This has allowed for concrete recommendations to be made on various levels to assist medical and surgical practitioners.” […] The update is based on a systematic review of 162 English-language primary studies posted in PubMed or Embase between January 1, 2016 and May 3, 2022. […] The guidelines additionally address the use of immune modulators and radiosensitizers. The reviewers found insufficient evidence to make any recommendations for or against interstitial modalities or high-intensity focused ultrasound.
  • #79 Survival Trends in Melanoma Brain Metastases Update of Melanoma Graded Prognostic Assessment – The ASCO Post
    https://ascopost.com/news/may-2025/survival-trends-in-melanoma-brain-metastases-update-of-melanoma-graded-prognostic-assessment/
    Median overall survival was 6.7 months (median follow-up = 40.1 months) in the 19852007 cohort, 9.8 months (median follow-up = 43.6 months) in the 20062015 cohort, and 16.6 months (median follow-up = 48.8 months) in the 20152021 cohort. […] The updated Melanoma GPA calculator (BrainMetGPA), available free online, can be used to estimate survival, individualize treatment, stratify clinical trials, guide surveillance, and augment clinical trial eligibility. […] Multidisciplinary treatment is essential. Trials are needed to elucidate the optimal sequencing of various therapeutic modalities.
  • #80 < ?php wp_title( '|', true, 'right' ); ?>
    https://surgicalneurologyint.com/surgicalint-articles/epidemiology-and-prognosis-of-brain-metastases/
    A substantial, but uncertain, number of patients with cancer develop brain metastases. Risk of brain metastasis is recognized to vary with type of primary cancer. […] Recent data suggest that molecular biomarkers that relate to cellular function can predict risk of developing brain metastases. Such information could optimize surveillance standards and/or be used to select patients for preventive interventions. […] Despite the uncertainty in determining the incidence rate of brain metastases, it is clear that the magnitude of the problem is substantial, affecting patients in numbers that approach the incidence rates of the most common specific primary cancer types. […] There is increasing interest in understanding risk factors for developing brain metastases that are specific to primary cancers.

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