Otoskleroza
Epidemiologia

Otoskleroza jest jedną z najczęstszych przyczyn postępującego niedosłuchu przewodzeniowego u młodych dorosłych, z częstością kliniczną w populacji kaukaskiej wynoszącą 0,04-1%, a histologiczną nawet do 10%. Choroba ma silny komponent genetyczny, dziedziczona jest autosomalnie dominująco z niepełną penetracją (20-40%), a ryzyko rozwoju u potomstwa wynosi 25-50% w zależności od obciążenia rodzinnego. Otoskleroza występuje częściej u kobiet (stosunek 2:1) i może nasilać się w ciąży, co sugeruje udział hormonów płciowych w patogenezie. Epidemiologicznie obserwuje się spadek częstości występowania w USA z 18,5/100 000 osobo-lat w latach 70. do 3,2/100 000 w latach 2015-2017, co może być związane z masowymi szczepieniami przeciwko odrze, wspierając teorię wirusową etiologii. Choroba zwykle rozpoczyna się między 15. a 45. rokiem życia, z tendencją do obustronnego zajęcia (62-85%) i asymetrycznym niedosłuchem, często towarzyszą mu szumy uszne (14,3%) oraz zawroty głowy, zwłaszcza w postaci rodzinnej.

  1. Epidemiologia otosklerozy
    1. Częstotliwość występowania w populacjach
    2. Zróżnicowanie płciowe
    3. Wiek zachorowania
  2. Czynniki genetyczne i rodzinne
    1. Wzorzec dziedziczenia
    2. Różnice między postacią rodzinną i sporadyczną
  3. Charakterystyka kliniczna otosklerozy
    1. Obustronność choroby
    2. Objawy towarzyszące
  4. Nadzór i monitorowanie otosklerozy
    1. Diagnostyka i obserwacja
    2. Badania kliniczne i nadzór epidemiologiczny
  5. Teorie na temat etiologii
    1. Teoria wirusowa
    2. Czynniki hormonalne
  6. Aktualne wyzwania w badaniach nad otosklerozą
    1. Znaczenie badań genetycznych
    2. Kolejne rozdziały

Epidemiologia otosklerozy

Otoskleroza jest jedną z najczęstszych przyczyn postępującego niedosłuchu przewodzeniowego u młodych dorosłych. Szacuje się, że dotyka ponad 3 miliony osób w Stanach Zjednoczonych, co przekłada się na populację porównywalną z liczebnością całego stanu Nevada 1. Jest to choroba o zróżnicowanej częstości występowania w poszczególnych grupach etnicznych i płciowych.

Częstotliwość występowania w populacjach

Częstość występowania klinicznej otosklerozy w populacji osób rasy kaukaskiej wynosi około 0,04-1%, podczas gdy dowody histologiczne otosklerozy (bez objawów klinicznych) mogą występować nawet u 10% tej grupy 23. W populacji ogólnej otoskleroza powoduje niedosłuch u około 0,3-0,4% osób 4.

Otoskleroza jest zdecydowanie rzadsza w innych grupach etnicznych:

  • U osób rasy czarnej częstość występowania histologicznej otosklerozy wynosi około 1% 56
  • W populacji azjatyckiej częstość ta wynosi około 5% 78

Interesującą obserwacją jest fakt, że częstość występowania otosklerozy wydaje się zmniejszać w ostatnich dekadach. W dużym badaniu epidemiologicznym w USA (Rochester Epidemiology Project) oceniono częstość występowania otosklerozy między 1950 a 2017 rokiem. Początkowo w latach 50. XX wieku częstość wynosiła 8,9 przypadków/100 000 osobo-lat, wzrosła znacząco do 18,5/100 000 w latach 70., ale zmniejszyła się do 6,2/100 000 w latach 90. W latach 2015-2017 częstość występowania spadła jeszcze bardziej do 3,2/100 000 osobo-lat 9. Ten postępujący spadek może być wynikiem masowych szczepień przeciwko odrze w USA, co wspiera teorię wirusową patogenezy otosklerozy.

Zróżnicowanie płciowe

Otoskleroza występuje częściej u kobiet niż u mężczyzn w stosunku wynoszącym około 2:1 101112. Ta przewaga płci żeńskiej, wraz z faktem, że objawy mogą nasilać się podczas ciąży, sugeruje, że hormony mogą odgrywać rolę w rozwoju tej choroby 1314.

Badania potwierdzają, że ciąża może przyspieszać progresję choroby, przynajmniej u części kobiet 1516. Niektóre kobiety zauważają pogorszenie słuchu po raz pierwszy właśnie w okresie ciąży 17.

Wiek zachorowania

Otoskleroza jest chorobą o wczesnym początku u osób dorosłych, zwykle rozpoczynającą się w trzeciej i czwartej dekadzie życia 1819. Pierwsze objawy najczęściej pojawiają się między 15 a 45 rokiem życia, ze szczytem zachorowań w trzeciej dekadzie 20.

Choć choroba może zaczynać się w drugiej i trzeciej dekadzie życia, często nie powoduje utraty słuchu aż do czwartej dekady 21. Prezentacja kliniczna w dzieciństwie jest rzadka 22.

Czynniki genetyczne i rodzinne

Otoskleroza ma silny komponent genetyczny. Występuje w formie rodzinnej i nierodzinnej (sporadycznej), z pozytywnym wywiadem rodzinnym odnotowanym u 30-70% przypadków 23.

Wzorzec dziedziczenia

Otoskleroza jest dziedziczona w sposób autosomalny dominujący z niepełną penetracją 242526. Penetracja genu odpowiedzialnego za otosklerozę szacowana jest na 20-40% 27.

Ryzyko rozwoju otosklerozy u osoby, która ma jednego rodzica z otosklerozą, wynosi około 25%. Jeśli oboje rodzice mają otosklerozę, ryzyko wzrasta do 50% 2829.

Różnice między postacią rodzinną i sporadyczną

Interesujące jest, że pacjenci z wywiadem rodzinnym otosklerozy (około 40% wszystkich przypadków) mają wcześniejszy wiek zachorowania i wyższą częstość występowania choroby obustronnej oraz zawrotów głowy niż osoby bez wywiadu rodzinnego 30. Brytyjskie badanie kohortowe było pierwszym, które zidentyfikowało różnice w nasileniu choroby między przypadkami rodzinnymi i nierodzinnymi otosklerozy, co sugeruje, że może być zaangażowana więcej niż jedna etiologia 3132.

Charakterystyka kliniczna otosklerozy

Obustronność choroby

Otoskleroza ma tendencję do występowania obustronnie u większości pacjentów. Szacuje się, że 62-85% przypadków dotyczy obu uszu 33343536. Nasilenie niedosłuchu jest zazwyczaj asymetryczne i bardziej wyraźne po stronie, gdzie objawy pojawiają się jako pierwsze 37.

Objawy towarzyszące

Oprócz niedosłuchu, pacjenci z otosklerozą często zgłaszają szumy uszne (tinnitus). W jednym z badań tinnitus obserwowano u 14,3% pacjentów z otosklerozą 38. Szumy uszne zazwyczaj ulegają poprawie po operacji otosklerozy, jednak w niektórych przypadkach mogą pozostać niezmienione lub nawet się nasilić 39.

Zawroty głowy (vertigo) również mogą występować u pacjentów z otosklerozą, szczególnie w przypadkach rodzinnych 40.

Nadzór i monitorowanie otosklerozy

Diagnostyka i obserwacja

Diagnoza otosklerozy opiera się na starannym zebraniu wywiadu medycznego i rodzinnego oraz badaniu fizykalnym. Kluczowe znaczenie mają badania słuchu, które są niezbędne w diagnozowaniu otosklerozy 41. Są one również wykorzystywane do monitorowania progresji choroby i oceny wyników leczenia 42.

W diagnostyce obrazowej stosuje się przede wszystkim tomografię komputerową kości skroniowej o wysokiej rozdzielczości, która ma stosunkowo wysoką czułość i swoistość w wykrywaniu ognisk otosklerotycznych 43. Należy jednak pamiętać, że badanie TK nie wykrywa otosklerozy u około 25% osób, więc prawidłowy wynik badania nie wyklucza choroby 44.

Mimo dostępności różnych technik diagnostycznych, ostateczna diagnoza jest często potwierdzana dopiero śródoperacyjnie 45.

Badania kliniczne i nadzór epidemiologiczny

Aktualnie prowadzone są liczne badania kliniczne dotyczące otosklerozy. Według danych z ClinicalTrials.gov, przeprowadzono co najmniej 13 badań klinicznych, z czego 9 zostało zakończonych, a 1 jest w fazie rekrutacji 46. Badania te mają na celu lepsze zrozumienie patogenezy choroby oraz opracowanie skuteczniejszych metod leczenia.

W kontekście nadzoru epidemiologicznego, istotne są projekty takie jak Rochester Epidemiology Project, które śledzą zmiany częstości występowania otosklerozy na przestrzeni lat 47. Podobne badania prowadzone są również w innych krajach, w tym w Wielkiej Brytanii 48 i Iraku 49.

Teorie na temat etiologii

Mimo długiej historii badań nad otosklerozą, wiele pytań dotyczących etiologii tej choroby pozostaje niewyjaśnionych 50. Istnieją dwie główne teorie dotyczące pochodzenia otosklerozy: genetyczna i wirusowa 51.

Teoria wirusowa

Zespół badawczy z Massachusetts Eye and Ear jako pierwszy odkrył związek między wirusem odry a otosklerozą, co jest uważane za jeden z najważniejszych wkładów w badania nad otosklerozą w ciągu ostatnich 50 lat 52. Badania z wykorzystaniem reakcji łańcuchowej polimerazy (PCR) potwierdziły te obserwacje i wykazały również obecność przeciwciał IgG przeciwko odrze w przychłonce u pacjentów z otosklerozą 53.

Spadek częstości występowania otosklerozy po wprowadzeniu masowych szczepień przeciwko odrze wspiera teorię wirusową 5455.

Czynniki hormonalne

Wyższa częstość występowania otosklerozy u kobiet oraz nasilenie objawów w czasie ciąży sugerują, że hormony płciowe mogą odgrywać rolę w rozwoju choroby 5657. Pogorszenie słuchu związane z otosklerozą od dawna obserwowano jako przyspieszające podczas ciąży u niektórych kobiet 58.

Aktualne wyzwania w badaniach nad otosklerozą

Obecnie nie istnieje leczenie farmakologiczne otosklerozy 59. Badania naukowe koncentrują się na opracowaniu bezpiecznych i skutecznych terapii farmakologicznych do leczenia tego schorzenia. Fundacja American Hearing Research Foundation (AHRF) odgrywa ważną rolę w pogłębianiu zrozumienia otosklerozy przez społeczność medyczną i nadal przyjmuje wnioski o granty badawcze dotyczące badań nad otosklerozą i innymi zaburzeniami ucha wewnętrznego 60.

Wciąż istnieje potrzeba prowadzenia dalszych badań, szczególnie w kierunku zrozumienia różnic między rodzinną a nierodzinną postacią otosklerozy 61 oraz rozwoju nowych metod diagnostycznych i terapeutycznych.

Znaczenie badań genetycznych

Badania genetyczne mogą pomóc w identyfikacji genów odpowiedzialnych za rozwój otosklerozy i lepszym zrozumieniu mechanizmów jej powstawania. W niedawnym badaniu replikacyjnym przeprowadzonym na dużej populacji belgijsko-holenderskiej badano związek między układem renina-angiotensyna-aldosteron a otosklerozą 62. Wyniki nie potwierdziły wcześniejszych doniesień o takim związku, co wskazuje na złożoność genetycznego podłoża tej choroby.

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  1. 15.04.2026
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Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Otosclerosis – American Hearing Research Foundation
    https://www.american-hearing.org/disease/otosclerosis/
    Otosclerosis affects the bones of the middle ear that conduct sound. Sometimes called otospongiosis, its one of the most common causes of progressive hearing loss in young adults. […] More than 3 million people in the United States have otosclerosisroughly as many people as in the entire state of Nevada. But the prevalence appears to be declining. […] Known to have a genetic component, otosclerosis predominantly affects Caucasians of European decent, and white women in particular. In the United States, about one in 10 Caucasian adults develop otosclerosis, with the risk to white women twice as high. Generally, if someone has a parent with otosclerosis, they have a 25 percent chance of developing it as well. The risk jumps to 50 percent if both parents have the disorder, experts approximate.
  • #2 Otosclerosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560671/
    The prevalence of clinical otosclerosis is around 0.04%-1% in White individuals, although histological evidence of otosclerosis may be present in as much as 10% of this group. In contrast, the prevalence of histological otosclerosis in Black individuals is 1%, and in the Asian population is around 5%. Otosclerosis is an early adult-onset disease with an incidence greater in women compared with men in a ratio of 2:1. The disease starts in the third and fourth decades of life but usually does not cause hearing loss until after the fourth decade. Overall, otosclerosis accounts for 5%-9% of hearing loss and 18%-22% of conductive hearing loss.
  • #3 Otosclerosis • New Medicine 4/2021 • Czytelnia Medyczna BORGIS
    https://www.czytelniamedyczna.pl/7197,otosclerosis.html
    Otoskleroza występuje częściej u kobiet niż mężczyzn (1.8-3:1). […] Kliniczna otoskleroza występuje częściej u kobiet, a pierwsze objawy pojawiają się zwykle po porodzie w trzeciej dekadzie życia. […] Otoskleroza dotyka 70-85% obu uszu, a nasilenie ubytku słuchu jest zazwyczaj asymetryczne i bardziej wyraźne po stronie, gdzie objawy pojawiają się jako pierwsze. […] Otoskleroza występuje u 0.1-2.1% (0.3-1%) osób rasy kaukaskiej, u których występuje około 10 razy częściej niż u Afrykanów i Azjatów. […] W 90% pacjentów pierwsze objawy pojawiają się między 15 a 45 rokiem życia (najczęściej w trzeciej dekadzie). […] W przeciwieństwie do tego, częstość występowania histologicznej otosklerozy (bez unieruchomienia podstawy strzemiączka) wśród osób rasy kaukaskiej szacuje się na 8.3-13%, prawie równie często u mężczyzn i kobiet (7:6).
  • #4 OTOSCLEROSIS: A Review for Audiologists – Article 1226
    https://www.audiologyonline.com/articles/otosclerosis-a-review-for-audiologists-1226
    Otosclerosis is a common condition affecting the bone of the otic capsule in 7.3% of Caucasian males and 10.3% of Caucasian females. […] The condition is rare in non-Caucasians, except East Indians, in whom the incidence is approximately the same as persons of northern or central European origin. […] Otosclerosis causes hearing loss in 0.3% of the general population. […] Two-thirds of patients treated for otosclerosis are women. […] About 75 percent of all cases are bilateral. […] The term cochlear otosclerosis is used to describe the sensorineural hearing loss seen in some patients with otosclerosis. […] The progression of otosclerosis can be retarded, but not reversed. […] While the etiology of otosclerosis remains unknown, there are two main theories regarding its origin; genetic and viral.
  • #5 Otosclerosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560671/
    The prevalence of clinical otosclerosis is around 0.04%-1% in White individuals, although histological evidence of otosclerosis may be present in as much as 10% of this group. In contrast, the prevalence of histological otosclerosis in Black individuals is 1%, and in the Asian population is around 5%. Otosclerosis is an early adult-onset disease with an incidence greater in women compared with men in a ratio of 2:1. The disease starts in the third and fourth decades of life but usually does not cause hearing loss until after the fourth decade. Overall, otosclerosis accounts for 5%-9% of hearing loss and 18%-22% of conductive hearing loss.
  • #6 Otosclerosis: when the smallest bone in the body leads to hearing loss
    https://ca.odyo.com/en/otosclerosis
    Otosclerosis is relatively common, affecting about 0.04% to 1% of white individuals. […] However, it’s important to note that in reality this number could be even higher if we rely on histological markers of otosclerosis, as they may be seen in up to 10% of this population group, even if they don’t have symptoms. […] The condition is less common in other racial groups. For example, histological otosclerosis is found in about 1% of Black individuals and 5% of Asian individuals. […] Otosclerosis usually affects young adults, usually starting in their 30s or 40s. […] Women are more likely to develop otosclerosis than men, with a ratio of about 2:1. […] This gender difference, along with the fact that symptoms can worsen during pregnancy, suggests that hormones may play a role in the development of the condition.
  • #7 Otosclerosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560671/
    The prevalence of clinical otosclerosis is around 0.04%-1% in White individuals, although histological evidence of otosclerosis may be present in as much as 10% of this group. In contrast, the prevalence of histological otosclerosis in Black individuals is 1%, and in the Asian population is around 5%. Otosclerosis is an early adult-onset disease with an incidence greater in women compared with men in a ratio of 2:1. The disease starts in the third and fourth decades of life but usually does not cause hearing loss until after the fourth decade. Overall, otosclerosis accounts for 5%-9% of hearing loss and 18%-22% of conductive hearing loss.
  • #8 Otosclerosis: when the smallest bone in the body leads to hearing loss
    https://ca.odyo.com/en/otosclerosis
    Otosclerosis is relatively common, affecting about 0.04% to 1% of white individuals. […] However, it’s important to note that in reality this number could be even higher if we rely on histological markers of otosclerosis, as they may be seen in up to 10% of this population group, even if they don’t have symptoms. […] The condition is less common in other racial groups. For example, histological otosclerosis is found in about 1% of Black individuals and 5% of Asian individuals. […] Otosclerosis usually affects young adults, usually starting in their 30s or 40s. […] Women are more likely to develop otosclerosis than men, with a ratio of about 2:1. […] This gender difference, along with the fact that symptoms can worsen during pregnancy, suggests that hormones may play a role in the development of the condition.
  • #9 Brazilian Society of Otology task force – Otosclerosis: evaluation and treatment | Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology
    https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-brazilian-journal-otorhinolaryngology-english-edition–497-articulo-brazilian-society-otology-task-force-S180886942300071X
    Otosclerosis is more commonly found in Caucasian patients, among whom 1% may present symptoms. Some temporal bone series reported histologic evidence of otosclerosis in up to 10% of cases, of which only 12% developed the clinical form. The incidence of otosclerosis is lower in Asian patients and even rarer in Black African patients. A study conducted in Houston, TX, USA, found an overall prevalence of 20 cases of otosclerosis per 100,000 patients in the health system. Most patients were Hispanic (43/100,000), followed by Caucasian (12.6/100,000) and African American patients (3/100,000). […] The incidence of otosclerosis increased rapidly throughout the 1960s, but reports emerged in the late 1970s suggesting that it was decreasing. In the following decades, several studies reported that the number of stapedectomy cases had declined over the past years, which also confirmed the decline in the incidence of otosclerosis. The current incidence of otosclerosis is believed to be lower than it was 50 years ago. A large US population study (Rochester Epidemiology Project) assessed the incidence of otosclerosis between 1950 and 2017. The incidence was originally 8.9 cases/100,000 person-years in the 1950s; it increased significantly to 18.5/100,000 in the 1970s but decreased to 6.2/100,000 in the 1990s. Between 2015 and 2017, the incidence further decreased to 3.2/100,00 person-years. This progressive decline may be a result of mass measles vaccination in the US.
  • #10 Otosclerosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560671/
    The prevalence of clinical otosclerosis is around 0.04%-1% in White individuals, although histological evidence of otosclerosis may be present in as much as 10% of this group. In contrast, the prevalence of histological otosclerosis in Black individuals is 1%, and in the Asian population is around 5%. Otosclerosis is an early adult-onset disease with an incidence greater in women compared with men in a ratio of 2:1. The disease starts in the third and fourth decades of life but usually does not cause hearing loss until after the fourth decade. Overall, otosclerosis accounts for 5%-9% of hearing loss and 18%-22% of conductive hearing loss.
  • #11
    https://journals.lww.com/otology-neurotology/fulltext/2019/01000/the_epidemiology_of_otosclerosis_in_a_british.5.aspx
    To analyse the epidemiology of otosclerosis in a British cohort collected between 2011 and 2017. […] The age of onset, incidence of bilateral disease, tinnitus and vertigo, a higher prevalence of women (65%) than men (35%) are similar to those reported previously for otosclerosis cohorts. […] This study confirms that otosclerosis is an early adult onset disease that is more prevalent in women than men with a large minority of patients having a family history of otosclerosis. […] Otosclerosis is considered a complex disease with both genetic and environmental factors that can occur in isolated cases with no family history (non-familial), or in cases with a strong familial inheritance pattern consistent with a monogenic cause (familial). […] A positive family history of otosclerosis has been previously reported in between 30 and 70% of cases.
  • #12 Otospongiosis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
    https://radiopaedia.org/articles/otospongiosis-1?embed_domain=hackmd.io%2525252F%25252540yIPUAFeCSL2JsU8smR5nJQ%2525252Fbnjhjgjghjghjgh&lang=gb
    Otospongiosis, also known as otosclerosis, is a primary osteodystrophy of the otic capsule (bony labyrinth of the inner ear). It is one of the leading causes of deafness in adults. […] Typically, patients present during their 4th and 5th decades. However, because the condition tends to have symptoms that gradually worsen, it is often difficult to precisely determine onset. Presentation during childhood is uncommon. […] A female predilection is present with a F:M ratio of ~2:1. Caucasians are more frequently affected than other racial groups. In up to 50% of cases, a familial predisposition can be identified. […] Histologic prevalence of otospongiosis has been reported between 3.4-10% in unselected Caucasian temporal bones.
  • #13
    https://journals.lww.com/otology-neurotology/fulltext/2019/01000/the_epidemiology_of_otosclerosis_in_a_british.5.aspx
    The pattern of inheritance in familial otosclerosis is most often consistent with an autosomal dominant mutation that exhibits variable penetrance. […] Clinical otosclerosis is consistently reported as more prevalent in women than in men, giving rise to the hypothesis that sex hormones may contribute to the development of disease. […] Despite its long history, many questions regarding the etiology of this condition remain unclear. […] The aim of this study was to report the epidemiological findings from a British cohort recently recruited for a genetic study of otosclerosis and examine factors such as age of onset, pattern of inheritance, hearing loss symptoms, as well as investigate the differences between the various demographic subgroups of the cohort including sex, familial inheritance, and pregnancy characteristics to reveal any potentially distinct pathological mechanisms.
  • #14 Otosclerosis: when the smallest bone in the body leads to hearing loss
    https://ca.odyo.com/en/otosclerosis
    Otosclerosis is relatively common, affecting about 0.04% to 1% of white individuals. […] However, it’s important to note that in reality this number could be even higher if we rely on histological markers of otosclerosis, as they may be seen in up to 10% of this population group, even if they don’t have symptoms. […] The condition is less common in other racial groups. For example, histological otosclerosis is found in about 1% of Black individuals and 5% of Asian individuals. […] Otosclerosis usually affects young adults, usually starting in their 30s or 40s. […] Women are more likely to develop otosclerosis than men, with a ratio of about 2:1. […] This gender difference, along with the fact that symptoms can worsen during pregnancy, suggests that hormones may play a role in the development of the condition.
  • #15
    https://journals.lww.com/otology-neurotology/fulltext/2019/01000/the_epidemiology_of_otosclerosis_in_a_british.5.aspx
    Therefore, suggesting that more than one etiology may be involved and highlighting a need for further investigation. […] In addition, we have found further evidence to support the hypothesis that women are at a higher risk of developing clinical otosclerosis than men and pregnancy may accelerate disease progression, at least in a proportion of women. […] Finally, our British otosclerosis cohort also confirms several characteristics largely consistent with previous published literature, including age of onset, sex ratio, family history, and hearing loss symptoms associated with otosclerosis.
  • #16 Otosclerosis (Otospongiosis) | 5-Minute Clinical Consult
    https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/816029/all/Otosclerosis__Otospongiosis_?q=Hearing+loss
    Incidence […] Predominant age […] Clinical onset usually in early 20s […] Peak incidence 3rd to 5th decade […] Predominant gender: female male (2:1) […] Pregnancy Considerations […] Progression may accelerate during pregnancy. […] Some women first notice hearing loss at this time. […] Prevalence […] Histologic form: 48% among U.S. Caucasian population; 1% among African Americans […] Clinical form: 0.30.4%
  • #17 Otosclerosis (Otospongiosis) | 5-Minute Clinical Consult
    https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/816029/all/Otosclerosis__Otospongiosis_?q=Hearing+loss
    Incidence […] Predominant age […] Clinical onset usually in early 20s […] Peak incidence 3rd to 5th decade […] Predominant gender: female male (2:1) […] Pregnancy Considerations […] Progression may accelerate during pregnancy. […] Some women first notice hearing loss at this time. […] Prevalence […] Histologic form: 48% among U.S. Caucasian population; 1% among African Americans […] Clinical form: 0.30.4%
  • #18 Otosclerosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560671/
    The prevalence of clinical otosclerosis is around 0.04%-1% in White individuals, although histological evidence of otosclerosis may be present in as much as 10% of this group. In contrast, the prevalence of histological otosclerosis in Black individuals is 1%, and in the Asian population is around 5%. Otosclerosis is an early adult-onset disease with an incidence greater in women compared with men in a ratio of 2:1. The disease starts in the third and fourth decades of life but usually does not cause hearing loss until after the fourth decade. Overall, otosclerosis accounts for 5%-9% of hearing loss and 18%-22% of conductive hearing loss.
  • #19 Otosclerosis • New Medicine 4/2021 • Czytelnia Medyczna BORGIS
    https://www.czytelniamedyczna.pl/7197,otosclerosis.html
    Otoskleroza występuje częściej u kobiet niż mężczyzn (1.8-3:1). […] Kliniczna otoskleroza występuje częściej u kobiet, a pierwsze objawy pojawiają się zwykle po porodzie w trzeciej dekadzie życia. […] Otoskleroza dotyka 70-85% obu uszu, a nasilenie ubytku słuchu jest zazwyczaj asymetryczne i bardziej wyraźne po stronie, gdzie objawy pojawiają się jako pierwsze. […] Otoskleroza występuje u 0.1-2.1% (0.3-1%) osób rasy kaukaskiej, u których występuje około 10 razy częściej niż u Afrykanów i Azjatów. […] W 90% pacjentów pierwsze objawy pojawiają się między 15 a 45 rokiem życia (najczęściej w trzeciej dekadzie). […] W przeciwieństwie do tego, częstość występowania histologicznej otosklerozy (bez unieruchomienia podstawy strzemiączka) wśród osób rasy kaukaskiej szacuje się na 8.3-13%, prawie równie często u mężczyzn i kobiet (7:6).
  • #20 Otosclerosis • New Medicine 4/2021 • Czytelnia Medyczna BORGIS
    https://www.czytelniamedyczna.pl/7197,otosclerosis.html
    Otoskleroza występuje częściej u kobiet niż mężczyzn (1.8-3:1). […] Kliniczna otoskleroza występuje częściej u kobiet, a pierwsze objawy pojawiają się zwykle po porodzie w trzeciej dekadzie życia. […] Otoskleroza dotyka 70-85% obu uszu, a nasilenie ubytku słuchu jest zazwyczaj asymetryczne i bardziej wyraźne po stronie, gdzie objawy pojawiają się jako pierwsze. […] Otoskleroza występuje u 0.1-2.1% (0.3-1%) osób rasy kaukaskiej, u których występuje około 10 razy częściej niż u Afrykanów i Azjatów. […] W 90% pacjentów pierwsze objawy pojawiają się między 15 a 45 rokiem życia (najczęściej w trzeciej dekadzie). […] W przeciwieństwie do tego, częstość występowania histologicznej otosklerozy (bez unieruchomienia podstawy strzemiączka) wśród osób rasy kaukaskiej szacuje się na 8.3-13%, prawie równie często u mężczyzn i kobiet (7:6).
  • #21 Otosclerosis – wikidoc
    https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Otosclerosis
    Though a variable pattern of inheritance is observed, 60% of patients report a family with a history of otosclerosis. Thus researchers conclude this condition as an autosomal dominant with incomplete penetrance. […] Greater preponderance in women compared to men in a ratio of 2:1. […] Even though the disease begins in the second and third decade of life, it doesn’t result in hearing loss until the fourth decade. […] Clinical prevalence of otosclerosis is found to be higher in Caucasians by 0.04%-1% while the histological incidence of otosclerosis increases to 10% in the same. The incidence of histological otosclerosis is 1% and 5% in African and Asian population respectively.
  • #22 Otospongiosis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
    https://radiopaedia.org/articles/otospongiosis-1?embed_domain=hackmd.io%2525252F%25252540yIPUAFeCSL2JsU8smR5nJQ%2525252Fbnjhjgjghjghjgh&lang=gb
    Otospongiosis, also known as otosclerosis, is a primary osteodystrophy of the otic capsule (bony labyrinth of the inner ear). It is one of the leading causes of deafness in adults. […] Typically, patients present during their 4th and 5th decades. However, because the condition tends to have symptoms that gradually worsen, it is often difficult to precisely determine onset. Presentation during childhood is uncommon. […] A female predilection is present with a F:M ratio of ~2:1. Caucasians are more frequently affected than other racial groups. In up to 50% of cases, a familial predisposition can be identified. […] Histologic prevalence of otospongiosis has been reported between 3.4-10% in unselected Caucasian temporal bones.
  • #23
    https://journals.lww.com/otology-neurotology/fulltext/2019/01000/the_epidemiology_of_otosclerosis_in_a_british.5.aspx
    To analyse the epidemiology of otosclerosis in a British cohort collected between 2011 and 2017. […] The age of onset, incidence of bilateral disease, tinnitus and vertigo, a higher prevalence of women (65%) than men (35%) are similar to those reported previously for otosclerosis cohorts. […] This study confirms that otosclerosis is an early adult onset disease that is more prevalent in women than men with a large minority of patients having a family history of otosclerosis. […] Otosclerosis is considered a complex disease with both genetic and environmental factors that can occur in isolated cases with no family history (non-familial), or in cases with a strong familial inheritance pattern consistent with a monogenic cause (familial). […] A positive family history of otosclerosis has been previously reported in between 30 and 70% of cases.
  • #24
    https://journals.lww.com/otology-neurotology/fulltext/2019/01000/the_epidemiology_of_otosclerosis_in_a_british.5.aspx
    The pattern of inheritance in familial otosclerosis is most often consistent with an autosomal dominant mutation that exhibits variable penetrance. […] Clinical otosclerosis is consistently reported as more prevalent in women than in men, giving rise to the hypothesis that sex hormones may contribute to the development of disease. […] Despite its long history, many questions regarding the etiology of this condition remain unclear. […] The aim of this study was to report the epidemiological findings from a British cohort recently recruited for a genetic study of otosclerosis and examine factors such as age of onset, pattern of inheritance, hearing loss symptoms, as well as investigate the differences between the various demographic subgroups of the cohort including sex, familial inheritance, and pregnancy characteristics to reveal any potentially distinct pathological mechanisms.
  • #25 Otosclerosis: Practice Essentials, History of the Procedure, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/994891-overview
    Otosclerosis affects 10% of the white population. Frequency, as mentioned above, is thought to be decreasing secondary to measles vaccination. […] Otosclerosis is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern with incomplete penetrance. Women are 2 times more likely to develop the disease than men. Otosclerosis is generally limited to the white population.
  • #26 Otosclerosis • New Medicine 4/2021 • Czytelnia Medyczna BORGIS
    https://www.czytelniamedyczna.pl/7197,otosclerosis.html
    Otoskleroza jest dziedziczna autosomalnie dominująco, z penetracją wynoszącą 20-40%. […] W badaniach obrazowych głównie wykorzystuje się tomografię komputerową kości skroniowej o wysokiej rozdzielczości, która ma stosunkowo wysoką czułość i swoistość w wykrywaniu ognisk otosklerotycznych. […] Pomimo dostępności szerokiej gamy technik diagnostycznych, ostateczna diagnoza jest nadal potwierdzana wewnątrzoperacyjnie.
  • #27 Otosclerosis • New Medicine 4/2021 • Czytelnia Medyczna BORGIS
    https://www.czytelniamedyczna.pl/7197,otosclerosis.html
    Otoskleroza jest dziedziczna autosomalnie dominująco, z penetracją wynoszącą 20-40%. […] W badaniach obrazowych głównie wykorzystuje się tomografię komputerową kości skroniowej o wysokiej rozdzielczości, która ma stosunkowo wysoką czułość i swoistość w wykrywaniu ognisk otosklerotycznych. […] Pomimo dostępności szerokiej gamy technik diagnostycznych, ostateczna diagnoza jest nadal potwierdzana wewnątrzoperacyjnie.
  • #28 Otosclerosis – American Hearing Research Foundation
    https://www.american-hearing.org/disease/otosclerosis/
    Otosclerosis affects the bones of the middle ear that conduct sound. Sometimes called otospongiosis, its one of the most common causes of progressive hearing loss in young adults. […] More than 3 million people in the United States have otosclerosisroughly as many people as in the entire state of Nevada. But the prevalence appears to be declining. […] Known to have a genetic component, otosclerosis predominantly affects Caucasians of European decent, and white women in particular. In the United States, about one in 10 Caucasian adults develop otosclerosis, with the risk to white women twice as high. Generally, if someone has a parent with otosclerosis, they have a 25 percent chance of developing it as well. The risk jumps to 50 percent if both parents have the disorder, experts approximate.
  • #29 Otosclerosis | Boston Medical Center
    https://www.bmc.org/patient-care/conditions-we-treat/db/otosclerosis
    It is estimated that ten percent of the adult Caucasian population is affected by otosclerosis. […] The condition is less common in people of Japanese and South American decent and is rare in African Americans. […] Overall, Caucasian, middle-aged women are most at risk. […] Approximately 60 percent of otosclerosis cases have a genetic predisposition. […] On average, a person who has one parent with otosclerosis has a 25 percent chance of developing the disorder. […] If both parents have otosclerosis, the risk goes up to 50 percent.
  • #30
    https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10065157/
    The Epidemiology of Otosclerosis in a British Cohort. OBJECTIVE: To analyse the epidemiology of otosclerosis in a British cohort collected between 2011 and 2017. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Five UK ENT Departments. PATIENTS: Patients with surgically confirmed otosclerosis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Questionnaire data documented family history of otosclerosis, age of onset, medical history, and information on associated risk factors for 657 patients. […] The age of onset, incidence of bilateral disease, tinnitus and vertigo, a higher prevalence of women (65%) than men (35%) are similar to those reported previously for otosclerosis cohorts. […] Patients with a family history (40%) have an earlier age of onset and a higher incidence of bilateral disease and vertigo than non-familial subjects.
  • #31
    https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10065157/
    This study confirms that otosclerosis is an early adult onset disease that is more prevalent in women than men with a large minority of patients having a family history of otosclerosis. […] In addition, this is the first study to identify differences in severity between familial and non-familial cases of otosclerosis, highlighting the possibility that more than one etiology may be involved.
  • #32
    https://journals.lww.com/otology-neurotology/fulltext/2019/01000/the_epidemiology_of_otosclerosis_in_a_british.5.aspx
    The characteristics of this British otosclerosis cohort are largely consistent with those of other published otosclerosis cohorts and the reported epidemiology of otosclerosis. […] Familial clustering has long been identified in otosclerosis with evidence of a monogenic, reduced penetrance familial form of the disease proposed to exist alongside the more common sporadic disease. […] Although most patients in our cohort have bilateral disease (62%) this is lower than the often quoted figure of 70 to 85%. […] In summary, this study has identified that familial otosclerosis has a more rapid onset, with a higher incidence of bilateral disease than non-familial otosclerosis. […] This is the first study to identify differences in the degree of clinical severity between familial and non-familial cases of otosclerosis.
  • #33
    https://journals.lww.com/otology-neurotology/fulltext/2019/01000/the_epidemiology_of_otosclerosis_in_a_british.5.aspx
    The characteristics of this British otosclerosis cohort are largely consistent with those of other published otosclerosis cohorts and the reported epidemiology of otosclerosis. […] Familial clustering has long been identified in otosclerosis with evidence of a monogenic, reduced penetrance familial form of the disease proposed to exist alongside the more common sporadic disease. […] Although most patients in our cohort have bilateral disease (62%) this is lower than the often quoted figure of 70 to 85%. […] In summary, this study has identified that familial otosclerosis has a more rapid onset, with a higher incidence of bilateral disease than non-familial otosclerosis. […] This is the first study to identify differences in the degree of clinical severity between familial and non-familial cases of otosclerosis.
  • #34 Otosclerosis • New Medicine 4/2021 • Czytelnia Medyczna BORGIS
    https://www.czytelniamedyczna.pl/7197,otosclerosis.html
    Otoskleroza występuje częściej u kobiet niż mężczyzn (1.8-3:1). […] Kliniczna otoskleroza występuje częściej u kobiet, a pierwsze objawy pojawiają się zwykle po porodzie w trzeciej dekadzie życia. […] Otoskleroza dotyka 70-85% obu uszu, a nasilenie ubytku słuchu jest zazwyczaj asymetryczne i bardziej wyraźne po stronie, gdzie objawy pojawiają się jako pierwsze. […] Otoskleroza występuje u 0.1-2.1% (0.3-1%) osób rasy kaukaskiej, u których występuje około 10 razy częściej niż u Afrykanów i Azjatów. […] W 90% pacjentów pierwsze objawy pojawiają się między 15 a 45 rokiem życia (najczęściej w trzeciej dekadzie). […] W przeciwieństwie do tego, częstość występowania histologicznej otosklerozy (bez unieruchomienia podstawy strzemiączka) wśród osób rasy kaukaskiej szacuje się na 8.3-13%, prawie równie często u mężczyzn i kobiet (7:6).
  • #35 Otosclerosis | SpringerLink
    https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/978-3-642-23499-6_702
    The prevalence of the disease in a general Caucasian population is 0.30.4%. In 10% of those patients, the focus is localized near the oval window niche leading to a fixation of the stapes with a consecutive conductive or mixed hearing loss. The disease is bilateral in 7080% and usually symmetrical in extension and distribution of the otosclerotic foci.
  • #36
    https://www.ijorl.com/index.php/ijorl/article/view/2183
    Otosclerosis remains the most common single cause of conducting hearing loss in adult population. Females are more frequently affected than males with an approximate 2:1 ratio. […] In this study, 76.67% of the patients had bilateral disease. […] The Epidemiology of Otosclerosis in a British Cohort.
  • #37 Otosclerosis • New Medicine 4/2021 • Czytelnia Medyczna BORGIS
    https://www.czytelniamedyczna.pl/7197,otosclerosis.html
    Otoskleroza występuje częściej u kobiet niż mężczyzn (1.8-3:1). […] Kliniczna otoskleroza występuje częściej u kobiet, a pierwsze objawy pojawiają się zwykle po porodzie w trzeciej dekadzie życia. […] Otoskleroza dotyka 70-85% obu uszu, a nasilenie ubytku słuchu jest zazwyczaj asymetryczne i bardziej wyraźne po stronie, gdzie objawy pojawiają się jako pierwsze. […] Otoskleroza występuje u 0.1-2.1% (0.3-1%) osób rasy kaukaskiej, u których występuje około 10 razy częściej niż u Afrykanów i Azjatów. […] W 90% pacjentów pierwsze objawy pojawiają się między 15 a 45 rokiem życia (najczęściej w trzeciej dekadzie). […] W przeciwieństwie do tego, częstość występowania histologicznej otosklerozy (bez unieruchomienia podstawy strzemiączka) wśród osób rasy kaukaskiej szacuje się na 8.3-13%, prawie równie często u mężczyzn i kobiet (7:6).
  • #38 SciELO Brazil – Association of tinnitus and hearing loss in otological disorders: a decade-long epidemiological study in a South Indian population Association of tinnitus and hearing loss in otological disorders: a decade-long epidemiological study in a
    https://www.scielo.br/j/bjorl/a/Pjmjkp3b36cgMP8RJ6RvFnk/?lang=en
    Tinnitus was observed in 29.3% (956) of the total study subjects that showed an increased prevalence in greater than 40 years of age. […] Otitis media (60.9%), presbycusis (16.6%) and otosclerosis (14.3%) are the very common otological disorders leading to tinnitus. […] In the present study, 29.3% of the otological disorders were affected with tinnitus, of which 30.3% were affected with nasal or nasopharyngeal factors especially tonsillopharyngitis in particular causing Eustachian tube dysfunction and middle ear infection leading to hearing loss and tinnitus, probably through lymphatic spread. […] The present study indicates otitis media, presbycusis, and otosclerosis are the most common contributing factors leading to tinnitus and hearing loss.
  • #39 Otosclerosis | Otolaryngology⁠ — Head & Neck Surgery | Stanford Medicine
    https://med.stanford.edu/ohns/OHNS-healthcare/earinstitute/conditions-and-services/conditions/otosclerosis.html
    Otosclerosis is an inherited disease that affects the bone of the ear. […] Otosclerosis often runs in families, and over half of people affected will have someone in their family with similar symptoms. […] The exact cause of the disease remains unknown. […] Hearing tests are essential in diagnosing otosclerosis. […] Hearing tests are also used to monitor progression of disease, and to assess treatment results. […] Surgery can be a highly effective treatment for otosclerosis. […] Hearing improvement occurs in about 90% of patients. […] In about 8%, the hearing remains unchanged or the inner ear becomes slightly worse, and a hearing aid can still be used. […] In about 1 to 2%, the hearing loss can become worse. […] Rarely (about 1 in 100) the inner ear will stop working altogether, meaning that a hearing aid can no longer be used. […] As with any surgical procedure, there are some risks associated with surgery for otosclerosis. […] Inner ear noise, or tinnitus, is usually improved following otosclerosis surgery. […] However, there are cases when tinnitus can be left unchanged or even become worse.
  • #40
    https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10065157/
    The Epidemiology of Otosclerosis in a British Cohort. OBJECTIVE: To analyse the epidemiology of otosclerosis in a British cohort collected between 2011 and 2017. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Five UK ENT Departments. PATIENTS: Patients with surgically confirmed otosclerosis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Questionnaire data documented family history of otosclerosis, age of onset, medical history, and information on associated risk factors for 657 patients. […] The age of onset, incidence of bilateral disease, tinnitus and vertigo, a higher prevalence of women (65%) than men (35%) are similar to those reported previously for otosclerosis cohorts. […] Patients with a family history (40%) have an earlier age of onset and a higher incidence of bilateral disease and vertigo than non-familial subjects.
  • #41 Otosclerosis | Otolaryngology⁠ — Head & Neck Surgery | Stanford Medicine
    https://med.stanford.edu/ohns/OHNS-healthcare/earinstitute/conditions-and-services/conditions/otosclerosis.html
    Otosclerosis is an inherited disease that affects the bone of the ear. […] Otosclerosis often runs in families, and over half of people affected will have someone in their family with similar symptoms. […] The exact cause of the disease remains unknown. […] Hearing tests are essential in diagnosing otosclerosis. […] Hearing tests are also used to monitor progression of disease, and to assess treatment results. […] Surgery can be a highly effective treatment for otosclerosis. […] Hearing improvement occurs in about 90% of patients. […] In about 8%, the hearing remains unchanged or the inner ear becomes slightly worse, and a hearing aid can still be used. […] In about 1 to 2%, the hearing loss can become worse. […] Rarely (about 1 in 100) the inner ear will stop working altogether, meaning that a hearing aid can no longer be used. […] As with any surgical procedure, there are some risks associated with surgery for otosclerosis. […] Inner ear noise, or tinnitus, is usually improved following otosclerosis surgery. […] However, there are cases when tinnitus can be left unchanged or even become worse.
  • #42 Otosclerosis | Otolaryngology⁠ — Head & Neck Surgery | Stanford Medicine
    https://med.stanford.edu/ohns/OHNS-healthcare/earinstitute/conditions-and-services/conditions/otosclerosis.html
    Otosclerosis is an inherited disease that affects the bone of the ear. […] Otosclerosis often runs in families, and over half of people affected will have someone in their family with similar symptoms. […] The exact cause of the disease remains unknown. […] Hearing tests are essential in diagnosing otosclerosis. […] Hearing tests are also used to monitor progression of disease, and to assess treatment results. […] Surgery can be a highly effective treatment for otosclerosis. […] Hearing improvement occurs in about 90% of patients. […] In about 8%, the hearing remains unchanged or the inner ear becomes slightly worse, and a hearing aid can still be used. […] In about 1 to 2%, the hearing loss can become worse. […] Rarely (about 1 in 100) the inner ear will stop working altogether, meaning that a hearing aid can no longer be used. […] As with any surgical procedure, there are some risks associated with surgery for otosclerosis. […] Inner ear noise, or tinnitus, is usually improved following otosclerosis surgery. […] However, there are cases when tinnitus can be left unchanged or even become worse.
  • #43 Otosclerosis • New Medicine 4/2021 • Czytelnia Medyczna BORGIS
    https://www.czytelniamedyczna.pl/7197,otosclerosis.html
    Otoskleroza jest dziedziczna autosomalnie dominująco, z penetracją wynoszącą 20-40%. […] W badaniach obrazowych głównie wykorzystuje się tomografię komputerową kości skroniowej o wysokiej rozdzielczości, która ma stosunkowo wysoką czułość i swoistość w wykrywaniu ognisk otosklerotycznych. […] Pomimo dostępności szerokiej gamy technik diagnostycznych, ostateczna diagnoza jest nadal potwierdzana wewnątrzoperacyjnie.
  • #44 Otosclerosis: when the smallest bone in the body leads to hearing loss
    https://ca.odyo.com/en/en/otosclerosis
    Otosclerosis is relatively common, affecting about 0.04% to 1% of white individuals. However, it’s important to note that in reality this number could be even higher if we rely on histological markers of otosclerosis, as they may be seen in up to 10% of this population group, even if they don’t have symptoms. The condition is less common in other racial groups. For example, histological otosclerosis is found in about 1% of Black individuals and 5% of Asian individuals. Otosclerosis usually affects young adults, usually starting in their 30s or 40s. Women are more likely to develop otosclerosis than men, with a ratio of about 2:1. This gender difference, along with the fact that symptoms can worsen during pregnancy, suggests that hormones may play a role in the development of the condition. […] The CT scan will not detect otosclerosis in 25% of people, so a normal scan does not necessarily rule it out. […] In 25% of individuals with otosclerosis, the CT scan will be normal. This does not mean that patient does not have otosclerosis, it just means the scan was unable to detect it.
  • #45 Otosclerosis • New Medicine 4/2021 • Czytelnia Medyczna BORGIS
    https://www.czytelniamedyczna.pl/7197,otosclerosis.html
    Otoskleroza jest dziedziczna autosomalnie dominująco, z penetracją wynoszącą 20-40%. […] W badaniach obrazowych głównie wykorzystuje się tomografię komputerową kości skroniowej o wysokiej rozdzielczości, która ma stosunkowo wysoką czułość i swoistość w wykrywaniu ognisk otosklerotycznych. […] Pomimo dostępności szerokiej gamy technik diagnostycznych, ostateczna diagnoza jest nadal potwierdzana wewnątrzoperacyjnie.
  • #46 Top Published Expert Doctors for Otosclerosis
    https://findexpertmd.com/d/Otosclerosis
    293 top medical experts on Otosclerosis across 50 countries and 28 U.S. states, including 165 MDs (Physicians). This is based on an objective analysis of their Scientific Publications, Clinical Trials, Medicare, and NIH Grants. […] Clinical Trials ClinicalTrials.gov: at least 13 including 9 Completed, 1 Recruiting.
  • #47 Brazilian Society of Otology task force – Otosclerosis: evaluation and treatment | Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology
    https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-brazilian-journal-otorhinolaryngology-english-edition–497-articulo-brazilian-society-otology-task-force-S180886942300071X
    Otosclerosis is more commonly found in Caucasian patients, among whom 1% may present symptoms. Some temporal bone series reported histologic evidence of otosclerosis in up to 10% of cases, of which only 12% developed the clinical form. The incidence of otosclerosis is lower in Asian patients and even rarer in Black African patients. A study conducted in Houston, TX, USA, found an overall prevalence of 20 cases of otosclerosis per 100,000 patients in the health system. Most patients were Hispanic (43/100,000), followed by Caucasian (12.6/100,000) and African American patients (3/100,000). […] The incidence of otosclerosis increased rapidly throughout the 1960s, but reports emerged in the late 1970s suggesting that it was decreasing. In the following decades, several studies reported that the number of stapedectomy cases had declined over the past years, which also confirmed the decline in the incidence of otosclerosis. The current incidence of otosclerosis is believed to be lower than it was 50 years ago. A large US population study (Rochester Epidemiology Project) assessed the incidence of otosclerosis between 1950 and 2017. The incidence was originally 8.9 cases/100,000 person-years in the 1950s; it increased significantly to 18.5/100,000 in the 1970s but decreased to 6.2/100,000 in the 1990s. Between 2015 and 2017, the incidence further decreased to 3.2/100,00 person-years. This progressive decline may be a result of mass measles vaccination in the US.
  • #48
    https://journals.lww.com/otology-neurotology/fulltext/2019/01000/the_epidemiology_of_otosclerosis_in_a_british.5.aspx
    To analyse the epidemiology of otosclerosis in a British cohort collected between 2011 and 2017. […] The age of onset, incidence of bilateral disease, tinnitus and vertigo, a higher prevalence of women (65%) than men (35%) are similar to those reported previously for otosclerosis cohorts. […] This study confirms that otosclerosis is an early adult onset disease that is more prevalent in women than men with a large minority of patients having a family history of otosclerosis. […] Otosclerosis is considered a complex disease with both genetic and environmental factors that can occur in isolated cases with no family history (non-familial), or in cases with a strong familial inheritance pattern consistent with a monogenic cause (familial). […] A positive family history of otosclerosis has been previously reported in between 30 and 70% of cases.
  • #49 Otosclerosis in Iraq – is it rare disease?
    https://www.tinnitusjournal.com/articles/otosclerosis-in-iraq-is-it-rare-disease-29025.html
    Otosclerosis in Iraq – is it rare disease? Otosclerosis in Iraq – is it rare disease? Otosclerosis in Iraq – is it rare disease? Otosclerosis in Iraq – is it rare disease? Otosclerosis in Iraq – is it rare disease? […] Objectives: Early detection of the disease to improve the patient disability and prevent its progression and, Highlight that otosclerosis is not a rare disease in Iraq. […] Conclusion: 1. Otosclerosis is not rare disease in Iraq. […] Otosclerosis is one of the cause of conductive hearing loss more common in middle age female. […] 8683 persons included in the study, 52 out of them were diagnosed with otosclerosis. […] Age of the included patients was 23-48 years, mean age was 33.7; 36 female and 16 male; M/F ratio was 1:2.25. […] Otosclerosis is not rare disease in Iraq. Any patient presents with conductive hearing loss especially with positive family history should be subjected to further radiological and radiological studies to reach the final diagnosis. Any patient presents with conductive hearing loss should be subjected to further audiological and radiological investigations. Further measures are needed to educate the population about the disease to discover it early.
  • #50
    https://journals.lww.com/otology-neurotology/fulltext/2019/01000/the_epidemiology_of_otosclerosis_in_a_british.5.aspx
    The pattern of inheritance in familial otosclerosis is most often consistent with an autosomal dominant mutation that exhibits variable penetrance. […] Clinical otosclerosis is consistently reported as more prevalent in women than in men, giving rise to the hypothesis that sex hormones may contribute to the development of disease. […] Despite its long history, many questions regarding the etiology of this condition remain unclear. […] The aim of this study was to report the epidemiological findings from a British cohort recently recruited for a genetic study of otosclerosis and examine factors such as age of onset, pattern of inheritance, hearing loss symptoms, as well as investigate the differences between the various demographic subgroups of the cohort including sex, familial inheritance, and pregnancy characteristics to reveal any potentially distinct pathological mechanisms.
  • #51 OTOSCLEROSIS: A Review for Audiologists – Article 1226
    https://www.audiologyonline.com/articles/otosclerosis-a-review-for-audiologists-1226
    Otosclerosis is a common condition affecting the bone of the otic capsule in 7.3% of Caucasian males and 10.3% of Caucasian females. […] The condition is rare in non-Caucasians, except East Indians, in whom the incidence is approximately the same as persons of northern or central European origin. […] Otosclerosis causes hearing loss in 0.3% of the general population. […] Two-thirds of patients treated for otosclerosis are women. […] About 75 percent of all cases are bilateral. […] The term cochlear otosclerosis is used to describe the sensorineural hearing loss seen in some patients with otosclerosis. […] The progression of otosclerosis can be retarded, but not reversed. […] While the etiology of otosclerosis remains unknown, there are two main theories regarding its origin; genetic and viral.
  • #52 Otosclerosis | Mass Eye and Ear
    https://www.masseyeandear.org/conditions/otosclerosis?TRILIBIS_EMULATOR_UA=nsclpfpr
    Otosclerosis is among the most common causes of hearing loss in the general population. […] A research team at Mass Eye and Ear was the first to discover an association between the measles virus and otosclerosis, which is considered to be one of the most significant contributions in the area of otosclerosis research in the last 50 years.
  • #53 OTOSCLEROSIS: A Review for Audiologists – Article 1226
    https://www.audiologyonline.com/articles/otosclerosis-a-review-for-audiologists-1226
    Otosclerosis seems inherited in approximately 50% of cases. […] Hearing loss associated with otosclerosis has long been noted to accelerate during pregnancy in some women. […] Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) studies have supported these observations and also found anti-measles IgG in the perilymph of patients with otosclerosis. […] The risk of profound hearing loss is 0.6 – 3% in large stapedectomy series. […] The risk is considerably higher in revision stapes surgery. […] The chief cause of post-stapedectomy hearing loss is surgical trauma, especially extensive drilling.
  • #54 Otosclerosis: Practice Essentials, History of the Procedure, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/994891-overview
    Otosclerosis affects 10% of the white population. Frequency, as mentioned above, is thought to be decreasing secondary to measles vaccination. […] Otosclerosis is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern with incomplete penetrance. Women are 2 times more likely to develop the disease than men. Otosclerosis is generally limited to the white population.
  • #55 Brazilian Society of Otology task force – Otosclerosis: evaluation and treatment | Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology
    https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-brazilian-journal-otorhinolaryngology-english-edition–497-articulo-brazilian-society-otology-task-force-S180886942300071X
    Otosclerosis is more commonly found in Caucasian patients, among whom 1% may present symptoms. Some temporal bone series reported histologic evidence of otosclerosis in up to 10% of cases, of which only 12% developed the clinical form. The incidence of otosclerosis is lower in Asian patients and even rarer in Black African patients. A study conducted in Houston, TX, USA, found an overall prevalence of 20 cases of otosclerosis per 100,000 patients in the health system. Most patients were Hispanic (43/100,000), followed by Caucasian (12.6/100,000) and African American patients (3/100,000). […] The incidence of otosclerosis increased rapidly throughout the 1960s, but reports emerged in the late 1970s suggesting that it was decreasing. In the following decades, several studies reported that the number of stapedectomy cases had declined over the past years, which also confirmed the decline in the incidence of otosclerosis. The current incidence of otosclerosis is believed to be lower than it was 50 years ago. A large US population study (Rochester Epidemiology Project) assessed the incidence of otosclerosis between 1950 and 2017. The incidence was originally 8.9 cases/100,000 person-years in the 1950s; it increased significantly to 18.5/100,000 in the 1970s but decreased to 6.2/100,000 in the 1990s. Between 2015 and 2017, the incidence further decreased to 3.2/100,00 person-years. This progressive decline may be a result of mass measles vaccination in the US.
  • #56
    https://journals.lww.com/otology-neurotology/fulltext/2019/01000/the_epidemiology_of_otosclerosis_in_a_british.5.aspx
    The pattern of inheritance in familial otosclerosis is most often consistent with an autosomal dominant mutation that exhibits variable penetrance. […] Clinical otosclerosis is consistently reported as more prevalent in women than in men, giving rise to the hypothesis that sex hormones may contribute to the development of disease. […] Despite its long history, many questions regarding the etiology of this condition remain unclear. […] The aim of this study was to report the epidemiological findings from a British cohort recently recruited for a genetic study of otosclerosis and examine factors such as age of onset, pattern of inheritance, hearing loss symptoms, as well as investigate the differences between the various demographic subgroups of the cohort including sex, familial inheritance, and pregnancy characteristics to reveal any potentially distinct pathological mechanisms.
  • #57 Otosclerosis: when the smallest bone in the body leads to hearing loss
    https://ca.odyo.com/en/otosclerosis
    Otosclerosis is relatively common, affecting about 0.04% to 1% of white individuals. […] However, it’s important to note that in reality this number could be even higher if we rely on histological markers of otosclerosis, as they may be seen in up to 10% of this population group, even if they don’t have symptoms. […] The condition is less common in other racial groups. For example, histological otosclerosis is found in about 1% of Black individuals and 5% of Asian individuals. […] Otosclerosis usually affects young adults, usually starting in their 30s or 40s. […] Women are more likely to develop otosclerosis than men, with a ratio of about 2:1. […] This gender difference, along with the fact that symptoms can worsen during pregnancy, suggests that hormones may play a role in the development of the condition.
  • #58 OTOSCLEROSIS: A Review for Audiologists – Article 1226
    https://www.audiologyonline.com/articles/otosclerosis-a-review-for-audiologists-1226
    Otosclerosis seems inherited in approximately 50% of cases. […] Hearing loss associated with otosclerosis has long been noted to accelerate during pregnancy in some women. […] Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) studies have supported these observations and also found anti-measles IgG in the perilymph of patients with otosclerosis. […] The risk of profound hearing loss is 0.6 – 3% in large stapedectomy series. […] The risk is considerably higher in revision stapes surgery. […] The chief cause of post-stapedectomy hearing loss is surgical trauma, especially extensive drilling.
  • #59 Otosclerosis – American Hearing Research Foundation
    https://www.american-hearing.org/disease/otosclerosis/
    Otosclerosis also tends to be a younger persons disease. Symptoms typically crop up between the ages of 10 and 45 and most commonly during a persons twenties. […] While otosclerosis can lead to severe hearing loss, it rarely results in total deafness. […] Diagnosis typically includes a review of the persons medical health and family health history, the hearing care professional taking a look into the ear canal with a hand-held magnifying light called an otoscope, hearing tests, and sometimes, a computerized tomography (CT) scan. […] Currently, there is no drug treatment for otosclerosis. But research continues with the goal of one day developing safe and effective pharmacological therapies to treat the disorder. […] AHRF has played an important role in moving the medical communitys understanding of otosclerosis forward. The Foundation continues to accept applications for research grants for the study of otosclerosis and other disorders of the inner ear.
  • #60 Otosclerosis – American Hearing Research Foundation
    https://www.american-hearing.org/disease/otosclerosis/
    Otosclerosis also tends to be a younger persons disease. Symptoms typically crop up between the ages of 10 and 45 and most commonly during a persons twenties. […] While otosclerosis can lead to severe hearing loss, it rarely results in total deafness. […] Diagnosis typically includes a review of the persons medical health and family health history, the hearing care professional taking a look into the ear canal with a hand-held magnifying light called an otoscope, hearing tests, and sometimes, a computerized tomography (CT) scan. […] Currently, there is no drug treatment for otosclerosis. But research continues with the goal of one day developing safe and effective pharmacological therapies to treat the disorder. […] AHRF has played an important role in moving the medical communitys understanding of otosclerosis forward. The Foundation continues to accept applications for research grants for the study of otosclerosis and other disorders of the inner ear.
  • #61
    https://journals.lww.com/otology-neurotology/fulltext/2019/01000/the_epidemiology_of_otosclerosis_in_a_british.5.aspx
    Therefore, suggesting that more than one etiology may be involved and highlighting a need for further investigation. […] In addition, we have found further evidence to support the hypothesis that women are at a higher risk of developing clinical otosclerosis than men and pregnancy may accelerate disease progression, at least in a proportion of women. […] Finally, our British otosclerosis cohort also confirms several characteristics largely consistent with previous published literature, including age of onset, sex ratio, family history, and hearing loss symptoms associated with otosclerosis.
  • #62 No evidence for association between the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and otosclerosis in a large Belgian-Dutch population – University of Iowa
    https://iro.uiowa.edu/esploro/outputs/journalArticle/No-evidence-for-association-between-the/9984006309502771
    Otosclerosis is a frequent cause of hearing impairment in the Caucasian population and is characterized by abnormal bone remodeling of the otic capsule. […] In the current study, a replication study was done in a large Belgian-Dutch population to investigate whether this association could be replicated. […] The same 3 polymorphisms in AGT, ACE, and angiotensin II receptor, type 1 as analyzed in the original study were investigated in 692 otosclerosis patients and 692 controls of Belgian-Dutch origin. […] Nonreplication in this case probably indicates that the initial results were false positive, although a role for these genes in otosclerosis cannot be definitively ruled out.

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