Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Intracranial Hypertension – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507811/

  Intracranial hypertension is a state of pressure elevation within the skull that may cause various neurological disorders. The condition may arise from congenital and acquired etiologies and manifest with a diverse range of symptoms, from mild headaches and nausea to sensory disturbances, seizures, cardiovascular instability, and unconsciousness. […] Understanding the mechanisms underlying intracranial pressure alterations is crucial to diagnosis. […] Intracranial hypertension may be divided into primary and secondary causes, some of which are listed below. […] Primary or Intracranial Causes include trauma, brain tumors, ischemic stroke, nontraumatic intracerebral hemorrhage from aneurysm rupture or hypertensive hemorrhage, idiopathic or benign intracranial hypertension, hydrocephalus, meningitis, and congenital malformations.

• #1 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiopathic_intracranial_hypertension

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), previously known as pseudotumor cerebri and benign intracranial hypertension, is a condition characterized by increased intracranial pressure (pressure around the brain) without a detectable cause. […] This condition is idiopathic, meaning there is no known cause. Risk factors include being overweight or a recent increase in weight. Tetracycline may also trigger the condition. […] „Idiopathic” means of unknown cause. Therefore, IIH can only be diagnosed if there is no alternative explanation for the symptoms. Intracranial pressure may be increased due to medications such as high-dose vitamin A derivatives (e.g., isotretinoin for acne), long-term tetracycline antibiotics (for a variety of skin conditions). […] There are numerous other diseases, mostly rare conditions, that may lead to intracranial hypertension. If there is an underlying cause, the condition is termed „secondary intracranial hypertension”. Common causes of secondary intracranial hypertension include obstructive sleep apnea (a sleep-related breathing disorder), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), chronic kidney disease, and Behet’s disease.

• #1 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21968-idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is increased pressure in your skull. It occurs because of cerebrospinal fluid buildup around your brain. The cause is unknown. […] Healthcare providers dont know the exact cause of IIH. Idiopathic means that the cause is unknown. […] Researchers theorize that there may be a blockage in the path cerebrospinal fluid uses to travel through your brain (CSF pathway) or a narrowing of large veins (venous sinuses) in your brain. This may cause fluid or blood to back up as it tries to exit your brain, which increases pressure.

• #1

  https://www.beaumont.org/conditions/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension, known as IIH or pseudotumor cerebri, is a neurological disorder characterized by elevated intracranial pressure in the absence of a tumor or other disease. […] The cause of IIH is not known. Three theories exist as to why pressure is elevated in IIH: an excess of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production, increased volume of blood or brain tissue, obstruction of the veins that drain blood from the brain and thereby remove CSF.

• #1 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiopathic_intracranial_hypertension

  The cause of IIH is not known. The Monro-Kellie rule states that the intracranial pressure is determined by the amount of brain tissue, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood inside the bony cranial vault. Three theories therefore exist as to why the pressure might be raised in IIH: an excess of CSF production, increased volume of blood or brain tissue, or obstruction of the veins that drain blood from the brain. […] The first theory, that of increased production of cerebrospinal fluid, was proposed in early descriptions of the disease. However, there is no experimental data that supports a role for this process in IIH. […] The second theory posits that either increased blood flow to the brain or increase in the brain tissue itself may result in the raised pressure. […] The third theory suggests that restricted venous drainage from the brain may be impaired resulting in congestion. Many people with IIH have narrowing of the transverse sinuses. It is not clear whether this narrowing is the pathogenesis of the disease or a secondary phenomenon.

• #1 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.clevelandclinicabudhabi.ae/en/health-hub/health-resource/diseases-and-conditions/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a neurological disorder characterized by an increased pressure within the skull, similar to the pressure caused by a brain tumor. […] The exact cause of IIH remains unknown, but several factors contribute to the condition: […] Increased intracranial pressure: IIH is defined by increased pressure within the skull. […] Abnormal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation: CSF is produced and absorbed in the brain. In IIH, the balance between CSF production and absorption is disrupted, leading to increased pressure. […] Unknown Triggers: While the exact triggers are unknown, factors like obesity and hormonal changes are believed to play a role in IIH development. […] Some medications, particularly those related to hormonal treatments, may also contribute.

• #1 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/brain-nerves/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension-leaflet

  In idiopathic intracranial hypertension there is raised pressure within the skull (raised intracranial pressure), which puts pressure on the brain. Idiopathic means that the cause of this raised pressure is unknown. […] There are many other causes of raised intracranial pressure. When there is a clear cause, such as a brain tumour, it’s sometimes called secondary intracranial hypertension. However, in IIH, there is no clear cause. […] It’s thought that, in IIH, there is a problem where too much CSF is produced, not enough CSF is re-absorbed, or both. We don’t know exactly why this happens in IIH, although there are several theories. […] Having too much CSF around the brain causes high pressure inside the skull. This raised pressure leads to the symptoms of idiopathic intracranial hypertension.

• #1 Intracranial hypertension

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/intracranial-hypertension/

  Intracranial hypertension (IH) is a build-up of pressure around the brain. […] It can happen suddenly, for example, as the result of a severe head injury, stroke or ruptured brain aneurysm. […] It can be caused by a condition that affects your brain, such as a brain abscess, brain tumour, meningitis or encephalitis. […] IH can also develop as a complication of another condition such as high blood pressure. […] Sometimes though there is no obvious reason why pressure builds up around the brain. Build-up of pressure with no known cause is known as idiopathic intracranial hypertension. […] Idiopathic IH may be diagnosed if you have increased pressure on your brain and no other cause can be found. […] While the cause, or causes, of idiopathic IH is unknown, a number of risk factors have been linked to the condition.

• #1 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension-1?lang=us

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), also known as pseudotumor cerebri, is a syndrome with signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure but where a causative mass or hydrocephalus is not identified. […] The etiological link between being female, overweight and developing idiopathic intracranial hypertension remains to be elucidated. […] Obesity is encountered in the majority of cases, and as the prevalence of obesity is increasing, so too is the incidence of this diagnosis. […] A variety of conditions are known to be associated with idiopathic intracranial hypertension including: adrenal insufficiency, Cushing disease, hypoparathyroidism, hypothyroidism, excessive thyroxine replacement in children, drugs such as tetracyclines, growth hormone, hypervitaminosis A from dietary intake or other retinoids, chronic renal failure, and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

• #1 Evolving evidence in adult idiopathic intracranial hypertension: pathophysiology and management | Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

  https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/87/9/982

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is characterised by raised intracranial pressure (ICP) of unknown cause, when all other causes of raised ICP have been excluded. IIH causes significant morbidity, including permanent visual loss in up to 25% of cases with reports of 12% of new cases being registered blind per year and disabling headache in the majority. The aetiology and pathology are not fully established, and the disorder has become the subject of increasing scientific scrutiny over the last decade. With no single cause implicated, uncertainties surround the best therapeutics which have led to differing management strategies. […] The underlying pathogenesis of IIH is uncertain. Raised ICP is a uniform characteristic, but the mechanism by which ICP is elevated in IIH is not clear. It is also questionable whether a single unifying mechanism elevates ICP in these individuals. Secondary causative factors which lead to elevation of ICP may be mechanistically distinct from truly idiopathic causes.

• #1 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension – Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/brain-spinal-cord-and-nerve-disorders/headaches/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is characterized by increased pressure within the skull (intracranial pressure). What triggers the disorder is unknown. […] What causes pressure within the skull to increase is unknown. However, certain people are more susceptible to idiopathic intracranial hypertension because the large veins (venous sinuses) that help drain blood from their brain are smaller than in most people. In these people, blood drains from the brain more slowly, causing a back-up of blood, which increases pressure in the brain and/or within the skull. […] Exactly how being overweight contributes to increased pressure within the skull is unknown. But excess fat in the abdomen may increase pressure in the chest, and blood may not flow from the head to the chest as it normally does. Thus, pressure within the skull may increase.

• #1 Intracranial hypertension

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/intracranial-hypertension/

  It’s a rare condition that mainly affects women in their 20s and 30s. It most often happens in women who have gained weight. The reason for this is unclear. […] Other factors that have been linked with idiopathic IH include: some hormone conditions such as hypoparathyroidism or Addisons disease, taking certain medicines including some antibiotics, lithium (for mental health problems) and medicines for thyroid problems, high levels of vitamin A, a lack of red blood cells (iron deficiency anaemia), lupus a problem with the immune system.

• #1 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: A Migraine-Like Headache With Potential Vision Loss

  https://www.webmd.com/brain/what-is-idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is caused by a buildup of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the skull. […] Unfortunately, this condition’s origin remains mysterious to doctors and researchers. The word idiopathic signifies that there is no obvious cause of this condition or at least, not one that has been identified. […] IIH usually occurs in women of childbearing age who have a high body mass index and could be considered obese. In fact, about 90% of those diagnosed with IIH are obese. […] If no other cause is found for the persons increased intracranial pressure (such as a brain tumor), IIH can be diagnosed. Its a diagnosis of exclusion, which means that other diagnoses must be considered first. It can only be diagnosed when the other options dont fit. […] This condition can progress over time, in which case it is considered chronic IIH. Chronic idiopathic intracranial hypertension stages may include headaches that get progressively worse over time. Your headaches might be accompanied by other symptoms such as temporary blindness, nausea, and dizziness. Finally, your vision will begin to deteriorate if you dont seek treatment in time.

• #1 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000351.htm

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a condition in which the pressure inside the skull is increased. The cause is unknown. Certain medicines can increase the risk of developing this condition. The following factors are also related to this condition: Down syndrome, Behcet disease, chronic kidney failure, endocrine (hormone) disorders such as Addison disease, Cushing disease, hypoparathyroidism, polycystic ovary syndrome, following treatment (embolization) of an arteriovenous malformation, infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, Lyme disease, following chickenpox in children, iron deficiency anemia, obesity, obstructive sleep apnea, pregnancy, sarcoidosis (a disease that causes inflammation of the lymph nodes, lungs, liver, eyes, skin, or other tissues), systemic lupus erythematosus, Turner syndrome. […] Treatment is aimed at the cause of IIH. The main goal of treatments is to preserve vision and reduce the severity of headaches.

• #1

  https://continentalhospitals.com/diseases/benign-intracranial-hypertension/

  Other potential causes include hormonal imbalances, such as an excess production of certain hormones like estrogen or corticosteroids. […] Certain medications have also been linked to benign intracranial hypertension. […] Additionally, obesity has been identified as a risk factor for developing benign intracranial hypertension. […] While these factors have been implicated in the development of benign intracranial hypertension, it’s important to note that each case may have different underlying causes or contributing factors. […] One significant risk factor is gender, as women between the ages of 20 and 50 are more commonly affected by this condition. […] Hormonal changes during pregnancy or with the use of certain medications, such as oral contraceptives, may play a role in increasing the risk.

• #1 Intracranial pressure – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracranial_pressure

  Increased CSF production can occur in meningitis, subarachnoid hemorrhage, or choroid plexus tumor. […] Idiopathic or unknown cause (idiopathic intracranial hypertension, a common cause in otherwise well people especially younger women). […] One of the most damaging aspects of brain trauma and other conditions, directly correlated with poor outcome, is an elevated intracranial pressure. […] An increase in pressure, most commonly due to head injury leading to intracranial hematoma or cerebral edema, can crush brain tissue, shift brain structures, contribute to hydrocephalus, cause brain herniation, and restrict blood supply to the brain. […] Drug-induced intracranial hypertension (DIIH) or medication-induced intracranial hypertension is a condition of higher than normal intracranial pressure with the main cause being a drug. […] This condition is similar to idiopathic intracranial hypertension, however the etiology in this instance is a drug.

• #1 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.clevelandclinicabudhabi.ae/en/health-hub/health-resource/diseases-and-conditions/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension

  Anemia has also been suggested as a possible risk factor for IIH, although the exact relationship is not fully understood. […] Some medications are associated with IIH, including: […] Cycline antibiotics: Antibiotics such as tetracycline, doxycycline and minocycline, which are commonly used to treat bacterial infections, have been linked to IIH. […] Isotretinoin is a potent medication used for the treatment of severe acne. It has been associated with an increased risk of IIH, and patients taking isotretinoin should be closely monitored for symptoms of intracranial hypertension. […] Corticosteroids are another class of medications that may be associated with IIH. […] Growth hormone therapy has been linked to the development of IIH in certain cases. […] Some hormonal medications, including certain oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy, have been suggested as potential risk factors for IIH, particularly in women.

• #1 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1214410-overview

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a disorder of unknown etiology characterized by chronically elevated intracranial pressure (ICP), and the most important neurologic manifestation is papilledema. […] In the event that the increased intracranial pressure is determined to be related to a dural sinus thrombosis or the administration of an exogenous substance, the raised ICP is no longer considered idiopathic and falls under the broader disease category of pseudotumor cerebri. […] Although the precise mechanism is not understood, IIH is likely due to a dysregulation of CSF dynamics involving a blend of hypersecretion of CSF at the choroidal plexus, reduced reabsorption at the arachnoid granulations, and abnormal venous pressure gradients. […] Some researchers are moving towards linking obesity, related neuroendocrine imbalances, and IIH. […] Other medications that have been implicated for resulting in IIH include tetracycline, amiodarone, oral contraceptives such as levonorgestrel (Norplant), cyclosporine, cytarabine, growth hormone, isotretinoin, levothyroxine (children), lithium carbonate and acute change of steroid use.

• #1 Increased Intracranial Pressure Causes

  https://fpnotebook.com/Neuro/Lab/IncrsdIntrcrnlPrsrCs.htm

  Closed Head Injury […] Amiodarone […] Chlordecone (Kepone): Insecticide […] Systemic Corticosteroids (withdrawal) […] Cyclosporine […] Growth Hormone […] Leuprolide (Lupron) […] Levothyroxine (children) […] Lithium Carbonate […] Nalidixic Acid […] Norplant […] Antibiotics […] Sulfonamides (e.g. Septra) […] Tetracycline related compounds […] Mineralocorticoids […] Vitamin A […] Oral Contraceptives

• #1 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension

  https://www.medsafe.govt.nz/profs/PUArticles/March2016/IdiopathicIntracranialHypertension.htm

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is associated with a range of medicines, in particular vitamin A derivatives, contraceptives and tetracyclines. […] Other risk factors for IIH include hyperaldosteronism, Cushings syndrome, hypervitaminosis A, use of recombinant growth factor and some medicines. […] Medicines known to be associated with IIH include antibiotics including tetracyclines (eg, minocycline, doxycycline), naldixic acid and nitrofurantoin, steroids (on withdrawal), contraceptives, vitamin A derivatives such as isotretinoin, indomethacin or ketoprofen in patients with Bartters syndrome, amiodarone, thyroid replacement therapy in hypothyroid children. […] Because of the risk of IIH, concomitant use of tetracyclines and vitamin A or retinoids is contraindicated. […] Prompt discontinuation of the causative medicine leads to resolution of the disorder, usually over two to four weeks.

• #1 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension | National Eye Institute

  https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) happens when high pressure around the brain causes symptoms like vision changes and headaches. […] Experts dont know what causes IIH. But there are other types of intracranial hypertension that do have known causes: […] Acute intracranial hypertension happens suddenly, usually because of an accident or stroke […] Chronic intracranial hypertension develops over time, usually because of a health problem like a blood clot or brain tumor, or from taking certain medicines. […] If doctors cant find a reason for the high pressure, its called IIH.

• #1 Intracranial Hypertension – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507811/

  Secondary or Extracranial Causes include hypoventilation, hypertension, airway obstruction, metabolic issues, seizures, hyperpyrexia, high-altitude cerebral edema, cervical structural venous outflow obstruction, and polypharmacy. […] Cerebral edema can occur following acute hypoxic encephalopathy, sizeable cerebral infarctions, and severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). […] Increased CSF production, as in the presence of a choroid plexus papilloma, can make the CSF secretion rate exceed the reabsorption rate. […] Impaired CSF reabsorption, seen in arachnoid granulation adhesions after bacterial meningitis, can also raise the ICP. […] Diseases obstructing venous outflow, such as venous sinus thrombosis, jugular vein compression, and neck surgery-associated structural changes, may cause intracranial blood congestion and intracranial hypertension. […] Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), also known as pseudotumor cerebri, is a term for chronic ICP increase due to unknown causes with no known structural change.

• #1 Increased intracranial pressure Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/increased-intracranial-pressure

  Increased intracranial pressure is a rise in the pressure inside the skull that can result from or cause brain injury. […] Increased intracranial pressure can be due to a rise in the pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid. This is the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. An increase in intracranial pressure can also be due to a rise in pressure within the brain itself. This can be caused by a mass (such as a tumor), bleeding into the brain or fluid around the brain, or swelling of the brain. […] Many conditions can increase intracranial pressure. Common causes include: Aneurysm rupture and subarachnoid hemorrhage, Brain tumor, Encephalitis (irritation and swelling, or inflammation of the brain), Head injury, Hydrocephalus (increased fluid within the brain), Hypertensive brain hemorrhage (bleeding in the brain from high blood pressure), Intraventricular hemorrhage (bleeding into the fluid-filled areas, or ventricles, inside the brain), Meningitis (infection of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord), Subdural hematoma (bleeding between the covering of the brain and the surface of the brain), Epidural hematoma (bleeding between the inside of the skull and the outer covering of the brain), Seizure, Stroke, Brain injury following a cardiac arrest, Clots in the veins of the brain (sinus thrombosis).

• #1 Intracranial Hypertension – Causes, Risk factors, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/intracranial-hypertension.htm

  Intracranial hypertension may occur with or without any underlying cause. […] Increased intracranial pressure can be due to a tumor, internal bleeding owing to hemorrhage, or swelling within the brain. […] Common causes of intracranial hypertension include: Aneurysm rupture, Subarachnoid hemorrhage, Brain tumor, Encephalitis, Head injury, Hydrocephalus, Hypertensive brain hemorrhage, Intraventricular hemorrhage, Meningitis, Subdural hematoma, Status epilepticus, Stroke. […] Intracranial hypertension can be a secondary complication in certain medical conditions like: Addison’s disease, Anemia, Behcet’s syndrome, Blood-clotting disorders, Lupus, Kidney disease, Polycystic ovary syndrome, Sleep apnea, Underactive parathyroid glands, Uremia, Blockage of the brains venous drainage (dural sinus thrombosis), Renal disease, Head injury, Lyme disease, Lupus, Acute sinusitis, Measles, Blood clotting disorders, Anemia, Malnutrition.

• #1 Causes of Secondary IH | Causes of Secondary IH | What is IH? | Intracranial Hypertension Research Foundation

  https://ihrfoundation.org/what-is-ih/causes-of-secondary-ih

  Intracranial hypertension was first documented in the sixteenth century by a Dutch explorer, Gerrit de Veer, who identified the toxic effects of polar bear liver on early Artic explorers. Several men in his expedition developed secondary intracranial hypertension (SIH) and nearly died after consuming polar bear liver, which contains lethal levels of Vitamin A. Excessive ingestion of vitamin A is now a recognized SIH cause. […] Other examples of SIH causes include: Head trauma (including post-traumatic brain injury (TBI), Stroke (subarachnoid hemorrhage), Cerebral blood clots (dural venous thrombosis), Kidney failure, Liver failure, Sleep apnea. […] More SIH causes are thought to exist, but research is needed to confirm whether there are true relationships. Both idiopathic and secondary intracranial hypertension can cause the same physical symptoms of raised intracranial pressure and can become chronic; the main difference between the two forms is the presence of a cause.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Intracranial-Hypertension.aspx

  Intracranial hypertension (IH), a clinical condition typically seen in the intensive care unit, is caused by increased pressure surrounding the brain. In many situations, the cause of chronic IH is unknown, referred to as idiopathic IH (IIH). […] It can be caused by a primary central nervous system (CNS) lesion or a consequence of another systemic condition. […] Intracranial hypertension can occur due to several conditions caused by potential mechanisms, including venous blockage, cerebral edema, and increased brain and blood volume. […] Chronic intracranial hypertension can occur due to a blood clot (on the brain’s surface), tumor, or infection in the brain (meningitis). […] IH can be caused by both primary and secondary brain injury (SBI) and has variable clinical symptoms. […] The underlying pathophysiology is unknown; however, numerous aetiologies have been proposed. […] Obesity is linked to increased intraabdominal and intrapleural pressure, which can reduce CSF outflow by increasing venous pressure and raising ICP. […] Sleep apnea can also cause increased ICP due to hypercarbia and vasodilation.

• #1 Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/increased-intracranial-pressure-icp

  The amount of CSF in your brain can increase due to: Hydrocephalus. Choroid plexus tumor (a rare type of brain tumor). Meningitis. Granulomas on your meninges. […] You can develop increased brain blood volume from: Ruptured brain aneurysms or hypercapnia (increased blood carbon dioxide levels). Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. Heart failure. […] Other causes of ICP include: Benign or idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Skull deformities, like craniosynostosis. Too much vitamin A in your body. Tetracycline (an antibiotic) use.

• #1 Intracranial pressure – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracranial_pressure

  Intracranial hypertension (IH), also called increased ICP (IICP) or raised intracranial pressure (RICP), refers to elevated pressure in the cranium. […] Causes of increased intracranial pressure can be classified by the mechanism in which ICP is increased: […] Mass effect such as brain tumor, infarction with edema, contusions, subdural or epidural hematoma, or abscesses all tend to deform the adjacent brain. […] Generalized brain swelling can occur in ischemic-anoxia states, acute liver failure, hypertensive encephalopathy, hypercarbia (hypercapnia), and Reye hepatocerebral syndrome. […] Increase in venous pressure can be due to venous sinus thrombosis, heart failure, or obstruction of superior mediastinal or jugular veins. […] Obstruction to CSF flow and/or absorption can occur in hydrocephalus (blockage in ventricles or subarachnoid space at base of brain, e.g., by Arnold-Chiari malformation), extensive meningeal disease (e.g., infection, carcinoma, granuloma, or hemorrhage), or obstruction in cerebral convexities and superior sagittal sinus (decreased absorption).

• #1 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2020-may/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension

  Medications have been implicated in the development of PCS. […] A possible association between PCS and hormonal contraception has long been debated. […] Treatment of secondary PCS should start with removing any precipitating medication or treating primary medical comorbidities causing ICP. […] The management of IIH is multimodal and includes lifestyle measures (ie, diet and weight loss), medical therapy, and surgical procedures if medical treatment does not improve IIH. […] Venous sinus stenting is controversial because it is uncertain if venous sinus narrowing is a cause or consequence of elevated ICP.

• #1 Pseudotumor Cerebri (Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension) – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Pseudotumor_Cerebri_(Idiopathic_Intracranial_Hypertension)

  Pseudotumor cerebri, also known as idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), is a disorder characterized by increased intracranial pressure (ICP) of unknown cause that predominantly affects obese women of childbearing age. […] Among other possible risk factors, certain systemic illnesses have been associated with IIH, including obstructive sleep apnea, hypothyroidism, anemia, Addison disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, Behet’s syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome, coagulation disorders, and uremia. […] Another proposed mechanism involves stenosis of the distal portion of the transverse venous sinuses. […] Some suggested that an increase in intraabdominal pressure, secondary to obesity, causes increased cardiac filling pressure which impedes venous return from the brain and subsequently leads to an elevated intracranial venous pressure and IIH.

• #1 Pseudotumor Cerebri (Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension) – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Pseudotumor_Cerebri_(Idiopathic_Intracranial_Hypertension)

  Other studies have suggested a role for vitamin A in IIH pathogenesis based on elevated serum and CSF vitamin A, retinol, and retinol binding protein levels reported in IIH patients. […] It has also been proposed that there may be microthrombosis in the sagittal sinus, of insufficient size to be seen on neuroimaging studies, which is blocking CSF absorption in the arachnoid granulations. […] The differential diagnosis of IIH also includes disease entities which look like or lead to unilateral or bilateral disc edema. […] Venous sinus stenting (VSS) is an emerging procedure based on the findings of venous sinus stenosis in IIH patients.

• #1 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/brain-nerves/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension-leaflet

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension occurs more frequently in some groups of people. Possible risk factors include: […] Rarely, certain medications: stopping steroids can trigger idiopathic intracranial hypertension, and other medications such as tetracycline antibiotics, lithium, and vitamin A have all be linked with it. […] The most commonly-used medication for idiopathic intracranial hypertension is acetazolamide. Acetazolamide reduces CSF production. […] Treatment with medicines can work well for many people. However, if your symptoms do not improve with medical treatment or you have new loss of vision, surgery may be considered. […] Surgery aims to reduce the pressure within the skull (intracranial pressure). […] The second type of surgical treatment is around the eye. A procedure called optic nerve sheath fenestration can be carried out. Small cuts are made in the protective sheath around the optic nerve. This allows CSF to escape and the pressure on the optic nerve is reduced. […] It is essential to detect idiopathic intracranial hypertension early and to start treatment early to prevent permanent loss of vision occurring.

• #1 Evolving evidence in adult idiopathic intracranial hypertension: pathophysiology and management | Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

  https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/87/9/982

  Obesity is a consistent risk factor for the development of IIH. Correlations between body mass index (BMI) and risk of IIH have been demonstrated, as have associations between increase in weight and disease recurrence. […] Despite the association between IIH and an obese phenotype, the pathological mechanisms tying the two together are unclear, and IIH is a rare disorder, while obesity is common. […] The aetiology and pathology are not fully established, and the disorder has become the subject of increasing scientific scrutiny over the last decade.

• #2 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension-1?lang=us

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), also known as pseudotumor cerebri, is a syndrome with signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure but where a causative mass or hydrocephalus is not identified. […] The etiological link between being female, overweight and developing idiopathic intracranial hypertension remains to be elucidated. […] Obesity is encountered in the majority of cases, and as the prevalence of obesity is increasing, so too is the incidence of this diagnosis. […] A variety of conditions are known to be associated with idiopathic intracranial hypertension including: adrenal insufficiency, Cushing disease, hypoparathyroidism, hypothyroidism, excessive thyroxine replacement in children, drugs such as tetracyclines, growth hormone, hypervitaminosis A from dietary intake or other retinoids, chronic renal failure, and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

• #2 Pseudotumor cerebri (idiopathic intracranial hypertension) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pseudotumor-cerebri/symptoms-causes/syc-20354031

  Pseudotumor cerebri (SOO-doe-too-mur SER-uh-bry) occurs when the pressure inside your skull (intracranial pressure) increases for no obvious reason. It’s also called idiopathic intracranial hypertension. […] The cause of pseudotumor cerebri is unknown. If a cause is determined, the condition is called secondary intracranial hypertension, rather than idiopathic. […] The increased intracranial pressure of pseudotumor cerebri might result from a problem in this absorption process. […] Obese women of childbearing age are more likely to develop the disorder. […] Substances linked to secondary intracranial hypertension include: Growth hormone, Tetracycline, Too much vitamin A. […] Conditions and diseases that have been linked to secondary intracranial hypertension include: Addison’s disease, Anemia, Blood-clotting disorders, Kidney disease, Lupus, Polycystic ovary syndrome, Sleep apnea, Underactive parathyroid glands.

• #2 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: A Migraine-Like Headache With Potential Vision Loss

  https://www.webmd.com/brain/what-is-idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is caused by a buildup of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the skull. […] Unfortunately, this condition’s origin remains mysterious to doctors and researchers. The word idiopathic signifies that there is no obvious cause of this condition or at least, not one that has been identified. […] IIH usually occurs in women of childbearing age who have a high body mass index and could be considered obese. In fact, about 90% of those diagnosed with IIH are obese. […] If no other cause is found for the persons increased intracranial pressure (such as a brain tumor), IIH can be diagnosed. Its a diagnosis of exclusion, which means that other diagnoses must be considered first. It can only be diagnosed when the other options dont fit. […] This condition can progress over time, in which case it is considered chronic IIH. Chronic idiopathic intracranial hypertension stages may include headaches that get progressively worse over time. Your headaches might be accompanied by other symptoms such as temporary blindness, nausea, and dizziness. Finally, your vision will begin to deteriorate if you dont seek treatment in time.

• #2 Increased Intracranial Pressure Causes

  https://fpnotebook.com/Neuro/Lab/IncrsdIntrcrnlPrsrCs.htm

  Aka: Increased Intracranial Pressure Causes, Intracranial Pressure Elevation Causes, Increased Intracranial Pressure, Medication Causes of Increased Intracranial Pressure […] Causes: Venous drainage obstruction […] Causes: Endocrine disorders […] Causes: Other Conditions […] Causes: Medications related to Increased Intracranial Pressure […] Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis (Sagittal, Lateral) […] Addison’s Disease […] Cushing’s Disease […] Obesity […] Hypothyroidism […] Hypoparathyroidism […] Orthostatic Edema […] Pregnancy […] Iron Deficiency Anemia […] Polycystic Ovary Syndrome […] Systemic Lupus Erythematosus […] Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome […] Steroid withdrawal […] Acromegaly […] Sleep Apnea […] Turner’s Syndrome […] Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

• #2 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension

  https://www.medsafe.govt.nz/profs/PUArticles/March2016/IdiopathicIntracranialHypertension.htm

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is associated with a range of medicines, in particular vitamin A derivatives, contraceptives and tetracyclines. […] Other risk factors for IIH include hyperaldosteronism, Cushings syndrome, hypervitaminosis A, use of recombinant growth factor and some medicines. […] Medicines known to be associated with IIH include antibiotics including tetracyclines (eg, minocycline, doxycycline), naldixic acid and nitrofurantoin, steroids (on withdrawal), contraceptives, vitamin A derivatives such as isotretinoin, indomethacin or ketoprofen in patients with Bartters syndrome, amiodarone, thyroid replacement therapy in hypothyroid children. […] Because of the risk of IIH, concomitant use of tetracyclines and vitamin A or retinoids is contraindicated. […] Prompt discontinuation of the causative medicine leads to resolution of the disorder, usually over two to four weeks.

• #2 Causes of Secondary IH | Causes of Secondary IH | What is IH? | Intracranial Hypertension Research Foundation

  https://ihrfoundation.org/what-is-ih/causes-of-secondary-ih

  Intracranial hypertension was first documented in the sixteenth century by a Dutch explorer, Gerrit de Veer, who identified the toxic effects of polar bear liver on early Artic explorers. Several men in his expedition developed secondary intracranial hypertension (SIH) and nearly died after consuming polar bear liver, which contains lethal levels of Vitamin A. Excessive ingestion of vitamin A is now a recognized SIH cause. […] Other examples of SIH causes include: Head trauma (including post-traumatic brain injury (TBI), Stroke (subarachnoid hemorrhage), Cerebral blood clots (dural venous thrombosis), Kidney failure, Liver failure, Sleep apnea. […] More SIH causes are thought to exist, but research is needed to confirm whether there are true relationships. Both idiopathic and secondary intracranial hypertension can cause the same physical symptoms of raised intracranial pressure and can become chronic; the main difference between the two forms is the presence of a cause.

• #2 Increased Intracranial Pressure Causes

  https://fpnotebook.com/Neuro/Lab/IncrsdIntrcrnlPrsrCs.htm

  Closed Head Injury […] Amiodarone […] Chlordecone (Kepone): Insecticide […] Systemic Corticosteroids (withdrawal) […] Cyclosporine […] Growth Hormone […] Leuprolide (Lupron) […] Levothyroxine (children) […] Lithium Carbonate […] Nalidixic Acid […] Norplant […] Antibiotics […] Sulfonamides (e.g. Septra) […] Tetracycline related compounds […] Mineralocorticoids […] Vitamin A […] Oral Contraceptives

• #2 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension – Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/brain-spinal-cord-and-nerve-disorders/headaches/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension

  In idiopathic intracranial hypertension, the increased pressure does not result from other identifiable disorders, such as tumors, infections, blood clots, or blockages that prevent the fluid that surrounds the brain (cerebrospinal fluid) from draining as it normally does. […] In most people, the development of idiopathic intracranial hypertension cannot be traced to any particular event. In children, this disorder sometimes develops after corticosteroids are stopped or after growth hormone is used. Sometimes the disorder develops after people take tetracycline antibiotics or large amounts of vitamin A.

• #2 Increased intracranial pressure Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/increased-intracranial-pressure

  Increased intracranial pressure is a rise in the pressure inside the skull that can result from or cause brain injury. […] Increased intracranial pressure can be due to a rise in the pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid. This is the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. An increase in intracranial pressure can also be due to a rise in pressure within the brain itself. This can be caused by a mass (such as a tumor), bleeding into the brain or fluid around the brain, or swelling of the brain. […] Many conditions can increase intracranial pressure. Common causes include: Aneurysm rupture and subarachnoid hemorrhage, Brain tumor, Encephalitis (irritation and swelling, or inflammation of the brain), Head injury, Hydrocephalus (increased fluid within the brain), Hypertensive brain hemorrhage (bleeding in the brain from high blood pressure), Intraventricular hemorrhage (bleeding into the fluid-filled areas, or ventricles, inside the brain), Meningitis (infection of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord), Subdural hematoma (bleeding between the covering of the brain and the surface of the brain), Epidural hematoma (bleeding between the inside of the skull and the outer covering of the brain), Seizure, Stroke, Brain injury following a cardiac arrest, Clots in the veins of the brain (sinus thrombosis).

• #2 Intracranial Hypertension – Causes, Risk factors, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/intracranial-hypertension.htm

  Intracranial hypertension may occur with or without any underlying cause. […] Increased intracranial pressure can be due to a tumor, internal bleeding owing to hemorrhage, or swelling within the brain. […] Common causes of intracranial hypertension include: Aneurysm rupture, Subarachnoid hemorrhage, Brain tumor, Encephalitis, Head injury, Hydrocephalus, Hypertensive brain hemorrhage, Intraventricular hemorrhage, Meningitis, Subdural hematoma, Status epilepticus, Stroke. […] Intracranial hypertension can be a secondary complication in certain medical conditions like: Addison’s disease, Anemia, Behcet’s syndrome, Blood-clotting disorders, Lupus, Kidney disease, Polycystic ovary syndrome, Sleep apnea, Underactive parathyroid glands, Uremia, Blockage of the brains venous drainage (dural sinus thrombosis), Renal disease, Head injury, Lyme disease, Lupus, Acute sinusitis, Measles, Blood clotting disorders, Anemia, Malnutrition.

• #2 Elevated Intracranial Pressure: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/elevated-intracranial-pressure-2488707

  Elevated intracranial pressure can be caused by a brain bleed, an infection, a brain tumor, or a head injury. […] There are several things that can trigger an increase in intracranial pressure. These include a brain tumor, an active bleed in the brain, or an infection that causes massive inflammation and even the production of pus. […] Some of the more common causes of elevated ICP include: Head trauma, Tumors, both benign and cancerous, Intracerebral hemorrhage (ruptured vessels inside the brain), Subarachnoid hemorrhage (bleeding between the brain and the tissue that covers it), Ischemic stroke, Hydrocephalus („water on the brain”), Meningitis (inflammation of the tissue surrounding the brain), Encephalitis (inflammation of the brain itself). […] Sometimes, the cause of the increased intracranial pressure is unknown. This is referred to as idiopathic elevated intracranial pressure.

• #2 Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/increased-intracranial-pressure-icp

  The amount of CSF in your brain can increase due to: Hydrocephalus. Choroid plexus tumor (a rare type of brain tumor). Meningitis. Granulomas on your meninges. […] You can develop increased brain blood volume from: Ruptured brain aneurysms or hypercapnia (increased blood carbon dioxide levels). Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. Heart failure. […] Other causes of ICP include: Benign or idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Skull deformities, like craniosynostosis. Too much vitamin A in your body. Tetracycline (an antibiotic) use.

• #2 Increased intracranial pressure (ICP): Symptoms, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324165

  Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) is a medical term that refers to growing pressure inside a persons skull. This pressure can affect the brain if doctors do not treat it. […] The following is a list of medical conditions and other causes that can lead to increased ICP: brain injury, which is often the result of a blow to the head; hydrocephalus, or too much cerebrospinal fluid on the brain; brain swelling; bleeding or blood pooling in the brain; brain aneurysm; brain infection, such as meningitis or encephalitis; stroke; high blood pressure; brain tumor; drug interaction; seizure; epilepsy; hypoxemia, a blood oxygen deficiency. […] In infants, high ICP may be the result of child abuse. […] A sudden increase in ICP is a medical emergency and can be life-threatening. The most common cause of high ICP is a blow to the head. […] Without proper treatment, this condition may lead to seizure, coma, stroke, or brain damage. In severe cases, increased ICP can be fatal.

• #2 Intracranial hypertension

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/intracranial-hypertension/

  It’s a rare condition that mainly affects women in their 20s and 30s. It most often happens in women who have gained weight. The reason for this is unclear. […] Other factors that have been linked with idiopathic IH include: some hormone conditions such as hypoparathyroidism or Addisons disease, taking certain medicines including some antibiotics, lithium (for mental health problems) and medicines for thyroid problems, high levels of vitamin A, a lack of red blood cells (iron deficiency anaemia), lupus a problem with the immune system.

• #2 Intracranial pressure – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracranial_pressure

  Intracranial hypertension (IH), also called increased ICP (IICP) or raised intracranial pressure (RICP), refers to elevated pressure in the cranium. […] Causes of increased intracranial pressure can be classified by the mechanism in which ICP is increased: […] Mass effect such as brain tumor, infarction with edema, contusions, subdural or epidural hematoma, or abscesses all tend to deform the adjacent brain. […] Generalized brain swelling can occur in ischemic-anoxia states, acute liver failure, hypertensive encephalopathy, hypercarbia (hypercapnia), and Reye hepatocerebral syndrome. […] Increase in venous pressure can be due to venous sinus thrombosis, heart failure, or obstruction of superior mediastinal or jugular veins. […] Obstruction to CSF flow and/or absorption can occur in hydrocephalus (blockage in ventricles or subarachnoid space at base of brain, e.g., by Arnold-Chiari malformation), extensive meningeal disease (e.g., infection, carcinoma, granuloma, or hemorrhage), or obstruction in cerebral convexities and superior sagittal sinus (decreased absorption).

• #2 Pseudotumor Cerebri (Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension) – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Pseudotumor_Cerebri_(Idiopathic_Intracranial_Hypertension)

  Pseudotumor cerebri, also known as idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), is a disorder characterized by increased intracranial pressure (ICP) of unknown cause that predominantly affects obese women of childbearing age. […] Among other possible risk factors, certain systemic illnesses have been associated with IIH, including obstructive sleep apnea, hypothyroidism, anemia, Addison disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, Behet’s syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome, coagulation disorders, and uremia. […] Another proposed mechanism involves stenosis of the distal portion of the transverse venous sinuses. […] Some suggested that an increase in intraabdominal pressure, secondary to obesity, causes increased cardiac filling pressure which impedes venous return from the brain and subsequently leads to an elevated intracranial venous pressure and IIH.

• #2 Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/increased-intracranial-pressure-icp

  Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) happens when theres a rise in the pressure within your cranial vault. It can be sudden (acute) or develop slowly over time (chronic) and has several possible causes. […] There are several possible causes of increased intracranial pressure. […] Healthcare providers categorize the causes of ICP based on which component is causing elevated pressures. […] Generalized (all over) brain swelling (cerebral edema) can happen from: Traumatic brain injury. Blood flow issues in your brain (ischemia). High levels of ammonia in your blood (hyperammonemia). Decreased brain function due to a buildup of toxins in your blood from decreased kidney function (uremic encephalopathy). Low sodium levels in your blood (hyponatremia). […] Swelling can also develop in specific parts of your brain from: Intracerebral or subdural hematomas (types of brain bleeds). Brain tumor. Brain abscess. Stroke.

• #2 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy, Optic Nerve Sheath Fenestration, CSF Diversion, and Venous Sinus Stenting

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1214410-treatment

  Venous stenting is a relatively new intervention and remains somewhat controversial. […] A literature review of 143 patients treated with venous stenting showed that 88% of patients experienced improved headache and 87% reported improved visual symptoms. […] The surgical arm of the IHTT (SIGHT) will help elucidate the impact of CSF diversion procedures on patients with medically unresponsive IIH. […] Reduction of body weight by 5-10% was found to be effective with resulting improvement of papilledema and visual fields. […] Among 13 patients in whom CSF pressures were measured preoperatively and postoperatively, there was an average postoperative decrease of 254 mm water. […] The authors called for prospective controlled studies to confirm the effectiveness of this surgical approach for patients with IIH in long-term follow-up.

• #2 Intracranial hypertension

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/intracranial-hypertension/

  Intracranial hypertension (IH) is a build-up of pressure around the brain. […] It can happen suddenly, for example, as the result of a severe head injury, stroke or ruptured brain aneurysm. […] It can be caused by a condition that affects your brain, such as a brain abscess, brain tumour, meningitis or encephalitis. […] IH can also develop as a complication of another condition such as high blood pressure. […] Sometimes though there is no obvious reason why pressure builds up around the brain. Build-up of pressure with no known cause is known as idiopathic intracranial hypertension. […] Idiopathic IH may be diagnosed if you have increased pressure on your brain and no other cause can be found. […] While the cause, or causes, of idiopathic IH is unknown, a number of risk factors have been linked to the condition.

• #2 Intracranial hypertension (IH) | nidirect

  https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/intracranial-hypertension-ih

  Intracranial hypertension (IH) can come on suddenly for example, as the result of a severe head injury, stroke, or brain abscess. […] It can also be a persistent, long-lasting problem, known as chronic IH. This is rare and sometimes it’s not clear why it happens. […] Possible causes of chronic IH include a blood clot on the surface of the brain known as a chronic subdural haematoma, a brain tumour, a brain infection such as meningitis or encephalitis, hydrocephalus a build-up of fluid around and inside the brain, blood vessel abnormalities such as an arteriovenous fistula or arteriovenous malformation, and a blood clot in one of the veins of the brain known as a venous sinus thrombosis. […] In many cases, the cause of chronic IH is unclear. This is known as idiopathic IH, or sometimes benign IH.

• #2

  https://step2.medbullets.com/neurology/120306/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension-pseudotumor-cerebri

  A 28-year-old woman is referred to a headache neurologist for throbbing left-sided headaches that are refractory to numerous analgesics. Her headache is associated with episodes of double vision and „vision blurriness.” […] Believed to be due to reduced cerebrospinal fluid absorption. […] Risk factors include female gender in childbearing age, obesity, oral contraceptive pills, and vitamin A (isotretinoin). […] Symptoms include headache, typically lateralized and pulsatile in nature, nausea and vomiting, pulsatile tinnitus, and diplopia. […] Elevated opening pressure is a finding in lumbar puncture, which is the most accurate diagnostic test for IIH. […] Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are the first-line treatment for idiopathic intracranial hypertension. […] Optic nerve sheath fenestration is indicated in patients who fail medical management.

Zobacz więcej