Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Otosclerosis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22033-otosclerosis

  Otosclerosis can happen when abnormal bone growth in your middle or inner ear interferes with sounds ability to travel. This can lead to mild, moderate or severe hearing loss. […] Otosclerosis happens when irregular bone remodeling/growth occurs in your middle ear or, more rarely, your inner ear. […] People with otosclerosis can develop mild to severe hearing impairment. […] Over 3 million Americans have otosclerosis. Its the most common cause of middle ear mechanical hearing loss among young adults. […] If your primary care physician thinks you might have otosclerosis, theyll refer you to an otolaryngologist (ear, nose and throat specialist). […] These tests may include a/an audiogram, which measures your hearing across a range of frequencies. […] Your healthcare provider may also request a CT (computed tomography) scan. This imaging test helps your provider see the bones and tissues inside your ear in more detail.

• #2

  https://journals.lww.com/jaapa/fulltext/2017/02000/otosclerosis__an_update_on_diagnosis_and_treatment.3.aspx

  Otosclerosis is a complex and progressive disease of pathological bone remodeling that affects the otic capsule of the temporal bone, resulting in hearing loss. […] Although traditional diagnostic methods are still used, improvements in technology and research have paved the way for additional diagnostic techniques and advancements. […] Earlier diagnosis of otosclerosis can occur through understanding of the cause, risk factors, and current diagnostic testing. […] Audiograms, in addition to medical history and physical examination, have traditionally been used for diagnosis of otosclerosis. […] An audiogram measures air and bone conductions and interactions throughout various frequencies (Hz) at various loudness levels (dB). […] Otosclerosis typically presents with low frequency conductive hearing loss.

• #3 Otosclerosis | Mass Eye and Ear

  https://masseyeandear.org/conditions/otosclerosis?TRILIBIS_EMULATOR_UA=…%2C

  Otosclerosis is an abnormal, microscopic growth of bone in the walls of the inner ear, which causes the stapes bone (the smallest bone in the body) to become frozen in place or „fixed.” Normally, the stapes vibrates freely to allow the transmission of sound into the inner ear. When it becomes fixed to the surrounding bone, hearing becomes impaired. […] To diagnosis otosclerosis, an examination by an otolaryngologist is needed to rule out other diseases or health problems that may cause similar symptoms. An audiologist, who will test your hearing and balance functions, will then see you. […] Surgery has been found to be the most effective method of restoring natural hearing for patients diagnosed with otosclerosis.

• #4 Otosclerosis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22033-otosclerosis

  Otosclerosis treatment depends on the location of irregular bone and the severity of your condition. […] Many people successfully manage otosclerosis-related hearing loss with hearing aids. […] Stapedectomy (stay-puh-DEK-tuh-mee) is the medical term for otosclerosis surgery. […] Cochlear implants can improve hearing in people with cochlear otosclerosis. […] Unlike some other hearing conditions, there are no preventable risk factors for otosclerosis (like exposure to loud noises). […] Otosclerosis usually gets worse slowly, over the course of many years. […] You cant cure otosclerosis, but you can manage it with treatment. […] Without treatment, otosclerosis may get worse over time. […] Any time you notice a change or decrease in your hearing ability, you should schedule an appointment with your healthcare provider. […] The best thing you can do is call your healthcare provider at the first sign of trouble. They can run tests to confirm your diagnosis and come up with a personalized treatment plan.

• #5 Otosclerosis – Vestibular Disorders Association

  https://vestibular.org/article/diagnosis-treatment/types-of-vestibular-disorders/otosclerosis/

  Otosclerosis is typically best diagnosed by an otologist/neurotologist. Investigation usually involves a comprehensive hearing test, CT imaging of the middle and inner ear to inspect bone density, and vestibular testing depending on whether patients are experiencing associated dizziness or imbalance. Careful consideration should be given to other diagnoses that may present with similar symptoms to properly guide management. […] Accurate diagnosis is crucial when considering surgical therapy versus medical therapy, especially if there is dizziness associated with the hearing loss. […] Vestibular testing such as caloric testing, oVEMP, and cVEMP have been found to be abnormal in patients with otosclerosis, even if asymptomatic. […] Studies show that almost half of patients with otosclerosis experience vestibular dysfunction during the disease process.

• #6 What Is Otosclerosis? Symptoms & Diagnosis| NIDCD

  https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/otosclerosis

  Otosclerosis is diagnosed by health care providers who specialize in hearing. These include an otolaryngologist (commonly called an ENT, because they are doctors who specialize in diseases of the ears, nose, throat, and neck), an otologist (a doctor who specializes in diseases of the ears), or an audiologist (a health care professional trained to identify, measure, and treat hearing disorders). The first step in a diagnosis is to rule out other diseases or health problems that can cause the same symptoms as otosclerosis. Next steps include hearing tests that measure hearing sensitivity (audiogram) and middle-ear sound conduction (tympanogram). Sometimes, imaging tests such as a CT scan are also used to diagnose otosclerosis. […] Currently, there is no effective drug treatment for otosclerosis, although there is hope that continued bone-remodeling research could identify potential new therapies. Mild otosclerosis can be treated with a hearing aid that amplifies sound, but surgery is often required. In a procedure known as a stapedectomy, a surgeon inserts a prosthetic device into the middle ear to bypass the abnormal bone and permit sound waves to travel to the inner ear and restore hearing.

• #7 Otosclerosis | Boston Medical Center

  https://www.bmc.org/patient-care/conditions-we-treat/db/otosclerosis

  How Is Otosclerosis Diagnosed? […] Because many of the symptoms typical of otosclerosis can be caused by other medical conditions, it is important to be examined by an otolaryngologist (ear, nose and throat doctor) to eliminate these other causes. After an examination, the otolaryngologist may order a hearing test. The typical finding on the hearing test is a conductive hearing loss in the low frequency tones. This means that the loss of hearing is due to an inability of the sound vibrations to get transferred into the inner ear. Based on the results of this test and the exam findings, the diagnosis of otosclerosis can be made. The otolaryngologist will suggest treatment options.

• #8 Otosclerosis | Boston Medical Center

  https://www.bmc.org/patient-care/conditions-we-treat/db/otosclerosis

  How Is Otosclerosis Diagnosed? […] Because many of the symptoms typical of otosclerosis can be caused by other medical conditions, it is important to be examined by an otolaryngologist (ear, nose and throat doctor) to eliminate these other causes. After an examination, the otolaryngologist may order a hearing test. The typical finding on the hearing test is a conductive hearing loss in the low frequency tones. This means that the loss of hearing is due to an inability of the sound vibrations to get transferred into the inner ear. Based on the results of this test and the exam findings, the diagnosis of otosclerosis can be made. The otolaryngologist will suggest treatment options.

• #9 Otosclerosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://patient.info/ears-nose-throat-mouth/hearing-problems/otosclerosis

  Otosclerosis is a condition of the middle ear and mainly affects the tiny stirrup (stapes) bone. It causes gradual hearing loss. […] How is otosclerosis diagnosed? […] If you are worried about hearing loss, make an appointment to see your doctor. They will ask about the symptoms you have been getting and then they will generally look into your ears using an auriscope. This is the common instrument used to look inside your ears if you have earache. In otosclerosis, your eardrum usually looks normal and healthy when your doctor looks inside your ear. […] Your doctor may refer you on to an ear, nose and throat specialist who will be able to make the diagnosis of otosclerosis. They will do hearing tests which will show a specific pattern of hearing loss in otosclerosis. The specialist may also use a small device that is placed in your ear, called a tympanometer. This can help them look at the movement of the bones within your ear. In otosclerosis, the stirrup (stapes) will move less. This test is very quick and does not cause any pain. […] Sometimes the specialist may decide that you need to have a CT scan which will give them more information about how severe the otosclerosis is.

• #10 Otosclerosis (Otospongiosis) | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/816029/all/Otosclerosis__Otospongiosis_?q=Hearing+loss

  This is the leading cause of conductive hearing loss in adults. […] Clinical onset usually in early 20s. […] Peak incidence 3rd to 5th decade. […] Progression may accelerate during pregnancy. […] Some women first notice hearing loss at this time. […] Unknown; possible association with measles virus infection, hormonal factors, cytokine-related inflammation, fluoride metabolism, and oxidative stress. […] 50-60% of those affected give positive family history. […] Appears to be transmitted by autosomal dominant gene with variable expressivity. […] Unknown, possibly measles virus infection.

• #11 Otosclerosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otosclerosis

  Otosclerosis is traditionally diagnosed by characteristic clinical findings, which include progressive conductive hearing loss, a normal tympanic membrane, and no evidence of middle ear inflammation. The cochlear promontory may have a faint pink tinge reflecting the vascularity of the lesion, referred to as the Schwartz sign. […] Approximately 0.5% of the population will eventually be diagnosed with otosclerosis. Post-mortem studies show that as many as 10% of people may have otosclerotic lesions of their temporal bone, but apparently never had symptoms warranting a diagnosis. […] In clinical practice otosclerosis is encountered about twice as frequently in females as in males, but this does not reflect the true sex ratio. When families are investigated it is found that the condition is only slightly more common in women.

• #12 Otosclerosis: Slowly progressing hearing loss – USZ

  https://www.usz.ch/en/disease/otosclerosis/

  If you have the impression that your hearing is deteriorating, we are the right place to go. However, it is not easy to diagnose otosclerosis at an early stage. […] We use tympanometry to examine the pressure in the middle ear and the mobility of the eardrum. This allows us to determine whether there is fluid in the middle ear, for example, or whether the mobility of the ossicles is impaired. […] However, if you suffer from otosclerosis, your ear canal and eardrum will appear normal. In rare cases, we can recognize a reddish area on the eardrum, the so-called Schwartze sign. […] We use the stapedius reflex measurement to examine the function of the middle ear. This provides us with information about the mobility of the stirrup (lat. stapes). Otosclerosis leads to reduced mobility this is known as a conductive hearing loss.

• #13

  https://journals.lww.com/jaapa/fulltext/2017/02000/otosclerosis__an_update_on_diagnosis_and_treatment.3.aspx

  Otosclerosis is a complex and progressive disease of pathological bone remodeling that affects the otic capsule of the temporal bone, resulting in hearing loss. […] Although traditional diagnostic methods are still used, improvements in technology and research have paved the way for additional diagnostic techniques and advancements. […] Earlier diagnosis of otosclerosis can occur through understanding of the cause, risk factors, and current diagnostic testing. […] Audiograms, in addition to medical history and physical examination, have traditionally been used for diagnosis of otosclerosis. […] An audiogram measures air and bone conductions and interactions throughout various frequencies (Hz) at various loudness levels (dB). […] Otosclerosis typically presents with low frequency conductive hearing loss.

• #14 Dr Chris de Souza ENT Specialist Audiological Investigation of Otosclerosis

  https://drchrisdesouza.com/ENT-surgeon/audiological-investigation-of-otosclerosis.htm

  The audiological signature pattern of fenestral otosclerosis include the following: […] The audiological pattern in otosclerosis is unique. The patterns of abnormalities can be directly explained by alterations in the middle ear transfer function produced by stapes fixation. […] This is the most fundamental test that should be performed in any patient presenting with impairment in hearing. […] The most prominent audiologic characteristics of otosclerosis are elicited with the use of low frequency stimuli. […] Bone conduction audiometry is of great value in the diagnosis of otosclerosis and in selection of patients for surgery. […] Carharts notch is characteristic of otosclerosis and it disappears with successful closure of the air-bone gap. […] In otosclerosis there is a characteristic bone conduction curve and this helps the clinician in distinguishing otosclerosis from other causes of conductive hearing losses.

• #15

  https://journals.lww.com/jaapa/fulltext/2017/02000/otosclerosis__an_update_on_diagnosis_and_treatment.3.aspx

  A loss of bone conduction at the frequency regions around 2,000 Hz (Carhart notch) historically has been considered an indicator of otosclerosis; however, recent research has found the Carhart notch cannot be used to confirm diagnosis. […] High-resolution CT is beginning to be used in diagnosis and surgical planning of otosclerosis due to improvements in technology allowing for identification of smaller bony lesions. […] High-resolution CT has high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, and reveals variants in patient anatomy and severity of disease. […] The main disadvantage to the use of this test is its high cost. […] Improvements in technology and research have paved the way for additional diagnostic techniques and advancement in treatments. […] Understanding of this complex disease leads to earlier diagnosis, referral, treatment, and improved patient education for those with otosclerosis.

• #16 Understanding Otosclerosis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options | Medfin

  https://www.medfin.in/otosclerosis/

  Otosclerosis is a progressive ear condition characterized by abnormal bone growth in the middle ear, leading to hearing loss. […] A diagnosis of otosclerosis is generally based upon a combination of these procedures: […] The physician will inquire as to the particulars of the patient’s hearing loss, whether or not it has progressed, and if anyone else in the family has had to get hearing aids or has had otosclerosis. […] An audiogram can check hearing and test a person’s ability to hear different sounds, pitches, or frequencies. […] Tympanometry tests the mobility of the tympanic membrane (eardrum) and the tiny bones of the middle ear (ossicles). […] Occasionally, otosclerosis can be diagnosed by finding its telltale signs with a CT of the temporal bone. […] A useful test for otosclerosis is the stapedial reflex test. […] Another test that can be useful is a tuning fork test.

• #17 Otosclerosis – Brigham and Women’s Faulkner Hospital

  https://www.brighamandwomensfaulkner.org/programs-and-services/otolaryngology/ear/otosclerosis

  A Brigham and Women’s Faulkner Hospital otolaryngologist will first conduct a thorough medical history and physical examination to rule out other diseases or health problems that can cause the same symptoms as otosclerosis. […] Next steps will include hearing tests that measure hearing sensitivity (audiogram) and middle-ear sound conduction (tympanogram). Acoustic reflexes are also performed as part of the hearing test. Typical findings on these hearing test include low-frequency conductive hearing loss and absent acoustic reflexes. […] Sometimes, imaging test, such as a CT-scan, are also used to diagnose otosclerosis.

• #18 Otosclerosis: Slowly progressing hearing loss – USZ

  https://www.usz.ch/en/disease/otosclerosis/

  If you have the impression that your hearing is deteriorating, we are the right place to go. However, it is not easy to diagnose otosclerosis at an early stage. […] We use tympanometry to examine the pressure in the middle ear and the mobility of the eardrum. This allows us to determine whether there is fluid in the middle ear, for example, or whether the mobility of the ossicles is impaired. […] However, if you suffer from otosclerosis, your ear canal and eardrum will appear normal. In rare cases, we can recognize a reddish area on the eardrum, the so-called Schwartze sign. […] We use the stapedius reflex measurement to examine the function of the middle ear. This provides us with information about the mobility of the stirrup (lat. stapes). Otosclerosis leads to reduced mobility this is known as a conductive hearing loss.

• #19 Otosclerosis

  https://www.hiddenhearing.ie/ear-health-hub/otosclerosis

  Otosclerosis is diagnosed through a series of tests and procedures, including: […] In addition to these tests, a doctor may also perform a stapedial reflex test to diagnose otosclerosis. This test measures the reflex of a muscle in the middle ear in response to a loud sound. If the reflex is absent or delayed, it may indicate otosclerosis. A doctor may also perform a tuning fork test to determine if the hearing loss is conductive or sensorineural. Conductive hearing loss is often associated with otosclerosis.

• #20 Otosclerosis

  https://dizziness-and-balance.com/disorders/hearing/otoscler.html

  Otosclerosis is a disease of the bones of the middle ear and the bones of the inner ear. […] Diagnosis of otosclerosis is usually made by a combination of family history and a progressive conductive hearing loss. […] In summary, otosclerosis may be overdiagnosed because there are rarely specific findings (such as CT or acoustic reflex inversion), and because there is a financial incentive in the medical system to diagnose diseases like otosclerosis that can be remedied by surgery. […] The otologic clinician should confirm audiological testing suggesting a conductive hearing loss with bedside examination. […] Acoustic reflexes are very useful in otosclerosis, as they show a characteristic „inversion” pattern. […] Temporal bone CT scans for otosclerosis– are discussed on this page. They are not especially useful because they require very expert radiologists.

• #21 Dr Chris de Souza ENT Specialist Audiological Investigation of Otosclerosis

  https://drchrisdesouza.com/ENT-surgeon/audiological-investigation-of-otosclerosis.htm

  The audiological signature pattern of fenestral otosclerosis include the following: […] The audiological pattern in otosclerosis is unique. The patterns of abnormalities can be directly explained by alterations in the middle ear transfer function produced by stapes fixation. […] This is the most fundamental test that should be performed in any patient presenting with impairment in hearing. […] The most prominent audiologic characteristics of otosclerosis are elicited with the use of low frequency stimuli. […] Bone conduction audiometry is of great value in the diagnosis of otosclerosis and in selection of patients for surgery. […] Carharts notch is characteristic of otosclerosis and it disappears with successful closure of the air-bone gap. […] In otosclerosis there is a characteristic bone conduction curve and this helps the clinician in distinguishing otosclerosis from other causes of conductive hearing losses.

• #22 Otosclerosis | Brigham and Women’s Hospital

  https://www.brighamandwomens.org/surgery/otolaryngology/ear/otosclerosis

  Otosclerosis is most often caused when one of the bones in the middle ear, the stapes, becomes stuck in place due to the abnormal bone growth. […] A Brigham and Womens Hospital otolaryngologist will first conduct a thorough medical history and physical examination to rule out other diseases or health problems that can cause the same symptoms as otosclerosis. […] Next steps will include hearing tests that measure hearing sensitivity (audiogram) and middle-ear sound conduction (tympanogram). Acoustic reflexes are also performed as part of the hearing test. Typical findings on these hearing test include low-frequency conductive hearing loss and absent acoustic reflexes. […] Sometimes, imaging test, such as a CT-scan, are also used to diagnose otosclerosis.

• #23

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40136-021-00377-z

  To review the role of imaging in otosclerosis with an emphasis on pre- and post-operative imaging evaluation. […] Pre-operative CT imaging can help define the extent of bone involvement in otosclerosis and may help avoid surgical complications due to variant anatomy or unsuspected alternative causes of conductive hearing loss. […] CT imaging complements otologic exam and audiometry findings in patients with suspected otosclerosis, for pre-operative planning, and post-operative assessment for patients with recurrent symptoms. […] While otosclerosis can be diagnosed with history, otologic exam findings, and audiologic testing, and confirmed at surgery, access to imaging has become more widespread to complement diagnosis, pre-surgical planning, and evaluation of recurrent symptoms. […] Non-contrast temporal bone CT is considered the gold standard for otosclerosis imaging.

• #24 Imaging in otosclerosis: A pictorial review | Insights into Imaging | Full Text

  https://insightsimaging.springeropen.com/articles/10.1007/s13244-014-0313-9

  Otosclerosis is an otodystrophy of the otic capsule and is a cause of conductive, mixed or sensorineural hearing loss in the 2nd to 4th decades of life. […] Imaging plays an important role in the diagnosis and management of otosclerosis. High-resolution CT (HRCT) of the temporal bone using 1-mm (or less) thick sections is the modality of choice for assessment of the labyrinthine windows and cochlear capsules. […] HRCT of the temporal bone is the diagnostic imaging modality of choice. […] The treatment of fenestral otosclerosis is primarily surgical with stapedectomy and prosthesis insertion. […] Patients with retrofenestral otosclerosis and profound hearing loss are treated medically using fluorides, but may derive significant benefit from cochlear implantation. […] High-resolution CT (HRCT) of the temporal bone is the modality of choice for the preoperative evaluation of otosclerosis.

• #25

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40136-021-00377-z

  The sensitivity and specificity of CT for evaluation of otosclerosis have been reported as high as 95% and 100%, respectively. […] MRI findings in the evaluation of otosclerosis are less established. […] Imaging may be of particular benefit in cases with mixed or sensorineural hearing loss. […] The combination of CT and MRI has proved the most valuable for detection of unsuspected cholesteatoma and intratympanic masses in patients with clinically suspected stapedial cochlear otosclerosis. […] Imaging can help detect known risk factors for stapes surgery and findings associated with failed stapes surgery. […] Pre-operative knowledge of obliterative otosclerosis can be helpful for appropriate planning and patient counseling. […] CT can clarify if this is due to obliteration of the round window or progression to cochlear otosclerosis, which may result in mixed or sensorineural hearing loss. […] Although uncomplicated cases of stapedial otosclerosis can be diagnosed clinically, imaging can play an important role to clarify the diagnosis, reduce operative morbidity, and assess recurrent symptoms.

• #26 Imaging in otosclerosis: A pictorial review | Insights into Imaging | Full Text

  https://insightsimaging.springeropen.com/articles/10.1007/s13244-014-0313-9

  Otosclerosis is an otodystrophy of the otic capsule and is a cause of conductive, mixed or sensorineural hearing loss in the 2nd to 4th decades of life. […] Imaging plays an important role in the diagnosis and management of otosclerosis. High-resolution CT (HRCT) of the temporal bone using 1-mm (or less) thick sections is the modality of choice for assessment of the labyrinthine windows and cochlear capsules. […] HRCT of the temporal bone is the diagnostic imaging modality of choice. […] The treatment of fenestral otosclerosis is primarily surgical with stapedectomy and prosthesis insertion. […] Patients with retrofenestral otosclerosis and profound hearing loss are treated medically using fluorides, but may derive significant benefit from cochlear implantation. […] High-resolution CT (HRCT) of the temporal bone is the modality of choice for the preoperative evaluation of otosclerosis.

• #27

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40136-021-00377-z

  The sensitivity and specificity of CT for evaluation of otosclerosis have been reported as high as 95% and 100%, respectively. […] MRI findings in the evaluation of otosclerosis are less established. […] Imaging may be of particular benefit in cases with mixed or sensorineural hearing loss. […] The combination of CT and MRI has proved the most valuable for detection of unsuspected cholesteatoma and intratympanic masses in patients with clinically suspected stapedial cochlear otosclerosis. […] Imaging can help detect known risk factors for stapes surgery and findings associated with failed stapes surgery. […] Pre-operative knowledge of obliterative otosclerosis can be helpful for appropriate planning and patient counseling. […] CT can clarify if this is due to obliteration of the round window or progression to cochlear otosclerosis, which may result in mixed or sensorineural hearing loss. […] Although uncomplicated cases of stapedial otosclerosis can be diagnosed clinically, imaging can play an important role to clarify the diagnosis, reduce operative morbidity, and assess recurrent symptoms.

• #28

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40136-021-00377-z

  To review the role of imaging in otosclerosis with an emphasis on pre- and post-operative imaging evaluation. […] Pre-operative CT imaging can help define the extent of bone involvement in otosclerosis and may help avoid surgical complications due to variant anatomy or unsuspected alternative causes of conductive hearing loss. […] CT imaging complements otologic exam and audiometry findings in patients with suspected otosclerosis, for pre-operative planning, and post-operative assessment for patients with recurrent symptoms. […] While otosclerosis can be diagnosed with history, otologic exam findings, and audiologic testing, and confirmed at surgery, access to imaging has become more widespread to complement diagnosis, pre-surgical planning, and evaluation of recurrent symptoms. […] Non-contrast temporal bone CT is considered the gold standard for otosclerosis imaging.

• #29 Imaging in otosclerosis: A pictorial review | Insights into Imaging | Full Text

  https://insightsimaging.springeropen.com/articles/10.1007/s13244-014-0313-9

  Demineralised hypodense fenestral otosclerotic foci are best seen on axial HRCT because of the anteroposterior orientation of the oval window and stapes crura. […] False-negative CT findings may occur in some cases of fenestral otosclerosis in the sclerotic phase when there are no irregularities of the bone contour. […] Stapedectomy is commonly combined with insertion of a stapes prosthesis in order to restore ossicular chain continuity. […] HRCT helps to evaluate the position of the prosthesis and rule out common complications. […] Patients with cochlear otosclerosis are usually treated medically using fluorides. […] CI surgery in patients with otosclerosis may be challenging.

• #30 Otosclerosis – Vestibular Disorders Association

  https://vestibular.org/article/diagnosis-treatment/types-of-vestibular-disorders/otosclerosis/

  Otosclerosis is typically best diagnosed by an otologist/neurotologist. Investigation usually involves a comprehensive hearing test, CT imaging of the middle and inner ear to inspect bone density, and vestibular testing depending on whether patients are experiencing associated dizziness or imbalance. Careful consideration should be given to other diagnoses that may present with similar symptoms to properly guide management. […] Accurate diagnosis is crucial when considering surgical therapy versus medical therapy, especially if there is dizziness associated with the hearing loss. […] Vestibular testing such as caloric testing, oVEMP, and cVEMP have been found to be abnormal in patients with otosclerosis, even if asymptomatic. […] Studies show that almost half of patients with otosclerosis experience vestibular dysfunction during the disease process.

• #31 Otosclerosis – Vestibular Disorders Association

  https://vestibular.org/article/diagnosis-treatment/types-of-vestibular-disorders/otosclerosis/

  Otosclerosis is typically best diagnosed by an otologist/neurotologist. Investigation usually involves a comprehensive hearing test, CT imaging of the middle and inner ear to inspect bone density, and vestibular testing depending on whether patients are experiencing associated dizziness or imbalance. Careful consideration should be given to other diagnoses that may present with similar symptoms to properly guide management. […] Accurate diagnosis is crucial when considering surgical therapy versus medical therapy, especially if there is dizziness associated with the hearing loss. […] Vestibular testing such as caloric testing, oVEMP, and cVEMP have been found to be abnormal in patients with otosclerosis, even if asymptomatic. […] Studies show that almost half of patients with otosclerosis experience vestibular dysfunction during the disease process.

• #32 Otosclerosis | Boston Medical Center

  https://www.bmc.org/patient-care/conditions-we-treat/db/otosclerosis

  How Is Otosclerosis Diagnosed? […] Because many of the symptoms typical of otosclerosis can be caused by other medical conditions, it is important to be examined by an otolaryngologist (ear, nose and throat doctor) to eliminate these other causes. After an examination, the otolaryngologist may order a hearing test. The typical finding on the hearing test is a conductive hearing loss in the low frequency tones. This means that the loss of hearing is due to an inability of the sound vibrations to get transferred into the inner ear. Based on the results of this test and the exam findings, the diagnosis of otosclerosis can be made. The otolaryngologist will suggest treatment options.

• #33 Differential Diagnosis and Treatment of Hearing Loss | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2003/0915/p1125.html

  Otosclerosis is characterized by abnormal bone deposition at the footplate (base of stapes). This bone deposition leads to fixation of the stapes at the oval window, preventing normal vibration. Otosclerosis typically presents as progressive bilateral conductive hearing loss in middle-aged white women. It is the leading cause of conductive hearing loss in adults who do not have a middle ear effusion or a history of otitis media. There is usually a positive family history. Treatment consists of amplification with hearing aids or surgical repair by stapedectomy. […] The diagnosis of otitis media can be confirmed by tympanometry and audiometry, and resolution of the effusion restores hearing. Myringotomy tubes are recommended for use in children with recurrent acute otitis media (more than three episodes in six months or four episodes in one year), chronic middle ear effusions (more than three months in duration), or significant hearing impairment (greater than 30 dB along with an effusion). […] Conductive hearing loss caused by ossicular erosion is present in 90 percent of patients with cholesteatomas.

• #34 Preoperative Diagnosis of Otosclerosis | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-28576-4_3

  Otosclerosis is a unique osseous remodeling disorder of the human temporal bone, which is also considered as a disease of measles virus-associated inflammatory-autoimmune reaction against the middle layer of the otic capsule: globuli interossei. Its preoperative diagnosis is rather difficult, and there is no consensus-based diagnostic protocol with enough high sensitivity and specificity for the clinical confirmation of the disease. […] At this time, combination of various well-defined and new preoperative diagnostic methods might serve a strong clinical suspicion for otosclerosis. This fact might provide the basis of diagnosis and helps to avoid unnecessary stapes surgeries, serious intraoperative complications, and blinded surgeries: explorative tympanostomies that are unacceptable for most of the patients with conductive hearing loss.

• #35 Preoperative Diagnosis of Otosclerosis | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-28576-4_3

  In this chapter, an overview is provided about the potential preoperative diagnostic tools and their specificity and sensitivity levels in case of otosclerosis or non-otosclerotic stapes fixations. Finally, authors recommend a considerable preoperative diagnostic protocol for the confirmation or exclusion of otosclerosis.

• #36

  https://journals.lww.com/jaapa/fulltext/2017/02000/otosclerosis__an_update_on_diagnosis_and_treatment.3.aspx

  A loss of bone conduction at the frequency regions around 2,000 Hz (Carhart notch) historically has been considered an indicator of otosclerosis; however, recent research has found the Carhart notch cannot be used to confirm diagnosis. […] High-resolution CT is beginning to be used in diagnosis and surgical planning of otosclerosis due to improvements in technology allowing for identification of smaller bony lesions. […] High-resolution CT has high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, and reveals variants in patient anatomy and severity of disease. […] The main disadvantage to the use of this test is its high cost. […] Improvements in technology and research have paved the way for additional diagnostic techniques and advancement in treatments. […] Understanding of this complex disease leads to earlier diagnosis, referral, treatment, and improved patient education for those with otosclerosis.

• #37 Otosclerosis Diagnosis And Treatment Options | Ear Problems

  https://hearingup.com/videos/otosclerosis-diagnosis-and-treatment-options

  Otosclerosis and Otospongiosis are generally diagnosed by a hearing evaluation which indicates a conductive hearing loss, abnormal tympanometry, and often absent reflexes. Once referred to an ENT physician, a CT scan may be completed to confirm the diagnosis. […] There are two typical treatment options for these conditions, Amplification with hearing aids and Surgery. Depending on the severity, surgery may be recommended to correct the conductive hearing loss. The two surgical procedures are a Stapedectomy which involves removing the Stapes and the Stapes footplate and replacing them with a prosthetic, or a Stapedotomy which involves removing the Stapes and drilling a hole into the Stapes footplate and replacing it with a prosthetic. […] Overall, Otosclerosis and Otospongiosis are very treatable. So if you are on the younger side and your hearing has declined, make sure you find an audiologist to get your hearing tested. The sooner you identify the problem, the sooner you can fix it.

• #38 Otosclerosis | Earsite.com

  https://www.earsite.com/otosclerosis-diagnosis

  A careful history, review of symptoms, and examination with an operating microscope can suggest the diagnosis of otosclerosis. An audiogram (hearing test) can confirm the existence of hearing loss consistent with otosclerosis. However, a definitive diagnosis cannot be made until the middle ear is visualized surgically. If the stapes bone is fixed and immobile, the diagnosis of otosclerosis is established.

• #39 Otosclerosis – ENT Info

  https://www.entinfo.nz/otosclerosis/

  Otosclerosis is diagnosed following examination by an ENT Surgeon and hearing testing by an Audiologist. […] Most people with otosclerosis have a particular type of hearing loss shown on the hearing test referred to as a conductive hearing loss although some people will have a mixed (conductive and sensorineural) hearing loss. […] There is no single test to diagnose otosclerosis by examining the ear or on hearing testing. The diagnosis is suspected when other causes have been ruled out. Diagnosis is confirmed at the time of surgery, when the middle ear is directly examined and fixation of the stapes bone is confirmed.

• #40 What Is Otosclerosis? Symptoms & Diagnosis| NIDCD

  https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/otosclerosis

  Otosclerosis is diagnosed by health care providers who specialize in hearing. These include an otolaryngologist (commonly called an ENT, because they are doctors who specialize in diseases of the ears, nose, throat, and neck), an otologist (a doctor who specializes in diseases of the ears), or an audiologist (a health care professional trained to identify, measure, and treat hearing disorders). The first step in a diagnosis is to rule out other diseases or health problems that can cause the same symptoms as otosclerosis. Next steps include hearing tests that measure hearing sensitivity (audiogram) and middle-ear sound conduction (tympanogram). Sometimes, imaging tests such as a CT scan are also used to diagnose otosclerosis. […] Currently, there is no effective drug treatment for otosclerosis, although there is hope that continued bone-remodeling research could identify potential new therapies. Mild otosclerosis can be treated with a hearing aid that amplifies sound, but surgery is often required. In a procedure known as a stapedectomy, a surgeon inserts a prosthetic device into the middle ear to bypass the abnormal bone and permit sound waves to travel to the inner ear and restore hearing.

• #41 Otosclerosis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22033-otosclerosis

  Otosclerosis treatment depends on the location of irregular bone and the severity of your condition. […] Many people successfully manage otosclerosis-related hearing loss with hearing aids. […] Stapedectomy (stay-puh-DEK-tuh-mee) is the medical term for otosclerosis surgery. […] Cochlear implants can improve hearing in people with cochlear otosclerosis. […] Unlike some other hearing conditions, there are no preventable risk factors for otosclerosis (like exposure to loud noises). […] Otosclerosis usually gets worse slowly, over the course of many years. […] You cant cure otosclerosis, but you can manage it with treatment. […] Without treatment, otosclerosis may get worse over time. […] Any time you notice a change or decrease in your hearing ability, you should schedule an appointment with your healthcare provider. […] The best thing you can do is call your healthcare provider at the first sign of trouble. They can run tests to confirm your diagnosis and come up with a personalized treatment plan.

• #42 Otosclerosis | Mass Eye and Ear

  https://masseyeandear.org/conditions/otosclerosis?TRILIBIS_EMULATOR_UA=…%2C

  Otosclerosis is an abnormal, microscopic growth of bone in the walls of the inner ear, which causes the stapes bone (the smallest bone in the body) to become frozen in place or „fixed.” Normally, the stapes vibrates freely to allow the transmission of sound into the inner ear. When it becomes fixed to the surrounding bone, hearing becomes impaired. […] To diagnosis otosclerosis, an examination by an otolaryngologist is needed to rule out other diseases or health problems that may cause similar symptoms. An audiologist, who will test your hearing and balance functions, will then see you. […] Surgery has been found to be the most effective method of restoring natural hearing for patients diagnosed with otosclerosis.

• #43 OTOSCLEROSIS: A Review for Audiologists – Article 1226

  https://www.audiologyonline.com/articles/otosclerosis-a-review-for-audiologists-1226

  Otosclerosis is a common condition affecting the bone of the otic capsule in 7.3% of Caucasian males and 10.3% of Caucasian females. Otosclerosis causes hearing loss in 0.3% of the general population. The term cochlear otosclerosis is used to describe the sensorineural hearing loss seen in some patients with otosclerosis. The progression of otosclerosis can be retarded, but not reversed. While the etiology of otosclerosis remains unknown, there are two main theories regarding its origin; genetic and viral. Otosclerosis seems inherited in approximately 50% of cases. Hearing loss associated with otosclerosis has long been noted to accelerate during pregnancy in some women. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) studies have supported these observations and also found anti-measles IgG in the perilymph of patients with otosclerosis. The author currently explains to patients considering stapes surgery that closure of the air-bone gap to within 15dB is achieved in nearly 100% of cases, within 10dB in 90% of cases within 5dB in 50% and complete air-bone gap closure in 30%. These statistics and results are based on the author’s personal experience.

• #44 Otosclerosis – American Hearing Research Foundation

  https://www.american-hearing.org/disease/otosclerosis/

  Current thinking leans toward the belief that there is likely an interplay among multiple factors and that the genetic component may not be enough to set the disease in motion. […] Anyone who experiences hearing loss should see an otolaryngologist (an ear, nose, and throat doctor, or ENT), otologist, and/or audiologist. […] If the person experiences low-pitched hearing loss, falls within the demographics of those at greater risk of otosclerosis, and/or is aware of hearing loss in any member of the extended family, they should ask the hearing health provider about otosclerosis specifically and about their experience in diagnosing it.

• #45 Otosclerosis: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment Options

  https://www.healthyhearing.com/report/53072-Otosclerosis

  Otosclerosis is a form of hearing loss that occurs due to abnormal bone growth in your middle ear. […] Diagnosis is usually straightforward, says Dr. Waguespack. First, he says, doctors will rule out other potential causes of the symptoms. After that, the next step is an audiogram. If there are signs of conductive hearing loss during this exam, that points toward otosclerosis, says Dr. Kim. […] It’s important to receive a thorough hearing test that looks for both sensorineural and conductive hearing loss. […] If you have symptomshearing loss, dizziness, tinnitusthe best approach is to get diagnosed. Then, if you are diagnosed with otosclerosis, talk to your doctor about your next steps, and what makes sense for you given your level of hearing loss.

• #46 Otosclerosis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22033-otosclerosis

  Otosclerosis treatment depends on the location of irregular bone and the severity of your condition. […] Many people successfully manage otosclerosis-related hearing loss with hearing aids. […] Stapedectomy (stay-puh-DEK-tuh-mee) is the medical term for otosclerosis surgery. […] Cochlear implants can improve hearing in people with cochlear otosclerosis. […] Unlike some other hearing conditions, there are no preventable risk factors for otosclerosis (like exposure to loud noises). […] Otosclerosis usually gets worse slowly, over the course of many years. […] You cant cure otosclerosis, but you can manage it with treatment. […] Without treatment, otosclerosis may get worse over time. […] Any time you notice a change or decrease in your hearing ability, you should schedule an appointment with your healthcare provider. […] The best thing you can do is call your healthcare provider at the first sign of trouble. They can run tests to confirm your diagnosis and come up with a personalized treatment plan.

• #47 Otosclerosis: Slowly progressing hearing loss – USZ

  https://www.usz.ch/en/disease/otosclerosis/

  By means of a hearing test, we can determine how advanced your hearing loss is and from which part of the ear the hearing impairment originates. […] In some cases of suspected otosclerosis, further examinations are available to us: With a computer tomography of the ear region, we can detect possible changes in the bone and the ossicles. […] You should also do this if you experience hearing problems or tinnitus. If otosclerosis is detected at an early stage, you can have it treated surgically and prevent possible secondary symptoms such as deafness in good time. […] If you develop otosclerosis and have it treated early, the prognosis is favorable: in over 90 percent of cases, surgery can significantly improve hearing or completely eliminate hearing loss. […] The only helpful treatment for otosclerosis is surgery performed under general anesthesia: stapedotomy. […] Stapedotomy is the treatment of choice. In around 90 percent of operations, it improves the patients hearing.

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