Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Vocal Cord Paralysis: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17624-vocal-cord-paralysis

  Vocal cord paralysis happens when you cant control the muscles that move one or both vocal cords. […] With vocal cord paralysis, nerve damage prevents the muscles inside your vocal cords from opening and closing properly. […] Multiple conditions can damage the nerves that control how your vocal cords move, including: […] Autoimmune diseases: Diseases that interfere with how nerves communicate with muscles, such as myasthenia gravis (MG), can lead to vocal cord paralysis. […] Infections: Lyme disease, herpes, the Epstein-Barr virus and COVID-19 can cause inflammation that damages the nerves that control vocal cord movement. […] Injury: Trauma to your neck, head and chest can cause nerve damage. […] Neurological diseases: Conditions that involve nerve deterioration and damage, including multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinsons disease and stroke, can impact the nerves that control your vocal cords.

• #2 Vocal Cord Paralysis Treatment NYC | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/locations/grabscheid-voice-swallowing-center/conditions/vocal-cord-paralysis

  Vocal cord paralysis occurs when the nerve impulses to your voice box (larynx) are interrupted. This results in paralysis of your vocal cord muscle. Vocal cord paralysis can affect your ability to speak and even breathe. […] There are a number of causes of vocal cord paralysis, including nerve damage during surgery and certain cancers. Vocal cord paralysis can also be caused by a viral infection or a neurological disorder. […] Known causes include: Injury to the vocal cord during surgery. Surgery on or near your neck or upper chest can result in damage to the nerves that serve your voice box. […] Neck or chest injury. Trauma to your neck or chest may injure the nerves that serve your vocal cords or the voice box itself. […] Stroke. A stroke interrupts blood flow in your brain and may damage the part of your brain that sends messages to the voice box.

• #3 Vocal Cord Paralysis: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17624-vocal-cord-paralysis

  Poisonous substances: Toxins, including lead, mercury and arsenic, can harm nerve tissue. […] Surgery: Surgeries in your head and neck, including thyroid gland removal (thyroidectomy), parathyroid surgery, heart surgery and cervical spine surgery, can lead to complications, like nerve injury. […] Tumors: Cancerous (malignant) tumors and noncancerous (benign) tumors can push on the nerves in your voice box, causing damage. […] Sometimes, a vocal cord can get paralyzed after a cold or upper respiratory infection. Healthcare providers cant always determine the exact cause. These cases of vocal cord paralysis are called idiopathic, or post viral.

• #4 Vocal Cord (Fold) Paralysis – ENT Health

  https://www.enthealth.org/conditions/vocal-cord-fold-paralysis/

  Vocal cord paralysis can happen at any age and come from different causes, including: […] Idiopathic vocal cord paralysis means that no specific cause could be found despite diagnostic tests. This happens in up to 50 percent of cases. One theory is that the common cold virus may cause nerve inflammation. […] Surgery in the neck (thyroid gland, carotid artery, cervical spine) or in the chest (lungs, esophagus, heart, or large blood vessels) may cause RLN or SLN paresis or paralysis. […] Injury to the RLN may occur when breathing tubes are inserted to assist breathing for an extended period of time (in the intensive care unit, for example). […] Tumors (both cancerous and non-cancerous) can grow around nerves and squeeze them, resulting in varying degrees of paresis or paralysis. […] Inflammation from infections may injure a brain nerve (called the vagus) or its nerve branches to the voice box (RLN and SLN). […] Various auto-immune diseases can cause transient or permanent vocal cord paralysis. […] Strokes and other neurological diseases can cause vocal cord paralysis.

• #5

  https://med.uth.edu/orl/2020/01/10/vocal-cord-fold-paralysis/

  Vocal cord paralysis can happen at any age and come from different causes, including: […] Idiopathic vocal cord paralysis means that no specific cause could be found despite diagnostic tests. This happens in up to 50 percent of cases. One theory is that the common cold virus may cause nerve inflammation. […] Surgery in the neck (thyroid gland, carotid artery, cervical spine) or in the chest (lungs, esophagus, heart, or large blood vessels) may cause RLN or SLN paresis or paralysis. […] Though rare, injury to the RLN may occur when breathing tubes are inserted to assist breathing for an extended period of time (in the intensive care unit, for example). […] Tumors (both cancerous and non-cancerous) can grow around nerves and squeeze them, resulting in varying degrees of paresis or paralysis.

• #6 What Causes Vocal Cord Paralysis?: Matthew W. Shawl, MD: Facial Plastic Surgeon

  https://www.shawlmd.com/blog/what-causes-vocal-cord-paralysis

  In some cases, the exact cause of vocal cord paralysis remains unknown (idiopathic). Idiopathic vocal cord paralysis often occurs spontaneously without an apparent triggering event or underlying medical condition. […] Vocal cord paralysis is a complex condition with various potential causes, including neurological damage, surgical complications, trauma, or idiopathic factors.

• #7 Vocal Cord Paralysis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/vocal-cord-paralysis-7564464

  Vocal cord paralysis occurs when one or both vocal cords are not able to move. […] Most cases of vocal cord paralysis occur as a result of changes related to vocal cord anatomy. They often involve abnormal functions of the primary nerves that control your voice box (the vagus nerve and its nerve branches, the recurrent laryngeal nerve, and the superior laryngeal nerve). Damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve, which controls the vocal cord’s motion, is involved in most cases of vocal cord paralysis. […] Up to 50% of vocal cord paralysis cases are labeled as idiopathic (having no known cause). One theory says that they may occur due to nerve inflammation from the common cold virus. […] When a cause is identifiable, it usually involves one of the following issues: Malignant (cancerous) and benign (non-cancerous) tumors of the skull base, neck, and chest that compress the nerves that control your voice cords; Injury during surgery in your neck (thyroid gland, cervical spine, carotid artery) or your chest (lungs, esophagus, large blood vessels, or heart); Inflammation from infections like Lyme disease that injures the vagus nerve or its nerve branches; Autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis that cause inflammation and scarring of the vocal cord joints; Neurological conditions, such as a stroke, multiple sclerosis, or Parkinson’s disease, that damage the part of your brain that sends messages to your voice box; Blunt trauma to your neck or chest as a result of physical injury; Breathing tube/intubation, a rare injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve that occurs when a breathing tube is inserted to assist with breathing for an extended period.

• #8 Bilateral Vocal Cord Paralysis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560852/

  Central nervous pathology: Stroke, CNS tumor, and MS can all affect the nuclei of the vagus nerve and potentially lead to bilateral vocal cord paralysis. […] Systemic disease: ALS, Miller-Fisher, and other systemic syndromes may include bilateral vocal cord paralysis as a component of a systemic condition. […] Idiopathic: This represents a significant minority of adult bilateral vocal cord paralysis, though is far rarer in children. […] Benninger et al estimated that bilateral vocal cord paralysis can be attributed to surgical trauma in 44% of cases, malignancies in 17%, secondary to endotracheal intubation in 15% of cases, due to neurologic disease in 12% of patients and idiopathic causes in 12% of cases. […] In infants and children with bilateral vocal cord paralysis who primarily present with stridor Arnold-Chiari malformation II associated with hydrocephalus and myelomeningocele is the most common neurologic finding in infants with bilateral vocal cord paralysis, diagnosed following an MRI scan with cerebellar ectopia below the foramen magnum.

• #9 Etiology and presenting features of vocal cord paralysis: changing trends over the last two decades | The Egyptian Journal of Otolaryngology | Full Text

  https://ejo.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43163-022-00322-x

  The type of the vocal cord paralysis, whether it is due mechanical fixation of the vocal cords (for example, cricoarytenoid joint fixation or muscle infiltration) or due to the neurological cause, is evaluated with the detailed study of the characteristics of vocal cord vibration during the videolaryngostroboscopy (VLS). […] There have been multiple studies suggesting various etiological factors responsible for VCP, often without proper agreement on the most common etiology. […] The present study evaluates the etiology and presenting features of the UVCP and BVCP patients over the 22 years at a single institute. […] The study also explores the change in the trend over the 22 years in the etiology and presenting features of the VCP patients. […] The imaging modalities helped to search for any pathology, responsible for causing VCP.

• #10

  https://journals.lww.com/jolv/fulltext/2021/11010/etiology_of_unilateral_vocal_cord_paralysis__a.3.aspx

  Multiple causes of UVCP have been reported by different studies, often without agreement on the most common etiology. […] In our series, nonthyroid surgery cases (n = 65) exceed thyroid surgery cases (n = 40). […] The most common nonthyroid surgery to cause vocal fold paralysis was anterior cervical decompression. […] The etiology can be found in the thoracic cavity, neck, and mediastinum or in the cranial cavity along the course of corresponding recurrent or inferior laryngeal branch of the Vagus nerve. […] The various etiological factors for vocal cord paralysis are idiopathic, iatrogenic trauma, accidental trauma, neurologic, malignancy, congenital, infectious, and postradiation. […] Surgical trauma was the most common identifiable cause of UVCP in our study. […] Nonlaryngeal malignancy contributed to 10.34% of the cases in our study.

• #11 Vocal Cord Paralysis General Information | Boston Medical Center

  https://www.bmc.org/otolaryngology/conditions-we-treat/throat/vocal-cord-paralysis

  Vocal fold (or cord) paresis and paralysis result from abnormal nerve input to the voice box muscles (laryngeal muscles). […] The cause of vocal fold paralysis or paresis can indicate whether the disorder will resolve over time or whether it may be permanent. […] Despite advances in diagnostic technology, physicians are unable to detect the cause in about half of all vocal fold paralyses cases, referred to as idiopathic (due to unknown origins). […] Known reasons can include: Inadvertent injury during surgery: Surgery in the neck (thyroid gland, carotid artery) or in the chest (lungs, esophagus, heart, or large blood vessels) may inadvertently result in RLN paresis or paralysis. […] Tumors of the skull base, neck, and chest: Tumors (both cancerous and non-cancerous) can grow around nerves and squeeze them, resulting in varying degrees of paresis or paralysis. […] Viral infections: Inflammation from infections may directly involve and injure the vagus nerve or its nerve branches to the voice box (RLN and SLN).

• #12 Bilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis: Practice Essentials, History of the Procedure, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/863885-overview

  Bilateral vocal fold (cord) paralysis (BVFP) refers to the neurologic causes of bilateral vocal fold immobility (BVFI) and specifically refers to the reduced or absent function of the vagus nerve or its distal branch, the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN). […] According to Benninger’s findings in a series of 117 cases, BVFI can be attributed to the following causes: surgical trauma (44%), malignancies (17%), endotracheal intubation (15%), neurologic disease (12%), and idiopathic causes (12%). […] Therefore, in most clinical practices, BVFI results from paralysis or fixation of vocal folds from an iatrogenic cause. […] When the etiology or treatment plan is uncertain, a more thorough review of causes and treatment alternatives is worth considering. […] These include the following: Open cervical procedures such as bilateral thyroid or parathyroid surgery, esophageal or tracheal procedures, carotid artery endarterectomy and cervical disc procedures (particularly when surgery on the contralateral side was performed), and endolaryngeal surgery affecting the cricoarytenoid joint.

• #13 Vocal Cord Paralysis: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/vocal-cord-paralysis

  Vocal cord paralysis happens because of misfiring or damaged nerves. Neurological conditions, such as Parkinsons disease and multiple sclerosis (MS), can cause this kind of nerve damage. People with these conditions are also more likely to experience vocal cord paralysis. […] Vocal cord paralysis is usually triggered by a medical event or another health condition. These include: injury to chest or neck, stroke, tumors, either benign or malignant, inflammation or scarring of the vocal cord joints due to strain or infection, neurological conditions, such as MS, Parkinsons disease, or myasthenia gravis. […] A small study from 2007 indicated that having intubation over the age of 50 and being intubated for more than six hours increased risk of vocal cord paralysis developing after surgery.

• #14 Bilateral Vocal Cord Paralysis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560852/

  Bilateral vocal cord paresis may be the presenting finding of a pathology that will then progress to true bilateral vocal cord paralysis, but it can also be an entity in its own right and non-progressive. This depends on the underlying etiology. […] Causes of bilateral vocal cord paresis: Scarring: Any cause of scarring of the arytenoid joints will impair the motion of the vocal cords, and may or may not progress to total paralysis. […] Iatrogenic causes: In addition to prolonged intubation, surgical trauma to the vagus or recurrent laryngeal nerves can weaken the contraction of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles resulting in impaired vocal cord function. […] Malignancy: Early-stage glottic and supraglottic malignancy can impair the normal motion of the vocal cords. […] Central nervous system pathology: Stroke, CNS tumors, MS, and other conditions may affect the nuclei of the vagus nerves and lead to paresis or paralysis of the vocal cords.

• #15 Bilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis: Practice Essentials, History of the Procedure, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/863885-overview

  Intracranial procedures, particularly when brainstem surgery is performed. […] Endotracheal intubation resulting in trauma to the recurrent laryngeal (RL) nerves as they enter the larynx, usually from compression. […] Nasogastric tube compression of RL nerves. […] Esophageal stent compression of RL nerves. […] In adults, this category is confounding but accounts for a relatively small number of cases. […] Idiopathic causes are the second most common causes of childhood bilateral vocal fold paralysis (BVFP). […] Some researchers postulate that the etiology in some children with bilateral vocal fold paralysis (BVFI) is an imbalance between the adductors and abductors of the larynx that results in adducted vocal folds. […] Vocal fold fixation or mechanical derangement of the posterior glottis may also be referred to as posterior glottic stenosis (PGS).

• #16 Bilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis: Practice Essentials, History of the Procedure, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/863885-overview

  Bilateral vocal fold (cord) paralysis (BVFP) refers to the neurologic causes of bilateral vocal fold immobility (BVFI) and specifically refers to the reduced or absent function of the vagus nerve or its distal branch, the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN). […] According to Benninger’s findings in a series of 117 cases, BVFI can be attributed to the following causes: surgical trauma (44%), malignancies (17%), endotracheal intubation (15%), neurologic disease (12%), and idiopathic causes (12%). […] Therefore, in most clinical practices, BVFI results from paralysis or fixation of vocal folds from an iatrogenic cause. […] When the etiology or treatment plan is uncertain, a more thorough review of causes and treatment alternatives is worth considering. […] These include the following: Open cervical procedures such as bilateral thyroid or parathyroid surgery, esophageal or tracheal procedures, carotid artery endarterectomy and cervical disc procedures (particularly when surgery on the contralateral side was performed), and endolaryngeal surgery affecting the cricoarytenoid joint.

• #17 Vocal Cord Paralysis | Maryland ENT Associates

  https://www.myprivia.com/marylandentassociates/services/throat/vocal-cord-paralysis

  Vocal fold (or cord) paresis and paralysis result from abnormal nerve input to the voice box muscles (laryngeal muscles). […] The cause of vocal fold paralysis or paresis can indicate whether the disorder will resolve over time or whether it may be permanent. […] Despite advances in diagnostic technology, physicians are unable to detect the cause in about half of all vocal fold paralyses, referred to as idiopathic (due to unknown origins). […] Known reasons can include: Inadvertent injury during surgery: Surgery in the neck (thyroid gland, carotid artery) or in the chest (lungs, esophagus, heart or large blood vessels) may inadvertently result in RLN paresis or paralysis. […] Tumors of the skull base, neck and chest: Tumors (both cancerous and non-cancerous) can grow around nerves and squeeze them, resulting in varying degrees of paresis or paralysis. […] Viral infections: Inflammation from infections may directly involve and injure the vagus nerve or its nerve branches to the voice box (RLN and SLN).

• #18 Bilateral Vocal Cord Paralysis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560852/

  Systemic disease: ALS, Guillain-Barre syndrome, and other such conditions can lead to vocal cord weakness, usually in the setting of a known systemic disease. […] Causes of bilateral vocal cord paralysis: Scarring: Progressive scarring from radiation therapy, prolonged intubation, inhalational burns or caustic ingestions, or inflammatory conditions such as scleroderma and relapsing polychondritis can cause significant progressive scarring in the glottis. […] Iatrogenic causes: In addition to prolonged intubation and scarring as discussed above, post-surgical trauma to the RLN, SLN, and/or vagus nerves are the most common cause of bilateral vocal cord paralysis. […] Malignancy: Advanced laryngeal malignancy can destroy the vocal cords or their neuromuscular controls, leading to paralysis.

• #19 Vocal Cord Paralysis: Pathophysiology, Etiologies, and Evaluation

  https://www.ijhns.com/abstractArticleContentBrowse/IJHNS/27529/JPJ/fullText

  The most common nonlaryngeal neoplasms causing RLN paralysis are thyroid, lung, oesophageal and mediastinal. […] Several viruses have been cited as causing RLN paralysis, however proving viral etiology remains difficult, as positive biochemical testing does not prove neural involvement nor causation. […] The clinician must always bear in mind unusual causes for vocal cord paralysis should the more common causes prove to be not responsible. Several neurological causes may affect vocal cord movement including Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Guillain-Barr syndrome, and myasthenia gravis. […] Idiopathic etiologies have no cause by definition. However, the true incidence of idiopathic RLN paralysis is related to the thoroughness of the investigative evaluation and therefore the true rate remains unknown.

• #20 Unilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis: Practice Essentials, History of the Procedure, Problem

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/863779-overview

  Unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVFP) occurs from a dysfunction of the recurrent laryngeal or vagus nerve innervating the larynx. […] Surgical iatrogenic injuries resulting in vocal fold paralysis include thyroid surgery, anterior cervical disc surgery, carotid surgery, or chest surgery. […] Malignant invasion of either the vagus or recurrent laryngeal nerve can occur with skull base tumors, thyroid cancer, lung cancer, esophageal cancer, and metastases to the mediastinum (often observed with lung cancer primaries). […] Blunt trauma to the neck or chest. […] When a clear-cut etiology for the unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVFP) is not found, it is classified as idiopathic. These cases can be attributed to a viral or inflammatory process, but this is usually a presumptive diagnosis.

• #21 Unilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis: Practice Essentials, History of the Procedure, Problem

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/863779-overview

  Unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVFP) occurs from a dysfunction of the recurrent laryngeal or vagus nerve innervating the larynx. […] Surgical iatrogenic injuries resulting in vocal fold paralysis include thyroid surgery, anterior cervical disc surgery, carotid surgery, or chest surgery. […] Malignant invasion of either the vagus or recurrent laryngeal nerve can occur with skull base tumors, thyroid cancer, lung cancer, esophageal cancer, and metastases to the mediastinum (often observed with lung cancer primaries). […] Blunt trauma to the neck or chest. […] When a clear-cut etiology for the unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVFP) is not found, it is classified as idiopathic. These cases can be attributed to a viral or inflammatory process, but this is usually a presumptive diagnosis.

• #22 Vocal Cord Paralysis: Causes, Symptoms And Treatment

  https://www.netmeds.com/health-library/post/vocal-cord-paralysis-causes-symptoms-and-treatment?srsltid=AfmBOoo3vutHbewAbGLcZWx26jKZ2HgD2w0EGH3ftRBFGRJM4PF6TIVG

  Vocal Cord Paralysis is a condition affecting the larynx, also referred to as the voice box, wherein the nerve signals relayed to the laryngeal tissues are impeded. This results in loss of movement in the vocal cord muscles, eventually leading to paralysis. […] The major causes of vocal cord paralysis consist of: Damage to the vocal cord nerves while undergoing other surgical procedures in the neck and chest area, like surgery in the thyroid gland or oesophagus i.e. food pipe […] Tumours and cancers that develop in the muscles, nerves, cartilage regulating the activity of the voice box […] Stroke […] Neurological disorders such as Parkinsons disease, multiple sclerosis […] Injuries and severe trauma in the neck and chest region, which maims the nerves in the vocal cords or voice box/larynx […] Infections from bacteria such as Lyme disease, viral illnesses like herpes, Epstein-Barr virus, which lead to inflammation in the vocal cord muscles and nerves.

• #23 Vocal Cord Paralysis: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17624-vocal-cord-paralysis

  Vocal cord paralysis happens when you cant control the muscles that move one or both vocal cords. […] With vocal cord paralysis, nerve damage prevents the muscles inside your vocal cords from opening and closing properly. […] Multiple conditions can damage the nerves that control how your vocal cords move, including: […] Autoimmune diseases: Diseases that interfere with how nerves communicate with muscles, such as myasthenia gravis (MG), can lead to vocal cord paralysis. […] Infections: Lyme disease, herpes, the Epstein-Barr virus and COVID-19 can cause inflammation that damages the nerves that control vocal cord movement. […] Injury: Trauma to your neck, head and chest can cause nerve damage. […] Neurological diseases: Conditions that involve nerve deterioration and damage, including multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinsons disease and stroke, can impact the nerves that control your vocal cords.

• #24 Vocal Fold Paralysis—Symptoms & Treatment | NIDCD

  https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/vocal-fold-paralysis

  Vocal fold paralysis may be caused by injury to the head, neck, or chest; lung or thyroid cancer; tumors of the skull base, neck, or chest; or infection (for example, Lyme disease). […] In many cases, however, the cause is unknown.

• #25 Vocal cord paralysis – Hancock Health

  https://www.hancockhealth.org/mayo-health-library/vocal-cord-paralysis/

  Infections. Some infections, such as Lyme disease, Epstein-Barr virus and herpes, can cause inflammation and directly damage the nerves in the voice box. There’s some evidence that infection with COVID-19 may cause vocal cord paralysis. […] Neurological conditions. Certain neurological conditions, such as multiple sclerosis or Parkinson’s disease, can lead to vocal cord paralysis.

• #26 Vocal cord paresis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_cord_paresis

  Many viral infections have been reported as a cause for VF paresis, including herpes simplex virus, Epstein-Barr virus, Varicella-Zoster, cytomegalovirus, HIV, West Nile virus, and upper respiratory infection. Bacterial infections have also been reported to cause VF paresis, such as syphilis and Lyme disease. […] VF paresis can result from trauma to one of more laryngeal nerves during intubation, surgery (e.g. thyroidectomy, spine surgery, carotid endartectomy, vagal nerve stimulator implantation), injection of botulinum neurotoxin, or penetrating neck trauma. […] Causes of VF paresis also include diseases of the thyroid gland, such as hypothyroidism, goiter, and thyroiditis. […] Several neurological diseases can cause VF paresis including: Myasthenia Gravis (MG), a rare neuromuscular autoimmune disease. MG’s dominant characteristic is muscles weakness including facial, jaw, pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles.

• #27 Vocal cord paralysis | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/vocal-cord-paralysis?content_id=CON-20378857

  Infections. Some infections, such as Lyme disease, Epstein-Barr virus and herpes, can cause inflammation and directly damage the nerves in the voice box. There’s some evidence that infection with COVID-19 may cause vocal cord paralysis. […] Neurological conditions. Certain neurological conditions, such as multiple sclerosis or Parkinson’s disease, can lead to vocal cord paralysis.

• #28 Vocal Cord Paralysis: Understanding and Managing

  https://www.nuffieldent.com.sg/vocal-cord-paralysis/

  Tumors: Benign or malignant tumors in or around the larynx can press on the nerves or directly affect vocal cord function. […] Viral Infections: Certain viral infections, such as Lyme disease or viral laryngitis, can lead to temporary vocal cord paralysis. […] Autoimmune Conditions: Conditions like myasthenia gravis or lupus may cause vocal cord weakness or paralysis.

• #29 Vocal cord paresis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_cord_paresis

  Many viral infections have been reported as a cause for VF paresis, including herpes simplex virus, Epstein-Barr virus, Varicella-Zoster, cytomegalovirus, HIV, West Nile virus, and upper respiratory infection. Bacterial infections have also been reported to cause VF paresis, such as syphilis and Lyme disease. […] VF paresis can result from trauma to one of more laryngeal nerves during intubation, surgery (e.g. thyroidectomy, spine surgery, carotid endartectomy, vagal nerve stimulator implantation), injection of botulinum neurotoxin, or penetrating neck trauma. […] Causes of VF paresis also include diseases of the thyroid gland, such as hypothyroidism, goiter, and thyroiditis. […] Several neurological diseases can cause VF paresis including: Myasthenia Gravis (MG), a rare neuromuscular autoimmune disease. MG’s dominant characteristic is muscles weakness including facial, jaw, pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles.

• #30 Vocal Cord Paralysis – Dysphonia International

  https://dysphonia.org/voice-conditions/vocal-cord-paralysis/

  Vocal Cord Paralysis (VCP) is impaired movement of the vocal cords caused by an injury to the vagus or recurrent laryngeal nerves that are critical to normal speech production. […] The onset can be attributed to any of the following: The onset of breathy voice is related to a recent viral illness. […] If you have been diagnosed with vocal cord paralysis, it is important that a search for a cause is made. […] The main categories for causes of vocal cord paralysis or vocal fold paresis are Idiopathic, Iatrogenic, tumor or neoplastic, or due to disease process. […] Idiopathic refers to the presence of a virus that caused inflammation of the nerve. […] Bacterial infections including Lyme disease and syphilis have also been reported to cause vocal fold paralysis and paresis. […] Latrogenic refers to symptoms brought on unintentionally by something that a doctor does. […] Neoplastic conditions are tumors or growths along the course of the nerve or within the larynx. […] Occasionally, nerve injury may be due to disease that affects the laryngeal nerve.

• #31 What Causes Vocal Cord Paralysis?: Matthew W. Shawl, MD: Facial Plastic Surgeon

  https://www.shawlmd.com/blog/what-causes-vocal-cord-paralysis

  Vocal cord paralysis can result from damage to the nerves that control the muscles of the larynx. Conditions such as stroke, brain injury, or neurodegenerative diseases may disrupt the neural signals necessary for vocal cord movement. When the nerves can’t communicate effectively with the vocal cord muscles, paralysis may occur. […] Surgical procedures that involve the neck, chest, or upper airway can inadvertently damage the nerves or structures associated with the vocal cords. Thyroid surgery, lung surgery, and certain cardiovascular operations are examples where surgical complications can lead to vocal cord paralysis. […] Physical trauma to the neck or chest, such as a car accident or a direct blow to the throat, can damage the vocal cords or their associated nerves. Trauma-induced vocal cord paralysis can be temporary or permanent, depending on the severity of the injury.

• #32 Vocal Cord Paresis (Paralysis): Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment Options

  https://www.houstonent.com/blog/vocal-cord-paresis-paralysis-symptoms-causes-and-treatment-options

  Blunt chest or neck trauma: Any form of hard, penetrating impact on the chest or neck region could injure the RLN or an impact to your neck could injure your SLN. […] Viral infections: Viral infection inflammation could involve and injure your RLN and SLN voice box nerve branches or your vagus nerve. Systemic conditions that affect nerves in your body could also impact your voice box nerves.

• #33 Vocal Cord Paralysis – Fairbanks ENT

  https://fairbanksent.com/vocal-cord-paralysis/

  Blunt neck or chest trauma: Any type of penetrating, hard impact on the neck or chest region may injure the RLN; impact to the neck may injure the SLN. […] Tumors of the skull base, neck, and chest: Tumors (both cancerous and non-cancerous) can grow around nerves and squeeze them, resulting in varying degrees of paresis or paralysis. […] Viral infections: Inflammation from infections may directly involve and injure the vagus nerve or its nerve branches to the voice box (RLN and SLN).

• #34 What Causes Vocal Cord Paralysis?: Matthew W. Shawl, MD: Facial Plastic Surgeon

  https://www.shawlmd.com/blog/what-causes-vocal-cord-paralysis

  Vocal cord paralysis can result from damage to the nerves that control the muscles of the larynx. Conditions such as stroke, brain injury, or neurodegenerative diseases may disrupt the neural signals necessary for vocal cord movement. When the nerves can’t communicate effectively with the vocal cord muscles, paralysis may occur. […] Surgical procedures that involve the neck, chest, or upper airway can inadvertently damage the nerves or structures associated with the vocal cords. Thyroid surgery, lung surgery, and certain cardiovascular operations are examples where surgical complications can lead to vocal cord paralysis. […] Physical trauma to the neck or chest, such as a car accident or a direct blow to the throat, can damage the vocal cords or their associated nerves. Trauma-induced vocal cord paralysis can be temporary or permanent, depending on the severity of the injury.

• #35 Vocal Cord Paralysis | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/81705

  Vocal cord paralysis can be due to neurogenic cause, trauma due to surgery, or mechanical fixation of the cords. […] Most commonly, there is paralysis of recurrent laryngeal nerve. […] The most common causes include laryngeal or extralaryngeal cancers, iatrogenic trauma during neck, thyroid gland, or chest surgery, and various neurogenic conditions (e.g., amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and closed head injury). […] Causes of vocal cord paralysis include supranuclear-stroke, tumor, meningitis, or head injury. […] Nuclear-lesions of Nucleus ambigus in medulla, usually associated with other lower cranial N. paralysis, stroke, tumors, motor neuron disease, poliomyelitis, syringobulbia. […] High vagal lesions Intracranial: Tumors of posterior fossa, Basal meningitis(tubercular). […] Low vagal lesions or RLN: Most common cause.

• #36 Bilateral Vocal Cord Paralysis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560852/

  Central nervous pathology: Stroke, CNS tumor, and MS can all affect the nuclei of the vagus nerve and potentially lead to bilateral vocal cord paralysis. […] Systemic disease: ALS, Miller-Fisher, and other systemic syndromes may include bilateral vocal cord paralysis as a component of a systemic condition. […] Idiopathic: This represents a significant minority of adult bilateral vocal cord paralysis, though is far rarer in children. […] Benninger et al estimated that bilateral vocal cord paralysis can be attributed to surgical trauma in 44% of cases, malignancies in 17%, secondary to endotracheal intubation in 15% of cases, due to neurologic disease in 12% of patients and idiopathic causes in 12% of cases. […] In infants and children with bilateral vocal cord paralysis who primarily present with stridor Arnold-Chiari malformation II associated with hydrocephalus and myelomeningocele is the most common neurologic finding in infants with bilateral vocal cord paralysis, diagnosed following an MRI scan with cerebellar ectopia below the foramen magnum.

• #37 Vocal Cord Paralysis Treatment NYC | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/locations/grabscheid-voice-swallowing-center/conditions/vocal-cord-paralysis

  Vocal cord paralysis occurs when the nerve impulses to your voice box (larynx) are interrupted. This results in paralysis of your vocal cord muscle. Vocal cord paralysis can affect your ability to speak and even breathe. […] There are a number of causes of vocal cord paralysis, including nerve damage during surgery and certain cancers. Vocal cord paralysis can also be caused by a viral infection or a neurological disorder. […] Known causes include: Injury to the vocal cord during surgery. Surgery on or near your neck or upper chest can result in damage to the nerves that serve your voice box. […] Neck or chest injury. Trauma to your neck or chest may injure the nerves that serve your vocal cords or the voice box itself. […] Stroke. A stroke interrupts blood flow in your brain and may damage the part of your brain that sends messages to the voice box.

• #38 Bilateral Vocal Cord Paralysis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560852/

  Central nervous pathology: Stroke, CNS tumor, and MS can all affect the nuclei of the vagus nerve and potentially lead to bilateral vocal cord paralysis. […] Systemic disease: ALS, Miller-Fisher, and other systemic syndromes may include bilateral vocal cord paralysis as a component of a systemic condition. […] Idiopathic: This represents a significant minority of adult bilateral vocal cord paralysis, though is far rarer in children. […] Benninger et al estimated that bilateral vocal cord paralysis can be attributed to surgical trauma in 44% of cases, malignancies in 17%, secondary to endotracheal intubation in 15% of cases, due to neurologic disease in 12% of patients and idiopathic causes in 12% of cases. […] In infants and children with bilateral vocal cord paralysis who primarily present with stridor Arnold-Chiari malformation II associated with hydrocephalus and myelomeningocele is the most common neurologic finding in infants with bilateral vocal cord paralysis, diagnosed following an MRI scan with cerebellar ectopia below the foramen magnum.

• #39 Vocal Cord Paralysis: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17624-vocal-cord-paralysis

  Vocal cord paralysis happens when you cant control the muscles that move one or both vocal cords. […] With vocal cord paralysis, nerve damage prevents the muscles inside your vocal cords from opening and closing properly. […] Multiple conditions can damage the nerves that control how your vocal cords move, including: […] Autoimmune diseases: Diseases that interfere with how nerves communicate with muscles, such as myasthenia gravis (MG), can lead to vocal cord paralysis. […] Infections: Lyme disease, herpes, the Epstein-Barr virus and COVID-19 can cause inflammation that damages the nerves that control vocal cord movement. […] Injury: Trauma to your neck, head and chest can cause nerve damage. […] Neurological diseases: Conditions that involve nerve deterioration and damage, including multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinsons disease and stroke, can impact the nerves that control your vocal cords.

• #40 Bilateral Vocal Cord Paralysis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560852/

  Systemic disease: ALS, Guillain-Barre syndrome, and other such conditions can lead to vocal cord weakness, usually in the setting of a known systemic disease. […] Causes of bilateral vocal cord paralysis: Scarring: Progressive scarring from radiation therapy, prolonged intubation, inhalational burns or caustic ingestions, or inflammatory conditions such as scleroderma and relapsing polychondritis can cause significant progressive scarring in the glottis. […] Iatrogenic causes: In addition to prolonged intubation and scarring as discussed above, post-surgical trauma to the RLN, SLN, and/or vagus nerves are the most common cause of bilateral vocal cord paralysis. […] Malignancy: Advanced laryngeal malignancy can destroy the vocal cords or their neuromuscular controls, leading to paralysis.

• #41 Bilateral Vocal Cord Paralysis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560852/

  A palsy of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) causes pitch changes in a patients voice secondary to paralysis of the cricothyroid muscle. […] Although uncommon, vocal cord palsy can also occur in stroke patients with damage to the cerebral cortex or brainstem supplying the vagus, and hence the RLN. […] Another extremely rare cause of bilateral RLN paralysis is Guillain Barre syndrome (GBS), the most common acquired demyelinating neuropathy.

• #42 Bilateral Vocal Cord Paralysis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560852/

  Central nervous pathology: Stroke, CNS tumor, and MS can all affect the nuclei of the vagus nerve and potentially lead to bilateral vocal cord paralysis. […] Systemic disease: ALS, Miller-Fisher, and other systemic syndromes may include bilateral vocal cord paralysis as a component of a systemic condition. […] Idiopathic: This represents a significant minority of adult bilateral vocal cord paralysis, though is far rarer in children. […] Benninger et al estimated that bilateral vocal cord paralysis can be attributed to surgical trauma in 44% of cases, malignancies in 17%, secondary to endotracheal intubation in 15% of cases, due to neurologic disease in 12% of patients and idiopathic causes in 12% of cases. […] In infants and children with bilateral vocal cord paralysis who primarily present with stridor Arnold-Chiari malformation II associated with hydrocephalus and myelomeningocele is the most common neurologic finding in infants with bilateral vocal cord paralysis, diagnosed following an MRI scan with cerebellar ectopia below the foramen magnum.

• #43 Vocal cord paresis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_cord_paresis

  Many viral infections have been reported as a cause for VF paresis, including herpes simplex virus, Epstein-Barr virus, Varicella-Zoster, cytomegalovirus, HIV, West Nile virus, and upper respiratory infection. Bacterial infections have also been reported to cause VF paresis, such as syphilis and Lyme disease. […] VF paresis can result from trauma to one of more laryngeal nerves during intubation, surgery (e.g. thyroidectomy, spine surgery, carotid endartectomy, vagal nerve stimulator implantation), injection of botulinum neurotoxin, or penetrating neck trauma. […] Causes of VF paresis also include diseases of the thyroid gland, such as hypothyroidism, goiter, and thyroiditis. […] Several neurological diseases can cause VF paresis including: Myasthenia Gravis (MG), a rare neuromuscular autoimmune disease. MG’s dominant characteristic is muscles weakness including facial, jaw, pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles.

• #44 Vocal Cord Paralysis – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/laryngeal-disorders/vocal-cord-paralysis

  Vocal cord paralysis may result from lesions or dysfunction at the level of the nucleus ambiguus, its supranuclear tracts, the main trunk of the vagus, or the recurrent laryngeal nerves. The left vocal cord is paralyzed more often than the right because the left recurrent nerve takes a longer course from the brain stem to the larynx, providing more opportunity for compression, traction, or surgical injuries. […] About one third of unilateral paralyses are neoplastic in origin, one third are traumatic, and one third are idiopathic. Intracranial tumors, vascular insults, and demyelinating diseases cause nucleus ambiguus paralysis. Tumors at the base of the skull and trauma to the neck cause vagus paralysis. Recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis is caused by neck or thoracic lesions (eg, aortic aneurysm; mitral stenosis; mediastinal tuberculous adenitis; tumors of the thyroid gland, esophagus, lung, or mediastinal structures), trauma, thyroidectomy, neurotoxins (eg, lead, arsenic, mercury), neurotoxic infections (eg, diphtheria), cervical spine injury or surgery, Lyme disease, and viral illness. Viral neuronitis probably accounts for most idiopathic cases.

• #45 Vocal cord paresis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_cord_paresis

  Additionally, there are pieces of evidence that some Systemic Rheumatological Diseases such as sarcoidosis, rheumatoid, scleroderma can result in having VF paresis. […] A rare cause of vocal cord paresis that often presents itself as unexplained hoarseness is cardiovocal syndrome or Ortner’s syndrome.

• #46

  https://med.uth.edu/orl/2020/01/10/vocal-cord-fold-paralysis/

  Inflammation from infections may injure a brain nerve (called the vagus) or its nerve branches to the voice box (RLN and SLN). Illnesses affecting nerves in the whole body may also affect the voice box nerves. […] Various auto-immune diseases can cause transient or permanent vocal cord paralysis. […] Strokes and other neurological diseases can cause vocal cord paralysis.

• #47 Vocal Cord Paralysis: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17624-vocal-cord-paralysis

  Vocal cord paralysis happens when you cant control the muscles that move one or both vocal cords. […] With vocal cord paralysis, nerve damage prevents the muscles inside your vocal cords from opening and closing properly. […] Multiple conditions can damage the nerves that control how your vocal cords move, including: […] Autoimmune diseases: Diseases that interfere with how nerves communicate with muscles, such as myasthenia gravis (MG), can lead to vocal cord paralysis. […] Infections: Lyme disease, herpes, the Epstein-Barr virus and COVID-19 can cause inflammation that damages the nerves that control vocal cord movement. […] Injury: Trauma to your neck, head and chest can cause nerve damage. […] Neurological diseases: Conditions that involve nerve deterioration and damage, including multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinsons disease and stroke, can impact the nerves that control your vocal cords.

• #48 Vocal Cord Paralysis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/vocal-cord-paralysis-7564464

  Vocal cord paralysis occurs when one or both vocal cords are not able to move. […] Most cases of vocal cord paralysis occur as a result of changes related to vocal cord anatomy. They often involve abnormal functions of the primary nerves that control your voice box (the vagus nerve and its nerve branches, the recurrent laryngeal nerve, and the superior laryngeal nerve). Damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve, which controls the vocal cord’s motion, is involved in most cases of vocal cord paralysis. […] Up to 50% of vocal cord paralysis cases are labeled as idiopathic (having no known cause). One theory says that they may occur due to nerve inflammation from the common cold virus. […] When a cause is identifiable, it usually involves one of the following issues: Malignant (cancerous) and benign (non-cancerous) tumors of the skull base, neck, and chest that compress the nerves that control your voice cords; Injury during surgery in your neck (thyroid gland, cervical spine, carotid artery) or your chest (lungs, esophagus, large blood vessels, or heart); Inflammation from infections like Lyme disease that injures the vagus nerve or its nerve branches; Autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis that cause inflammation and scarring of the vocal cord joints; Neurological conditions, such as a stroke, multiple sclerosis, or Parkinson’s disease, that damage the part of your brain that sends messages to your voice box; Blunt trauma to your neck or chest as a result of physical injury; Breathing tube/intubation, a rare injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve that occurs when a breathing tube is inserted to assist with breathing for an extended period.

• #49 Bilateral Vocal Cord Paralysis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560852/

  Systemic disease: ALS, Guillain-Barre syndrome, and other such conditions can lead to vocal cord weakness, usually in the setting of a known systemic disease. […] Causes of bilateral vocal cord paralysis: Scarring: Progressive scarring from radiation therapy, prolonged intubation, inhalational burns or caustic ingestions, or inflammatory conditions such as scleroderma and relapsing polychondritis can cause significant progressive scarring in the glottis. […] Iatrogenic causes: In addition to prolonged intubation and scarring as discussed above, post-surgical trauma to the RLN, SLN, and/or vagus nerves are the most common cause of bilateral vocal cord paralysis. […] Malignancy: Advanced laryngeal malignancy can destroy the vocal cords or their neuromuscular controls, leading to paralysis.

• #50 Bilateral Vocal Cord Paralysis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560852/

  Systemic disease: ALS, Guillain-Barre syndrome, and other such conditions can lead to vocal cord weakness, usually in the setting of a known systemic disease. […] Causes of bilateral vocal cord paralysis: Scarring: Progressive scarring from radiation therapy, prolonged intubation, inhalational burns or caustic ingestions, or inflammatory conditions such as scleroderma and relapsing polychondritis can cause significant progressive scarring in the glottis. […] Iatrogenic causes: In addition to prolonged intubation and scarring as discussed above, post-surgical trauma to the RLN, SLN, and/or vagus nerves are the most common cause of bilateral vocal cord paralysis. […] Malignancy: Advanced laryngeal malignancy can destroy the vocal cords or their neuromuscular controls, leading to paralysis.

• #51 Vocal cord paresis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_cord_paresis

  Additionally, there are pieces of evidence that some Systemic Rheumatological Diseases such as sarcoidosis, rheumatoid, scleroderma can result in having VF paresis. […] A rare cause of vocal cord paresis that often presents itself as unexplained hoarseness is cardiovocal syndrome or Ortner’s syndrome.

• #52 Vocal Cord Paralysis | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/vocal-cord-paralysis

  Vocal cord paralysis (also referred to as vocal fold paralysis by physicians) is a condition in which the vocal cords cannot move on one side (unilateral) or both sides (bilateral). This is usually happens when the nerve impulses to the vocal cords are interrupted. […] Injury from heart surgery is the most common cause of one-sided vocal cord paralysis. More rarely, a tumor along the length of the nerve to the voice box may lead to a paralysis. Sometimes, the cause of vocal cord paralysis is unknown (idiopathic). […] Vocal cord paralysis is the second most common congenital defect of the larynx (voice box), accounting for about 10 to 15 percent of congenital laryngeal disorders.

• #53 Vocal cord paresis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_cord_paresis

  Vocal cord paresis, also known as recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis or vocal fold paralysis, is an injury to one or both recurrent laryngeal nerves (RLNs), which control all intrinsic muscles of the larynx except for the cricothyroid muscle. […] There are a wide variety of possible causes of vocal fold (VF) paresis, including congenital (i.e. present at birth) causes, infectious causes, tumors, traumatic causes, endocrinologic diseases (i.e. thyroid disease), and systemic neurologic diseases. […] Congenital conditions that are implicated in VFP include neurological disorders like hydrocephalus and Arnold-Chiari malformation, dysmorphic neurological disorders such as Moebius syndrome or Goldenhar Syndrome, anatomical abnormalities such as a tracheoesophageal fistula, vascular anomalies (e.g. vascular ring) affecting the vocal mechanism, syndromes affecting brainstem function or atrophic diseases such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth.

• #54 Bilateral Vocal Cord Paralysis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560852/

  Central nervous pathology: Stroke, CNS tumor, and MS can all affect the nuclei of the vagus nerve and potentially lead to bilateral vocal cord paralysis. […] Systemic disease: ALS, Miller-Fisher, and other systemic syndromes may include bilateral vocal cord paralysis as a component of a systemic condition. […] Idiopathic: This represents a significant minority of adult bilateral vocal cord paralysis, though is far rarer in children. […] Benninger et al estimated that bilateral vocal cord paralysis can be attributed to surgical trauma in 44% of cases, malignancies in 17%, secondary to endotracheal intubation in 15% of cases, due to neurologic disease in 12% of patients and idiopathic causes in 12% of cases. […] In infants and children with bilateral vocal cord paralysis who primarily present with stridor Arnold-Chiari malformation II associated with hydrocephalus and myelomeningocele is the most common neurologic finding in infants with bilateral vocal cord paralysis, diagnosed following an MRI scan with cerebellar ectopia below the foramen magnum.

• #55 Vocal cord paresis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_cord_paresis

  Vocal cord paresis, also known as recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis or vocal fold paralysis, is an injury to one or both recurrent laryngeal nerves (RLNs), which control all intrinsic muscles of the larynx except for the cricothyroid muscle. […] There are a wide variety of possible causes of vocal fold (VF) paresis, including congenital (i.e. present at birth) causes, infectious causes, tumors, traumatic causes, endocrinologic diseases (i.e. thyroid disease), and systemic neurologic diseases. […] Congenital conditions that are implicated in VFP include neurological disorders like hydrocephalus and Arnold-Chiari malformation, dysmorphic neurological disorders such as Moebius syndrome or Goldenhar Syndrome, anatomical abnormalities such as a tracheoesophageal fistula, vascular anomalies (e.g. vascular ring) affecting the vocal mechanism, syndromes affecting brainstem function or atrophic diseases such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth.

• #56 Vocal cord paresis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_cord_paresis

  Vocal cord paresis, also known as recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis or vocal fold paralysis, is an injury to one or both recurrent laryngeal nerves (RLNs), which control all intrinsic muscles of the larynx except for the cricothyroid muscle. […] There are a wide variety of possible causes of vocal fold (VF) paresis, including congenital (i.e. present at birth) causes, infectious causes, tumors, traumatic causes, endocrinologic diseases (i.e. thyroid disease), and systemic neurologic diseases. […] Congenital conditions that are implicated in VFP include neurological disorders like hydrocephalus and Arnold-Chiari malformation, dysmorphic neurological disorders such as Moebius syndrome or Goldenhar Syndrome, anatomical abnormalities such as a tracheoesophageal fistula, vascular anomalies (e.g. vascular ring) affecting the vocal mechanism, syndromes affecting brainstem function or atrophic diseases such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth.

• #57 Vocal cord paresis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_cord_paresis

  Vocal cord paresis, also known as recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis or vocal fold paralysis, is an injury to one or both recurrent laryngeal nerves (RLNs), which control all intrinsic muscles of the larynx except for the cricothyroid muscle. […] There are a wide variety of possible causes of vocal fold (VF) paresis, including congenital (i.e. present at birth) causes, infectious causes, tumors, traumatic causes, endocrinologic diseases (i.e. thyroid disease), and systemic neurologic diseases. […] Congenital conditions that are implicated in VFP include neurological disorders like hydrocephalus and Arnold-Chiari malformation, dysmorphic neurological disorders such as Moebius syndrome or Goldenhar Syndrome, anatomical abnormalities such as a tracheoesophageal fistula, vascular anomalies (e.g. vascular ring) affecting the vocal mechanism, syndromes affecting brainstem function or atrophic diseases such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth.

• #58 Vocal cord paresis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_cord_paresis

  Vocal cord paresis, also known as recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis or vocal fold paralysis, is an injury to one or both recurrent laryngeal nerves (RLNs), which control all intrinsic muscles of the larynx except for the cricothyroid muscle. […] There are a wide variety of possible causes of vocal fold (VF) paresis, including congenital (i.e. present at birth) causes, infectious causes, tumors, traumatic causes, endocrinologic diseases (i.e. thyroid disease), and systemic neurologic diseases. […] Congenital conditions that are implicated in VFP include neurological disorders like hydrocephalus and Arnold-Chiari malformation, dysmorphic neurological disorders such as Moebius syndrome or Goldenhar Syndrome, anatomical abnormalities such as a tracheoesophageal fistula, vascular anomalies (e.g. vascular ring) affecting the vocal mechanism, syndromes affecting brainstem function or atrophic diseases such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth.

• #59 Bilateral Vocal Cord Paralysis | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/b/bvcp

  Vocal cords vibrate to make sound. Vocal cords also close when you swallow. They protect your airway from food going into your lungs. When vocal cords do not move, they are considered paralyzed. […] A child can be born with BVCP or it can result from another body system problem that affects vocal cord movement. It is often associated with trauma during birth and abnormalities such as Chiari malformations or increased pressure within the skull (intracranial). However, often the cause is unknown. […] Additional potential causes include: Delayed development of the nerves and brain centers that cause vocal cord movement, Trauma to the head, neck or chest, Illness and / or infections, Neck, chest or heart surgery, History of breathing tube placement, Head, neck or chest tumors.

• #60 Vocal Cord Paralysis: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17624-vocal-cord-paralysis

  Vocal cord paralysis happens when you cant control the muscles that move one or both vocal cords. […] With vocal cord paralysis, nerve damage prevents the muscles inside your vocal cords from opening and closing properly. […] Multiple conditions can damage the nerves that control how your vocal cords move, including: […] Autoimmune diseases: Diseases that interfere with how nerves communicate with muscles, such as myasthenia gravis (MG), can lead to vocal cord paralysis. […] Infections: Lyme disease, herpes, the Epstein-Barr virus and COVID-19 can cause inflammation that damages the nerves that control vocal cord movement. […] Injury: Trauma to your neck, head and chest can cause nerve damage. […] Neurological diseases: Conditions that involve nerve deterioration and damage, including multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinsons disease and stroke, can impact the nerves that control your vocal cords.

• #61 Vocal Cord Paralysis – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/laryngeal-disorders/vocal-cord-paralysis

  Vocal cord paralysis may result from lesions or dysfunction at the level of the nucleus ambiguus, its supranuclear tracts, the main trunk of the vagus, or the recurrent laryngeal nerves. The left vocal cord is paralyzed more often than the right because the left recurrent nerve takes a longer course from the brain stem to the larynx, providing more opportunity for compression, traction, or surgical injuries. […] About one third of unilateral paralyses are neoplastic in origin, one third are traumatic, and one third are idiopathic. Intracranial tumors, vascular insults, and demyelinating diseases cause nucleus ambiguus paralysis. Tumors at the base of the skull and trauma to the neck cause vagus paralysis. Recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis is caused by neck or thoracic lesions (eg, aortic aneurysm; mitral stenosis; mediastinal tuberculous adenitis; tumors of the thyroid gland, esophagus, lung, or mediastinal structures), trauma, thyroidectomy, neurotoxins (eg, lead, arsenic, mercury), neurotoxic infections (eg, diphtheria), cervical spine injury or surgery, Lyme disease, and viral illness. Viral neuronitis probably accounts for most idiopathic cases.

• #62 Vocal Cord Paralysis: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17624-vocal-cord-paralysis

  Poisonous substances: Toxins, including lead, mercury and arsenic, can harm nerve tissue. […] Surgery: Surgeries in your head and neck, including thyroid gland removal (thyroidectomy), parathyroid surgery, heart surgery and cervical spine surgery, can lead to complications, like nerve injury. […] Tumors: Cancerous (malignant) tumors and noncancerous (benign) tumors can push on the nerves in your voice box, causing damage. […] Sometimes, a vocal cord can get paralyzed after a cold or upper respiratory infection. Healthcare providers cant always determine the exact cause. These cases of vocal cord paralysis are called idiopathic, or post viral.

• #63

  https://journals.lww.com/jolv/fulltext/2021/11010/etiology_of_unilateral_vocal_cord_paralysis__a.3.aspx

  Among the neurological cases, CVA (n = 14) accounted for most cases followed by postviral neuritis (n = 8). […] The other benign diseases that cause vocal cord paralysis in our study included pulmonary tuberculosis, colloid cyst of the thyroid, cardiac anomalies such as coarctation of aorta, tetralogy of Fallot, right ventricular hypertrophy secondary to pulmonary hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, an abnormal variant of the azygous system and enlarged prevascular lymph node, aortic aneurysm, Ortner’s syndrome, tuberculous cervical lymph node, and mediastinal lymph node enlargement. […] Radiation causes fibrosis in and around the nerve which may interfere with blood supply, compress the nerve, or otherwise compromise axonal flow.

• #64 Vocal cord paresis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_cord_paresis

  Many viral infections have been reported as a cause for VF paresis, including herpes simplex virus, Epstein-Barr virus, Varicella-Zoster, cytomegalovirus, HIV, West Nile virus, and upper respiratory infection. Bacterial infections have also been reported to cause VF paresis, such as syphilis and Lyme disease. […] VF paresis can result from trauma to one of more laryngeal nerves during intubation, surgery (e.g. thyroidectomy, spine surgery, carotid endartectomy, vagal nerve stimulator implantation), injection of botulinum neurotoxin, or penetrating neck trauma. […] Causes of VF paresis also include diseases of the thyroid gland, such as hypothyroidism, goiter, and thyroiditis. […] Several neurological diseases can cause VF paresis including: Myasthenia Gravis (MG), a rare neuromuscular autoimmune disease. MG’s dominant characteristic is muscles weakness including facial, jaw, pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles.

• #65 Vocal Cord Paralysis – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/laryngeal-disorders/vocal-cord-paralysis

  Vocal cord paralysis may result from lesions or dysfunction at the level of the nucleus ambiguus, its supranuclear tracts, the main trunk of the vagus, or the recurrent laryngeal nerves. The left vocal cord is paralyzed more often than the right because the left recurrent nerve takes a longer course from the brain stem to the larynx, providing more opportunity for compression, traction, or surgical injuries. […] About one third of unilateral paralyses are neoplastic in origin, one third are traumatic, and one third are idiopathic. Intracranial tumors, vascular insults, and demyelinating diseases cause nucleus ambiguus paralysis. Tumors at the base of the skull and trauma to the neck cause vagus paralysis. Recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis is caused by neck or thoracic lesions (eg, aortic aneurysm; mitral stenosis; mediastinal tuberculous adenitis; tumors of the thyroid gland, esophagus, lung, or mediastinal structures), trauma, thyroidectomy, neurotoxins (eg, lead, arsenic, mercury), neurotoxic infections (eg, diphtheria), cervical spine injury or surgery, Lyme disease, and viral illness. Viral neuronitis probably accounts for most idiopathic cases.

• #66 Vocal Cord Paralysis – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/laryngeal-disorders/vocal-cord-paralysis

  Vocal cord paralysis may result from lesions or dysfunction at the level of the nucleus ambiguus, its supranuclear tracts, the main trunk of the vagus, or the recurrent laryngeal nerves. The left vocal cord is paralyzed more often than the right because the left recurrent nerve takes a longer course from the brain stem to the larynx, providing more opportunity for compression, traction, or surgical injuries. […] About one third of unilateral paralyses are neoplastic in origin, one third are traumatic, and one third are idiopathic. Intracranial tumors, vascular insults, and demyelinating diseases cause nucleus ambiguus paralysis. Tumors at the base of the skull and trauma to the neck cause vagus paralysis. Recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis is caused by neck or thoracic lesions (eg, aortic aneurysm; mitral stenosis; mediastinal tuberculous adenitis; tumors of the thyroid gland, esophagus, lung, or mediastinal structures), trauma, thyroidectomy, neurotoxins (eg, lead, arsenic, mercury), neurotoxic infections (eg, diphtheria), cervical spine injury or surgery, Lyme disease, and viral illness. Viral neuronitis probably accounts for most idiopathic cases.

• #67 Bilateral Vocal Cord Paralysis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560852/

  Bilateral vocal cord paresis may be the presenting finding of a pathology that will then progress to true bilateral vocal cord paralysis, but it can also be an entity in its own right and non-progressive. This depends on the underlying etiology. […] Causes of bilateral vocal cord paresis: Scarring: Any cause of scarring of the arytenoid joints will impair the motion of the vocal cords, and may or may not progress to total paralysis. […] Iatrogenic causes: In addition to prolonged intubation, surgical trauma to the vagus or recurrent laryngeal nerves can weaken the contraction of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles resulting in impaired vocal cord function. […] Malignancy: Early-stage glottic and supraglottic malignancy can impair the normal motion of the vocal cords. […] Central nervous system pathology: Stroke, CNS tumors, MS, and other conditions may affect the nuclei of the vagus nerves and lead to paresis or paralysis of the vocal cords.

• #68 Vocal Cord Paralysis Treatment NYC | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/locations/grabscheid-voice-swallowing-center/conditions/vocal-cord-paralysis

  Tumors. Tumors, both cancerous and non-cancerous, can grow in or around the muscles, cartilages or nerves of your voice box and can cause vocal cord paralysis. […] Inflammation. Arthritis or surgery can cause inflammation and scarring of the vocal cord joints or the space between the two vocal cord cartilages. […] Neurological conditions. If you have certain neurological conditions, such as multiple sclerosis or Parkinson’s disease, you may experience vocal cord paralysis. However, these conditions are more likely to cause vocal cord weakness than complete paralysis.

• #69 Bilateral Vocal Cord Paralysis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560852/

  Vocal cord paralysis refers to the immobility of a vocal cord, which can be due to pathology of the vocal ford (also known as the vocal fold) itself, or of the verve that supplies the muscles creating vocal cord motion. […] Vocal cord paralysis refers to the immobility of the vocal cord, while vocal cord paresis refers to the impaired mobility of the vocal cord. Both can be due to processes intrinsically affecting the vocal cord itself (scarring, tumor, etc.), due to cranial neuropathies of the nerves providing vocal cord mobility [the vagus nerve, the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN), and the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN)], central neurologic problems [stroke, tumor, multiple sclerosis (MS), etc.], or systemic disease [amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Guillain-Barre syndrome, etc.].

• #70 Vocal Cord Paralysis | Ento Key

  https://entokey.com/vocal-cord-paralysis/

  True vocal cord paralysis signifies loss of active movement of the true vocal cord, or vocal fold, secondary to disruption of the motor innervation of the larynx. Disruption of innervation may occur along the length of the recurrent laryngeal nerves and the vagi and may include damage to the motor nuclei of the vagus. […] Table 321 summarizes the main causes of vocal cord paralysis in adults. Once the cause of the vocal cord paralysis is ascertained, the next stage is to consider the rehabilitation and treatment of the patient depending on his or her symptoms. […] Type of Paralysis Etiology Unilateral recurrent Neoplasia Laryngeal Iatrogenic causes Trauma Aneurysms Idiopathic causes Bilateral recurrent Post-thyroid surgery Laryngeal Thyroid neoplasia Unilateral vagal Iatrogenic causes Neoplasia Neurologic causes Brainstem infarction Skull base Osteomyelitis Idiopathic causes Bilateral vagal Neurologic causes. […] To understand the causes of vocal cord paralysis, it is important to understand the pathways of the vagus and recurrent laryngeal nerves.

• #71 Vocal Cord Paralysis – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/laryngeal-disorders/vocal-cord-paralysis

  Vocal cord paralysis may result from lesions or dysfunction at the level of the nucleus ambiguus, its supranuclear tracts, the main trunk of the vagus, or the recurrent laryngeal nerves. The left vocal cord is paralyzed more often than the right because the left recurrent nerve takes a longer course from the brain stem to the larynx, providing more opportunity for compression, traction, or surgical injuries. […] About one third of unilateral paralyses are neoplastic in origin, one third are traumatic, and one third are idiopathic. Intracranial tumors, vascular insults, and demyelinating diseases cause nucleus ambiguus paralysis. Tumors at the base of the skull and trauma to the neck cause vagus paralysis. Recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis is caused by neck or thoracic lesions (eg, aortic aneurysm; mitral stenosis; mediastinal tuberculous adenitis; tumors of the thyroid gland, esophagus, lung, or mediastinal structures), trauma, thyroidectomy, neurotoxins (eg, lead, arsenic, mercury), neurotoxic infections (eg, diphtheria), cervical spine injury or surgery, Lyme disease, and viral illness. Viral neuronitis probably accounts for most idiopathic cases.

• #72 Vocal Cord Paralysis – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/laryngeal-disorders/vocal-cord-paralysis

  Vocal cord paralysis may result from lesions or dysfunction at the level of the nucleus ambiguus, its supranuclear tracts, the main trunk of the vagus, or the recurrent laryngeal nerves. The left vocal cord is paralyzed more often than the right because the left recurrent nerve takes a longer course from the brain stem to the larynx, providing more opportunity for compression, traction, or surgical injuries. […] About one third of unilateral paralyses are neoplastic in origin, one third are traumatic, and one third are idiopathic. Intracranial tumors, vascular insults, and demyelinating diseases cause nucleus ambiguus paralysis. Tumors at the base of the skull and trauma to the neck cause vagus paralysis. Recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis is caused by neck or thoracic lesions (eg, aortic aneurysm; mitral stenosis; mediastinal tuberculous adenitis; tumors of the thyroid gland, esophagus, lung, or mediastinal structures), trauma, thyroidectomy, neurotoxins (eg, lead, arsenic, mercury), neurotoxic infections (eg, diphtheria), cervical spine injury or surgery, Lyme disease, and viral illness. Viral neuronitis probably accounts for most idiopathic cases.

• #73 Vocal Cord Paralysis | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/81705

  Vocal cord paralysis can be due to neurogenic cause, trauma due to surgery, or mechanical fixation of the cords. […] Most commonly, there is paralysis of recurrent laryngeal nerve. […] The most common causes include laryngeal or extralaryngeal cancers, iatrogenic trauma during neck, thyroid gland, or chest surgery, and various neurogenic conditions (e.g., amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and closed head injury). […] Causes of vocal cord paralysis include supranuclear-stroke, tumor, meningitis, or head injury. […] Nuclear-lesions of Nucleus ambigus in medulla, usually associated with other lower cranial N. paralysis, stroke, tumors, motor neuron disease, poliomyelitis, syringobulbia. […] High vagal lesions Intracranial: Tumors of posterior fossa, Basal meningitis(tubercular). […] Low vagal lesions or RLN: Most common cause.

• #74 Vocal cord paralysis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/vocal-cord-paralysis?lang=us

  Vocal cord paralysis/paresis (VCP), also known as vocal fold paralysis/paresis, refers to the impaired mobility of the true vocal cord or fold due to neurologic dysfunction. […] Neurologic dysfunction resulting in vocal cord paralysis most common localizes to the recurrent laryngeal nerve, but can also be due to upstream lesions affecting the vagus nerve (from which the recurrent laryngeal nerve branches off) or the brain. […] Etiology: neck or superior thoracic masses, e.g. lung cancer (most common), aortic pathologies (e.g. thoracic aortic aneurysm), thyroid cancer, laryngeal cancer, osteophytes (e.g. DISH); masses affecting the vagus nerve, e.g. jugular foramen masses, carotid body tumors; iatrogenic injury, particularly after thyroid and parathyroid surgery; blunt and penetrating trauma in the head and neck, and thorax; congenital anomalies, e.g. meningomyelocele, Chiari malformation, hydrocephalus; neurological disease, e.g. adult-onset Alexander disease, multiple system atrophy; idiopathic.

• #75 Vocal Cord Paralysis – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/laryngeal-disorders/vocal-cord-paralysis

  Paralysis of both vocal cords is a life-threatening disorder because the vocal cords cannot open enough to let air through properly. This paralysis can be caused by surgery of the spine through the front of the neck, surgical removal of the thyroid gland, insertion of a breathing tube into the windpipe (tracheal intubation), or diseases that affect the nerves and muscles (such as myasthenia gravis).

• #76 Vocal Cord Paralysis

  http://www.drrobertoliver.com/what-we-do/voice-disorder/vocal-cord-paralysis

  Vocal fold (or cord) paresis and paralysis result from abnormal nerve input to the voice box muscles (laryngeal muscles). […] Vocal fold paresis/paralysis can happen at any age from birth to advanced age, in males and females alike, from a variety of causes. […] The cause of vocal fold paralysis or paresis can indicate whether the disorder will resolve over time or whether it is most likely permanent. […] Despite advances in diagnostic technology, physicians are unable to detect the cause in about half of all vocal fold paralyses. These cases are referred to as idiopathic (due to unknown origins). […] Known reasons for injury can include: Inadvertent injury during surgery: Surgery in the neck (e.g., surgery of thyroid gland, carotid artery) or surgery in the chest (e.g., surgery of the lung, esophagus, heart, or large blood vessels) may inadvertently result in RLN paresis or paralysis. […] Viral infections: Inflammation from viral infections may directly involve and injure the vagus nerve or its nerve branches to the voice box (RLN and SLN). Systemic illnesses affecting nerves in the body may also affect the nerves to the voice box.

• #77 Vocal Cord Paralysis Overview: Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatments | IFAR

  https://www.advancedreconstruction.com/head-neck/vocal-cord-paralysis

  Several ailments can interfere with the nerve signals that control your voice box, resulting in vocal cord paralysis. The most common causes include injury to the chest, neck, or head, or infection. Tumors or strokes can also contribute to vocal cord paralysis. […] Factors that may increase your risk include undergoing throat or chest surgery and having a neurological condition, such as Parkinsons disease or multiple sclerosis.

• #78 Vocal Cord Paralysis: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/vocal-cord-paralysis

  Vocal cord paralysis happens because of misfiring or damaged nerves. Neurological conditions, such as Parkinsons disease and multiple sclerosis (MS), can cause this kind of nerve damage. People with these conditions are also more likely to experience vocal cord paralysis. […] Vocal cord paralysis is usually triggered by a medical event or another health condition. These include: injury to chest or neck, stroke, tumors, either benign or malignant, inflammation or scarring of the vocal cord joints due to strain or infection, neurological conditions, such as MS, Parkinsons disease, or myasthenia gravis. […] A small study from 2007 indicated that having intubation over the age of 50 and being intubated for more than six hours increased risk of vocal cord paralysis developing after surgery.

• #79

  https://journals.lww.com/jolv/fulltext/2021/11010/etiology_of_unilateral_vocal_cord_paralysis__a.3.aspx

  Vocal fold paralysis is a common clinical entity. Vocal fold immobility is defined as the restriction of movement of the vocal folds secondary to neuropathy or mechanical fixation. Neurogenic immobility may result from damage to the vagus and recurrent laryngeal nerve. Unilateral vocal cord paralysis (UVCP) is a highly variable clinical entity that warrants a thorough evaluation to assess the functional status of the larynx and to determine the etiology. Vocal fold paralysis is a sign of an underlying disease, not a disease in itself, and finding its etiology determines its prognosis and management options. […] The most common identifiable cause of UVCP in our study was found to be surgical trauma, followed by non laryngeal malignancies. […] Though surgical trauma has been found to be the most common etiological factor in UVCP, a large proportion of patients had idiopathic UVCP and further research as to the pathophysiology of these cases is warranted.

• #80 Bilateral Vocal Cord Paralysis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560852/

  Central nervous pathology: Stroke, CNS tumor, and MS can all affect the nuclei of the vagus nerve and potentially lead to bilateral vocal cord paralysis. […] Systemic disease: ALS, Miller-Fisher, and other systemic syndromes may include bilateral vocal cord paralysis as a component of a systemic condition. […] Idiopathic: This represents a significant minority of adult bilateral vocal cord paralysis, though is far rarer in children. […] Benninger et al estimated that bilateral vocal cord paralysis can be attributed to surgical trauma in 44% of cases, malignancies in 17%, secondary to endotracheal intubation in 15% of cases, due to neurologic disease in 12% of patients and idiopathic causes in 12% of cases. […] In infants and children with bilateral vocal cord paralysis who primarily present with stridor Arnold-Chiari malformation II associated with hydrocephalus and myelomeningocele is the most common neurologic finding in infants with bilateral vocal cord paralysis, diagnosed following an MRI scan with cerebellar ectopia below the foramen magnum.

• #81 Etiology and presenting features of vocal cord paralysis: changing trends over the last two decades | The Egyptian Journal of Otolaryngology | Full Text

  https://ejo.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43163-022-00322-x

  There was increase in the surgical etiology for UVCP and BVCP in second group when compared to the first group. […] The total number of non-surgical etiology were decreased, as shown by our study, in second group when compared to the first group for both UVCP and BVCP. […] The idiopathic cause shows the decreasing trend in UVCP as shown by various studies. […] The present study was the largest study found in the literature that has shown the changing trend of etiology and presenting features of UVCP and BVCP, over the time duration of 22 years.

• #82 Vocal Cord Paralysis

  http://www.drrobertoliver.com/what-we-do/voice-disorder/vocal-cord-paralysis

  Vocal fold (or cord) paresis and paralysis result from abnormal nerve input to the voice box muscles (laryngeal muscles). […] Vocal fold paresis/paralysis can happen at any age from birth to advanced age, in males and females alike, from a variety of causes. […] The cause of vocal fold paralysis or paresis can indicate whether the disorder will resolve over time or whether it is most likely permanent. […] Despite advances in diagnostic technology, physicians are unable to detect the cause in about half of all vocal fold paralyses. These cases are referred to as idiopathic (due to unknown origins). […] Known reasons for injury can include: Inadvertent injury during surgery: Surgery in the neck (e.g., surgery of thyroid gland, carotid artery) or surgery in the chest (e.g., surgery of the lung, esophagus, heart, or large blood vessels) may inadvertently result in RLN paresis or paralysis. […] Viral infections: Inflammation from viral infections may directly involve and injure the vagus nerve or its nerve branches to the voice box (RLN and SLN). Systemic illnesses affecting nerves in the body may also affect the nerves to the voice box.

• #83 Vocal Fold Paresis/Paralysis – THE VOICE FOUNDATION

  https://voicefoundation.org/health-science/voice-disorders/voice-disorders/vocal-fold-paresisparalysis/

  Partial (paresis) or complete loss (paralysis) of nerve function to voice box muscles results in abnormal vocal fold function, affects the ability to speak and sing and, in some cases, also breathe and swallow. […] Interruption of the nerve input to voice box muscles may be temporary or permanent, partial or complete, and may affect one or more voice box muscles. […] Since there are many causes of vocal fold paresis and paralysis, the cause for each patient needs to be evaluated systematically.

Zobacz więcej