Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Osteosarcoma: Epidemiology, pathology, clinical presentation, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/osteosarcoma-epidemiology-pathogenesis-clinical-presentation-diagnosis-and-histology

  Osteosarcoma is an uncommon tumor and accounts for less than 1 percent of all cancers diagnosed annually in the United States and 2 percent of all childhood cancers. […] The epidemiology, pathology, clinical presentation, and diagnosis of osteosarcoma are reviewed here. […] Osteosarcoma incidence by disease sequence based on the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results 9 database, 1973 to 2004.

• #2 The epidemiology of osteosarcoma – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20213383/

  Osteosarcoma derives from primitive bone-forming mesenchymal cells and is the most common primary bone malignancy. The incidence rates and 95% confidence intervals of osteosarcoma for all races and both sexes are 4.0 (3.5-4.6) for the range 0-14 years and 5.0 (4.6-5.6) for the range 0-19 years per year per million persons. Among childhood cancers, osteosarcoma occurs eighth in general incidence and in the following order: leukemia (30%), brain and other nervous system cancers (22.3%), neuroblastoma (7.3%), Wilms tumor (5.6%), Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (4.5%), rhabdomyosarcoma (3.1%), retinoblastoma (2.8%), osteosarcoma (2.4%), and Ewing sarcoma (1.4%). The incidence rates of childhood and adolescent osteosarcoma with 95% confidence intervals areas follows: Blacks, 6.8/year/million; Hispanics, 6.5/year/million; and Caucasians, 4.6/year/million. Osteosarcoma has a bimodal age distribution, having the first peak during adolescence and the second peak in older adulthood. The first peak is in the 10-14-year-old age group, coinciding with the pubertal growth spurt. This suggests a close relationship between the adolescent growth spurt and osteosarcoma. The second osteosarcoma peak is in adults older than 65 years of age; it is more likely to represent a second malignancy, frequently related to Paget’s disease. The incidence of osteosarcoma has always been considered to be higher in males than in females, occurring at a rate of 5.4 per million persons per year in males vs. 4.0 per million in females, with a higher incidence in blacks (6.8 per million persons per year) and Hispanics (6.5 per million), than in whites (4.6 per million). Osteosarcoma commonly occurs in the long bones of the extremities near the metaphyseal growth plates. The most common sites are the femur (42%, with 75% of tumors in the distal femur), the tibia (19%, with 80% of tumors in the proximal tibia), and the humerus (10%, with 90% of tumors in the proximal humerus). Other likely locations are the skull or jaw (8%) and the pelvis (8%). Cancer deaths due to bone and joint malignant neoplasms represent 8.9% of all childhood and adolescent cancer deaths. Death rates for osteosarcoma have been declining by about 1.3% per year. The overall 5-year survival rate for osteosarcoma is 68%, without significant gender difference. The age of the patient is correlated with the survival, with the poorest survival among older patients. Complete surgical excision is important to ensure an optimum outcome. Tumor staging, presence of metastases, local recurrence, chemotherapy regimen, anatomic location, size of the tumor, and percentage of tumor cells destroyed after neoadjuvant chemotherapy have effects on the outcome.

• #3 Osteosarcoma: a comprehensive review | SICOT-J

  https://www.sicot-j.org/articles/sicotj/full_html/2018/01/sicotj170018/sicotj170018.html

  Osteosarcoma (OS) is a primary malignant bone tumor with a worldwide incidence of 3.4 per million people per year. […] OS is the third most common cancer in adolescence, with only lymphomas and brain tumors being more prevalent, and with an annual incidence of 5.6 cases per million children under the age of 15. […] Peak incidence is in the second decade of life. […] OS arises sporadically, with few cases associated with known inherited defects in cell cycle regulation, but about 70% of tumor specimens demonstrating a chromosomal abnormality.

• #4 The epidemiology of osteosarcoma – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20213383/

  Osteosarcoma derives from primitive bone-forming mesenchymal cells and is the most common primary bone malignancy. The incidence rates and 95% confidence intervals of osteosarcoma for all races and both sexes are 4.0 (3.5-4.6) for the range 0-14 years and 5.0 (4.6-5.6) for the range 0-19 years per year per million persons. Among childhood cancers, osteosarcoma occurs eighth in general incidence and in the following order: leukemia (30%), brain and other nervous system cancers (22.3%), neuroblastoma (7.3%), Wilms tumor (5.6%), Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (4.5%), rhabdomyosarcoma (3.1%), retinoblastoma (2.8%), osteosarcoma (2.4%), and Ewing sarcoma (1.4%). The incidence rates of childhood and adolescent osteosarcoma with 95% confidence intervals areas follows: Blacks, 6.8/year/million; Hispanics, 6.5/year/million; and Caucasians, 4.6/year/million. Osteosarcoma has a bimodal age distribution, having the first peak during adolescence and the second peak in older adulthood. The first peak is in the 10-14-year-old age group, coinciding with the pubertal growth spurt. This suggests a close relationship between the adolescent growth spurt and osteosarcoma. The second osteosarcoma peak is in adults older than 65 years of age; it is more likely to represent a second malignancy, frequently related to Paget’s disease. The incidence of osteosarcoma has always been considered to be higher in males than in females, occurring at a rate of 5.4 per million persons per year in males vs. 4.0 per million in females, with a higher incidence in blacks (6.8 per million persons per year) and Hispanics (6.5 per million), than in whites (4.6 per million). Osteosarcoma commonly occurs in the long bones of the extremities near the metaphyseal growth plates. The most common sites are the femur (42%, with 75% of tumors in the distal femur), the tibia (19%, with 80% of tumors in the proximal tibia), and the humerus (10%, with 90% of tumors in the proximal humerus). Other likely locations are the skull or jaw (8%) and the pelvis (8%). Cancer deaths due to bone and joint malignant neoplasms represent 8.9% of all childhood and adolescent cancer deaths. Death rates for osteosarcoma have been declining by about 1.3% per year. The overall 5-year survival rate for osteosarcoma is 68%, without significant gender difference. The age of the patient is correlated with the survival, with the poorest survival among older patients. Complete surgical excision is important to ensure an optimum outcome. Tumor staging, presence of metastases, local recurrence, chemotherapy regimen, anatomic location, size of the tumor, and percentage of tumor cells destroyed after neoadjuvant chemotherapy have effects on the outcome.

• #5 The Epidemiology of Osteosarcoma | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4419-0284-9_1

  Osteosarcoma derives from primitive bone-forming mesenchymal cells and is the most common primary bone malignancy. The incidence rates and 95% confidence intervals of osteosarcoma for all races and both sexes are 4.0 (3.5-4.6) for the range 0-14 years and 5.0 (4.6-5.6) for the range 0-19 years per year per million persons. Among childhood cancers, osteosarcoma occurs eighth in general incidence and in the following order: leukemia (30%), brain and other nervous system cancers (22.3%), neuroblastoma (7.3%), Wilms tumor (5.6%), Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (4.5%), rhabdomyosarcoma (3.1%), retinoblastoma (2.8%), osteosarcoma (2.4%), and Ewing sarcoma (1.4%). The incidence rates of childhood and adolescent osteosarcoma with 95% confidence intervals are as follows: Blacks, 6.8/year/million; Hispanics, 6.5/year/million; and Caucasians, 4.6/year/million. Osteosarcoma has a bimodal age distribution, having the first peak during adolescence and the second peak in older adulthood. The first peak is in the 10-14-year-old age group, coinciding with the pubertal growth spurt. This suggests a close relationship between the adolescent growth spurt and osteosarcoma. The second osteosarcoma peak is in adults older than 65 years of age; it is more likely to represent a second malignancy, frequently related to Paget’s disease. The incidence of osteosarcoma has always been considered to be higher in males than in females, occurring at a rate of 5.4 per million persons per year in males vs. 4.0 per million in females, with a higher incidence in blacks (6.8 per million persons per year) and Hispanics (6.5 per million), than in whites (4.6 per million). Cancer deaths due to bone and joint malignant neoplasms represent 8.9% of all childhood and adolescent cancer deaths. Death rates for osteosarcoma have been declining by about 1.3% per year. The overall 5-year survival rate for osteosarcoma is 68%, without significant gender difference. The age of the patient is correlated with the survival, with the poorest survival among older patients. Complete surgical excision is important to ensure an optimum outcome. Tumor staging, presence of metastases, local recurrence, chemotherapy regimen, anatomic location, size of the tumor, and percentage of tumor cells destroyed after neoadjuvant chemotherapy have effects on the outcome.

• #6 The Epidemiology of Osteosarcoma | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4419-0284-9_1

  Osteosarcoma derives from primitive bone-forming mesenchymal cells and is the most common primary bone malignancy. The incidence rates and 95% confidence intervals of osteosarcoma for all races and both sexes are 4.0 (3.5-4.6) for the range 0-14 years and 5.0 (4.6-5.6) for the range 0-19 years per year per million persons. Among childhood cancers, osteosarcoma occurs eighth in general incidence and in the following order: leukemia (30%), brain and other nervous system cancers (22.3%), neuroblastoma (7.3%), Wilms tumor (5.6%), Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (4.5%), rhabdomyosarcoma (3.1%), retinoblastoma (2.8%), osteosarcoma (2.4%), and Ewing sarcoma (1.4%). The incidence rates of childhood and adolescent osteosarcoma with 95% confidence intervals are as follows: Blacks, 6.8/year/million; Hispanics, 6.5/year/million; and Caucasians, 4.6/year/million. Osteosarcoma has a bimodal age distribution, having the first peak during adolescence and the second peak in older adulthood. The first peak is in the 10-14-year-old age group, coinciding with the pubertal growth spurt. This suggests a close relationship between the adolescent growth spurt and osteosarcoma. The second osteosarcoma peak is in adults older than 65 years of age; it is more likely to represent a second malignancy, frequently related to Paget’s disease. The incidence of osteosarcoma has always been considered to be higher in males than in females, occurring at a rate of 5.4 per million persons per year in males vs. 4.0 per million in females, with a higher incidence in blacks (6.8 per million persons per year) and Hispanics (6.5 per million), than in whites (4.6 per million). Cancer deaths due to bone and joint malignant neoplasms represent 8.9% of all childhood and adolescent cancer deaths. Death rates for osteosarcoma have been declining by about 1.3% per year. The overall 5-year survival rate for osteosarcoma is 68%, without significant gender difference. The age of the patient is correlated with the survival, with the poorest survival among older patients. Complete surgical excision is important to ensure an optimum outcome. Tumor staging, presence of metastases, local recurrence, chemotherapy regimen, anatomic location, size of the tumor, and percentage of tumor cells destroyed after neoadjuvant chemotherapy have effects on the outcome.

• #7 Osteosarcoma: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1256857-overview

  Osteosarcoma, the most common malignant bone tumor, is a deadly form of musculoskeletal cancer that most commonly causes patients to die of pulmonary metastatic disease. […] In the United States, the incidence of osteosarcoma has been cited at 3.1 per million (4.4 per million population 25 y). The National Cancer Institute (NCI) Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Pediatric Monograph 1973-2004 found the incidence to be slightly higher in Blacks than in Whites, as follows: Blacks 3.4 cases per million per year (5.0 per million 25 y); Whites 3.0 cases per million per year (4.2 per million 25 y). […] The incidence of osteosarcoma is slightly higher in males than in females. According to SEER data, the average male-to-female ratio is 1.22:1. […] Osteosarcoma is very rare in young children (0.5 cases per million per year in children 5 y). However, the incidence increases steadily with age, rising more dramatically in adolescence in correspondence with the adolescent growth spurt, as follows: Age 5-9 years 2.6 (Black) or 2.1 (White) cases per million per year; Age 10-14 years 8.3 (Black) or 7 (White) cases per million per year; Age 15-19 years 8.9 (Black) or 8.2 (White) cases per million per year. […] A second peak of incidence exists in individuals older than 60 years.

• #8 Osteosarcoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteosarcoma

  Osteosarcoma is the eighth-most common form of childhood cancer, comprising 2.4% of all malignancies in pediatric patients, and about 20% of all primary bone cancers. […] Incidence rates for osteosarcoma in U.S. patients under 20 years of age are estimated at 5.0 per million per year in the general population, with a slight variation between individuals of black, Hispanic, and white ethnicities (6.8, 6.5, and 4.6 per million per year, respectively). It is slightly more common in males (5.4 per million per year) than in females (4.0 per million per year). […] It originates more frequently in the metaphyseal region of tubular long bones, with 42% occurring in the femur, 19% in the tibia, and 10% in the humerus. About 8% of all cases occur in the skull and jaw, and another 8% in the pelvis. […] Around 300 of the 900 people diagnosed in the United States will die each year. A second peak in incidence occurs in the elderly, usually associated with an underlying bone pathology such as Paget’s disease of bone.

• #9 EPR23-084: Bimodal Distribution of Osteosarcoma: A Thing of the Past? Comparative Analysis From Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) and National Inpatient Sample (NIS) in: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Volume 21 Issue

  https://jnccn.org/abstract/journals/jnccn/21/3.5/article-pEPR23-084.xml

  Osteosarcoma is the most common malignant tumor of the bones. It is classically reported as having a bimodal age distribution for incidence, with peaks in early adolescence and late adulthood. However, the evidence for this description dates back multiple decades with a scarcity of recent studies. We sought to identify whether this bimodal distribution for osteosarcoma still exists using two large United States databases. […] No strong second peak in incidence was found in the SEER data, as no single age group from 40+ years held a consistent maximum from 1975-2018. Similarly there was no bimodal distribution of tumors of the long bones of the lower limbs in the NIS 2012-2018. This may be due to increased use of bisphosphonates in recent years for the treatment of Paget’s disease, leading to a decline in late-age bone tumors. Our research points to a need to revise our current literature and knowledge about the age distribution of osteosarcoma.

• #10 Osteosarcoma: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1256857-overview

  Osteosarcoma, the most common malignant bone tumor, is a deadly form of musculoskeletal cancer that most commonly causes patients to die of pulmonary metastatic disease. […] In the United States, the incidence of osteosarcoma has been cited at 3.1 per million (4.4 per million population 25 y). The National Cancer Institute (NCI) Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Pediatric Monograph 1973-2004 found the incidence to be slightly higher in Blacks than in Whites, as follows: Blacks 3.4 cases per million per year (5.0 per million 25 y); Whites 3.0 cases per million per year (4.2 per million 25 y). […] The incidence of osteosarcoma is slightly higher in males than in females. According to SEER data, the average male-to-female ratio is 1.22:1. […] Osteosarcoma is very rare in young children (0.5 cases per million per year in children 5 y). However, the incidence increases steadily with age, rising more dramatically in adolescence in correspondence with the adolescent growth spurt, as follows: Age 5-9 years 2.6 (Black) or 2.1 (White) cases per million per year; Age 10-14 years 8.3 (Black) or 7 (White) cases per million per year; Age 15-19 years 8.9 (Black) or 8.2 (White) cases per million per year. […] A second peak of incidence exists in individuals older than 60 years.

• #11

  https://www.pqwu.com.tw/article_d.php?lang=en&tb=3&id=954

  Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant osteoma in adolescents and children. However, compared to tumors in other organs, musculoskeletal tumors are not very likely to occur. According to the American Cancer Society statistics, there are about 2,800 new cases in the United States each year, which is less than two-thousandths of all malignant tumors. There are approximately 100 new annual cases in Taiwan, and about 70% of the patients are treated in Taipei Veterans General Hospital. […] Men are generally more likely to have osteosarcoma than women, at a rate of about six to four. […] The age at osteosarcoma occurrence is biphasic. Most cases are adolescents between the ages of 10 and 25, while a smaller proportion is elder people aged 60 to 80. However, because osteosarcoma is more likely to occur in adolescents aged 10 to 25, it often brings other struggling problems to physicians, patients, and family members compared to other tumors.

• #12 The Epidemiology of Osteosarcoma | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4419-0284-9_1

  Osteosarcoma derives from primitive bone-forming mesenchymal cells and is the most common primary bone malignancy. The incidence rates and 95% confidence intervals of osteosarcoma for all races and both sexes are 4.0 (3.5-4.6) for the range 0-14 years and 5.0 (4.6-5.6) for the range 0-19 years per year per million persons. Among childhood cancers, osteosarcoma occurs eighth in general incidence and in the following order: leukemia (30%), brain and other nervous system cancers (22.3%), neuroblastoma (7.3%), Wilms tumor (5.6%), Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (4.5%), rhabdomyosarcoma (3.1%), retinoblastoma (2.8%), osteosarcoma (2.4%), and Ewing sarcoma (1.4%). The incidence rates of childhood and adolescent osteosarcoma with 95% confidence intervals are as follows: Blacks, 6.8/year/million; Hispanics, 6.5/year/million; and Caucasians, 4.6/year/million. Osteosarcoma has a bimodal age distribution, having the first peak during adolescence and the second peak in older adulthood. The first peak is in the 10-14-year-old age group, coinciding with the pubertal growth spurt. This suggests a close relationship between the adolescent growth spurt and osteosarcoma. The second osteosarcoma peak is in adults older than 65 years of age; it is more likely to represent a second malignancy, frequently related to Paget’s disease. The incidence of osteosarcoma has always been considered to be higher in males than in females, occurring at a rate of 5.4 per million persons per year in males vs. 4.0 per million in females, with a higher incidence in blacks (6.8 per million persons per year) and Hispanics (6.5 per million), than in whites (4.6 per million). Cancer deaths due to bone and joint malignant neoplasms represent 8.9% of all childhood and adolescent cancer deaths. Death rates for osteosarcoma have been declining by about 1.3% per year. The overall 5-year survival rate for osteosarcoma is 68%, without significant gender difference. The age of the patient is correlated with the survival, with the poorest survival among older patients. Complete surgical excision is important to ensure an optimum outcome. Tumor staging, presence of metastases, local recurrence, chemotherapy regimen, anatomic location, size of the tumor, and percentage of tumor cells destroyed after neoadjuvant chemotherapy have effects on the outcome.

• #13 Osteosarcoma | Bone Cancer Research Trust

  https://www.bcrt.org.uk/information/information-by-type/osteosarcoma/

  Osteosarcoma is the most common type of primary bone cancer in children and young people, and the second most common overall after chondrosarcoma. […] In the UK around 160 people are diagnosed with osteosarcoma each year. This is fewer than 3 people out of every million people in the population. This is known as the 'incidence rate’ (2.6 per 1,000,000 people). […] Osteosarcomas affect males slightly more than females (approximately 1.4 times more often). […] Osteosarcoma tends to occur at an earlier age in girls than in boys. This may be because girls have a growth spurt at a slightly earlier age. […] The Bone Cancer Research Trust is trying to find ways to make the time between the start of symptoms and getting the diagnosis much shorter. Our 2020 Patient Survey report is the most comprehensive analysis of presenting symptoms and routes to diagnosis for primary bone cancers & tumours in the UK to date. This is our evidence base on which we will focus our awareness objectives moving forward. […] Our analysis found that patients wait, on average, more than 7 months and make 8 visits to the multiple healthcare professionals before receiving an accurate diagnosis.

• #14 The Epidemiology of Osteosarcoma | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4419-0284-9_1

  Osteosarcoma derives from primitive bone-forming mesenchymal cells and is the most common primary bone malignancy. The incidence rates and 95% confidence intervals of osteosarcoma for all races and both sexes are 4.0 (3.5-4.6) for the range 0-14 years and 5.0 (4.6-5.6) for the range 0-19 years per year per million persons. Among childhood cancers, osteosarcoma occurs eighth in general incidence and in the following order: leukemia (30%), brain and other nervous system cancers (22.3%), neuroblastoma (7.3%), Wilms tumor (5.6%), Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (4.5%), rhabdomyosarcoma (3.1%), retinoblastoma (2.8%), osteosarcoma (2.4%), and Ewing sarcoma (1.4%). The incidence rates of childhood and adolescent osteosarcoma with 95% confidence intervals are as follows: Blacks, 6.8/year/million; Hispanics, 6.5/year/million; and Caucasians, 4.6/year/million. Osteosarcoma has a bimodal age distribution, having the first peak during adolescence and the second peak in older adulthood. The first peak is in the 10-14-year-old age group, coinciding with the pubertal growth spurt. This suggests a close relationship between the adolescent growth spurt and osteosarcoma. The second osteosarcoma peak is in adults older than 65 years of age; it is more likely to represent a second malignancy, frequently related to Paget’s disease. The incidence of osteosarcoma has always been considered to be higher in males than in females, occurring at a rate of 5.4 per million persons per year in males vs. 4.0 per million in females, with a higher incidence in blacks (6.8 per million persons per year) and Hispanics (6.5 per million), than in whites (4.6 per million). Cancer deaths due to bone and joint malignant neoplasms represent 8.9% of all childhood and adolescent cancer deaths. Death rates for osteosarcoma have been declining by about 1.3% per year. The overall 5-year survival rate for osteosarcoma is 68%, without significant gender difference. The age of the patient is correlated with the survival, with the poorest survival among older patients. Complete surgical excision is important to ensure an optimum outcome. Tumor staging, presence of metastases, local recurrence, chemotherapy regimen, anatomic location, size of the tumor, and percentage of tumor cells destroyed after neoadjuvant chemotherapy have effects on the outcome.

• #15 Osteosarcoma epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Osteosarcoma_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The incidence of osteosarcoma in Europe is similar with that in the US. […] Osteosarcoma originates more frequently in the metaphyseal region of tubular long bones, with 42% occurring in the femur, 19% in the tibia, 10% in the humerus, 8% in the skull and jaw, and another 8% in the pelvis. […] Osteosarcoma is slightly more common in males with a reported male-to-female ratio of around 1.5:1 to 2:1. […] The incidence of osteosarcoma increases with age: In patients younger than 5 years diagnosed in about 1% of cases. […] Osteosarcoma is slightly higher in african americans than in caucasians. […] The annual incidence in african american population 5.2 cases per million population younger than 20 years. […] The annual incidence in caucasians population 4.6 cases per million population younger than 20 years.

• #16 Epidemiology and risk factors of osteosarcoma

  https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/4416346/epidemiology-and-risk-factors-of-osteosarcoma

  Osteosarcoma is a rare tumor diagnosed at any age; however younger age is a common risk factor. […] In addition, multiple factors are believed to contribute to higher rates of osteosarcoma, particularly race and gender. […] Although diagnosed worldwide, osteosarcoma is found to be more prevalent in Africa with high numbers of cases reported in Nigeria, Uganda, and Sudan. […] Additionally, higher rates are detected in African Americans, suggesting a genetic predisposition linked to race. […] This review focuses on identifying high risk factors of osteosarcoma with an emphasis on sarcoma epidemiology and risk factors in African countries.

• #17 (PDF) Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Osteosarcoma

  https://www.academia.edu/81004808/Epidemiology_and_Risk_Factors_of_Osteosarcoma

  Osteosarcoma is a rare tumor diagnosed at any age; however younger age is a common risk factor. […] Although diagnosed worldwide, osteosarcoma is found to be more prevalent in Africa with high numbers of cases reported in Nigeria, Uganda, and Sudan. […] Additionally, higher rates are detected in African Americans, suggesting a genetic predisposition linked to race. […] This comprehensive, population-based description of osteosarcoma identified important differences in incidence, survival, pathologic subtype, and anatomic site among age groups, and quantified the impact of osteosarcoma in patients with Paget disease or as a second cancer on incidence and mortality rates. […] Osteosarcoma occurs most commonly in children and young adults, with a historic second incidence peak in the elderly.

• #18 The Epidemiology of Osteosarcoma | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4419-0284-9_1

  Osteosarcoma derives from primitive bone-forming mesenchymal cells and is the most common primary bone malignancy. The incidence rates and 95% confidence intervals of osteosarcoma for all races and both sexes are 4.0 (3.5-4.6) for the range 0-14 years and 5.0 (4.6-5.6) for the range 0-19 years per year per million persons. Among childhood cancers, osteosarcoma occurs eighth in general incidence and in the following order: leukemia (30%), brain and other nervous system cancers (22.3%), neuroblastoma (7.3%), Wilms tumor (5.6%), Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (4.5%), rhabdomyosarcoma (3.1%), retinoblastoma (2.8%), osteosarcoma (2.4%), and Ewing sarcoma (1.4%). The incidence rates of childhood and adolescent osteosarcoma with 95% confidence intervals are as follows: Blacks, 6.8/year/million; Hispanics, 6.5/year/million; and Caucasians, 4.6/year/million. Osteosarcoma has a bimodal age distribution, having the first peak during adolescence and the second peak in older adulthood. The first peak is in the 10-14-year-old age group, coinciding with the pubertal growth spurt. This suggests a close relationship between the adolescent growth spurt and osteosarcoma. The second osteosarcoma peak is in adults older than 65 years of age; it is more likely to represent a second malignancy, frequently related to Paget’s disease. The incidence of osteosarcoma has always been considered to be higher in males than in females, occurring at a rate of 5.4 per million persons per year in males vs. 4.0 per million in females, with a higher incidence in blacks (6.8 per million persons per year) and Hispanics (6.5 per million), than in whites (4.6 per million). Cancer deaths due to bone and joint malignant neoplasms represent 8.9% of all childhood and adolescent cancer deaths. Death rates for osteosarcoma have been declining by about 1.3% per year. The overall 5-year survival rate for osteosarcoma is 68%, without significant gender difference. The age of the patient is correlated with the survival, with the poorest survival among older patients. Complete surgical excision is important to ensure an optimum outcome. Tumor staging, presence of metastases, local recurrence, chemotherapy regimen, anatomic location, size of the tumor, and percentage of tumor cells destroyed after neoadjuvant chemotherapy have effects on the outcome.

• #19 Osteosarcoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteosarcoma

  Osteosarcoma is the eighth-most common form of childhood cancer, comprising 2.4% of all malignancies in pediatric patients, and about 20% of all primary bone cancers. […] Incidence rates for osteosarcoma in U.S. patients under 20 years of age are estimated at 5.0 per million per year in the general population, with a slight variation between individuals of black, Hispanic, and white ethnicities (6.8, 6.5, and 4.6 per million per year, respectively). It is slightly more common in males (5.4 per million per year) than in females (4.0 per million per year). […] It originates more frequently in the metaphyseal region of tubular long bones, with 42% occurring in the femur, 19% in the tibia, and 10% in the humerus. About 8% of all cases occur in the skull and jaw, and another 8% in the pelvis. […] Around 300 of the 900 people diagnosed in the United States will die each year. A second peak in incidence occurs in the elderly, usually associated with an underlying bone pathology such as Paget’s disease of bone.

• #20 Key Statistics for Osteosarcoma | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/osteosarcoma/about/key-statistics.html

  Osteosarcoma is not a common cancer. Each year, about 1,000 new cases of osteosarcoma are diagnosed in the United States. About half of these are in children and teens. […] Most osteosarcomas occur in children, teens, and young adults between the ages of 10 and 30. Teens are the most commonly affected age group, but people of any age can develop osteosarcoma. About 1 in 10 osteosarcomas occur in people older than 60. […] About 2% of childhood cancers are osteosarcomas, but they make up a much smaller percentage of adult cancers. […] Wang LL, Gebhardt MC, Rainusso N. Osteosarcoma: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and histology. UpToDate. Accessed at www.uptodate.com/contents/osteosarcoma-epidemiology-pathogenesis-clinical-presentation-diagnosis-and-histology on July 22, 2020.

• #21 Osteosarcoma | Concise Medical Knowledge

  https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/osteosarcoma/

  Osteosarcoma is a primary malignant tumor characterized by the production of osteoid or immature bone by the tumor cells. The disease is most common in children and young adults and most frequently affects growth plates of the long bones, although it can involve any bone. […] Osteosarcoma: […] – Most common primary malignancy of the bone […] – 750-900 cases diagnosed annually in the United States […] – Bimodal age distribution: most frequently diagnosed in the 2nd or 3rd decade of life; second small peak in adults 65 […] Primary malignant bone tumors: […] – 6th most common neoplasm in children […] – 3rd most common neoplasm in adolescents and young adults […] – Approximately 3,000 primary malignant bone tumors are diagnosed annually in the United States […] – Approximately 1,500 deaths result from primary malignant bone tumors annually

• #22 Descriptive Epidemiology of Osteosarcoma via Population-Based Registries – NCI

  https://dceg.cancer.gov/research/cancer-types/bone/descriptive-epidemiology-osteosarcoma-population-registries

  Osteosarcoma, the most common primary bone tumor, occurs most frequently in adolescents, but there is a second incidence peak among individuals aged 60 and older. Investigators have published several analyses of cancer registry data from the National Cancer Institute’s population-based Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program from U.S. (SEER) and international cancer registries, to characterize the descriptive epidemiology of osteosarcoma. […] From NCI/SEER, investigators identified frequency, incidence, and survival rates for 3,482 patients with osteosarcoma diagnosed between 1973 and 2004. […] In this comprehensive, population-based description of osteosarcoma, investigators identified important differences in incidence, survival, pathologic subtype, and anatomic site among age groups, and quantified the impact of osteosarcoma in patients with Paget disease or as a second cancer on incidence and mortality rates.

• #23 Epidemiology and nomogram of pediatric and young adulthood osteosarcoma patients with synchronous lung metastasis: A SEER analysis | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0288492

  Patients with osteosarcoma and synchronous lung metastasis (SLM) have poor survival. This study aimed to explore the epidemiology data and construct a predictive nomogram to identify cases at risk of SLM occurrence among pediatric and young adulthood osteosarcoma patients. […] The ASIR increased significant from 0.46 to 0.66 per 1,000,000 person-years from year 2010 to 2019, with an annual percentage change of 3.5, mainly in patients with age 10-19 years, male and appendicular location. […] A total of 278 out of 1965 patients (14.1%) presented with SLM at diagnosis. […] This study performed a comprehensive analysis regarding pediatric and young adulthood osteosarcoma patients had SLM. […] Approximately 14.1% of pediatric and young adulthood osteosarcoma patients had SLM at diagnosis. The incidence of this population increased slightly with statistical significance in last decade, mainly in patients with age 10-19 years, male and appendicular location. The survival of these patients was poor, and age, gender, positive lymph nodes, other SSM were associated prognostic factors. More importantly, we developed a visual, clinically operable, and easy-to-interpret nomogram model for predicting the risk of SLM, which could be used in clinic and help clinicians make better decisions.

• #24 Osteosarcoma | Bone Cancer Research Trust

  https://www.bcrt.org.uk/information/information-by-type/osteosarcoma/

  Osteosarcoma is the most common type of primary bone cancer in children and young people, and the second most common overall after chondrosarcoma. […] In the UK around 160 people are diagnosed with osteosarcoma each year. This is fewer than 3 people out of every million people in the population. This is known as the 'incidence rate’ (2.6 per 1,000,000 people). […] Osteosarcomas affect males slightly more than females (approximately 1.4 times more often). […] Osteosarcoma tends to occur at an earlier age in girls than in boys. This may be because girls have a growth spurt at a slightly earlier age. […] The Bone Cancer Research Trust is trying to find ways to make the time between the start of symptoms and getting the diagnosis much shorter. Our 2020 Patient Survey report is the most comprehensive analysis of presenting symptoms and routes to diagnosis for primary bone cancers & tumours in the UK to date. This is our evidence base on which we will focus our awareness objectives moving forward. […] Our analysis found that patients wait, on average, more than 7 months and make 8 visits to the multiple healthcare professionals before receiving an accurate diagnosis.

• #25 Osteosarcoma epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Osteosarcoma_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The incidence of osteosarcoma in Europe is similar with that in the US. […] Osteosarcoma originates more frequently in the metaphyseal region of tubular long bones, with 42% occurring in the femur, 19% in the tibia, 10% in the humerus, 8% in the skull and jaw, and another 8% in the pelvis. […] Osteosarcoma is slightly more common in males with a reported male-to-female ratio of around 1.5:1 to 2:1. […] The incidence of osteosarcoma increases with age: In patients younger than 5 years diagnosed in about 1% of cases. […] Osteosarcoma is slightly higher in african americans than in caucasians. […] The annual incidence in african american population 5.2 cases per million population younger than 20 years. […] The annual incidence in caucasians population 4.6 cases per million population younger than 20 years.

• #26 Descriptive Epidemiology and Survival Rate of Osteosarcoma: The First National Population-Based Study in the Middle East (2008-2014)

  https://journals.mums.ac.ir/article_22913.html

  Objectives: The epidemiology of osteosarcoma (OS), the most common primary bone sarcoma, was not evaluated in the Middle East. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the incidence, demographic characteristics, epidemiology, and survival rate of patients with different subtypes of OS, based on data derived from the Iran National Cancer Registry (INCR) to evaluate the influence of ethnicity and race. […] The Age-Standardized Incidence Rate (ASIR) for OS was 3.02 per million person-years, with a mean age of 25.6 years and a male-female ratio of 1.54:1. Not Otherwise Specified (NOS) OS, chondroblastic OS, and central OS had the highest frequencies among the subtypes of OS. The overall one-, three-, and five-year survival rates were 87%, 61%, and 49%, respectively, with a mean duration of 6.16 years.

• #27 Descriptive Epidemiology and Survival Rate of Osteosarcoma: The First National Population-Based Study in the Middle East (2008-2014)

  https://journals.mums.ac.ir/article_22913.html

  The ASIR of OS in our country was similar to that in the US and higher than that in China. The peak frequency was between 15-19 years old. The male-female ratio in our patients was higher than the OS gender ratio in most series. Although it was not statistically significant, older age at the time of diagnosis, axial location, and male gender were the poorest prognosis factors.

• #28

  https://www.pqwu.com.tw/article_d.php?lang=en&tb=3&id=954

  Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant osteoma in adolescents and children. However, compared to tumors in other organs, musculoskeletal tumors are not very likely to occur. According to the American Cancer Society statistics, there are about 2,800 new cases in the United States each year, which is less than two-thousandths of all malignant tumors. There are approximately 100 new annual cases in Taiwan, and about 70% of the patients are treated in Taipei Veterans General Hospital. […] Men are generally more likely to have osteosarcoma than women, at a rate of about six to four. […] The age at osteosarcoma occurrence is biphasic. Most cases are adolescents between the ages of 10 and 25, while a smaller proportion is elder people aged 60 to 80. However, because osteosarcoma is more likely to occur in adolescents aged 10 to 25, it often brings other struggling problems to physicians, patients, and family members compared to other tumors.

• #29 Drug Sensitivity Testing in Osteosarcoma: A Case Report

  https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/32/5/271

  Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone tumor but represents only 3% of childhood cancers. […] Overall survival at 5 years has plateaued at 60–70% for newly diagnosed patients with localized disease and at 30% for patients with metastatic disease. […] Pediatric osteosarcoma remains a challenging disease. Despite numerous completed and ongoing clinical trials developed by national and international cooperative groups, survival rates have not changed significantly over the past 30 years. […] The standard chemotherapy regimens for osteosarcoma are decades old and toxic, causing short- and long-term side effects in a majority of patients. […] The present study evaluates the technical feasibility of DST screening in a clinical sample of pediatric osteosarcoma. Additionally, we aim to provide evidence that this treatment stratification method can be performed in a clinically relevant time frame without delaying treatment start and generates patient-specific drug sensitivity profiles that align with clinical treatment responses.

• #30 The Epidemiology of Osteosarcoma | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4419-0284-9_1

  Osteosarcoma derives from primitive bone-forming mesenchymal cells and is the most common primary bone malignancy. The incidence rates and 95% confidence intervals of osteosarcoma for all races and both sexes are 4.0 (3.5-4.6) for the range 0-14 years and 5.0 (4.6-5.6) for the range 0-19 years per year per million persons. Among childhood cancers, osteosarcoma occurs eighth in general incidence and in the following order: leukemia (30%), brain and other nervous system cancers (22.3%), neuroblastoma (7.3%), Wilms tumor (5.6%), Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (4.5%), rhabdomyosarcoma (3.1%), retinoblastoma (2.8%), osteosarcoma (2.4%), and Ewing sarcoma (1.4%). The incidence rates of childhood and adolescent osteosarcoma with 95% confidence intervals are as follows: Blacks, 6.8/year/million; Hispanics, 6.5/year/million; and Caucasians, 4.6/year/million. Osteosarcoma has a bimodal age distribution, having the first peak during adolescence and the second peak in older adulthood. The first peak is in the 10-14-year-old age group, coinciding with the pubertal growth spurt. This suggests a close relationship between the adolescent growth spurt and osteosarcoma. The second osteosarcoma peak is in adults older than 65 years of age; it is more likely to represent a second malignancy, frequently related to Paget’s disease. The incidence of osteosarcoma has always been considered to be higher in males than in females, occurring at a rate of 5.4 per million persons per year in males vs. 4.0 per million in females, with a higher incidence in blacks (6.8 per million persons per year) and Hispanics (6.5 per million), than in whites (4.6 per million). Cancer deaths due to bone and joint malignant neoplasms represent 8.9% of all childhood and adolescent cancer deaths. Death rates for osteosarcoma have been declining by about 1.3% per year. The overall 5-year survival rate for osteosarcoma is 68%, without significant gender difference. The age of the patient is correlated with the survival, with the poorest survival among older patients. Complete surgical excision is important to ensure an optimum outcome. Tumor staging, presence of metastases, local recurrence, chemotherapy regimen, anatomic location, size of the tumor, and percentage of tumor cells destroyed after neoadjuvant chemotherapy have effects on the outcome.

• #31 The Epidemiology of Osteosarcoma | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4419-0284-9_1

  Osteosarcoma derives from primitive bone-forming mesenchymal cells and is the most common primary bone malignancy. The incidence rates and 95% confidence intervals of osteosarcoma for all races and both sexes are 4.0 (3.5-4.6) for the range 0-14 years and 5.0 (4.6-5.6) for the range 0-19 years per year per million persons. Among childhood cancers, osteosarcoma occurs eighth in general incidence and in the following order: leukemia (30%), brain and other nervous system cancers (22.3%), neuroblastoma (7.3%), Wilms tumor (5.6%), Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (4.5%), rhabdomyosarcoma (3.1%), retinoblastoma (2.8%), osteosarcoma (2.4%), and Ewing sarcoma (1.4%). The incidence rates of childhood and adolescent osteosarcoma with 95% confidence intervals are as follows: Blacks, 6.8/year/million; Hispanics, 6.5/year/million; and Caucasians, 4.6/year/million. Osteosarcoma has a bimodal age distribution, having the first peak during adolescence and the second peak in older adulthood. The first peak is in the 10-14-year-old age group, coinciding with the pubertal growth spurt. This suggests a close relationship between the adolescent growth spurt and osteosarcoma. The second osteosarcoma peak is in adults older than 65 years of age; it is more likely to represent a second malignancy, frequently related to Paget’s disease. The incidence of osteosarcoma has always been considered to be higher in males than in females, occurring at a rate of 5.4 per million persons per year in males vs. 4.0 per million in females, with a higher incidence in blacks (6.8 per million persons per year) and Hispanics (6.5 per million), than in whites (4.6 per million). Cancer deaths due to bone and joint malignant neoplasms represent 8.9% of all childhood and adolescent cancer deaths. Death rates for osteosarcoma have been declining by about 1.3% per year. The overall 5-year survival rate for osteosarcoma is 68%, without significant gender difference. The age of the patient is correlated with the survival, with the poorest survival among older patients. Complete surgical excision is important to ensure an optimum outcome. Tumor staging, presence of metastases, local recurrence, chemotherapy regimen, anatomic location, size of the tumor, and percentage of tumor cells destroyed after neoadjuvant chemotherapy have effects on the outcome.

• #32 Osteosarcoma (Osteogenic sarcoma) | Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases | Full Text

  https://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1750-1172-2-6

  Osteosarcoma represents approximately 15% of all biopsy-analysed primary bone tumours. […] The incidence of classic osteosarcoma is 3 cases/million population/year. […] In about 75% of cases, patients with osteosarcoma are between 15-25 years of age. […] Male are more frequently affected than female (ratio 1.5:1). […] Osteosarcoma rarely occurs in patients younger than 6 years or older than 60 years. […] The axial skeleton is rarely affected, more frequently in adults than in children and adolescents. […] In general, 80% to 90% of osteosarcomas occur in the long tubular bones. […] The presence of metastatic disease, regardless of the extent of the primary lesion, represents a stage III disease. […] Metastases at presentation and, in localised tumours, anatomic site (extremity or axial), histological response to preoperative chemotherapy, serum levels of alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase are the most powerful predictors of survival for patients with osteosarcoma.

• #33 18F-FDG PET/CT in the Management of Osteosarcoma | Journal of Nuclear Medicine

  https://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/64/6/842

  18F-FDG PET/CT is useful for staging, detecting recurrence, and predicting histologic response and prognosis in the investigation of osteosarcoma. […] In a recent meta-analysis, the value of PET/CT in diagnosis and staging was summarized. This meta-analysis evaluated 26 studies, including the above-mentioned studies. For detecting primary lesions, PET/CT showed 100% sensitivity in 14 studies. […] Thus, PET/CT is useful for differential diagnosis of the suspected primary bone lesions and for staging. […] The presence of skip metastasis is associated with a poor prognosis. […] Tumor site, size, primary metastases, response to chemotherapy, and surgical remission are the reported independent prognostic factors in osteosarcoma. […] Evaluations of the prognostic value of PET/CT parameters are summarized in Table 4.

• #34 Osteosarcoma follow-up: chest X-ray or computed tomography? | Clinical Sarcoma Research | Full Text

  https://clinicalsarcomaresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13569-017-0067-5

  In patients with relapsed osteosarcoma, the surgical excision of all metastases, defined as second complete remission (CR-2), is the factor that mainly influences post-relapse survival (PRS). Currently a validated follow-up policy for osteosarcoma is not available, both chest X-ray and computed tomography (CT) are suggested for lung surveillance. […] A follow-up strategy with chest CT leads to a higher rate of CR-2 and significantly improves PRS and OS in osteosarcoma, compared to chest X-ray. […] Osteosarcoma surveillance programs should be able to detect recurrence when complete removal of all known tumor sites is still feasible. Currently, an evidence-based follow-up policy is not available. International guidelines stress the importance of an intensive follow-up program focusing on the chest and on the primary tumor site, particularly for the first 45 years.

• #35 Osteosarcoma follow-up: chest X-ray or computed tomography? | Clinical Sarcoma Research | Full Text

  https://clinicalsarcomaresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13569-017-0067-5

  Results from our analysis show that the routinely use of chest CT scan, compared with X-ray, in the follow-up of osteosarcoma patients leads to a higher rate of second complete surgical remission (CR-2) and, consequently, to a significant benefit both in terms of PRS, and in terms of OS. […] In conclusion, in patients with osteosarcoma of the extremity a follow-up strategy based on chest CT allows a higher rate of second complete remission and significantly improves prognosis with a higher probability of post relapse and overall survival when compared to surveillance based on chest X-ray.

• #36 18F-FDG PET/CT in the Management of Osteosarcoma | Journal of Nuclear Medicine

  https://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/64/6/842

  Osteosarcoma is the most common type of primary malignant bone tumor. 18F-FDG PET/CT is useful for staging, detecting recurrence, monitoring response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and predicting prognosis. […] Osteosarcoma is the most common type of malignant primary bone tumor, with a peak incidence in 10- to 14-y-olds and a second peak incidence in those older than 50y. Approximately 4.4 cases per million are diagnosed annually in people aged 0-24y. […] At the time of diagnosis, approximately 10%-20% of patients have evidence of macroscopic metastasis, most commonly in the lung (81%), bone (34%), and, rarely, lymph nodes (2%). […] 18F-FDG PET/CT has multiple roles in the evaluation of osteosarcoma for staging, clinical and histologic response to therapy during and at the conclusion of treatment, and determining prognosis after completion of therapy.

• #37 18F-FDG PET/CT in the Management of Osteosarcoma | Journal of Nuclear Medicine

  https://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/64/6/842

  18F-FDG PET/CT is useful for staging, detecting recurrence, and predicting histologic response and prognosis in the investigation of osteosarcoma. […] In a recent meta-analysis, the value of PET/CT in diagnosis and staging was summarized. This meta-analysis evaluated 26 studies, including the above-mentioned studies. For detecting primary lesions, PET/CT showed 100% sensitivity in 14 studies. […] Thus, PET/CT is useful for differential diagnosis of the suspected primary bone lesions and for staging. […] The presence of skip metastasis is associated with a poor prognosis. […] Tumor site, size, primary metastases, response to chemotherapy, and surgical remission are the reported independent prognostic factors in osteosarcoma. […] Evaluations of the prognostic value of PET/CT parameters are summarized in Table 4.

• #38 Detection and surveillance of circulating tumor cells in osteosarcoma for predicting therapy response and prognosis | Cancer Biology & Medicine

  https://www.cancerbiomed.org/content/19/9/1397

  Osteosarcoma (OS) is an aggressive, highly metastatic, relatively drug-resistant bone tumor with poor long-term survival rates. […] The presence and persistence of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the peripheral blood are believed to be associated with treatment inefficiency and distant metastases. […] A blood-based CTC test is thus greatly needed for monitoring disease progression and predicting clinical outcomes. […] However, traditional methods cannot detect CTCs from tumors of mesenchymal origin such as OS, and research on CTC detection in mesenchymal tumors has been hindered for years. […] Thus, developing a CTC-based surveillance test would greatly facilitate the prediction of OS therapy response and prognosis. […] Although many methods are available for CTC detection, they are based mainly on epithelial markers and are inherently biased toward identifying CTCs with epithelial traits.

• #39 Detection and surveillance of circulating tumor cells in osteosarcoma for predicting therapy response and prognosis | Cancer Biology & Medicine

  https://www.cancerbiomed.org/content/19/9/1397

  Current methods are rarely efficient in the detection of CTCs with aberrant activation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) or those from tumors of mesenchymal origin. […] For OS, the marker of cell-surface vimentin and size selection membranes have been used to detect CTCs in a very limited number of patients; however, the detection rates are low. […] Thus, research on the detection of CTCs from mesenchymal malignancies has been hindered for years. […] In this study, we developed a CTC test for detection and surveillance of CTCs in patients with OS, by using HK2 as a metabolic function-associated marker. […] Dynamic surveillance of CTCs in treatment can indicate whether a patient will respond to chemotherapy or develop metastases. […] A blood-based surveillance test for predicting therapy efficiency and disease progression would aid in the selection of appropriate treatment strategies and improve clinical outcomes.

• #40 Managing the immune microenvironment of osteosarcoma: the outlook for osteosarcoma treatment | Bone Research

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41413-023-00246-z

  Osteosarcoma, with poor survival after metastasis, is considered the most common primary bone cancer in adolescents. Notwithstanding the efforts of researchers, its five-year survival rate has only shown limited improvement, suggesting that existing therapeutic strategies are insufficient to meet clinical needs. […] Notably, immunotherapy has shown certain advantages over traditional tumor treatments in inhibiting metastasis. Therefore, managing the immune microenvironment in osteosarcoma can provide novel and valuable insight into the multifaceted mechanisms underlying the heterogeneity and progression of the disease. […] Despite the efforts of researchers, there has been no significant improvement in the 5-year survival rate of osteosarcoma patients over the past few decades, suggesting that existing therapeutic strategies are insufficient.

• #41 Managing the immune microenvironment of osteosarcoma: the outlook for osteosarcoma treatment | Bone Research

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41413-023-00246-z

  Consequently, new therapeutic strategies against osteosarcoma urgently need to be explored. […] Therefore, utilizing the immunity of the organism for more efficient suppression and treatment of cancer has become a focus for researchers. […] Notably, the immune microenvironment, the dictator of osteosarcoma treatment response, facilitates cancer cell escape of immune surveillance. […] Therefore, therapeutic agents that modulate the immune microenvironment and use existing immunity to eliminate osteosarcoma cells are gradually being recognized as new options with great application prospects. […] Unsurprisingly, immunotherapy shows benefits in terms of potent anti-osteosarcoma effects and suppression of metastasis and recurrence in comparison with conventional intervention strategies, including surgical resection and chemotherapy, which also show satisfactory efficacy in suppressing advanced osteosarcoma.

• #42 Managing the immune microenvironment of osteosarcoma: the outlook for osteosarcoma treatment | Bone Research

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41413-023-00246-z

  A robust immunosuppressive microenvironment is positively correlated with overactivation of molecules associated with immune suppression, such as indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), interleukin-10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor- (TGF-), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), due to their immunosuppressive effects mediated by myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), TAMs, and regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs). […] Consequently, there is an urgent need to gain an in-depth understanding of and characterize the osteosarcoma immune microenvironment to develop advanced immunotherapies by utilizing these immunologic biomarkers.

• #43 Drug Sensitivity Testing in Osteosarcoma: A Case Report

  https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/32/5/271

  Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone tumor but represents only 3% of childhood cancers. […] Overall survival at 5 years has plateaued at 60–70% for newly diagnosed patients with localized disease and at 30% for patients with metastatic disease. […] Pediatric osteosarcoma remains a challenging disease. Despite numerous completed and ongoing clinical trials developed by national and international cooperative groups, survival rates have not changed significantly over the past 30 years. […] The standard chemotherapy regimens for osteosarcoma are decades old and toxic, causing short- and long-term side effects in a majority of patients. […] The present study evaluates the technical feasibility of DST screening in a clinical sample of pediatric osteosarcoma. Additionally, we aim to provide evidence that this treatment stratification method can be performed in a clinically relevant time frame without delaying treatment start and generates patient-specific drug sensitivity profiles that align with clinical treatment responses.

• #44 Drug Sensitivity Testing in Osteosarcoma: A Case Report

  https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/32/5/271

  This pediatric osteosarcoma case shows that drug sensitivity testing of clinical osteosarcoma samples is feasible from a technical standpoint, can be performed in a clinically relevant time frame that does not delay treatment start, and provides personalized drug sensitivity information on clinically available agents, and the DST results align with the clinical treatment response.

• #45 How is Osteosarcoma treatment different from Ewing sarcoma treatment?

  https://www.delveinsight.com/blog/osteosarcoma-vs-ewing-sarcoma

  Osteosarcoma is the most common type of bone cancer and accounts for about 3% of cancers that happen in children. […] As per DelveInsight analysts, the total incident population of Osteosarcoma in the 7MM was 2,228 in 2020. […] The estimates show that the highest incident cases of Osteosarcoma were found to be in the United States with 1,174 cases in 2020. […] Among the EU5, as per assessment by Delveinsight, Germany had the highest incident population of Osteosarcoma, followed by France and then the UK. […] In addition to that, the Osteosarcoma market through the years faced various unmet needs like the need for biomarkers to improve diagnosis, the need for drugs in the front-line management, and the development of novel molecules to reduce toxicities of current treatment and improve Osteosarcoma survival rate.

• #46 How is Osteosarcoma treatment different from Ewing sarcoma treatment?

  https://www.delveinsight.com/blog/osteosarcoma-vs-ewing-sarcoma

  Widespread research and development activities of pharmaceutical companies, along with the rising incidence of Osteosarcoma will further boost the Osteosarcoma treatment market growth. […] The increase in Osteosarcoma market size is a direct consequence of the increasing incident population of Osteosarcoma patients in the 7MM.

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