Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Bone cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bone-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20350217

  Signs and symptoms of bone cancer include: […] Osteosarcoma is a kind of bone cancer. It most often starts in the long bones of the legs or the arms. But it can happen in any bone. […] Osteosarcoma is a type of bone cancer that begins in the cells that form bones. It’s the most common type of bone cancer. Osteosarcoma tends to happen most often in teenagers and young adults. But it also can happen in younger children and older adults. Osteosarcoma happens most often in the long bones of the legs and sometimes the arms. Very rarely, it happens in soft tissue outside the bone.

• #1 Osteosarcoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/osteosarcoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20351052

  Osteosarcoma signs and symptoms most often start in a bone. The cancer most often affects the long bones of the legs, and sometimes the arms. The most common symptoms include: […] Bone or joint pain. Pain might come and go at first. It can be mistaken for growing pains. […] Pain related to a bone that breaks for no clear reason. […] Swelling near a bone. […] Osteosarcoma can spread from where it started to other areas. This makes treatment and recovery harder. Osteosarcoma most often spreads to the lungs, the same bone or another bone. […] The strong treatments needed to control osteosarcoma can cause major side effects, both in the short and long term. Your healthcare team can help you or your child manage the side effects that happen during treatment. The team also can give you a list of side effects to watch for in the years after treatment.

• #1

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bone-cancer/symptoms/

  Bone pain is the most common symptom of bone cancer. Some people experience other symptoms as well. […] Pain caused by bone cancer usually begins with a feeling of tenderness in the affected bone. This gradually progresses to a persistent ache or an ache that comes and goes, which continues at night and when resting. […] Some people also experience swelling and redness (inflammation) or notice a lump on or around the affected bone. […] In some cases, the cancer can weaken a bone, causing it to break (fracture) easily after a minor injury or fall. […] Less common symptoms can include a high temperature, unexplained weight loss, and sweating, particularly at night. […] See your GP if you or your child experiences persistent, severe or worsening bone pain, or if you’re worried you have any of the other symptoms of bone cancer.

• #1 Symptoms of bone cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/bone-cancer/symptoms

  The symptoms of bone cancer can vary depending on the size of the cancer and where it is in the body. Some of the symptoms of bone cancer include: pain, swelling, problems moving around, feeling tired, a high temperature (fever), a break in the bone (fracture), weight loss. […] You might have pain or tenderness most of the time, even when you’re resting. The pain is often worse in bed at night. […] You might have some swelling, but it is not always possible to see or feel a lump. […] It might be more difficult to move around, or you might walk with a limp. […] You might have a fracture caused by a weakened bone. This is called a pathological fracture but is very rare. […] You might feel more tired than usual, even if you’re getting a good nights sleep. […] You might have a high temperature, feel feverish and have sweats.

• #1 Bone Cancer Symptoms | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/cancer-care/sarcoma-program/bone-cancer/symptoms

  Symptoms of bone cancer depend on the type of cancer, its location and the size of the tumor. Symptoms develop slowly and may not be present in the early stages of the cancer. Symptoms may include: […] Pain: This is the most common symptom of bone cancer. Pain may be sporadic at first, and become constant and severe over time. […] Joint swelling and stiffness: A tumor near or in a joint may cause swelling. The joint may also be stiff and tender, which can reduce range of motion. […] Fracture: A tumor can weaken the bone, resulting in fractures or breaks. Fracture is usually a symptom of advanced bone cancer. […] Other symptoms: Additional symptoms of bone cancer may include weight loss, fatigue or anemia.

• #1 Symptoms of Primary Bone Cancer | Bone Cancer Research Trust

  https://www.bcrt.org.uk/information/symptoms-of-bone-cancer/

  There are different symptoms of primary bone cancer. Doctors may call these ‘clinical signs’ or talk about ‘presentation’. […] The symptoms may depend on the location and size of the tumour. They may be quite general and can be similar to the symptoms of sports injuries, growing pains, tendonitis or arthritis. […] Symptoms may be mild at first and slowly get worse, or they may start suddenly. They also vary for every person. Some people may have just 1 symptom, whereas someone else may have more. […] Symptoms of primary bone cancer may include: bone pain which might be worse at night, happens all the time or stops and starts, is not helped by painkillers and may get worse over time; a lump or swelling, which may be seen or felt if the tumour is near the skin’s surface. Called a ‘palpable mass’; problems moving, a limp, stiff limbs or joints, unable to move as normal; tenderness over the bone or joint; a broken bone caused by weakening of bone due to a tumour without having had a fall or accident. Called a ‘pathological fracture’.

• #1 Symptoms of Osteosarcoma, A Bone Cancer: When to Worry About Limb Pain

  https://osinst.org/symptoms/

  Osteosarcoma pain can feel dull and continuous or sharp and shooting. “I have heard it described both ways, but sharp pain is less common,” says Dr. Helman. “The pain of osteosarcoma is generally persistent, whether in a joint or elsewhere, and it is usually one-sided. Nighttime pain that persists until morning should be of concern.” If pain is solely in a joint, or swelling does not resolve rapidly after an injury or increases in size, families should be concerned. […] He adds that parents should pay close attention and investigate further if their child seems to be unwell — not eating or growing normally, or limping or avoiding activities. […] “What I advise doctors or families is that if a child has symptoms that are persistent or especially if they are increasing after several visits, strong consideration should be given to getting a radiologic image of the area, or you may ask your primary care physician to refer you to a bone or joint specialist,” says Dr. Helman. Even then, the pain is unlikely to be osteosarcoma, but it still needs to be diagnosed and treated.

• #1 Signs and Symptoms of Osteosarcoma | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/osteosarcoma/detection-diagnosis-staging/signs-and-symptoms.html

  Bone pain and swelling are the most common symptoms of osteosarcoma. […] Pain at the site of the tumor in the bone is the most common symptom of osteosarcoma. […] Swelling in the area is another common symptom, although it might not occur until later. […] These symptoms are less common in adults, so they should be a sign to see a doctor even sooner. […] Although osteosarcoma might weaken the bone it develops in, fractures (breaks) are not common. […] People with a fracture next to or through an osteosarcoma often describe a limb that was sore for a few months and suddenly became very painful when the fracture occurred.

• #1 Osteosarcoma: Signs and Symptoms

  https://www.health.com/osteosarcoma-symptoms-8697746

  Osteosarcoma is a type of cancer that starts in the cells that form bones and most commonly occurs in the long bones of the body, such as the arms and legs. This is the most common type of bone cancer, which causes symptoms like bone pain, swelling, and a limited range of motion. […] Symptoms of Osteosarcoma […] One of the most common symptoms of osteosarcoma is bone pain that lasts several weeks. This pain often begins as mild and may come and go. It usually starts in the area where the tumor is located. The pain might be worse at night or after physical activity. […] Swelling near the site of the tumor is another possible symptom of osteosarcoma. As the tumor grows, it can cause the surrounding tissue to swell. […] Over time, bone pain can become more constant and severe, making it difficult to move the affected limb. As the bone cancer advances, osteosarcoma can begin to limit mobility and range of motion.

• #1 Osteosarcoma Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1256857-clinical

  Physical examination findings are usually limited to the site of the primary tumor. A palpable mass may or may not be present; the mass may be tender and warm, though these signs are indistinguishable from osteomyelitis; increased skin vascularity over the mass may be discernible; pulsations or a bruit may be detectable. Decreased range of motion – Involvement of a joint should be obvious on physical examination. Lymphadenopathy – Involvement of local or regional lymph nodes is unusual. Respiratory findings – Auscultation is usually uninformative unless the disease is extensive.

• #1 Initial symptoms and clinical features in osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10819277/

  Pain related to strain was reported by eighty-seven (85 percent) of the patients with osteosarcoma […] An initial symptom of both osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma was pain, which was intermittent and often related to strain but not frequently felt at night. […] A palpable mass was noted in forty (39 percent) of the patients with osteosarcoma at the first visit, and in most cases the tumor diagnosis was suspected. […] The most important clinical feature was a palpable mass, which was noted in more than one-third of the patients at the first visit.

• #1 Osteosarcoma | Bone Cancer Research Trust

  https://www.bcrt.org.uk/information/information-by-type/osteosarcoma/

  Osteosarcoma can affect people of all ages but is mostly found in older children, teenagers and young adults between the ages of 10 to 24. […] The most reported symptoms of primary bone cancer are: A mass that can be felt (palpable) when undergoing physical examination, Broken bone (fracture) resulting from weakening of bone due to a tumour – a pathological fracture, Bone pain which is worse at night, constant or intermittent, resistant to analgesia and may increase in intensity, Easy bruising, Mobility issues – an unexplained limb, joint stiffness, reduced range of movement, Inflammation and tenderness over the bone or joint can be seen/felt if a tumour is near the skin. Swelling is not always visible because if a tumour is deep inside the body, such as in the pelvis. […] Symptoms may be present for weeks or months, sometimes even longer before patients are diagnosed. This can be because the symptoms of osteosarcoma are quite general and could indicate a number of conditions. […] Many patients experience pain that is intermittent, and this can mislead doctors into thinking that the cause of the pain is temporary. Most patients do not actually feel ill until the cancer is fairly well advanced.

• #1 Osteosarcoma : Symptoms, Signs and Causes | HCG

  https://www.hcgoncology.com/types-of-cancers/osteosarcoma-symptoms-and-causes/

  Understanding the common osteosarcoma causes, such as radiation exposure, rapid bone growth, bone infarction, and genetic factors, is crucial for early identification and intervention. […] Osteosarcoma can be asymptomatic in its early stages, and individuals may not be aware of the presence of the cancer. Osteosarcoma symptoms may only become noticeable as the tumor grows, emphasizing the importance of regular medical check-ups and prompt evaluation of any concerning symptoms.

• #1 Osteosarcoma (Osteogenic Sarcoma): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15041-osteosarcoma

  Osteosarcoma is cancer that begins in your bones, usually in the arms or legs. Limited movement, bone pain, a lump and an unexplained broken bone are the most common symptoms. […] The most common symptoms of osteosarcoma include: Bone pain or tenderness around a bone, Limited movement in a joint, A mass or lump (tumor) you can feel (the area around the tumor may feel warm), Swelling in one spot on or near a bone, Discoloration on your skin, Unexplained fever, Broken bones that happen suddenly or from injuries that normally wouldn’t cause injuries (pathologic fractures). […] Osteosarcomas can cause intense pain. But some are painless. It depends on where they develop and how fast they grow. […] Osteosarcoma can be aggressive. High-grade tumors can spread quickly. Lower-grade osteosarcomas will spread slowly (or not at all). […] Two in every 10 cases of metastatic osteosarcoma cases have already spread by the time they’re diagnosed. Visit a healthcare provider as soon as you notice any symptoms or changes in your body that make you feel worried or concerned.

• #1 Bone Cancer: Signs, Symptoms, and Complications

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/bone-cancer-signs-symptoms-and-complications-4161169

  Overall, pain is the most common symptom of osteosarcoma, the most common type of primary bone cancer. […] Pain from bone cancer may be worse at night or when you move the bone. […] Common Symptoms of Osteosarcoma include: Limping if the tumor is in the leg or hipbone, Trouble moving, lifting, or walking, Pain, tenderness, growth, and/or swelling close to a joint, Warmth and redness in the affected area, A broken bone at the site of the tumor; the bone may break with routine, normal movement, Sudden, severe pain in a bone that had been sore for weeks or months. […] The painful area of bone may also develop swelling around it, although this may not occur until weeks after the onset of the bone pain. […] Pain and swelling can have a variable pattern, depending on the type of bone cancer.

• #1 Osteosarcoma: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001650.htm

  Osteosarcoma is a rare type of cancerous bone tumor that usually develops in teenagers and young adults. It often occurs when a teen is growing rapidly. […] The first symptom is usually bone pain near a joint. This symptom may be overlooked, especially in young people, because of other more common causes of joint pain. Other symptoms may include any of the following: Bone fracture (may occur after a routine movement), Limitation of motion, Limping (if the tumor is in the leg), Pain when lifting (if the tumor is in the arm), Tenderness, swelling, or redness at the site of the tumor. […] If the tumor has not spread to the lungs (pulmonary metastasis), long-term survival rates are better. If the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, the outlook is worse. However, there is still a chance of cure with effective treatment.

• #1 Bone Cancer: Signs and Symptoms | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/bone-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/signs-symptoms.html

  Pain in the area of the tumor is the most common sign of bone cancer. At first, the pain might not be there all the time. It may get worse at night or when the bone is used, such as when walking for a tumor in a leg bone. Over time, the pain can become more constant, and it might get worse with activity. […] Some bone tumors cause a lump or swelling in the area, although this might not happen until sometime after the area becomes painful. […] Bone cancer can weaken the bone, but most often the bones do not fracture (break). People with a fracture next to or through a bone tumor usually describe sudden severe pain in a bone that had been sore for a few months. […] Cancer in the bones of the spine can press on the nerves coming out of the spinal cord. This can cause numbness and tingling or even weakness in different parts of the body, depending on where the tumor is. […] Bone cancer, like many other types of cancer, can sometimes cause weight loss and fatigue. […] If the cancer spreads to other organs, it can also cause other symptoms. For instance, if the cancer spreads to the lungs, it might result in a cough or trouble breathing.

• #1 Osteosarcoma Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment 

  https://www.upmc.com/services/orthopaedics/conditions/osteosarcoma

  Osteosarcoma is aggressive. Its important to seek treatment if you or your child have bone pain, swelling, or an abnormal growth on a bone. […] Symptoms of osteosarcoma include: A fracture or break in a bone, sometimes after a minor injury or routine movement. Because osteosarcoma weakens the bone, it can break easily. […] Pain at or near a joint. This is the most common sign of osteosarcoma. The pain may come in waves, especially at first, but gradually becomes more constant. […] If you or your child have any of the bone cancer symptoms above, you should see a doctor as soon as possible. […] The main complication of osteosarcoma is that the disease will metastasize (spread) through the bloodstream. Most often, osteosarcoma will spread to the lungs, but it can also move into the brain, other organs, and other bones. […] About 20% of osteosarcomas have already spread when doctors find them, according to the American Cancer Society. If cancer has spread, it’s harder to treat.

• #1 Osteosarcoma Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1256857-clinical

  Symptoms of osteosarcoma may be present for weeks or months (occasionally longer) before patients are diagnosed. The most common presenting symptom is pain, particularly pain with activity. Patients may be concerned that their child has a sprain, arthritis, or growing pains. Often, there is a history of trauma, but the precise role of trauma in the development of osteosarcoma is unclear. […] Pathologic fractures are not particularly common. The exception is the telangiectatic type of osteosarcoma, which is more commonly associated with pathologic fractures. The pain in an extremity may result in a limp. There may or may not be a history of swelling, depending on the size of the lesion and its location. Systemic symptoms, such as fever and night sweats, are rare. […] Tumor spread to the lungs only rarely results in respiratory symptoms and usually indicates extensive lung involvement. Metastases to other sites are extremely rare, and therefore, other symptoms are unusual.

• #1 Bone Cancer: Signs, Symptoms, and Complications

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/bone-cancer-signs-symptoms-and-complications-4161169

  A pathological fracture causes sudden severe pain in a bone that may have been sore for weeks or months. […] Osteosarcoma is sometimes discovered when a bone that has been weakened by cancer breaks as a result of a minor fall or accident. […] As bone cancer advances, systemic effects may arise, in addition to the local effects near the bone. […] These systemic symptoms tend to occur with very advanced disease. […] Symptoms are similar to more typical osteosarcomas except that they may occur in very young children and are more widespread. […] Symptoms typically include painful swelling in the area of the body that had been targeted by radiation therapy.

• #1 Bone Cancer: Symptoms, Treatment & Outlook

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17745-bone-cancer

  Some people with bone cancer have no symptoms other than feeling a painless lump. For others, a variety of symptoms can develop. Providers can easily mistake some symptoms for those of other conditions, like growing pains, sports injuries, arthritis or Lyme disease. Narrowing it down may delay the diagnosis. […] The most common signs of bone cancer include: Bone pain that gradually becomes more persistent (usually worse at night and may feel throbbing, aching or stabbing) […] A lump in the affected area that may be hard or soft to the touch […] Unexplained swelling around the affected area of the bone […] Difficulty moving around (if swelling is near a joint) […] Fatigue […] Fever. […] Bone cancers weaken the bones that they form in, and sometimes, people can develop bone fractures through the tumor. These are called pathologic fractures. Sometimes, healthcare providers find bone cancers while investigating a fracture. […] Without treatment, bone cancers can spread to other parts of your body.

• #1 Bone Cancer Symptoms: Management and Detection

  https://www.healthline.com/health/cancer/bone-cancer-symptoms

  The primary symptom of bone cancer is pain. It initially comes and goes and might be worse at night. As cancer progresses, the pain worsens and other symptoms develop, such as redness and swelling. […] The primary symptom of bone cancer is bone pain that gets worse as the cancer progresses. […] As bone cancer progresses, you might have additional symptoms. These can include: Increased pain: Pain normally worsens and becomes more constant as bone cancer progresses. Redness and swelling: Tumor growth can cause inflammation and swelling. A visible lump: As the tumor grows, you might be able to see it under your skin. Fractures and weak bones: Tumor growth weakens the bone. This can lead to fractures. Loss of appetite: As is true with many cancers, you might lose your appetite as bone cancer progresses. Fatigue: As with any cancer or other major illness, bone cancer can leave you feeling fatigued. […] The primary symptom of bone cancer is pain that might come and go or get worse at night. Additional symptoms can include redness and swelling, a visible lump beneath the skin, and easy fractures.

• #1 Osteosarcoma: Symptoms, Tests & Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/osteosarcoma

  Symptoms of osteosarcoma vary depending on the location of the tumor. Common signs of this type of cancer include: bone pain (in motion, at rest, or when lifting objects) […] Symptoms of osteosarcoma can mimic growing pains pain in the legs caused by normal bone growth. However, growing pains typically stop during the early teenage years. Contact a doctor if your child has any chronic bone pain or swelling past their initial growth spurts, or if the pain is causing your child serious issues. […] This type of cancer can also spread to the lungs. Signs that bone cancer has metastasized (spread) to the lungs include: chest pain, shortness of breath, coughing up blood, chronic cough, wheezing, hoarseness. […] The prognosis for osteosarcoma is good if your childs tumor is confined to the original bone. In fact, 3 out of 4 people can be cured if their tumors haven’t spread elsewhere. The survival rate is about 30 percent if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.

• #1 Pediatric Osteosarcoma – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/comer/conditions-services/pediatric-cancer/pediatric-sarcomas/pediatric-osteosarcoma

  Osteosarcomas are staged as either localized or metastatic (spread to other parts of the body typically to the lungs). […] If the tumor cells have metastasized they are most often found in the lungs, in other bones, or both. […] The prognosis for survival varies depending on the stage of the tumor when it is detected and treated and other factors. The survival rate for osteosarcoma patients who undergo chemotherapy and surgery, and who have no metastases, is approximately 70 percent. Survival rates for patients whose cancer has spread to the lungs or other bones are 30 to 50 percent, if the affected tissues are successfully removed. […] Unfortunately, osteosarcoma can come back after treatment. The lungs are the most common sites for recurrence. Sometimes, multiple resections (partial surgical removals) of recurrent tumors are necessary. Additional chemotherapy or experimental therapy is recommended in some cases.

• #1 Osteosarcoma: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1256857-overview

  Osteosarcoma, the most common malignant bone tumor, is a deadly form of musculoskeletal cancer that most commonly causes patients to die of pulmonary metastatic disease. The most common presenting symptom is pain, particularly with activity. Pathologic fractures are not particularly common, except with the telangiectatic type of osteosarcoma. Extremity pain may result in a limp. There may or may not be a history of swelling. Systemic symptoms are rare. Tumor spread to the lungs only rarely results in respiratory symptoms. Metastases to other sites are extremely rare; thus, other symptoms are unusual. […] Patients with an elevated ALP at diagnosis are more likely to have pulmonary metastases. In patients without metastases, those with an elevated LDH are less likely to do well than are those with a normal LDH.

• #1 Osteosarcoma: Bone Cancer In Children | Children with Cancer UK

  http://www.childrenwithcancer.org.uk/childhood-cancer-info/cancer-types/sarcoma/bone-sarcoma/osteosarcoma/

  Osteosarcoma symptoms may include bone pain (commonly leg pain in children), swelling, redness and bone fracture. […] The following symptoms of this type of bone cancer in children may be noted: Bone pain this may come and go initially but then become more persistent, Tenderness, Redness, Swelling, Fracture may occur after a minor injury at the site of the weakened bone. […] Malignant osteosarcomas can be defined as high or low grade depending on the appearance of the abnormal cells under the microscope. In high grade tumours the cells are likely to grow quickly and are more likely to spread. […] The tumour is staged (1A, 1B, 2A, 2B or 3) according to its size and whether it has spread from the starting site. This system of staging will determine the treatment required.

• #1 Metastatic Progression of Osteosarcomas: A Review of Current Knowledge of Environmental versus Oncogenic Drivers

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/2/360

  Osteosarcomas are heterogeneous bone tumors with complex genetic and chromosomic alterations. The numerous patients with metastatic osteosarcoma have a very poor prognosis, and only those who can have full surgical resection of the primary tumor and of all the macro metastasis can survive. […] Metastases of osteosarcomas are heterogeneous. They may grow simultaneously with the primary tumor, during treatment or shortly after, or a long time after the end of the treatment. They occur mainly in lungs but also in bone and various soft tissues. […] The presence of macroscopic metastasis is the strongest predictor of survival of patients with osteosarcoma. The mean 5-year overall survival rate for patients with metastases remains very low, below 30%. The metastatic spread is heterogeneous. Indeed, metastases can be detected at the initial diagnosis or appear at the short or long term after treatment.

• #1 Osteosarcoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteosarcoma

  Prognosis is separated into three groups. Stage I osteosarcoma is rare and includes parosteal osteosarcoma or low-grade central osteosarcoma. It has an excellent prognosis (90%) with wide resection. Stage II prognosis depends on the site of the tumor (proximal tibia, femur, pelvis, etc.), size of the tumor mass, and the degree of necrosis from neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Other pathological factors such as the degree of p-glycoprotein, whether the tumor is cxcr4-positive, or Her2-positive are also important, as these are associated with distant metastases to the lung. The prognosis for patients with metastatic osteosarcoma improves with longer times to metastases (more than 12 months to 4 months), a smaller number of metastases, and their resectability. It is better to have fewer metastases than longer time to metastases. Those with a longer length of time (more than 24 months) and few nodules (two or fewer) have the best prognosis, with a two-year survival after the metastases of 50%, five-year of 40%, and 10-year of 20%. If metastases are both local and regional, the prognosis is worse. Initial presentation of stage III osteosarcoma with lung metastases depends on the resectability of the primary tumor and lung nodules, degree of necrosis of the primary tumor, and maybe the number of metastases. Overall survival prognosis is about 30%.

• #1 Osteosarcoma – Macmillan Cancer Support | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/bone-cancer/osteosarcoma

  Pain is the most common symptom of bone cancer, including osteosarcoma. But symptoms may vary, depending on where the cancer is. […] The area may be swollen, painful when touched. […] Primary bone cancer is sometimes found when a bone breaks after a minor fall or accident. This is because it has been weakened by the cancer. […] Most of the time, these symptoms are caused by other conditions that are more common than bone cancer. But if you have any swelling or unexplained bone pain, get it checked by your GP. […] Tell your GP if the pain happens at night or when you are resting. […] The stage refers to the size of the cancer and whether it has spread outside the bone. […] The grade is how the cancer cells look under the microscope. This gives an idea of how quickly a cancer may grow and develop. […] Most osteosarcomas are high-grade. But there are some rarer types which are usually low-grade.

• #1 Childhood Osteosarcoma | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/types/childhood-osteosarcoma

  Osteosarcoma is the most common type of bone cancer among children, adolescents, and young adults. It usually occurs in the long bones of the arms or legs, but it can also happen in the pelvis and spine or, in rare cases, the jaw or other locations in the body. […] Osteosarcoma symptoms can vary depending on the tumor’s size and location and whether it has spread. The most common symptoms include: Pain (sharp or dull) at the site of the tumor, Swelling, Redness at the site of the tumor, Increased pain with activity or lifting, Limping, Decreased movement of the affected limb. […] Osteosarcoma cancer cells can spread (metastasize) to other areas of the body. If this happens, it most often spreads to the lungs. It also can spread to other bones, and much less commonly, to the kidneys, adrenal gland, the brain, and heart. […] In general, osteosarcomas in the limbs tend to be easier to treat. Osteosarcomas in other locations are more challenging and require more aggressive therapy. Prompt medical attention and appropriate treatment are important for the best prognosis.

• #1 Metastatic Progression of Osteosarcomas: A Review of Current Knowledge of Environmental versus Oncogenic Drivers

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/2/360

  Patients with synchronous metastases have heterogeneous outcomes, depending on the number and distribution of the metastases. For example, the mean 5-year event-free survival with unilateral lung metastases is up to 75% but decreases to 0% for patients with synchronous multifocal osteosarcomas. […] Metastases that appear after the end of treatment are considered relapses or recurrences. These relapses are called early when they appear during the 24 months after the end of treatment, late when they appear after 5 years, and very late after 10 years. […] The best treatment regimen for patients with synchronous metastases is still not clear but should include chemotherapy protocols associated with primary lesion resection and metastasis resection. […] In conclusion, the presence of metastasis during osteosarcoma development is a predictor of poor prognosis. Metastatic diseases are heterogeneous, and the timing, the number, the size, and, probably, other factors also affect patients’ outcomes. Only patients with full surgical resection of all macro metastasis can survive. However, the presence of micro metastatic foci may be frequent and very early events in osteosarcoma progression.

• #1 Osteosarcoma and UPS of Bone Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/bone/patient/osteosarcoma-treatment-pdq

  Osteosarcoma and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS) of bone are diseases in which cancer cells form in bone. […] Symptoms of osteosarcoma and UPS include swelling over a bone or a bony part of the body and joint pain. […] The symptoms of osteosarcoma and UPS depend on which bone it forms in. It’s important to check with your child’s doctor if your child has: swelling over a bone or bony part of the body, pain in a bone or joint, pain in the arm when lifting, stiffness in a joint, a limp or difficulty walking, a bone that breaks for no known reason. […] After osteosarcoma or UPS has been diagnosed, imaging tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the bone or to other parts of the body. […] Sometimes osteosarcoma and UPS of bone come back after treatment. […] The cancer may come back in the bone or in other parts of the body. Osteosarcoma and UPS most often recur in the lung, bone, or both. When osteosarcoma recurs, it is usually within 18 months after treatment is completed.

• #1 Osteosarcoma: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, & Prognosis

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/what-is-osteosarcoma

  Warning signs of osteosarcoma include: […] Bone or joint pain or soreness. This pain may come and go for months. […] Pain at night, often extreme […] Limping. […] If you have osteosarcoma that means you are 76% as likely as the overall population to live for at least 5 years after diagnosis. […] According to estimates, 76% of people who are diagnosed while the cancer is only in the bone and has not spread (localized stage) live at least 5 more years. The same is true of 64% of people whose tumors spread to nearby areas in the body (regional stage) and for 24% of those whose cancer has spread farther (distant stage).

• #1 Osteosarcoma Symptoms: Early Detection and Treatment Options

  https://cancercenterforhealing.com/osteosarcoma-symptoms/

  Recognizing the symptoms of osteosarcoma and seeking medical attention promptly is crucial in improving treatment outcomes. […] Early detection is crucial in improving the survival rates of individuals with osteosarcoma. […] It is important to be aware of the symptoms of osteosarcoma and seek medical attention promptly if any are present. […] If you or a loved one is experiencing any of the symptoms associated with osteosarcoma, do not hesitate to schedule a consultation with the Cancer Center for Healing at (949) 680-1880. Early detection and prompt treatment can make a significant difference in treatment outcomes.

• #1 Symptoms of Osteosarcoma, A Bone Cancer: When to Worry About Limb Pain

  https://osinst.org/symptoms/

  Osteosarcoma expert Lee Helman, MD, describes the symptoms of osteosarcoma — and what symptoms families should watch for. […] However, in those few hundred cases, delayed diagnoses are common. “Delay from onset of pain to diagnosis of osteosarcoma is, on average, several months, but can be much longer,” Dr. Helman explains. Since osteosarcoma originates in the bone, the tumor is often discovered only after a child or teen has experienced ongoing, unresolved pain around a joint or bone. […] “A common story in osteosarcoma is of a child having been seen for pain by a healthcare provider who did not consider it to be serious. The pain continued and ultimately worsened until the parents brought the child back once, twice, or more before a diagnosis is made,” says Dr. Helman. […] By far, pain or swelling (or both) are the most common symptoms of osteosarcoma, says Dr. Helman. “This is really how the vast majority of osteosarcoma patients present — usually pain before swelling.” While osteosarcoma can occur in any bone or joint, including the skull, tailbone, and jaw, the two most common areas of osteosarcoma are in the knee and shoulder, says Dr. Helman, with pain specifically presenting in those areas.

• #1 Osteosarcoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteosarcoma

  Many patients first complain of pain that may be worse at night, may be intermittent and of varying intensity and may have been occurring for a long time. Teenagers who are active in sports often complain of pain in the lower femur, or immediately below the knee. If the tumor is large, it can present as overt localised swelling. Sometimes a sudden fracture is the first symptom because the affected bone is not as strong as normal bone and may fracture abnormally with minor trauma. In cases of more deep-seated tumors that are not as close to the skin, such as those originating in the pelvis, localised swelling may not be apparent. […] Osteosarcomas tend to occur at the sites of bone growth, presumably because proliferation makes osteoblastic cells in this region prone to acquire mutations that could lead to transformation of cells (the RB gene and p53 gene are commonly involved). The tumor may be localized at the end of the long bone (commonly in the metaphysis). Most often it affects the proximal end of tibia or humerus, or distal end of femur. Osteosarcoma tends to affect regions around the knee in 60% of cases, 15% around the hip, 10% at the shoulder, and 8% in the jaw. The tumor is solid, hard, irregular („fir-tree,” „moth-eaten”, or „sun-burst” appearance on X-ray examination) due to the tumor spicules of calcified bone radiating at right angles. These right angles form what is known as a Codman triangle, which is characteristic but not diagnostic of osteosarcoma. Surrounding tissues are infiltrated.

• #1 Osteosarcoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteosarcoma

  The characteristic feature of osteosarcoma is presence of osteoid (bone formation) within the tumor. Tumor cells are very pleomorphic (anaplastic), some are giant, numerous atypical mitoses. These cells produce osteoid describing irregular trabeculae (amorphous, eosinophilic/pink) with or without central calcification (hematoxylinophilic/blue, granular)tumor bone. Tumor cells are included in the osteoid matrix. Depending on the features of the tumor cells present (whether they resemble bone cells, cartilage cells, or fibroblast cells), the tumor can be subclassified. Osteosarcomas may exhibit multinucleated osteoclast-like giant cells. […] X-rays is the initial imaging of choice to diagnose osteosarcoma. Some characteristics of osteosarcoma on X-rays are sunburst appearance and Codman triangle (elevation of bony cortex by the tumour that caused new bone formation). CT scan is helpful in defining the bony anatomy, the integrity of the bony cortex, detecting pathologic fracture, and assessing ossification (laying of new bone materials) and calcification of the cartilage. On the other hand, soft tissue and medullary cavity is better imaged by MRI scan.

• #1 Symptoms of Osteosarcoma, A Bone Cancer: When to Worry About Limb Pain

  https://osinst.org/symptoms/

  Dr. Helman says, however, that “Osteosarcoma can be missed on a simple X-ray, and additional imaging studies should be obtained for ongoing pain without a diagnosis.” […] Ultimately, Dr. Helman encourages families and patients to keep pushing for answers and seeking out specialists if the pain is not improving. While the diagnosis may not turn out to be osteosarcoma, serious, persistent pain is worthy of close medical attention.

• #2 Osteosarcoma: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1256857-overview

  Osteosarcoma, the most common malignant bone tumor, is a deadly form of musculoskeletal cancer that most commonly causes patients to die of pulmonary metastatic disease. The most common presenting symptom is pain, particularly with activity. Pathologic fractures are not particularly common, except with the telangiectatic type of osteosarcoma. Extremity pain may result in a limp. There may or may not be a history of swelling. Systemic symptoms are rare. Tumor spread to the lungs only rarely results in respiratory symptoms. Metastases to other sites are extremely rare; thus, other symptoms are unusual. […] Patients with an elevated ALP at diagnosis are more likely to have pulmonary metastases. In patients without metastases, those with an elevated LDH are less likely to do well than are those with a normal LDH.

• #2 Osteosarcoma (Osteogenic Sarcoma): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15041-osteosarcoma

  Osteosarcoma is cancer that begins in your bones, usually in the arms or legs. Limited movement, bone pain, a lump and an unexplained broken bone are the most common symptoms. […] The most common symptoms of osteosarcoma include: Bone pain or tenderness around a bone, Limited movement in a joint, A mass or lump (tumor) you can feel (the area around the tumor may feel warm), Swelling in one spot on or near a bone, Discoloration on your skin, Unexplained fever, Broken bones that happen suddenly or from injuries that normally wouldn’t cause injuries (pathologic fractures). […] Osteosarcomas can cause intense pain. But some are painless. It depends on where they develop and how fast they grow. […] Osteosarcoma can be aggressive. High-grade tumors can spread quickly. Lower-grade osteosarcomas will spread slowly (or not at all). […] Two in every 10 cases of metastatic osteosarcoma cases have already spread by the time they’re diagnosed. Visit a healthcare provider as soon as you notice any symptoms or changes in your body that make you feel worried or concerned.

• #2 Bone Cancer Symptoms: Management and Detection

  https://www.healthline.com/health/cancer/bone-cancer-symptoms

  The primary symptom of bone cancer is pain. It initially comes and goes and might be worse at night. As cancer progresses, the pain worsens and other symptoms develop, such as redness and swelling. […] The primary symptom of bone cancer is bone pain that gets worse as the cancer progresses. […] As bone cancer progresses, you might have additional symptoms. These can include: Increased pain: Pain normally worsens and becomes more constant as bone cancer progresses. Redness and swelling: Tumor growth can cause inflammation and swelling. A visible lump: As the tumor grows, you might be able to see it under your skin. Fractures and weak bones: Tumor growth weakens the bone. This can lead to fractures. Loss of appetite: As is true with many cancers, you might lose your appetite as bone cancer progresses. Fatigue: As with any cancer or other major illness, bone cancer can leave you feeling fatigued. […] The primary symptom of bone cancer is pain that might come and go or get worse at night. Additional symptoms can include redness and swelling, a visible lump beneath the skin, and easy fractures.

• #2 Osteosarcoma: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, & Prognosis

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/what-is-osteosarcoma

  Warning signs of osteosarcoma include: […] Bone or joint pain or soreness. This pain may come and go for months. […] Pain at night, often extreme […] Limping. […] If you have osteosarcoma that means you are 76% as likely as the overall population to live for at least 5 years after diagnosis. […] According to estimates, 76% of people who are diagnosed while the cancer is only in the bone and has not spread (localized stage) live at least 5 more years. The same is true of 64% of people whose tumors spread to nearby areas in the body (regional stage) and for 24% of those whose cancer has spread farther (distant stage).

• #2 Osteosarcoma: Signs and Symptoms

  https://www.health.com/osteosarcoma-symptoms-8697746

  Osteosarcoma is a type of cancer that starts in the cells that form bones and most commonly occurs in the long bones of the body, such as the arms and legs. This is the most common type of bone cancer, which causes symptoms like bone pain, swelling, and a limited range of motion. […] Symptoms of Osteosarcoma […] One of the most common symptoms of osteosarcoma is bone pain that lasts several weeks. This pain often begins as mild and may come and go. It usually starts in the area where the tumor is located. The pain might be worse at night or after physical activity. […] Swelling near the site of the tumor is another possible symptom of osteosarcoma. As the tumor grows, it can cause the surrounding tissue to swell. […] Over time, bone pain can become more constant and severe, making it difficult to move the affected limb. As the bone cancer advances, osteosarcoma can begin to limit mobility and range of motion.

• #2 Early Bone Cancer Symptoms & Signs

  https://www.medicinenet.com/early_bone_cancer_symptoms/views.htm

  Whether the cancer in bone is primary or metastatic, the early symptoms vary from no symptoms at all to severe bone pain. […] Cancer in bone can cause intermittent or progressively severe localized bone pain where the cancer is in the bone. The bone pain is described as aching, throbbing, stabbing, and excruciating. […] Sometimes cancer in bone weakens the bone to such a degree that it leads to breaking of the bone (bone fracture). This can cause severe bone pain and loss of function of the affected area of the body. Occasionally, bone fracture is the initial symptom of a bone cancer.

• #2 Bone Cancer: Signs, Symptoms, and Complications

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/bone-cancer-signs-symptoms-and-complications-4161169

  Overall, pain is the most common symptom of osteosarcoma, the most common type of primary bone cancer. […] Pain from bone cancer may be worse at night or when you move the bone. […] Common Symptoms of Osteosarcoma include: Limping if the tumor is in the leg or hipbone, Trouble moving, lifting, or walking, Pain, tenderness, growth, and/or swelling close to a joint, Warmth and redness in the affected area, A broken bone at the site of the tumor; the bone may break with routine, normal movement, Sudden, severe pain in a bone that had been sore for weeks or months. […] The painful area of bone may also develop swelling around it, although this may not occur until weeks after the onset of the bone pain. […] Pain and swelling can have a variable pattern, depending on the type of bone cancer.

• #2 Osteosarcoma : Symptoms, Signs and Causes | HCG

  https://www.hcgoncology.com/types-of-cancers/osteosarcoma-symptoms-and-causes/

  An unexpected fever, not attributed to any other apparent cause, can be one of the osteosarcoma symptoms. […] The development of a palpable mass or lump that feels warm to the touch is indicative of possible osteosarcoma. […] Osteosarcoma can restrict normal bone movement, leading to a limited range of motion in the affected area. […] Osteosarcoma weakens bones, making them more susceptible to fractures. The occurrence of a spontaneous or low-impact fracture without a clear cause may be one of the osteosarcoma symptoms. […] Consult an oncologist if you experience persistent bone pain, unexplained swelling, or redness at a bone site, or if you notice a lump or mass. Additionally, limping, limited movement in a joint, unexpected fever, and spontaneous fractures without clear causes warrant prompt evaluation by an oncologist for a thorough examination and diagnosis.

• #2 Bone Cancer: Symptoms, Treatment & Outlook

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17745-bone-cancer

  Some people with bone cancer have no symptoms other than feeling a painless lump. For others, a variety of symptoms can develop. Providers can easily mistake some symptoms for those of other conditions, like growing pains, sports injuries, arthritis or Lyme disease. Narrowing it down may delay the diagnosis. […] The most common signs of bone cancer include: Bone pain that gradually becomes more persistent (usually worse at night and may feel throbbing, aching or stabbing) […] A lump in the affected area that may be hard or soft to the touch […] Unexplained swelling around the affected area of the bone […] Difficulty moving around (if swelling is near a joint) […] Fatigue […] Fever. […] Bone cancers weaken the bones that they form in, and sometimes, people can develop bone fractures through the tumor. These are called pathologic fractures. Sometimes, healthcare providers find bone cancers while investigating a fracture. […] Without treatment, bone cancers can spread to other parts of your body.

• #2 Osteosarcoma (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/cancer-osteosarcoma.html

  Osteosarcoma usually develops during the adolescent growth spurt (usually ages 13 to 16 in boys but a little younger in girls). It causes pain in the bone, which may be worse during exercise or at night. A lump or swelling may form. […] Less often, osteosarcoma causes a limp or a broken bone (when the cancer has weakened the bone).

• #2 Bone Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Types, Treatment, and Outlook

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/bone-tumors

  Osteosarcoma starts in the cells that build your bones called osteoblasts. It can happen in any of your bones, especially if you’re an older adult. But in children, teens, and younger adults, it often starts in your upper arm bone close to your shoulder or your leg bone close to your knee. It tends to grow fast and spread to other parts of your body, such as your lungs. […] The earliest symptom of bone cancer is unusual pain or swelling in or around the affected area of your bone. […] If you do have symptoms, it’s usually persistent or unusual pain or swelling in or around the affected area of your bone. In the case of Ewing sarcoma or chondrosarcoma, your pain may be worse at night. […] Other symptoms vary depending on which type of bone cancer you have, but they include: A lump on a bone in your arms, legs, chest, or pelvis that may feel soft and warm; Discoloration of your skin that shows you have inflammation near the tumor; If you have a tumor in an arm bone, pain in that arm when you lift something; If you have a tumor in a leg bone, limping; If the tumor is near a joint, stiffness or limited movement in that joint; Unexplained fevers that may not go away; Unexplained broken bones, especially if they happen without an injury; If the tumor has spread outside of your bone, fatigue and unexpected weight loss.

• #2 Bone cancer | Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/bone-cancer

  The most common symptom of bone cancer is pain in the bones and joints, which may be worse at night or during activity. Other symptoms may include: swelling over the affected part of the bone […] stiffness or tenderness in the bone […] problems with movement […] unexplained weight loss […] a fractured bone […] loss of feeling in the affected limb […] tiredness.

• #2 Osteosarcoma : Symptoms, Signs and Causes | HCG

  https://www.hcgoncology.com/types-of-cancers/osteosarcoma-symptoms-and-causes/

  Recognizing symptoms such as bone pain and swelling is vital for understanding osteosarcoma. […] The following are different signs and symptoms of osteosarcoma: […] Bone pain is a hallmark osteosarcoma sign. It is often localized and progressively worsens over time. Persistent, unexplained pain in a specific bone, especially during activity or at rest, is one of the most common osteosarcoma symptoms in adults. […] The presence of swelling or redness at the site of a bone tumor is an osteosarcoma sign. This localized swelling may accompany pain and should be investigated, as it could signify the abnormal growth of cancerous tissue within the bone. […] Limping, which is one of the osteosarcoma symptoms in the leg, may occur due to the impact of the disease on bone structure and function.

• #2 Bone Cancer: Signs, Symptoms, and Complications

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/bone-cancer-signs-symptoms-and-complications-4161169

  A pathological fracture causes sudden severe pain in a bone that may have been sore for weeks or months. […] Osteosarcoma is sometimes discovered when a bone that has been weakened by cancer breaks as a result of a minor fall or accident. […] As bone cancer advances, systemic effects may arise, in addition to the local effects near the bone. […] These systemic symptoms tend to occur with very advanced disease. […] Symptoms are similar to more typical osteosarcomas except that they may occur in very young children and are more widespread. […] Symptoms typically include painful swelling in the area of the body that had been targeted by radiation therapy.

• #2 Pediatric Osteosarcoma Symptoms & Diagnosis | Baptist Health Miami Cancer Institute

  https://baptisthealth.net/services/cancer-care/miami-cancer-institute/our-approach/pediatric-cancers/osteosarcoma/symptoms-and-diagnosis

  The first symptom of osteosarcoma is usually pain near a joint. Because joint pain is common and can have many causes, this symptom may be overlooked. […] Other symptoms may include: […] Tenderness, swelling or redness at the tumor site. […] Bone fracture, especially from routine movement. […] Limited range of motion in the affected body part. […] Limping or pain when lifting depending on the location of the tumor. […] Because osteosarcoma can spread widely, early and accurate diagnosis is critical.

• #2 Signs and Symptoms of Osteosarcoma | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/osteosarcoma/detection-diagnosis-staging/signs-and-symptoms.html

  Bone pain and swelling are the most common symptoms of osteosarcoma. […] Pain at the site of the tumor in the bone is the most common symptom of osteosarcoma. […] Swelling in the area is another common symptom, although it might not occur until later. […] These symptoms are less common in adults, so they should be a sign to see a doctor even sooner. […] Although osteosarcoma might weaken the bone it develops in, fractures (breaks) are not common. […] People with a fracture next to or through an osteosarcoma often describe a limb that was sore for a few months and suddenly became very painful when the fracture occurred.

• #2 Osteosarcoma Symptoms: Early Detection and Treatment Options

  https://cancercenterforhealing.com/osteosarcoma-symptoms/

  Osteosarcoma is a rare but aggressive form of bone cancer that often affects young people. If left undetected, it can spread quickly and become difficult to treat. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are crucial for the best possible outcome. […] The symptoms of osteosarcoma can vary, but the most common sign is persistent bone pain, often accompanied by swelling. Another peculiar occurrence is bone fractures that occur without any trauma or injury. In rare cases, the tumor can cause a bulge or lump in the affected area. […] One of the distinguishing features of osteosarcoma is persistent bone pain and swelling that worsens over time. Other noticeable symptoms include bone fractures without any trauma or injury, especially in the affected area. […] In addition to bone pain and swelling, osteosarcoma may also present with other signs that should not be ignored. These include fatigue and weakness, unintentional weight loss, and difficulty in movement.

• #2 Bone cancer | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/bone-cancer

  The most common symptom of primary and secondary bone cancer is strong pain in the affected bone or joint. The pain gradually becomes constant and doesnt improve with mild pain relievers such as paracetamol. It may be worse at night or during activity. […] There are other symptoms of primary and secondary bone cancer apart from pain: swelling over the affected part of the bone, stiffness or tenderness in the bone, problems with moving around, for example an unexplained limp, loss of feeling in the affected limb, unexplained fractured bone, unexplained weight loss, tiredness, fractures, high calcium levels in the blood (hypercalcaemia), pressure on the nerves in the spine (spinal cord compression), low levels of blood cells. […] Not everyone with these symptoms has bone cancer. If you have any of these symptoms or are worried, always see your doctor.

• #2 Osteosarcoma and UPS of Bone Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/bone/patient/osteosarcoma-treatment-pdq

  Osteosarcoma and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS) of bone are diseases in which cancer cells form in bone. […] Symptoms of osteosarcoma and UPS include swelling over a bone or a bony part of the body and joint pain. […] The symptoms of osteosarcoma and UPS depend on which bone it forms in. It’s important to check with your child’s doctor if your child has: swelling over a bone or bony part of the body, pain in a bone or joint, pain in the arm when lifting, stiffness in a joint, a limp or difficulty walking, a bone that breaks for no known reason. […] After osteosarcoma or UPS has been diagnosed, imaging tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the bone or to other parts of the body. […] Sometimes osteosarcoma and UPS of bone come back after treatment. […] The cancer may come back in the bone or in other parts of the body. Osteosarcoma and UPS most often recur in the lung, bone, or both. When osteosarcoma recurs, it is usually within 18 months after treatment is completed.

• #2 Bone Cancer: Signs and Symptoms | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/bone-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/signs-symptoms.html

  Pain in the area of the tumor is the most common sign of bone cancer. At first, the pain might not be there all the time. It may get worse at night or when the bone is used, such as when walking for a tumor in a leg bone. Over time, the pain can become more constant, and it might get worse with activity. […] Some bone tumors cause a lump or swelling in the area, although this might not happen until sometime after the area becomes painful. […] Bone cancer can weaken the bone, but most often the bones do not fracture (break). People with a fracture next to or through a bone tumor usually describe sudden severe pain in a bone that had been sore for a few months. […] Cancer in the bones of the spine can press on the nerves coming out of the spinal cord. This can cause numbness and tingling or even weakness in different parts of the body, depending on where the tumor is. […] Bone cancer, like many other types of cancer, can sometimes cause weight loss and fatigue. […] If the cancer spreads to other organs, it can also cause other symptoms. For instance, if the cancer spreads to the lungs, it might result in a cough or trouble breathing.

• #2 Bone cancer (Secondary)

  https://www.cancervic.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/secondary-bone-cancer/secondary-bone-cancer-overview.html

  These are some signs and symptoms of secondary bone cancer. If you notice any of these symptoms, see your doctor. […] Bone pain This is often the first and most common symptom. The pain may be a dull, persistent ache. It can get worse with movement and is often worse at night. […] Fractures Cancer cells can weaken the bones and cause them to break more easily, often with little or no force (this is known as a pathological fracture). […] High calcium levels in the blood (hypercalcaemia) As the bone breaks down, calcium is released into the bloodstream. When calcium builds up in the blood, it may cause severe tiredness (fatigue), a feeling of sickness (nausea), vomiting, thirst, constipation or confusion. […] Pressure on the nerves in the spine (spinal cord compression) Abnormal bone growth or fractures can press on the nerves in the spine. This may cause back pain, muscle and limb weakness, tingling or numbness of the limbs, difficulty walking, or loss of bowel or bladder control.

• #2 Learn About Osteosarcoma (Bone Cancer) in Dogs | PetCure Oncology

  https://petcureoncology.com/what-you-should-know-about-osteosarcoma-bone-cancer-in-dogs/

  Osteosarcoma is an aggressive form of cancer so early detection and treatment are paramount. […] Osteosarcoma is extremely aggressive, and it spreads quickly to other parts of the body, making early detection and treatment vital. […] The symptoms of osteosarcoma, or bone cancer, in dogs can be subtle. They may include: Lameness that doesn’t go away and swelling of the affected bone; these are the most common symptoms when a tumor affects a limb. Swelling or a mass; this is often the first sign of a tumor in the skull, jaw, or ribs. Difficulty eating if a tumor affects the jaw. Neurologic signs, such as seizures or a wobbly gait, with the skull or spinal/vertebral tumors. Breathing difficulties or lameness with rib tumors. Loss of appetite and lethargy. […] Osteosarcoma in dogs is an aggressive form of bone cancer that progresses quickly. Often the first clinical sign will be lameness or a firm bony mass may be felt protruding from the bone. This cancer can metastasize (spread) to other areas of the body if left untreated.

• #2 Osteosarcoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteosarcoma

  Prognosis is separated into three groups. Stage I osteosarcoma is rare and includes parosteal osteosarcoma or low-grade central osteosarcoma. It has an excellent prognosis (90%) with wide resection. Stage II prognosis depends on the site of the tumor (proximal tibia, femur, pelvis, etc.), size of the tumor mass, and the degree of necrosis from neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Other pathological factors such as the degree of p-glycoprotein, whether the tumor is cxcr4-positive, or Her2-positive are also important, as these are associated with distant metastases to the lung. The prognosis for patients with metastatic osteosarcoma improves with longer times to metastases (more than 12 months to 4 months), a smaller number of metastases, and their resectability. It is better to have fewer metastases than longer time to metastases. Those with a longer length of time (more than 24 months) and few nodules (two or fewer) have the best prognosis, with a two-year survival after the metastases of 50%, five-year of 40%, and 10-year of 20%. If metastases are both local and regional, the prognosis is worse. Initial presentation of stage III osteosarcoma with lung metastases depends on the resectability of the primary tumor and lung nodules, degree of necrosis of the primary tumor, and maybe the number of metastases. Overall survival prognosis is about 30%.

• #2 Progression before local control in osteosarcoma: Outcome and prognosis-predictive factors – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37638816/

  Among 195 patients, 31 (17 males) exhibited disease progression before LC. The median age at diagnosis was 14.1 years, and patients were followed for a median of 23.1 months (range: 5.8-94.7). The majority of tumors were located in the extremities (n = 28). Ten patients (48%) had lung-only metastasis. Twenty-five patients showed progression at the local site only, and six showed progression both at local/metastatic sites. […] Our findings suggest that early disease progression before LC in patients with osteosarcoma is associated with poor prognosis. However, patients initially diagnosed with localized disease and who later exhibited local-disease-only progression appeared to have better outcomes.

• #2 Metastatic Progression of Osteosarcomas: A Review of Current Knowledge of Environmental versus Oncogenic Drivers

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/2/360

  Osteosarcomas are heterogeneous bone tumors with complex genetic and chromosomic alterations. The numerous patients with metastatic osteosarcoma have a very poor prognosis, and only those who can have full surgical resection of the primary tumor and of all the macro metastasis can survive. […] Metastases of osteosarcomas are heterogeneous. They may grow simultaneously with the primary tumor, during treatment or shortly after, or a long time after the end of the treatment. They occur mainly in lungs but also in bone and various soft tissues. […] The presence of macroscopic metastasis is the strongest predictor of survival of patients with osteosarcoma. The mean 5-year overall survival rate for patients with metastases remains very low, below 30%. The metastatic spread is heterogeneous. Indeed, metastases can be detected at the initial diagnosis or appear at the short or long term after treatment.

• #2 The role of extracelluar matrix in osteosarcoma progression and metastasis | Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research | Full Text

  https://jeccr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13046-020-01685-w

  Additionally, overexpression of fibronectin in OS tissues is associated with a poorer chemotherapeutic response, distant metastasis, and shorter overall survival. […] A higher level of CD44 expression in OS tissues is apparent in patients with shorter survival and those with an unfavorable response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. […] Furthermore, CD44 expression is predictive of poor survival, metastasis, recurrence, and drug resistance in patients with OS. […] The ECM is pivotal in OS pathogenesis, especially in tumor cell migration and invasion.

• #2 Osteosarcoma | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/osteosarcoma

  Osteosarcoma cancer cells can metastasize (spread) to other areas of the body. If this happens, it most often spreads to the lungs. It also can spread to other bones, and much less commonly, to the kidneys, the adrenal gland, the brain, and the heart. […] In general, osteosarcomas in the limbs tend to be more treatable. Osteosarcomas in other locations are more difficult to treat and require more aggressive therapy. Prompt medical attention and appropriate therapy are important for the best prognosis. […] Unfortunately, about 40 percent of children treated for osteosarcoma will experience a relapse or a return of the disease.

• #2 Metastatic Progression of Osteosarcomas: A Review of Current Knowledge of Environmental versus Oncogenic Drivers

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/2/360

  Patients with synchronous metastases have heterogeneous outcomes, depending on the number and distribution of the metastases. For example, the mean 5-year event-free survival with unilateral lung metastases is up to 75% but decreases to 0% for patients with synchronous multifocal osteosarcomas. […] Metastases that appear after the end of treatment are considered relapses or recurrences. These relapses are called early when they appear during the 24 months after the end of treatment, late when they appear after 5 years, and very late after 10 years. […] The best treatment regimen for patients with synchronous metastases is still not clear but should include chemotherapy protocols associated with primary lesion resection and metastasis resection. […] In conclusion, the presence of metastasis during osteosarcoma development is a predictor of poor prognosis. Metastatic diseases are heterogeneous, and the timing, the number, the size, and, probably, other factors also affect patients’ outcomes. Only patients with full surgical resection of all macro metastasis can survive. However, the presence of micro metastatic foci may be frequent and very early events in osteosarcoma progression.

• #2 Osteosarcoma: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1256857-overview

  High expression of miR-148a was associated with poor overall survival and poor disease-specific survival. The investigators concluded that detection of circulating miR-148a expression in the peripheral blood is useful in identifying patients with osteosarcoma who have a poor prognosis. […] High expression of the oncoprotein transient receptor potential melastatin member 8 (TRPM8) was predictive of a poor prognosis in patients with osteosarcoma, in that it was associated with higher clinical stage and distant metastasis, as well as with shorter overall survival and disease-free survival.

• #2 Osteosarcoma in Children | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/o/osteosarcoma

  Osteosarcoma is the most common form of bone cancer in children. […] Symptoms of osteosarcoma include swelling, fractures and bone pain. The pain often worsens over time. Osteosarcoma is suspected when an X-ray shows destruction of the normal bone. […] With the combination of surgery and chemotherapy, the 5-year survival rate for children younger than 15 years with osteosarcoma has increased from 40% in the mid 1970s to 76% in 2010 and is now nearly 70% in adolescents aged 15 to 19 years.

• #2 Osteosarcoma: Symptoms, Tests & Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/osteosarcoma

  Symptoms of osteosarcoma vary depending on the location of the tumor. Common signs of this type of cancer include: bone pain (in motion, at rest, or when lifting objects) […] Symptoms of osteosarcoma can mimic growing pains pain in the legs caused by normal bone growth. However, growing pains typically stop during the early teenage years. Contact a doctor if your child has any chronic bone pain or swelling past their initial growth spurts, or if the pain is causing your child serious issues. […] This type of cancer can also spread to the lungs. Signs that bone cancer has metastasized (spread) to the lungs include: chest pain, shortness of breath, coughing up blood, chronic cough, wheezing, hoarseness. […] The prognosis for osteosarcoma is good if your childs tumor is confined to the original bone. In fact, 3 out of 4 people can be cured if their tumors haven’t spread elsewhere. The survival rate is about 30 percent if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.

• #2 Symptoms of Osteosarcoma, A Bone Cancer: When to Worry About Limb Pain

  https://osinst.org/symptoms/

  Osteosarcoma expert Lee Helman, MD, describes the symptoms of osteosarcoma — and what symptoms families should watch for. […] However, in those few hundred cases, delayed diagnoses are common. “Delay from onset of pain to diagnosis of osteosarcoma is, on average, several months, but can be much longer,” Dr. Helman explains. Since osteosarcoma originates in the bone, the tumor is often discovered only after a child or teen has experienced ongoing, unresolved pain around a joint or bone. […] “A common story in osteosarcoma is of a child having been seen for pain by a healthcare provider who did not consider it to be serious. The pain continued and ultimately worsened until the parents brought the child back once, twice, or more before a diagnosis is made,” says Dr. Helman. […] By far, pain or swelling (or both) are the most common symptoms of osteosarcoma, says Dr. Helman. “This is really how the vast majority of osteosarcoma patients present — usually pain before swelling.” While osteosarcoma can occur in any bone or joint, including the skull, tailbone, and jaw, the two most common areas of osteosarcoma are in the knee and shoulder, says Dr. Helman, with pain specifically presenting in those areas.

• #2 Symptoms of Osteosarcoma, A Bone Cancer: When to Worry About Limb Pain

  https://osinst.org/symptoms/

  Dr. Helman says, however, that “Osteosarcoma can be missed on a simple X-ray, and additional imaging studies should be obtained for ongoing pain without a diagnosis.” […] Ultimately, Dr. Helman encourages families and patients to keep pushing for answers and seeking out specialists if the pain is not improving. While the diagnosis may not turn out to be osteosarcoma, serious, persistent pain is worthy of close medical attention.

• #2 Osteosarcoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteosarcoma

  The characteristic feature of osteosarcoma is presence of osteoid (bone formation) within the tumor. Tumor cells are very pleomorphic (anaplastic), some are giant, numerous atypical mitoses. These cells produce osteoid describing irregular trabeculae (amorphous, eosinophilic/pink) with or without central calcification (hematoxylinophilic/blue, granular)tumor bone. Tumor cells are included in the osteoid matrix. Depending on the features of the tumor cells present (whether they resemble bone cells, cartilage cells, or fibroblast cells), the tumor can be subclassified. Osteosarcomas may exhibit multinucleated osteoclast-like giant cells. […] X-rays is the initial imaging of choice to diagnose osteosarcoma. Some characteristics of osteosarcoma on X-rays are sunburst appearance and Codman triangle (elevation of bony cortex by the tumour that caused new bone formation). CT scan is helpful in defining the bony anatomy, the integrity of the bony cortex, detecting pathologic fracture, and assessing ossification (laying of new bone materials) and calcification of the cartilage. On the other hand, soft tissue and medullary cavity is better imaged by MRI scan.

• #3 Osteosarcoma: Bone Cancer In Children | Children with Cancer UK

  http://www.childrenwithcancer.org.uk/childhood-cancer-info/cancer-types/sarcoma/bone-sarcoma/osteosarcoma/

  Osteosarcoma symptoms may include bone pain (commonly leg pain in children), swelling, redness and bone fracture. […] The following symptoms of this type of bone cancer in children may be noted: Bone pain this may come and go initially but then become more persistent, Tenderness, Redness, Swelling, Fracture may occur after a minor injury at the site of the weakened bone. […] Malignant osteosarcomas can be defined as high or low grade depending on the appearance of the abnormal cells under the microscope. In high grade tumours the cells are likely to grow quickly and are more likely to spread. […] The tumour is staged (1A, 1B, 2A, 2B or 3) according to its size and whether it has spread from the starting site. This system of staging will determine the treatment required.

• #3 Signs and Symptoms of Osteosarcoma | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/osteosarcoma/detection-diagnosis-staging/signs-and-symptoms.html

  Bone pain and swelling are the most common symptoms of osteosarcoma. […] Pain at the site of the tumor in the bone is the most common symptom of osteosarcoma. […] Swelling in the area is another common symptom, although it might not occur until later. […] These symptoms are less common in adults, so they should be a sign to see a doctor even sooner. […] Although osteosarcoma might weaken the bone it develops in, fractures (breaks) are not common. […] People with a fracture next to or through an osteosarcoma often describe a limb that was sore for a few months and suddenly became very painful when the fracture occurred.

• #3 Symptoms of Osteosarcoma, A Bone Cancer: When to Worry About Limb Pain

  https://osinst.org/symptoms/

  Osteosarcoma expert Lee Helman, MD, describes the symptoms of osteosarcoma — and what symptoms families should watch for. […] However, in those few hundred cases, delayed diagnoses are common. “Delay from onset of pain to diagnosis of osteosarcoma is, on average, several months, but can be much longer,” Dr. Helman explains. Since osteosarcoma originates in the bone, the tumor is often discovered only after a child or teen has experienced ongoing, unresolved pain around a joint or bone. […] “A common story in osteosarcoma is of a child having been seen for pain by a healthcare provider who did not consider it to be serious. The pain continued and ultimately worsened until the parents brought the child back once, twice, or more before a diagnosis is made,” says Dr. Helman. […] By far, pain or swelling (or both) are the most common symptoms of osteosarcoma, says Dr. Helman. “This is really how the vast majority of osteosarcoma patients present — usually pain before swelling.” While osteosarcoma can occur in any bone or joint, including the skull, tailbone, and jaw, the two most common areas of osteosarcoma are in the knee and shoulder, says Dr. Helman, with pain specifically presenting in those areas.

• #3 Progression before local control in osteosarcoma: Outcome and prognosis-predictive factors – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37638816/

  Among 195 patients, 31 (17 males) exhibited disease progression before LC. The median age at diagnosis was 14.1 years, and patients were followed for a median of 23.1 months (range: 5.8-94.7). The majority of tumors were located in the extremities (n = 28). Ten patients (48%) had lung-only metastasis. Twenty-five patients showed progression at the local site only, and six showed progression both at local/metastatic sites. […] Our findings suggest that early disease progression before LC in patients with osteosarcoma is associated with poor prognosis. However, patients initially diagnosed with localized disease and who later exhibited local-disease-only progression appeared to have better outcomes.

• #3 Metastatic Progression of Osteosarcomas: A Review of Current Knowledge of Environmental versus Oncogenic Drivers

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/2/360

  Patients with synchronous metastases have heterogeneous outcomes, depending on the number and distribution of the metastases. For example, the mean 5-year event-free survival with unilateral lung metastases is up to 75% but decreases to 0% for patients with synchronous multifocal osteosarcomas. […] Metastases that appear after the end of treatment are considered relapses or recurrences. These relapses are called early when they appear during the 24 months after the end of treatment, late when they appear after 5 years, and very late after 10 years. […] The best treatment regimen for patients with synchronous metastases is still not clear but should include chemotherapy protocols associated with primary lesion resection and metastasis resection. […] In conclusion, the presence of metastasis during osteosarcoma development is a predictor of poor prognosis. Metastatic diseases are heterogeneous, and the timing, the number, the size, and, probably, other factors also affect patients’ outcomes. Only patients with full surgical resection of all macro metastasis can survive. However, the presence of micro metastatic foci may be frequent and very early events in osteosarcoma progression.

• #3 KPNA2 promotes osteosarcoma progression by regulating the alternative splicing of DDX3X mediated by YBX1 | Oncogene

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41388-025-03375-3

  The results of this study highlight the strong correlation between elevated KPNA2 levels and poor prognosis in individuals diagnosed with OS. […] KPNA2 affects the proliferation, migration, and invasion of osteosarcomas by regulating the splicing factor YBX1. […] YBX1 promotes the proliferation, migration, and invasion of OS cells by upregulating VEGF165 transcription and inducing angiogenesis in OS tumors. […] This study found that YBX1 mainly affects variable splicing of the IR type in OS and is closely related to mRNA degradation, splicing factors, and the cell cycle via knockdown of YBX1 in two OS cell lines. […] In summary, the results identified the KPNA2/YBX1/DDX3X axis as a regulator of OS progression and provided new insights into the clinical treatment of OS.

• #3 Osteosarcoma – Symptoms And Treatment | familydoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/osteosarcoma/

  Osteosarcoma is a kind of bone cancer that most often affects children, teenagers, and young adults between the ages of 10 and 20. It usually begins in a leg bone (either the femur or the tibia) near the knee or in the upper arm bone (the humerus) near the shoulder. Osteosarcoma can metastasize (spread) to other parts of the body. Most often it spreads to the lungs or to other bones. […] Most people who have osteosarcoma don’t feel or look sick. An osteosarcoma tumor may cause a dull aching pain in the bone or joint around the tumor. Often, there is a firm swelling or lump in the area of the pain. This swelling is caused by the tumor growing inside the bone. […] If the cancer is in a leg bone, the person may limp. Also, the muscles in the arm or leg that have the osteosarcoma may look smaller than the muscles in the opposite arm or leg. Sometimes, the bone can break in the area of the tumor because the tumor weakens the bone. […] Today, about 3 out of 4 people who have osteosarcoma can be cured if the cancer hasn’t spread to other parts of the body. Almost everyone who is treated with limb-sparing surgery ends up with that arm or leg working well.

• #3 Metastatic Progression of Osteosarcomas: A Review of Current Knowledge of Environmental versus Oncogenic Drivers

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/2/360

  Osteosarcomas are heterogeneous bone tumors with complex genetic and chromosomic alterations. The numerous patients with metastatic osteosarcoma have a very poor prognosis, and only those who can have full surgical resection of the primary tumor and of all the macro metastasis can survive. […] Metastases of osteosarcomas are heterogeneous. They may grow simultaneously with the primary tumor, during treatment or shortly after, or a long time after the end of the treatment. They occur mainly in lungs but also in bone and various soft tissues. […] The presence of macroscopic metastasis is the strongest predictor of survival of patients with osteosarcoma. The mean 5-year overall survival rate for patients with metastases remains very low, below 30%. The metastatic spread is heterogeneous. Indeed, metastases can be detected at the initial diagnosis or appear at the short or long term after treatment.

• #3 Diagnosing Osteosarcoma | Bone Cancer Dogs, a nonprofit organization

  https://bonecancerdogs.org/diagnosing-osteosarcoma-4/

  Bone cancer can also occur in the skull, facial bones or ribs. Trouble chewing, trouble swallowing, facial swelling or nasal discharge could be signs of bone cancer in the skull or facial bones. A hard lump on a rib could be a sign of bone cancer in the ribs. […] The disease occurs more commonly in older dogs, the same group that is more likely to have arthritis or ligament injuries. Young dogs with bone cancer are often diagnosed with sprains or ligament problems. Many dogs develop a lameness that is initially attributed to some other cause, only to be diagnosed later with bone cancer. […] Improvement in symptoms does not exclude the diagnosis of bone cancer. The key to early diagnosis is early imaging. […] The best way to evaluate persistent lameness, pain or swelling is with an x-ray. Characteristic changes of bone cancer can be seen early on. Classic findings include a “lytic” lesion, where the bone appears to have been eaten away, and is no longer smooth, or a “sunburst” pattern, revealing the tumor as it grows outward toward the periphery of the bone and pushes normal bone out of the way.

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