Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Osteosarcoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/osteosarcoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20351052

  Osteosarcoma happens when bone cells develop changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions, called genes, that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. […] In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells. […] It’s not clear what causes osteosarcoma.

• #2 What Causes Osteosarcoma? | Osteosarcoma Causes | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/osteosarcoma/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Researchers have found that osteosarcoma is linked with a number of other conditions, which are described in Osteosarcoma Risk Factors. But the cause of most osteosarcomas is not clear at this time. […] Cancers can be caused by gene changes that keep oncogenes turned on, or that turn off tumor suppressor genes. […] Some inherited DNA mutations result in syndromes that are linked with an increased risk of osteosarcoma. […] Most osteosarcomas are not caused by inherited gene mutations, but instead are the result of gene changes acquired during the persons lifetime. […] Sometimes these gene changes are caused by radiation therapy used to treat another form of cancer, because radiation can damage the DNA inside cells. […] Other than radiation, there are no known lifestyle-related or environmental causes of osteosarcoma, so it’s important to remember that in most cases people with these cancers could have done nothing to prevent them. […] Researchers now understand some of the gene changes that occur in osteosarcomas, but its not always clear what causes these changes.

• #3 Osteosarcoma (Osteogenic Sarcoma) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563177/

  Osteosarcoma, or osteogenic sarcoma, is the most common primary malignant bone tumor, making up about 20% of all cases. […] The etiology of osteosarcoma is currently unknown; studies traditionally have focused on multiple risk factors, including genetic predisposition, epidemiology, and the environment. […] Osteosarcoma has been induced in animal models with beryllium, alkylating agents, the Finkel-Biskis-Jinkins (FBJ) virus, and the Rous sarcoma virus. […] Secondary osteosarcoma is associated most commonly with Paget disease of bone and radiation exposure.

• #4 Osteosarcoma | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/osteosarcoma

  Osteosarcoma is a kind of cancer that begins in the cells that form bones. Osteosarcoma happens when bone cells develop changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions, called genes, that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. […] In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells. […] Most people with osteosarcoma don’t have any known risk factors for the cancer. But these factors can increase the risk of osteosarcoma: Certain conditions that run in families. These include hereditary retinoblastoma, Bloom syndrome, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Rothmund-Thomson syndrome and Werner syndrome. Other bone conditions. These include Paget’s disease of bone and fibrous dysplasia. Prior treatment with radiation therapy or chemotherapy. […] There is no way to prevent osteosarcoma.

• #5 Osteosarcoma: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1256857-overview

  Osteosarcoma is thought to arise from primitive mesenchymal bone-forming cells, and its histologic hallmark is the production of malignant osteoid. […] The exact cause of osteosarcoma is unknown. However, a number of risk factors have been identified. […] Rapid bone growth appears to predispose persons to osteosarcoma, as suggested by the increased incidence during the adolescent growth spurt, the high incidence among large-breed dogs (eg, Great Dane, St Bernard, German shepherd), and osteosarcoma’s typical location in the metaphyseal area adjacent to the growth plate (physis) of long bones. […] Genetic predisposition plays a role. Bone dysplasias, including Paget disease, fibrous dysplasia, enchondromatosis, and hereditary multiple exostoses and retinoblastoma (germline form) are risk factors. […] The only known environmental risk factor is exposure to radiation. Radiation-induced osteosarcoma is a form of secondary osteosarcoma and is not discussed further in this article.

• #6 Osteosarcoma: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1257035-overview

  Osteosarcoma, the most common malignant bone tumor, is a deadly form of musculoskeletal cancer that most commonly causes patients to die of pulmonary metastatic disease. It is an ancient disease that is still incompletely understood. […] Osteosarcoma is thought to arise from primitive mesenchymal bone-forming cells, and its histologic hallmark is the production of malignant osteoid. Other cell populations may also be present, as these types of cells may also arise from pluripotential mesenchymal cells, but any area of malignant bone in the lesion establishes the diagnosis as osteosarcoma. […] The exact cause of osteosarcoma is unknown. However, a number of risk factors have been identified. Rapid bone growth appears to predispose persons to osteosarcoma, as suggested by the increased incidence during the adolescent growth spurt, the high incidence among large-breed dogs (eg, Great Dane, St Bernard, German shepherd), and osteosarcoma’s typical location in the metaphyseal area adjacent to the growth plate (physis) of long bones.

• #7 Osteosarcoma Risk Factors | Risk Factors for Osteosarcoma | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/osteosarcoma/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  A risk factor is anything that increases your chances of getting a disease such as cancer. Different cancers have different risk factors. […] But these factors usually take many years to influence cancer risk, and they are not thought to play much of a role in cancers that are more common in children, including childhood osteosarcomas. So far, lifestyle-related factors have not been linked to osteosarcomas in adults, either. Still, there are some factors that affect osteosarcoma risk. […] The risk of osteosarcoma is highest for those between the ages of 10 and 30, especially during the teenage growth spurt. This suggests there may be a link between rapid bone growth and risk of tumor formation. […] Children with osteosarcoma are usually tall for their age. This also suggests that osteosarcoma may be related to rapid bone growth.

• #8 Osteosarcoma (Osteogenic Sarcoma) in Children | Phoenix Children’s Hospital

  https://phoenixchildrens.org/specialties-conditions/osteosarcoma-osteogenic-sarcoma-children

  Osteosarcoma is very rare, but it’s the most common kind of bone cancer in children and teens. […] The exact cause is not known. Cancer is caused by changes in the DNA of the cells. In most cases of osteosarcoma, these changes are not passed on from parents to children. They happen by chance. […] A child with certain rare genetic cancer syndromes may be at higher risk of osteosarcoma. Having radiation or chemotherapy treatment for other cancers also increases the risk. […] Other risk factors for osteosarcoma include: Age between 10 and 30 years, Tall height, Being assigned male at birth, Certain bone diseases.

• #9 Osteosarcoma: Symptoms, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/osteosarcoma

  Osteosarcoma is a type of bone cancer. […] Researchers do not fully understand what causes osteosarcoma. However, certain genetic mutations are associated with syndromes that appear to increase the risk of the disease. […] Certain genes are also associated with the development and spread of osteosarcoma. […] Radiation therapy may also increase the risk of osteosarcoma. Individuals who have received this treatment for another condition during childhood have a higher likelihood of developing osteosarcoma at a later stage. […] Future studies are necessary to understand the causes of osteosarcoma. […] Individuals aged 10-30 years have the highest risk of osteosarcoma. […] The disease also seems to have an association with tallness in children, reinforcing the idea that osteosarcoma may have a link with rapid bone growth. […] Additional risk factors include: being female, having a genetic syndrome associated with an increased osteosarcoma risk, undergoing radiation treatment.

• #10 Osteosarcoma Risk Factors | Risk Factors for Osteosarcoma | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/osteosarcoma/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Osteosarcoma is more common in males than in females. […] In the United States, osteosarcoma is slightly more common in African American, Hispanics, and Latino children than in White children. […] People who were treated with radiation therapy for another cancer appear to have a higher risk of later developing osteosarcoma in the area that was exposed to radiation. […] People with certain non-cancerous bone diseases have an increased risk of developing osteosarcoma. […] People with certain rare, inherited cancer syndromes have an increased risk of developing osteosarcoma.

• #11 Osteosarcoma: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, & Prognosis

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/what-is-osteosarcoma

  Osteosarcoma Causes and Risk Factors […] Its still not clear what causes someone to develop osteosarcoma. Possible causes include genetics or DNA changes, environmental factors, and other risk factors. […] Genetic risk factors include: […] Hereditary retinoblastoma, a type of eye cancer that affects children and often occurs around 1 year of age. It increases the risk of osteosarcoma later in life. […] Li-Fraumeni syndrome, a disorder caused by a mutation in the p53 tumor suppressor gene. Up to 3% of children with osteosarcoma have this disorder. They are also at a high risk of developing several other types of cancer at a very early age. […] Rothmund-Thomson syndrome, a disorder caused by a mutation in the RECQL4 gene. Along with an increased risk of osteosarcoma, symptoms include a red face rash that develops in infancy and spreads across the body, abnormalities in bones, nails, and teeth, alopecia, premature cataracts, and chronic gastrointestinal problems. […] Bloom syndrome, a disorder caused by mutations in the BLM gene, which is responsible for maintaining DNA stability during replication. It increases the risk of osteosarcoma and other cancers. Signs include rashes from exposure to ultraviolet light, short stature, and sparse subcutaneous fat (not much fat under the skin that you can pinch). […] Werner syndrome, or adult progeria, is caused by a faulty WRN gene. It causes premature aging, bilateral cataracts, osteoporosis, short stature, scleroderma-like skin changes, and a risk for osteosarcoma. […] Some things may make you more likely to get osteosarcoma, including: […] Age. Teenagers going through a growth spurt are most likely to get it, especially if the growth is happening quickly. Most cases of primary osteosarcoma happen in children between the ages of 10 and 14. Another group, adults over age 65, are more likely to see osteosarcoma as a secondary cancer related to other diseases. People aged 40 and older have worse outcomes than younger adults. […] Gender. Osteosarcoma happens more often in people assigned male at birth. Teen males face the highest risk. […] Height. Taller kids have a higher risk. […] Treatments such as radiation therapy for other types of cancer or cancer medicines called alkylating agents […] Health conditions tied to your genes, such as Pagets disease of the bone, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Rothmund-Thomson syndrome, Bloom syndrome, Werner syndrome, Diamond-Blackfan anemia, or a type of eye cancer called hereditary retinoblastoma. […] Race. Black Americans face the highest risk of osteosarcoma among all ethnic groups. Hispanics are a close second. […] Trauma or injury to the bone, including infection and bone infarction, when theres a lack of blood supply to your bone, killing cells.

• #12 The etiology of osteosarcoma – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20213384/

  Studies to determine the etiology of osteosarcoma involve epidemiologic and environmental factors and genetic impairments. […] Factors related to patient characteristics include age, gender, ethnicity, growth and height, genetic and familial factors, and preexisting bone abnormalities. […] Genetic aberrations that accompany osteosarcoma have received increasing recognition as an important factor in its etiology. […] A genetic predisposition to osteosarcoma is found in patients with hereditary retinoblastoma, characterized by mutation of the retinoblastoma gene RB1 on chromosome 13q14. […] The Li-Fraumeni syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by a high risk of developing osteosarcoma and has been found in up to 3% of children with osteosarcoma. […] Osteosarcoma has also been associated with solitary or multiple osteochondroma, solitary enchondroma or enchondromatosis (Ollier’s disease), multiple hereditary exostoses, fibrous dysplasia, chronic osteomyelitis, sites of bone infarcts, sites of metallic prostheses and sites of prior internal fixation. […] Ionizing radiation is a well-documented etiologic factor. […] Exposure to alkylating agents may also contribute to its development, and it is apparently independent of the administration of radiotherapy.

• #13 Osteosarcoma | Bone Cancer Research Trust

  https://www.bcrt.org.uk/information/information-by-type/osteosarcoma/

  Osteosarcoma is the most common type of primary bone cancer in children and young people, and the second most common overall after chondrosarcoma. […] Although there has been a lot of research into possible causes of osteosarcoma, we still don’t understand what causes osteosarcoma in most cases. However, in 10-15% of people, a possible cause can be identified. […] Genetic predisposition. Damaged genes can be inherited from a person’s parents, making it more likely that a person will develop cancer. For example, Li-Fraumeni Syndrome which is an inherited predisposition to rare cancers due to a change (mutation) to the TP53 gene. […] Underlying bone abnormalities. Bones which already have something wrong with them are more likely to develop bone cancer, such as Paget’s disease of bone. Around 0.1% of patients with Paget’s disease of bone develop osteosarcoma.

• #14 Osteosarcoma | Bone Cancer Research Trust

  https://www.bcrt.org.uk/information/information-by-type/osteosarcoma/

  Retinoblastoma. This is a rare, inherited childhood eye cancer that usually occurs when a baby inherits a damaged copy of a gene called Rb1. In healthy cells this gene acts to stop cells dividing too quickly but if the gene is damaged then the chance of developing cancer increases. Children who have had retinoblastoma have a higher risk of osteosarcoma. […] The only established environmental risk factor is from exposure to ionising radiation from previous radiotherapy treatment for cancer. […] There has been research into other possible environmental risk factors such as exposure to pesticides and previous treatments with chemotherapy drugs, although no links have been shown.

• #15 Bone Cancer Causes and Diagnoses | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/cancer-care/sarcoma-program/bone-cancer/causes-and-diagnoses

  Specialists are unsure of the exact cause of most bone cancers. […] For example, children with hereditary retinoblastoma, a type of eye cancer, have an increased risk of developing osteosarcoma. […] Radiation treatment for other conditions or cancers increases risk of bone cancer at the site of the radiation therapy. […] Some chemotherapy medicines used to treat cancer may increase the risk of developing a secondary cancer, usually osteosarcoma. […] Pagets disease of the bone may lead to osteosarcoma. Other noncancerous bone diseases, such as fibrous dysplasia, may increase the risk of osteosarcoma.

• #16 Osteosarcoma: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1257035-overview

  Genetic predisposition plays a role. Bone dysplasias, including Paget disease, fibrous dysplasia, enchondromatosis, and hereditary multiple exostoses and retinoblastoma (germline form) are risk factors. The combination of constitutional mutation of the RB gene (germline retinoblastoma) and radiation therapy is linked with a particularly high risk of developing osteosarcoma, Li-Fraumeni syndrome (germline p53 mutation), and Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (autosomal recessive association of congenital bone defects, hair and skin dysplasias, hypogonadism, and cataracts). […] The only known environmental risk factor is exposure to radiation. Radiation-induced osteosarcoma is a form of secondary osteosarcoma and is not discussed further in this article.

• #17 Origin and Therapies of Osteosarcoma

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/14/3503

  Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most frequent primary bone tumor, mainly affecting children and young adults. […] The causes of OS are still poorly understood. Its appearance in young populations during growth and its location at the ends of the long bones suggest the involvement of rapid bone production. […] In older patients, risk factors include radiation and chemotherapy for treatment of pre-existing malignancies. A history of Paget’s disease is also present in approximately one third of adult OS cases. OS can also arise from hereditary genetic disorders, such as Li–Fraumeni syndrome, Rothmund–Thomson syndrome, or Werner syndrome. […] OS is a complex and heterogeneous tumor characterized by a high level of genomic instability, aneuploidy and genomic rearrangements, with gains of portions of chromosomes (1p, 1q, 6p, 8q and 17p) or losses of portions of chromosomes (3q, 6q, 9, 10, 13,17p and 18q) in conventional disease, generally corresponding to regions where oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are located, respectively.

• #18

  https://journals.lww.com/clinorthop/fulltext/2002/04000/etiology_of_osteosarcoma.7.aspx

  Although the prognosis and quality of life of patients with osteosarcoma were improved significantly during the past decades, the pathogenesis and etiology of this disease remain obscure. […] Significant interest and effort in this cancer led to the identification of numerous etiologic agents. Several chemical agents such as beryllium, viruses such as FBJ, subsequently found to contain the src-oncogene, and radiation were shown to be potent inducers of osteosarcoma. […] Pagets disease, electrical burn, or trauma all are thought to be other factors that may contribute to the pathogenesis. […] More recently, patients with hereditary diseases such as Rothmund-Thomson syndrome, Bloom syndrome, and Li-Fraumeni syndrome were found to have an increased risk of having osteosarcoma develop. […] During the past few years, the molecular analysis brought a wealth of new information with numerous genes that were associated with osteosarcoma and its clinical disease progression.

• #19 OSTEOSARCOMA | Hand Surgery Resource

  https://www.handsurgeryresource.net/osteosarcoma

  Most osteosarcomas are not caused by inherited mutations, but rather are the result of genetic changes during life. […] Radiation therapy can damage DNA, but other changes are not understood. […] There are no known lifestyle or environmental causes of osteosarcoma. […] Patients with the following are at increased risk of developing osteosarcoma: bone disorders including Paget disease; inherited cancer syndromes including retinoblastoma, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, and Rothmund-Thomson syndrome. […] The risk of developing post-radiation sarcoma is dose dependent.

• #20 Origin and Therapies of Osteosarcoma

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/14/3503

  OS can also arise from inherited genetic disorders, such as Li–Fraumeni syndrome (p53 mutation), or mutation of the gene encoding Rb, but also Rothmund–Thomson (RECQL4 gene mutation), Bloom (BLM) and Werner (WRN) syndromes. […] However, other acquired genetic changes have been described in pathology. […] The TP53 gene is the most mutated gene in human tumors, encoding the p53 protein, a transcription factor regulating cell cycle and apoptosis. In OS, p53 is inactivated by gene mutation or chromosomal rearrangement. […] Between 65% and 90% of OS cases have a mutation in TP53 (point mutation, allelic loss or rearrangement). Another cell cycle regulator Rb (Retinoblastoma protein) is frequently mutated in OS. […] However, the evidence of the contribution of the Rb mutation in OS is not so clear since several studies reported that germline Rb mutation did not cause OS development in mice.

• #21 Origin and Therapies of Osteosarcoma

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/14/3503

  The functions of p53 and Rb can also be affected by the mutation of CDKN2A (cyclin-dependent kinase Inhibitor 2A). […] Hypermethylation of p14ARF and p16INK4 promoters have also been described in OS, resulting in decreased transcription. […] Thus, OS is highly heterogeneous genomically, genetically and epigenetically.

• #22 Osteosarcoma: a comprehensive review | SICOT-J

  https://www.sicot-j.org/articles/sicotj/full_html/2018/01/sicotj170018/sicotj170018.html

  Osteosarcoma (OS) is a primary malignant bone tumor with a worldwide incidence of 3.4 per million people per year. […] OS arises sporadically, with few cases associated with known inherited defects in cell cycle regulation, but about 70% of tumor specimens demonstrating a chromosomal abnormality. These commonly involve mutations in tumor-suppressor genes or in DNA helicases. […] The current treatment of osteosarcoma involves neoadjuvant chemotherapy, wide resection, followed by adjuvant chemotherapy, with strict emphasis on the overall intensity of treatment and resumption of the post-resection chemotherapy as soon as possible.

• #23 Osteosarcoma (Osteogenic Sarcoma): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15041-osteosarcoma

  Osteosarcoma is a type of bone cancer. In the beginning, the cancer cells appear to be regular bone cells. Then, they create malignant (cancerous) tumors, and those tumors create irregular, diseased bone. […] Experts arent certain what causes osteogenic sarcoma. Some causes may include: Rapid bone growth. The risk of osteosarcoma increases during growth spurts. […] Exposure to radiation. Exposure to radiation at work, in the environment or as part of radiation therapy to treat other types of cancer may cause osteogenic sarcoma. […] Genetic factors. A genetic change (mutation) that affects your p53 gene may cause some kinds of cancers, including osteosarcoma. […] Bone infarction. This happens when something cuts off blood supply to your bone tissue. This lack of blood destroys healthy bone cells and may cause cancerous osteogenic sarcoma cells to form.

• #24 Primary Bone Cancer – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/bone/bone-fact-sheet

  Although primary bone cancer does not have a clearly defined cause, researchers have identified several factors that increase the likelihood of developing these tumors. […] Osteosarcoma occurs more frequently in people who have had high-dose external radiation therapy (particularly at the location in the body where the radiation was given) or treatment with certain anticancer drugs, particularly alkylating agents; those treated during childhood are at particular risk. In addition, osteosarcoma develops in a small percentage (approximately 5%) of children undergoing myeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. […] A small number of bone cancers are due to hereditary conditions. For example, children who have had hereditary retinoblastoma (an uncommon cancer of the eye) are at a higher risk of developing osteosarcoma, particularly if they are treated with radiation. Members of families with Li-Fraumeni syndrome are at increased risk of osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma as well as other types of cancer. Additionally, people who have hereditary defects of bones have an increased lifetime risk of developing chondrosarcoma.

• #25 The Etiology of Osteosarcoma | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4419-0284-9_2

  Osteosarcoma has also been associated with solitary or multiple osteochondroma, solitary enchondroma or enchondromatosis (Olliers disease), multiple hereditary exostoses, fibrous dysplasia, chronic osteomyelitis, sites of bone infarcts, sites of metallic prostheses and sites of prior internal fixation. […] Ionizing radiation is a well-documented etiologic factor. […] Osteosarcoma has also been associated with the use of intravenous radium and Thorotrast. […] Exposure to alkylating agents may also contribute to its development, and it is apparently independent of the administration of radiotherapy.

• #26

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bone-cancer/causes/

  In particular, a condition called Paget’s disease of the bone can increase the risk of bone cancer in people over 50 to 60 years of age. […] Rarer conditions that cause tumours to grow in your bones, such as Ollier’s disease, can also increase your risk of bone cancer. […] A rare genetic condition called Li-Fraumeni syndrome can increase your risk of developing bone cancer, as well as several other types of cancer. […] People who had a rare type of eye cancer called retinoblastoma as a child may be more likely to develop bone cancer, because the same inherited faulty gene can be responsible for both conditions. […] Research has also found that babies born with an umbilical hernia are 3 times more likely to develop a type of bone cancer called Ewing sarcoma, although the risk is still very small.

• #27 Risks and causes of bone cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/bone-cancer/risks-causes

  Osteosarcoma is more common in adolescents (10 to 19 years). It seems to be linked to the growth of the bones during puberty. […] People with Paget disease have an increased risk of getting osteosarcoma. Paget disease is a condition where new bone replaces old bones at a faster than normal rate. […] A condition called Li-Fraumeni syndrome runs in families. It is caused by a gene fault inherited from your parents. If you have Li-Fraumeni syndrome, you have an increased risk of several cancers, including osteosarcoma. […] Children with this gene fault also have an increased risk of osteosarcoma. […] The following syndromes are also risk factors for osteosarcoma: Werner syndrome, RothmundThomson syndrome, Bloom syndrome, Diamond Blackfan anaemia.

• #28 Osteosarcoma | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/osteosarcoma?lang=us

  Osteosarcomas are malignant bone-forming tumors. They can be classified into primary and secondary forms, as well as histologic types, of which conventional osteosarcoma is the most common. […] Secondary osteosarcoma occurs in the elderly, usually secondary to malignant degeneration of Paget disease, extensive bone infarcts, post-radiotherapy for other conditions, osteochondroma, and osteoblastoma. […] Associations include Paget disease of bone, irradiation, retinoblastoma, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Rothmund-Thomson syndrome, fibrous dysplasia (more common in the polyostotic form), and Mazabraud syndrome (rare).

• #29 Osteosarcoma (Osteogenic Sarcoma) | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/26391

  The etiology of osteosarcoma is currently unknown; studies traditionally have focused on multiple risk factors, including genetic predisposition, epidemiology, and the environment. Osteosarcomatous lesions typically demonstrate complex karyotypic mutations; several genetic aberrations have been identified in primary osteosarcoma. These mutations and their associated syndromes include: […] Secondary osteosarcoma is associated most commonly with Paget disease of bone and radiation exposure. Osteosarcoma has been induced in animal models with beryllium, alkylating agents, the Finkel-Biskis-Jinkins (FBJ) virus, and the Rous sarcoma virus. Case reports correlating an osteosarcoma diagnosis with a history of electrical burns, trauma, and joint arthroplasty have also been documented.

• #30 Osteosarcoma | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-children/osteosarcoma/

  Osteosarcoma is a type of bone cancer. […] There has been a lot of research into the causes of osteosarcoma but, like most childhood cancers, a definite cause is unknown. There are a few risk factors that have been associated with osteosarcoma. Children who have hereditary retinoblastoma (a rare tumour of the eye) have an increased risk of developing osteosarcoma. Children who have previously had radiotherapy and chemotherapy also have an increased risk of developing osteosarcoma. It is not caused by injuries or damage to the bone, although an injury may draw attention to a bone tumour.

• #31 Osteosarcoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteosarcoma

  Li-Fraumeni syndrome (germline TP53 mutation) is a predisposing factor for osteosarcoma development. […] Rothmund-Thomson syndrome is associated with increased risk of this disease. […] Large doses of Sr-90, nicknamed bone seeker, increases the risk of bone cancer and leukemia in animals and is presumed to do so in people. […] There is no clear association between water fluoridation and cancer or deaths due to cancer, both for cancer in general and also specifically for bone cancer and osteosarcoma. […] Fluoridation of water has been practiced around the world to improve citizens’ dental health. […] Yet, further research shows no osteosarcoma risks from fluoridated water in humans. […] The statistic analysis of the data shows no significant difference in occurrences of osteosarcoma cases in different fluoridated regions. […] The result is that the median fluoride concentrations in bone samples of osteosarcoma patients and tumor controls are not significantly different. […] Fluoride exposures of osteosarcoma patients are also proven to be not significantly different from healthy people.

• #32 Osteosarcoma

  https://healthlibrary.brighamandwomens.org/conditions/Diabetes/NewsRecent/85,P00127

  Osteosarcoma is the most common type of bone cancer that often develops in the osteoblast cells that form new bone. The exact cause of osteosarcoma is not known. But it is believed to be due to DNA changes (mutations) inside bone cells. These are either inherited or acquired after birth. […] Risk factors for osteosarcoma include: Teenage growth spurts, Being tall for a specific age, Having treatment with radiation for another cancer, especially at a young age or with high doses of radiation, Some noncancer (benign) bone diseases, Having treatment with specific types of chemotherapy for another cancer. […] Genetics also plays a role in risk. Risk factors also include certain rare, inherited disorders, such as: Li-Fraumeni syndrome. A rare family predisposition to multiple types of cancers (such as soft tissue sarcomas, breast cancer, brain tumors, osteosarcoma, and others) caused by a mutation in a gene often the p53 tumor-suppressor gene that normally curbs the development of cancer.

• #33 Etiology of Osteosarcoma | CoLab

  https://colab.ws/articles/10.1097%2F00003086-200204000-00007

  Although the prognosis and quality of life of patients with osteosarcoma were improved significantly during the past decades, the pathogenesis and etiology of this disease remain obscure. […] Significant interest and effort in this cancer led to the identification of numerous etiologic agents. Several chemical agents such as beryllium, viruses such as FBJ, subsequently found to contain the src-oncogene, and radiation were shown to be potent inducers of osteosarcoma. […] Paget’s disease, electrical burn, or trauma all are thought to be other factors that may contribute to the pathogenesis. […] More recently, patients with hereditary diseases such as Rothmund-Thomson syndrome, Bloom syndrome, and Li-Fraumeni syndrome were found to have an increased risk of having osteosarcoma develop. […] During the past few years, the molecular analysis brought a wealth of new information with numerous genes that were associated with osteosarcoma and its clinical disease progression. They can be categorized into self-sufficiency in growth signals, insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals, evasion of apoptosis, limitless replicative potential, sustained angiogenesis, and tissue evasion and metastasis. […] Although the understanding of these processes in osteosarcoma still is incomplete, it may have the potential to significantly affect the patient care in the future.

• #34 What Is Generally Known About Osteocarcoma? | Osteosarcoma Collaborative

  https://oscollaborative.org/what-is-generally-known-about-osteocarcoma/

  What causes osteosarcoma? Or what series of events cause osteosarcoma? No one knows. […] The bottom line is that no one really understands this disease or knows very much about it at all. […] This lack of knowledge and understanding of the disease causes the medical profession to give up, not because they want to and certainly not maliciously, but because they have so many other pressing concerns and issues, and “easier” cancers for which they can advance treatment apparently much more easily. […] Osteosarcoma has been a very well-oiled wheel, and consequently it has gotten little attention.

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