Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Increased Intracranial Pressure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482119/

  Intracranial hypertension (IH) is a clinical condition that is associated with an elevation of the pressures within the cranium. […] The evaluation of increased ICP should include detailed history taking, physical examination, and ancillary studies. […] Assessment and management of the airway, specifically breathing and circulation should always be the priority. […] Nursing care must pay close attention to changes in neurologic status, any change in vitals such as an increasingly erratic heart rate, development of bradycardia, accurate and equal intake and output when having diuresis, and maintenance of proper blood pressure. […] Patient education regarding avoidance of future complications should come from all team members, with social work involvement to ensure home safety after discharge, and the patient’s primary care provider should be updated, to ensure appropriate follow-up.

• #2 Intracranial Hypertension – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507811/

  Intracranial hypertension is a state of pressure elevation within the skull that may cause various neurological disorders. […] Understanding the mechanisms underlying intracranial pressure alterations is crucial to diagnosis. A deep grasp of evidence-based interventions can help health providers determine the appropriate management strategy for a patient with intracranial hypertension. […] This activity for healthcare professionals is designed to sharpen learners’ proficiency in evaluating and managing intracranial hypertension. […] Increased diagnostic and management acumen equips learners to collaborate effectively within an interprofessional team caring for patients with intracranial hypertension. […] Managing ICH typically involves addressing the underlying cause, optimizing cerebral perfusion, and sometimes surgical interventions to relieve pressure on the brain.

• #3 Increased Intracranial Pressure Nursing Care Plan & Management

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/increased-intracranial-pressure/

  Increased intracranial pressure is a rise in the pressure inside the skull that can result from or cause brain injury. The normal intracranial pressure is between 5-15 mmHg. According to Monro-Kellie hypothesis, any increase in one of these elements must be balanced or compensated by a proportional constriction either or both of the other two components such as decreasing the volume of cerebral blood flow, shifting CSF flow (into the spinal canal) or increasing CSF absorption. Absence of these compensatory changes results to increased intracranial pressure. Once ICP reaches around 25 mmHg marked elevation in intracranial pressure will be noted. […] In general, symptoms and signs that suggest a rise in ICP including headache, vomiting without nausea, ocular palsies, altered level of consciousness, back pain and papilledema. If papilledema is protracted, it may lead to visual disturbances, optic atrophy, and eventually blindness. Irregular respirations occur when injury to parts of the brain interfere with the respiratory drive. As a rule, patients with normal blood pressure retain normal alertness with ICP of 25-40 mmHg. Only when ICP exceeds 40-50 mmHg do CPP and cerebral perfusion decrease to a level that results in loss of consciousness.

• #4 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Intracranial-Hypertension.aspx

  Intracranial hypertension (IH), a clinical condition typically seen in the intensive care unit, is caused by increased pressure surrounding the brain. […] Sustained intracranial pressure values exceeding 20 mm Hg are considered pathogenic and should be treated aggressively in patients with traumatic brain damage. […] The goal of treatment is to lower intracranial pressure, ease headaches, and maintain vision. […] Nonsurgical treatments include weight loss, acetazolamide, and topiramate as first-line therapy modalities. […] According to the most recent traumatic brain injury recommendations, the primary goal of IH treatment is to keep ICP below 22 mmHg and CPP over 60 mmHg. […] Progress in monitoring and understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms of IH enables the introduction of targeted therapies to enhance these patients’ outcomes. […] Although therapy for the fundamental cause of IH is the basic first approach, all efforts in the ICU should be directed against preventing SBI.

• #5 Increased Intracranial Pressure Nursing Care Plan & Management

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/increased-intracranial-pressure/

  Increased intracranial pressure is a rise in the pressure inside the skull that can result from or cause brain injury. The normal intracranial pressure is between 5-15 mmHg. According to Monro-Kellie hypothesis, any increase in one of these elements must be balanced or compensated by a proportional constriction either or both of the other two components such as decreasing the volume of cerebral blood flow, shifting CSF flow (into the spinal canal) or increasing CSF absorption. Absence of these compensatory changes results to increased intracranial pressure. Once ICP reaches around 25 mmHg marked elevation in intracranial pressure will be noted. […] In general, symptoms and signs that suggest a rise in ICP including headache, vomiting without nausea, ocular palsies, altered level of consciousness, back pain and papilledema. If papilledema is protracted, it may lead to visual disturbances, optic atrophy, and eventually blindness. Irregular respirations occur when injury to parts of the brain interfere with the respiratory drive. As a rule, patients with normal blood pressure retain normal alertness with ICP of 25-40 mmHg. Only when ICP exceeds 40-50 mmHg do CPP and cerebral perfusion decrease to a level that results in loss of consciousness.

• #6 Increased Intracranial Pressure Nursing Care Plan & Management

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/increased-intracranial-pressure/

  Increased intracranial pressure is a rise in the pressure inside the skull that can result from or cause brain injury. The normal intracranial pressure is between 5-15 mmHg. According to Monro-Kellie hypothesis, any increase in one of these elements must be balanced or compensated by a proportional constriction either or both of the other two components such as decreasing the volume of cerebral blood flow, shifting CSF flow (into the spinal canal) or increasing CSF absorption. Absence of these compensatory changes results to increased intracranial pressure. Once ICP reaches around 25 mmHg marked elevation in intracranial pressure will be noted. […] In general, symptoms and signs that suggest a rise in ICP including headache, vomiting without nausea, ocular palsies, altered level of consciousness, back pain and papilledema. If papilledema is protracted, it may lead to visual disturbances, optic atrophy, and eventually blindness. Irregular respirations occur when injury to parts of the brain interfere with the respiratory drive. As a rule, patients with normal blood pressure retain normal alertness with ICP of 25-40 mmHg. Only when ICP exceeds 40-50 mmHg do CPP and cerebral perfusion decrease to a level that results in loss of consciousness.

• #7 How I manage intracranial hypertension | Critical Care | Full Text

  https://ccforum.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13054-019-2529-z

  The detrimental effects of intracranial hypertension (HICP, high intracranial pressure) are well documented. HICP can cause secondary brain injury and death, and therefore, intracranial pressure (ICP) elevations should be aggressively treated. […] In my practice, the ICP alarm is set at 20mmHg and low CPP alarm at 55mmHg. This is a warning signal for nurses at the bedside. Before starting any treatments for high ICP, I consider both the intensity and duration of HICP. […] I always consider the surgical option with a neurosurgeon; mass-occupying space should be promptly evacuated when indications are met, and hydrocephalus should be drained. […] In all TBI patients, I consider always obtaining an early neurosurgical opinion on surgery for intracranial mass lesions and if the patient presents a clinical or imaging neuroworsening.

• #8 :: Journal of Neurocritical Care

  https://www.e-jnc.org/m/journal/view.php?doi=10.18700/jnc.160101

  Patients with brain injury of any etiology are at risk for developing increased intracranial pressure. […] Acute intracranial hypertension is a medical emergency requiring immediate intervention to prevent permanent damage to the brain. […] AIH is a medical emergency that requires rapid diagnosis and treatment to avoid irreversible damage to the brain. […] Multiple studies have shown improved outcomes and reduced mortality with aggressive treatment of AIH. […] The initial step includes elevation of head of the bed and adequate sedation followed by osmotic agents such as mannitol and hypertonic saline infusion. […] Surgical intervention may precede any medical therapy in order to provide more robust response in controlling intracranial hypertension in certain cases. […] Adequate sedation is an often-overlooked therapy in the treatment of AIH.

• #9 Increased Intracranial Pressure Nursing Care Plan & Management

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/increased-intracranial-pressure/

  Increased intracranial pressure is a rise in the pressure inside the skull that can result from or cause brain injury. The normal intracranial pressure is between 5-15 mmHg. According to Monro-Kellie hypothesis, any increase in one of these elements must be balanced or compensated by a proportional constriction either or both of the other two components such as decreasing the volume of cerebral blood flow, shifting CSF flow (into the spinal canal) or increasing CSF absorption. Absence of these compensatory changes results to increased intracranial pressure. Once ICP reaches around 25 mmHg marked elevation in intracranial pressure will be noted. […] In general, symptoms and signs that suggest a rise in ICP including headache, vomiting without nausea, ocular palsies, altered level of consciousness, back pain and papilledema. If papilledema is protracted, it may lead to visual disturbances, optic atrophy, and eventually blindness. Irregular respirations occur when injury to parts of the brain interfere with the respiratory drive. As a rule, patients with normal blood pressure retain normal alertness with ICP of 25-40 mmHg. Only when ICP exceeds 40-50 mmHg do CPP and cerebral perfusion decrease to a level that results in loss of consciousness.

• #10 How Nurses Can Detect Increased Intracranial Pressure

  https://nursingcecentral.com/increased-intracranial-pressure/

  Learn about the causes, risk factors, and treatment of increased intracranial pressure (ICP). […] Discover how to spot increased intracranial pressure early to prevent complications and death. […] Explore the importance of focused assessments in the care of patients at risk for increased intracranial pressure. […] Early recognition of this condition is key. […] Increased ICP can be fatal if misdiagnosed or left untreated. When nurses know the signs to look for, patient outcomes may be improved. […] For nurses, focused assessments are crucial in the prevention of disease progression. […] When caring for patients with increased ICP or those at risk (recent seizure, head injury, high blood pressure, history of brain aneurysm, etc.), it is vital for the nurse to take note of any reported or observed symptoms and investigate further. […] Nurses will frequently monitor the patients vital signs and neurological status. […] When suspecting increased ICP, nurses should advocate for patients, particularly those at risk, by performing focused assessments and reporting findings to the physician.

• #11 Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP): Nursing Video

  https://www.picmonic.com/pathways/nursing/courses/standard/medical-surgical-nursing-pathophysiology-296/stroke-traumatic-brain-injury-1441/increased-intracranial-pressure-icp-assessment_2067

  Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) is a measure of the hydrostatic pressure in the brain. […] Signs and symptoms of increased ICP include change in level of consciousness, headache, irregular respirations, widening pulse pressure, bradycardia, projectile vomiting, abnormal pupils, and decerebrate or decorticate posturing. […] A patients level of consciousness (LOC) is the best way to determine their neurological status. A change in LOC indicates inadequate or impaired cerebral blood flow, meaning that the brain is being deprived of oxygen. […] Increased pressure in the brain may cause compression of structures such as cranial nerves and arteries. […] Changes in vital signs that indicate brainstem compression in patients with increased ICP are irregular respirations, widening pulse pressure, and bradycardia.

• #12 Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP): Nursing Video

  https://www.picmonic.com/pathways/nursing/courses/standard/medical-surgical-nursing-pathophysiology-296/stroke-traumatic-brain-injury-1441/increased-intracranial-pressure-icp-assessment_2067

  When the brainstem is compressed due to increased ICP, regulation of breathing is disrupted. […] Pulse pressure is a measure of the difference between the systolic and diastolic blood pressures. In patients with increased ICP, systolic hypertension occurs, causing a greater, or widening pulse pressure. […] Brainstem dysfunction related to increased pressure in the brain will cause a slowing of the heart rate with a full and bounding pulse. […] Vomiting that occurs without the forewarning of nausea can be a sign of increased intracranial pressure. […] Increased pressure on the oculomotor nerve can cause dilation of the pupil(s). […] Swelling of the optic disc in the eye can occur bilaterally in patients with persistent, increased ICP. […] Changes in motor function can occur with increasing pressure in the brain. Decerebrate posture is indicative of midbrain and brainstem dysfunction and is characterized by extension and adduction of the arms, and hyperextension of the legs.

• #13 Nursing Care Plan (NCP) & Interventions for Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP) | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-increased-intracranial-pressure-icp

  Avoid Complications from Increased ICP: Prevent issues like brain herniation, where parts of the brain get pushed into places they shouldn’t be. […] Monitor for changes in how the patient’s brain is working, like if they become less conscious or their vital signs change. […] Be quick to react if these signs show the pressure might be going up. […] Adjust treatments as needed, based on careful monitoring. […] Work closely with doctors and other healthcare professionals to make the best decisions for the patient. […] To keep the patient’s brain functioning well and improve their overall health and well-being. […] Conduct a thorough neurological assessment, including assessments of consciousness, level of alertness, pupillary response, and motor function. […] Continuously monitor vital signs, including blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate, to detect any deviations that may indicate changes in intracranial pressure.

• #14 How Nurses Can Detect Increased Intracranial Pressure

  https://nursingcecentral.com/increased-intracranial-pressure/

  Learn about the causes, risk factors, and treatment of increased intracranial pressure (ICP). […] Discover how to spot increased intracranial pressure early to prevent complications and death. […] Explore the importance of focused assessments in the care of patients at risk for increased intracranial pressure. […] Early recognition of this condition is key. […] Increased ICP can be fatal if misdiagnosed or left untreated. When nurses know the signs to look for, patient outcomes may be improved. […] For nurses, focused assessments are crucial in the prevention of disease progression. […] When caring for patients with increased ICP or those at risk (recent seizure, head injury, high blood pressure, history of brain aneurysm, etc.), it is vital for the nurse to take note of any reported or observed symptoms and investigate further. […] Nurses will frequently monitor the patients vital signs and neurological status. […] When suspecting increased ICP, nurses should advocate for patients, particularly those at risk, by performing focused assessments and reporting findings to the physician.

• #15 Nursing Care Plan (NCP) & Interventions for Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP) | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-increased-intracranial-pressure-icp

  Assess pupil size, symmetry, and reactivity to light. […] Utilize the Glasgow Coma Scale to quantify the level of consciousness. […] If applicable, monitor cerebrospinal fluid drainage systems for intracranial pressure control. […] Assess the presence, intensity, and characteristics of headaches, as they can be indicative of increased intracranial pressure. […] Evaluate respiratory status, emphasizing the assessment of oxygen saturation, respiratory rate, and the presence of abnormal breathing patterns. […] Review diagnostic imaging studies, such as CT scans or MRIs, to identify the underlying cause of increased intracranial pressure, such as tumors, hemorrhages, or edema. […] Monitor fluid and electrolyte balance closely, as imbalances can contribute to cerebral edema. […] Evaluate the patient’s pain levels and response to pain management interventions.

• #16 Nursing Care Plan for Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP) | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-increased-intracranial-pressure-icp-2?parentId=4816369

  Increased pressure within the cranial cavity (or skull) is caused by an increase in the volume of either the brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid, or by the presence of another space-occupying lesion. This increased pressure will compress the brain tissue, causing damage to the neurons and leading to neuro changes and eventually herniation and brain death. […] Minimize intracranial pressure to prevent any damage to nerve tissue and prevent long-term neurological deficits. […] Frequent neuro checks (q1h) allow changes to be recognized quickly so that interventions can be initiated. […] Monitor Temperature and hemodynamics, including MAP and CPP. […] Avoid sedatives or CNS depressants if possible. […] Osmotic Diuretics (Mannitol) decrease edema. […] Hypertonic Saline (3% saline) decrease edema.

• #17 Nursing Care Plan (NCP) & Interventions for Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP) | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-increased-intracranial-pressure-icp

  Assess pupil size, symmetry, and reactivity to light. […] Utilize the Glasgow Coma Scale to quantify the level of consciousness. […] If applicable, monitor cerebrospinal fluid drainage systems for intracranial pressure control. […] Assess the presence, intensity, and characteristics of headaches, as they can be indicative of increased intracranial pressure. […] Evaluate respiratory status, emphasizing the assessment of oxygen saturation, respiratory rate, and the presence of abnormal breathing patterns. […] Review diagnostic imaging studies, such as CT scans or MRIs, to identify the underlying cause of increased intracranial pressure, such as tumors, hemorrhages, or edema. […] Monitor fluid and electrolyte balance closely, as imbalances can contribute to cerebral edema. […] Evaluate the patient’s pain levels and response to pain management interventions.

• #18 Nursing Interventions for Patients with Intracranial Hypertension: Integrative Literature Review

  https://www.redalyc.org/journal/741/74163258009/html/

  The interventions described in the literature found during the search period are neuro-physiological and encompass monitoring of hemodynamic parameters, like oxygen saturation, mean blood pressure, temperature, ICP, and cerebral perfusion pressure. […] Nurses should be very cautious, given that routine procedures can aggravate the neurological condition due to the increase in ICP and decrease in cerebral perfusion pressure. Therefore, professionals must be trained to provide safe and qualified care to critically ill patients, given the need for constant attention in the application of interventions for their recovery. […] Intracranial hypertension is an event of great clinical impact. Complications arising from this event can be minimized and controlled through specific nursing interventions that include controlling neuro-physiological and hemodynamic parameters, as well as preventing the increase of ICP, often linked to the performance of nursing procedures.

• #19 How I manage intracranial hypertension | Critical Care | Full Text

  https://ccforum.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13054-019-2529-z

  The first-line ICP-lowering strategies that I consider include head-up positioning, hemodynamic stability aimed to maintain an appropriate cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP 50-70mmHg according to autoregulatory status), sedation and analgesia, mechanical ventilation to prevent hypercapnia and hypoxia, normothermia, and crystalloids as preferred maintenance fluids. […] I generally reserve to patients with refractory intracranial hypertension ICP-lowering strategies associated with significant side effects and potential complications as hyperventilation, metabolic suppression and decompressive craniectomy. […] I prefer, as third tier therapy, DC that has a long-lasting effect on the control of refractory HICP. […] In conclusion, my approach to ICP-lowering strategies has a stepwise fashion associated with a continuous check of the efficacy of the therapies.

• #20 intracranial pressure nursing care process | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/intracranial-pressure-nursing-care-process/266442629

  ICP is the pressure exerted by the contents inside the cranial vault the brain tissue, CSF, and the blood volume. Increased ICP is defined as CSF pressure greater than 15 mm Hg. […] Nursing interventions to decrease ICP include managing fluids and electrolytes, administering medications to reduce swelling such as mannitol and steroids, treating fever, maintaining proper positioning, and minimizing stimuli that increase pressure. […] Increased ICP is a true life-threatening medical emergency that requires immediate recognition and prompt therapeutic intervention. Establish and maintain airway, breathing, and circulation. […] Maintain adequate cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP). CPP is determined by subtracting the ICP from the mean arterial pressure (MAP): CPP = MAP – ICP. […] Administer mannitol (Osmitrol), an osmotic diuretic, if ordered. Osmotic diuretics act by establishing an osmotic gradient across the blood-brain barrier that depletes the intracellular and extracellular fluid volume within the brain and throughout the body.

• #21 How I manage intracranial hypertension | Critical Care | Full Text

  https://ccforum.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13054-019-2529-z

  The detrimental effects of intracranial hypertension (HICP, high intracranial pressure) are well documented. HICP can cause secondary brain injury and death, and therefore, intracranial pressure (ICP) elevations should be aggressively treated. […] In my practice, the ICP alarm is set at 20mmHg and low CPP alarm at 55mmHg. This is a warning signal for nurses at the bedside. Before starting any treatments for high ICP, I consider both the intensity and duration of HICP. […] I always consider the surgical option with a neurosurgeon; mass-occupying space should be promptly evacuated when indications are met, and hydrocephalus should be drained. […] In all TBI patients, I consider always obtaining an early neurosurgical opinion on surgery for intracranial mass lesions and if the patient presents a clinical or imaging neuroworsening.

• #22 Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP) Mnemonic

  https://www.picmonic.com/pathways/nursing/courses/standard/medical-surgical-nursing-pathophysiology-296/stroke-traumatic-brain-injury-1441/increased-intracranial-pressure-icp-interventions_1372

  Activities that can increase ICP should be avoided. These activities include suctioning, coughing, vomiting, and compression of jugular veins. Patient care should not be clustered, as this may also cause an increase in ICP. […] A ventriculostomy can be used to continuously monitor a patients intracranial pressure. In this procedure, a catheter is inserted into the lateral ventricle of the brain, and connected to an external transducer. A pressure reading above 20 mmHg should be promptly reported to the patients health care professional.

• #23 Nursing Interventions for Patients with Intracranial Hypertension: Integrative Literature Review

  http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1657-59972019000400109

  The objective of this study was to identify, in national and international publications, the principal Nursing interventions aimed at patients with intracranial hypertension. […] The reading and analysis of the articles permitted observing that the Nursing interventions are linked to cognitive skills and clinical reasoning, but they should also be supported by practices based on the best scientific evidence. […] Caring for patients with neurological alterations is a big challenge for the whole Nursing staff. Patients with ICP require specific and continuous care in ICU and demand maximum attention from the health staff and minimum manipulation, in order to avoid possible deleterious injuries or aggravate those existing. […] As prerequisite to monitor ICP, the nurse needs to be aware of the principles of monitoring, neuro-anatomy, and neurophysiology, as well as the pathophysiology of intracranial hypertension (ICH).

• #24 Nursing Care Plan (NCP) & Interventions for Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP) | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-increased-intracranial-pressure-icp

  Assess pupil size, symmetry, and reactivity to light. […] Utilize the Glasgow Coma Scale to quantify the level of consciousness. […] If applicable, monitor cerebrospinal fluid drainage systems for intracranial pressure control. […] Assess the presence, intensity, and characteristics of headaches, as they can be indicative of increased intracranial pressure. […] Evaluate respiratory status, emphasizing the assessment of oxygen saturation, respiratory rate, and the presence of abnormal breathing patterns. […] Review diagnostic imaging studies, such as CT scans or MRIs, to identify the underlying cause of increased intracranial pressure, such as tumors, hemorrhages, or edema. […] Monitor fluid and electrolyte balance closely, as imbalances can contribute to cerebral edema. […] Evaluate the patient’s pain levels and response to pain management interventions.

• #25 Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP) NCLEX Review

  https://www.registerednursern.com/increased-intracranial-pressure-icp-nclex-review/

  Monitor for ICP levels greater than 20 mmHg and report to MD. […] Avoid over sedating with narcotic or sedatives, lung sounds and suction as needed, immobile (skin breakdown, monitor nutrition, at risk for renal stones, constipation, passive range of motion with extremities) nutrition, eye care with solutions and ointments, maintain GI tubes for feeding (monitor residuals.poor gastric emptying more than 100 ml), blood clot formation (SCDs, passive range of motion), talk to the patient as you would a conscious patient. […] Barbiturates: to help decrease brain metabolism and BP which in turn decreases ICP, Vasopressors/IV fluids or antihypertensive to maintain SBP greater than 90 but less than 150, anticonvulsants meds, hyperosmotic drugs (leads to the next point of edema management). […] Mannitol: its a concentrated type of sugar. When this drug enters the blood it is very concentrated and it draws water that is pooling in the brain back into the blood.

• #26 Nursing Care Plan (NCP) & Interventions for Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP) | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-increased-intracranial-pressure-icp

  Assess pupil size, symmetry, and reactivity to light. […] Utilize the Glasgow Coma Scale to quantify the level of consciousness. […] If applicable, monitor cerebrospinal fluid drainage systems for intracranial pressure control. […] Assess the presence, intensity, and characteristics of headaches, as they can be indicative of increased intracranial pressure. […] Evaluate respiratory status, emphasizing the assessment of oxygen saturation, respiratory rate, and the presence of abnormal breathing patterns. […] Review diagnostic imaging studies, such as CT scans or MRIs, to identify the underlying cause of increased intracranial pressure, such as tumors, hemorrhages, or edema. […] Monitor fluid and electrolyte balance closely, as imbalances can contribute to cerebral edema. […] Evaluate the patient’s pain levels and response to pain management interventions.

• #27 Nursing Interventions for Patients with Intracranial Hypertension: Integrative Literature Review

  http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1657-59972019000400109

  It is known that increased ICP may be associated with the patients clinical condition or may occur in response to routine Nursing care. Therefore, the focus of medical and nursing interventions should be the prevention or minimization of secondary brain injury. […] The literature emphasizes the importance of Nursing empowerment in the multidisciplinary staff and the use of care protocols that include interventions to control and manage ICP to intervene briefly and effectively in treatments aimed at mitigating this event, as well as adjusting nursing procedures that, by association, may increase intracranial hypertension and decrease cerebral perfusion pressure. […] The interventions described in the literature found during the search period are neuro-physiological and encompass monitoring of hemodynamic parameters, like oxygen saturation, mean blood pressure, temperature, ICP, and cerebral perfusion pressure.

• #28 Management of intracranial hypertension in patients neurocriticos: integrative review – MedCrave online

  https://medcraveonline.com/NCOAJ/management-of-intracranial-hypertension-in-patients-neurocriticos-integrative-review.html

  Objective: Discuss through the literature on the management of intracranial hypertension in patients neurocrticos, as well as their possible adverse effects. […] Conclusion: There are several adverse events that may arise in patients with intracranial hypertension or even in patients requiring invasive monitoring of intracranial pressure. And nursing is a profession that can provide non-invasive care that helps to reduce intracranial hypertension, contributing to the reduction of secondary cerebral lesions. […] For this, it is necessary knowledge of the care given to these patients, as well as the possible adverse effects present in patients with ICH, in order to ensure a quick nursing care, quality, and minimum risk. […] Therefore, these patients should be monitored diligently to prevent secondary complications to elevated ICP.

• #29 Managing Intracranial Pressure (ICP) – Straight A Nursing

  https://straightanursingstudent.com/managing-icp/

  Taking care of patients with neurological injury means managing their intracranial pressure, or as it’s commonly called, ICP. […] Your role as the nurse is to try to keep perfusion going to the brain despite whatever else is going on. Remember, blood flow is key! […] As you are taking care of your neuro patient with ICP issues, you’ll want to ensure you do all the basic ICP management stuff: Maintain the neck in neutral alignment: This ensures optimal flow of CSF out of the skull cavity. Raise HOB: Studies show that keeping the HOB at 30-degrees helps CSF flow adequately to maintain the desired ICP. Avoid severe flexion at the hips: Flexion can cause increased intra-abdominal pressure, which leads to increased intrathoracic pressure which leads to…you guessed it…increased ICP. […] So there you have it…an intro to managing ICP in your neuro patient.

• #30 Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP) NCLEX Review

  https://www.registerednursern.com/increased-intracranial-pressure-icp-nclex-review/

  As a nursing student, you must be familiar with this neuro disease along with how to provide care to a patient experiencing this condition. […] Nursing Interventions for Increased Intracranial Pressure. Focus on preventing further increase ICP and monitoring ICP (if monitoring device inserted). […] Position head of bed: 30 to 45 degree (helps blood return to heart), proper alignment of head (midline) NO flexion of neck (decreases venous return) or hips (increases intra-abdominal/thoracic pressure)watching moving around in bed. […] Prevent HYPOXIA and HYPERCAPNIA! When blood oxygen levels drop or carbon dioxide levels increase, vasodilation occurs and this increases intracranial pressure. […] Monitor temperature. If patient is unconscious best to take tympanic, temporal or rectal route NOT orally or axillary.

• #31 Nursing Interventions for Patients with Intracranial Hypertension: Integrative Literature Review

  http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1657-59972019000400109

  Nurses should be very cautious, given that routine procedures can aggravate the neurological condition due to the increase in ICP and decrease in cerebral perfusion pressure. Therefore, professionals must be trained to provide safe and qualified care to critically ill patients, given the need for constant attention in the application of interventions for their recovery. […] Thus, the neurological assessment is essential to identify Nursing diagnoses, a crucial stage to elaborate a care plan based on a theoretical framework, which guides and improves the practice, as well as directs nursing interventions and expected results. […] Intracranial hypertension is an event of great clinical impact. Complications arising from this event can be minimized and controlled through specific nursing interventions that include controlling neuro-physiological and hemodynamic parameters, as well as preventing the increase of ICP, often linked to the performance of nursing procedures.

• #32 Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP) NCLEX Review

  https://www.registerednursern.com/increased-intracranial-pressure-icp-nclex-review/

  As a nursing student, you must be familiar with this neuro disease along with how to provide care to a patient experiencing this condition. […] Nursing Interventions for Increased Intracranial Pressure. Focus on preventing further increase ICP and monitoring ICP (if monitoring device inserted). […] Position head of bed: 30 to 45 degree (helps blood return to heart), proper alignment of head (midline) NO flexion of neck (decreases venous return) or hips (increases intra-abdominal/thoracic pressure)watching moving around in bed. […] Prevent HYPOXIA and HYPERCAPNIA! When blood oxygen levels drop or carbon dioxide levels increase, vasodilation occurs and this increases intracranial pressure. […] Monitor temperature. If patient is unconscious best to take tympanic, temporal or rectal route NOT orally or axillary.

• #33 Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP) Mnemonic

  https://www.picmonic.com/pathways/nursing/courses/standard/medical-surgical-nursing-pathophysiology-296/stroke-traumatic-brain-injury-1441/increased-intracranial-pressure-icp-interventions_1372

  When a patient hyperventilates, carbon dioxide will be expelled or blown off. Loss of carbon dioxide will cause a decrease in PaCO2 leading to arterial vasoconstriction. Vasoconstriction will cause a decrease in cerebral blood flow and cerebral blood volume, thus lowering ICP. […] Dexamethasone or Decadron is only indicated if neoplasm or infection is present. This medication may work to improve cerebral blood flow that has been compromised by increased ICP. As a corticosteroid, it is used to reduce cerebral edema. […] The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) can be used to assess a patients level of consciousness. […] An increase in body temperature can contribute to increased intracranial pressure. Antipyretics or non-pharmacological methods, such as a cool sponge bath should be used to lower the patients internal temperature.

• #34 Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP) Mnemonic

  https://www.picmonic.com/pathways/nursing/courses/standard/medical-surgical-nursing-pathophysiology-296/stroke-traumatic-brain-injury-1441/increased-intracranial-pressure-icp-interventions_1372

  When a patient hyperventilates, carbon dioxide will be expelled or blown off. Loss of carbon dioxide will cause a decrease in PaCO2 leading to arterial vasoconstriction. Vasoconstriction will cause a decrease in cerebral blood flow and cerebral blood volume, thus lowering ICP. […] Dexamethasone or Decadron is only indicated if neoplasm or infection is present. This medication may work to improve cerebral blood flow that has been compromised by increased ICP. As a corticosteroid, it is used to reduce cerebral edema. […] The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) can be used to assess a patients level of consciousness. […] An increase in body temperature can contribute to increased intracranial pressure. Antipyretics or non-pharmacological methods, such as a cool sponge bath should be used to lower the patients internal temperature.

• #35 How I manage intracranial hypertension | Critical Care | Full Text

  https://ccforum.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13054-019-2529-z

  The first-line ICP-lowering strategies that I consider include head-up positioning, hemodynamic stability aimed to maintain an appropriate cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP 50-70mmHg according to autoregulatory status), sedation and analgesia, mechanical ventilation to prevent hypercapnia and hypoxia, normothermia, and crystalloids as preferred maintenance fluids. […] I generally reserve to patients with refractory intracranial hypertension ICP-lowering strategies associated with significant side effects and potential complications as hyperventilation, metabolic suppression and decompressive craniectomy. […] I prefer, as third tier therapy, DC that has a long-lasting effect on the control of refractory HICP. […] In conclusion, my approach to ICP-lowering strategies has a stepwise fashion associated with a continuous check of the efficacy of the therapies.

• #36 intracranial pressure nursing care process | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/intracranial-pressure-nursing-care-process/266442629

  ICP is the pressure exerted by the contents inside the cranial vault the brain tissue, CSF, and the blood volume. Increased ICP is defined as CSF pressure greater than 15 mm Hg. […] Nursing interventions to decrease ICP include managing fluids and electrolytes, administering medications to reduce swelling such as mannitol and steroids, treating fever, maintaining proper positioning, and minimizing stimuli that increase pressure. […] Increased ICP is a true life-threatening medical emergency that requires immediate recognition and prompt therapeutic intervention. Establish and maintain airway, breathing, and circulation. […] Maintain adequate cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP). CPP is determined by subtracting the ICP from the mean arterial pressure (MAP): CPP = MAP – ICP. […] Administer mannitol (Osmitrol), an osmotic diuretic, if ordered. Osmotic diuretics act by establishing an osmotic gradient across the blood-brain barrier that depletes the intracellular and extracellular fluid volume within the brain and throughout the body.

• #37 Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP) Mnemonic

  https://www.picmonic.com/pathways/nursing/courses/standard/medical-surgical-nursing-pathophysiology-296/stroke-traumatic-brain-injury-1441/increased-intracranial-pressure-icp-interventions_1372

  When a patient hyperventilates, carbon dioxide will be expelled or blown off. Loss of carbon dioxide will cause a decrease in PaCO2 leading to arterial vasoconstriction. Vasoconstriction will cause a decrease in cerebral blood flow and cerebral blood volume, thus lowering ICP. […] Dexamethasone or Decadron is only indicated if neoplasm or infection is present. This medication may work to improve cerebral blood flow that has been compromised by increased ICP. As a corticosteroid, it is used to reduce cerebral edema. […] The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) can be used to assess a patients level of consciousness. […] An increase in body temperature can contribute to increased intracranial pressure. Antipyretics or non-pharmacological methods, such as a cool sponge bath should be used to lower the patients internal temperature.

• #38 intracranial pressure nursing care process | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/intracranial-pressure-nursing-care-process/266442629

  Administer corticosteroids, such as dexamethasone (Decadron), as ordered, to reduce edema surrounding brain tumor, if present. […] Monitor effects of neuromuscular paralyzing agents, such as pancuronium (Pavulon), anesthetic agents, such as propofol (Diprivan), and sedatives, such as midazolam (Versed) or lorazepam (Ativan), which may be given along with mechanical ventilation to prevent sudden changes in ICP due to coughing, straining, or fighting the ventilator. […] Treat fever aggressively because fever increases cerebral blood flow and cerebral blood volume; acute increases in ICP occur with fever spikes. […] Avoid positions or activities that may increase ICP. Keep head in alignment with shoulders; neck flexion or rotation increases ICP by impeding venous return. […] Record ICP readings every hour, and correlate with significant clinical events or treatments (suctioning, turning).

• #39 Nursing Care Plan (NCP) & Interventions for Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP) | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-increased-intracranial-pressure-icp

  Maintain HOB 30-45. […] Decrease stimuli. […] Avoid valsalva maneuvers. […] To check if the treatments for high ICP are working and helping the patient’s brain health. […] Regularly check the patient’s consciousness, eye responses, and muscle movements. […] Keep an eye on temperature and blood pressure to make sure they’re in the safe range. […] Check how well these are working by checking surgical site and monitoring any ICP readings. […] Work closely with the entire healthcare team and keep communicating about the patient’s progress. […] To ensure the patient’s ICP is in the normal range and the patient does not experience neurological complications.

• #40 Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP) Mnemonic

  https://www.picmonic.com/pathways/nursing/courses/standard/medical-surgical-nursing-pathophysiology-296/stroke-traumatic-brain-injury-1441/increased-intracranial-pressure-icp-interventions_1372

  Activities that can increase ICP should be avoided. These activities include suctioning, coughing, vomiting, and compression of jugular veins. Patient care should not be clustered, as this may also cause an increase in ICP. […] A ventriculostomy can be used to continuously monitor a patients intracranial pressure. In this procedure, a catheter is inserted into the lateral ventricle of the brain, and connected to an external transducer. A pressure reading above 20 mmHg should be promptly reported to the patients health care professional.

• #41 Nursing Care Plan (NCP) & Interventions for Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP) | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-increased-intracranial-pressure-icp

  Collaborate with the use of intracranial pressure monitoring devices, if applicable, to directly measure and manage intracranial pressure. […] Frequent detailed neuro checks allow changes to be recognized quickly so that interventions can be initiated. […] Monitor hemodynamics to assess for Cushing’s Triad and to evaluate Cerebral Perfusion Pressure (MAP – ICP). […] Administer ordered medications: Osmotic Diuretics (Mannitol) decrease edema, Hypertonic Saline (3% saline) decrease edema, Corticosteroids decrease inflammation. […] A craniectomy is used to remove a portion of the skull (bone flap) in order to allow space for cerebral swelling. […] EVD should be leveled to the tragus to be approximately in line with the 4th ventricle in the brain. […] If the patient is on mannitol or hypertonic saline, this could cause fluctuations in sodium levels, which could lead to seizures.

• #42 intracranial pressure nursing care process | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/intracranial-pressure-nursing-care-process/266442629

  ICP is the pressure exerted by the contents inside the cranial vault the brain tissue, CSF, and the blood volume. Increased ICP is defined as CSF pressure greater than 15 mm Hg. […] Nursing interventions to decrease ICP include managing fluids and electrolytes, administering medications to reduce swelling such as mannitol and steroids, treating fever, maintaining proper positioning, and minimizing stimuli that increase pressure. […] Increased ICP is a true life-threatening medical emergency that requires immediate recognition and prompt therapeutic intervention. Establish and maintain airway, breathing, and circulation. […] Maintain adequate cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP). CPP is determined by subtracting the ICP from the mean arterial pressure (MAP): CPP = MAP – ICP. […] Administer mannitol (Osmitrol), an osmotic diuretic, if ordered. Osmotic diuretics act by establishing an osmotic gradient across the blood-brain barrier that depletes the intracellular and extracellular fluid volume within the brain and throughout the body.

• #43 intracranial pressure nursing care process | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/intracranial-pressure-nursing-care-process/266442629

  Administer corticosteroids, such as dexamethasone (Decadron), as ordered, to reduce edema surrounding brain tumor, if present. […] Monitor effects of neuromuscular paralyzing agents, such as pancuronium (Pavulon), anesthetic agents, such as propofol (Diprivan), and sedatives, such as midazolam (Versed) or lorazepam (Ativan), which may be given along with mechanical ventilation to prevent sudden changes in ICP due to coughing, straining, or fighting the ventilator. […] Treat fever aggressively because fever increases cerebral blood flow and cerebral blood volume; acute increases in ICP occur with fever spikes. […] Avoid positions or activities that may increase ICP. Keep head in alignment with shoulders; neck flexion or rotation increases ICP by impeding venous return. […] Record ICP readings every hour, and correlate with significant clinical events or treatments (suctioning, turning).

• #44 Nursing Care Plan (NCP) & Interventions for Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP) | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-increased-intracranial-pressure-icp

  Collaborate with the use of intracranial pressure monitoring devices, if applicable, to directly measure and manage intracranial pressure. […] Frequent detailed neuro checks allow changes to be recognized quickly so that interventions can be initiated. […] Monitor hemodynamics to assess for Cushing’s Triad and to evaluate Cerebral Perfusion Pressure (MAP – ICP). […] Administer ordered medications: Osmotic Diuretics (Mannitol) decrease edema, Hypertonic Saline (3% saline) decrease edema, Corticosteroids decrease inflammation. […] A craniectomy is used to remove a portion of the skull (bone flap) in order to allow space for cerebral swelling. […] EVD should be leveled to the tragus to be approximately in line with the 4th ventricle in the brain. […] If the patient is on mannitol or hypertonic saline, this could cause fluctuations in sodium levels, which could lead to seizures.

• #45 Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP) NCLEX Review

  https://www.registerednursern.com/increased-intracranial-pressure-icp-nclex-review/

  Monitor for ICP levels greater than 20 mmHg and report to MD. […] Avoid over sedating with narcotic or sedatives, lung sounds and suction as needed, immobile (skin breakdown, monitor nutrition, at risk for renal stones, constipation, passive range of motion with extremities) nutrition, eye care with solutions and ointments, maintain GI tubes for feeding (monitor residuals.poor gastric emptying more than 100 ml), blood clot formation (SCDs, passive range of motion), talk to the patient as you would a conscious patient. […] Barbiturates: to help decrease brain metabolism and BP which in turn decreases ICP, Vasopressors/IV fluids or antihypertensive to maintain SBP greater than 90 but less than 150, anticonvulsants meds, hyperosmotic drugs (leads to the next point of edema management). […] Mannitol: its a concentrated type of sugar. When this drug enters the blood it is very concentrated and it draws water that is pooling in the brain back into the blood.

• #46 Nursing Care Plan for Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP) | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-increased-intracranial-pressure-icp-2?parentId=4816369

  Corticosteroids decrease inflammation. […] A craniectomy is used to remove a portion of the skull (bone flap) in order to allow space for cerebral swelling. […] External Ventricular Drain (EVD) is a catheter placed into the ventricle to drain blood or CSF in the event of an elevated ICP. […] EVD should be leveled to the tragus to be approximately in line with the 4th ventricle in the brain. […] If the patient is on mannitol or hypertonic saline, this could cause fluctuations in sodium levels, which could lead to seizures. […] Maintain HOB 30-45. […] Decrease stimuli. […] Avoid valsalva maneuvers.

• #47 Nursing Interventions for Patients with Intracranial Hypertension: Integrative Literature Review

  http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1657-59972019000400109

  Although catheter insertion is an inherent procedure for the neurosurgery team, its care and ICP monitoring are the responsibilities of the intensive care unit (ICU) nursing staff. […] In addition, it should be considered that the nurse is the bedside professional giving meaning to the ICP monitoring parameters, through theoretical knowledge, logical reasoning, and experience acquired in practice. […] In the ICU, Nursing professionals should avoid unnecessary harm during health care delivery to improve the care provided and prevent iatrogenesis. […] It should be noted that increased ICP often occurs as a result of routine nursing procedures, such as bed bath, patient positioning, and oral and bronchial hygiene, among others. […] In this sense, systematization of Nursing care (SNC) is an important tool, given that it permits the Nursing staff to organize and direct their practice to the specific needs of each patient and prevent unnecessary harm.

• #48 Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP) Mnemonic

  https://www.picmonic.com/pathways/nursing/courses/standard/medical-surgical-nursing-pathophysiology-296/stroke-traumatic-brain-injury-1441/increased-intracranial-pressure-icp-interventions_1372

  Activities that can increase ICP should be avoided. These activities include suctioning, coughing, vomiting, and compression of jugular veins. Patient care should not be clustered, as this may also cause an increase in ICP. […] A ventriculostomy can be used to continuously monitor a patients intracranial pressure. In this procedure, a catheter is inserted into the lateral ventricle of the brain, and connected to an external transducer. A pressure reading above 20 mmHg should be promptly reported to the patients health care professional.

• #49 Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP) NCLEX Review

  https://www.registerednursern.com/increased-intracranial-pressure-icp-nclex-review/

  Monitor for ICP levels greater than 20 mmHg and report to MD. […] Avoid over sedating with narcotic or sedatives, lung sounds and suction as needed, immobile (skin breakdown, monitor nutrition, at risk for renal stones, constipation, passive range of motion with extremities) nutrition, eye care with solutions and ointments, maintain GI tubes for feeding (monitor residuals.poor gastric emptying more than 100 ml), blood clot formation (SCDs, passive range of motion), talk to the patient as you would a conscious patient. […] Barbiturates: to help decrease brain metabolism and BP which in turn decreases ICP, Vasopressors/IV fluids or antihypertensive to maintain SBP greater than 90 but less than 150, anticonvulsants meds, hyperosmotic drugs (leads to the next point of edema management). […] Mannitol: its a concentrated type of sugar. When this drug enters the blood it is very concentrated and it draws water that is pooling in the brain back into the blood.

• #50 Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP) Mnemonic

  https://www.picmonic.com/pathways/nursing/courses/standard/medical-surgical-nursing-pathophysiology-296/stroke-traumatic-brain-injury-1441/increased-intracranial-pressure-icp-interventions_1372

  Activities that can increase ICP should be avoided. These activities include suctioning, coughing, vomiting, and compression of jugular veins. Patient care should not be clustered, as this may also cause an increase in ICP. […] A ventriculostomy can be used to continuously monitor a patients intracranial pressure. In this procedure, a catheter is inserted into the lateral ventricle of the brain, and connected to an external transducer. A pressure reading above 20 mmHg should be promptly reported to the patients health care professional.

• #51 Increased Intracranial Pressure Nursing Care Plan & Management

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/increased-intracranial-pressure/

  The treatment for IH depends on the etiology. In addition to management of the underlying causes, major considerations in acute treatment of increased ICP relates to the management of stroke and cerebral trauma. In patients who have high ICP due to an acute injury it is particularly important to ensure adequate airway, breathing, and oxygenation. Inadequate blood oxygen levels (hypoxia) or excessively high carbon dioxide levels (hypercapnia) cause cerebral blood vessels to dilate, increasing the flow of blood to the brain and causing the ICP to rise. […] Assess respiratory and neurological status. Vital Signs Monitor and Documents (Plus, Blood Pressure). Check Laboratory Test such as CPP. Administration oxygen as order. Give medication therapy as order. Maintain Nutritional and food status. Maintain Diet plan give soft and healthy meal according to dietitian order. Keep the patient in semi-Fowlers positions. Promote healthy and comfortable environmental. Educate clients about every kind of procedure. Assist with turning, coughing, and deep breathing. Maintain the position and patency of the NG tube. Enforce bed rest. Promote mouth care and skin care. Maintain skin care change position every hourly to prevent bed sore. Maintain seizure precautions. Provide emotional support clients and his family.

• #52 Increased Intracranial Pressure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482119/

  Intracranial hypertension (IH) is a clinical condition that is associated with an elevation of the pressures within the cranium. […] The evaluation of increased ICP should include detailed history taking, physical examination, and ancillary studies. […] Assessment and management of the airway, specifically breathing and circulation should always be the priority. […] Nursing care must pay close attention to changes in neurologic status, any change in vitals such as an increasingly erratic heart rate, development of bradycardia, accurate and equal intake and output when having diuresis, and maintenance of proper blood pressure. […] Patient education regarding avoidance of future complications should come from all team members, with social work involvement to ensure home safety after discharge, and the patient’s primary care provider should be updated, to ensure appropriate follow-up.

• #53 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21968-idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension

  Let a healthcare provider know if you notice symptoms like changes to your vision in addition to a headache or ringing in your ears. Treatment options are available for IIH. […] A healthcare provider can quickly treat this condition to prevent complications. […] IIH may lead to vision loss if untreated. This is irreversible. A healthcare provider can offer treatment options to prevent this complication, so let them know as soon as possible if you notice changes to your vision. […] The goals of IIH treatment are to decrease pressure on your brain and prevent vision loss. Depending on the severity, your healthcare provider may recommend: Taking medications, Undergoing surgery, Weight management. […] Your provider will determine what type of treatment is best by reviewing diagnostic test results.

• #54 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21968-idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension

  In severe cases, you may need surgery for IIH. […] To prevent IIH from happening again, your provider may suggest making lifestyle changes to improve your overall health. […] Timely treatment at the first sign of vision changes or symptoms can help reduce your risk of complications like permanent vision loss. Treatment is often successful at relieving symptoms. […] Let a provider know if you notice symptoms of IIH (like a headache or ringing in your ears) with changes to your vision.

• #55 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21968-idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension

  Let a healthcare provider know if you notice symptoms like changes to your vision in addition to a headache or ringing in your ears. Treatment options are available for IIH. […] A healthcare provider can quickly treat this condition to prevent complications. […] IIH may lead to vision loss if untreated. This is irreversible. A healthcare provider can offer treatment options to prevent this complication, so let them know as soon as possible if you notice changes to your vision. […] The goals of IIH treatment are to decrease pressure on your brain and prevent vision loss. Depending on the severity, your healthcare provider may recommend: Taking medications, Undergoing surgery, Weight management. […] Your provider will determine what type of treatment is best by reviewing diagnostic test results.

• #56 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy, Optic Nerve Sheath Fenestration, CSF Diversion, and Venous Sinus Stenting

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1214410-treatment

  Management guidelines are based on symptoms and extent of visual impairment at presentation. If there is no immediate threat to vision, medical therapy is recommended. In the event of an immediate threat to visual function, a temporary CSF draining procedure (ie, placement of a lumbar drain) is immediately performed, and a definitive surgical plan is made; either a ventriculoperitoneal shunt or optic nerve sheath fenestration. […] The primary treatment objectives for patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) are to preserve optic nerve function, manage elevated intracranial pressure (ICP), and alleviate symptoms. […] For obese patients, weight management and a low-sodium diet are consistently emphasized. Additionally, any exogenous agents that could potentially elevate ICP should be discontinued.

• #57 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21968-idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension

  Let a healthcare provider know if you notice symptoms like changes to your vision in addition to a headache or ringing in your ears. Treatment options are available for IIH. […] A healthcare provider can quickly treat this condition to prevent complications. […] IIH may lead to vision loss if untreated. This is irreversible. A healthcare provider can offer treatment options to prevent this complication, so let them know as soon as possible if you notice changes to your vision. […] The goals of IIH treatment are to decrease pressure on your brain and prevent vision loss. Depending on the severity, your healthcare provider may recommend: Taking medications, Undergoing surgery, Weight management. […] Your provider will determine what type of treatment is best by reviewing diagnostic test results.

• #58 Preserving vision, easing headaches: Timely multidisciplinary care for idiopathic intracranial hypertension – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/medical-professionals/neurology-neurosurgery/news/preserving-vision-easing-headaches-timely-multidisciplinary-care-for-idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension/mac-20468518

  Mayo Clinic’s cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) dynamics clinic provides a multidisciplinary, specialized approach to the management of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). […] Timely diagnosis and treatment are essential for the optimal treatment of IIH. […] Once the diagnosis of IIH is confirmed, initial treatment focuses on lowering intracranial pressure to relieve papilledema. […] Depending on the degree of papilledema, medications such as acetazolamide might be tried. […] If the IIH is fulminant or medication fails to adequately reduce pressure, surgery is recommended. […] The classic surgical treatment involves the implantation of a shunt. […] Although shunts can relieve pressure and papilledema, and sometimes headaches, they often clog or malfunction. […] To avoid that scenario, Mayo Clinic often uses venous sinus stenting as a surgical option.

• #59 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21968-idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension

  Let a healthcare provider know if you notice symptoms like changes to your vision in addition to a headache or ringing in your ears. Treatment options are available for IIH. […] A healthcare provider can quickly treat this condition to prevent complications. […] IIH may lead to vision loss if untreated. This is irreversible. A healthcare provider can offer treatment options to prevent this complication, so let them know as soon as possible if you notice changes to your vision. […] The goals of IIH treatment are to decrease pressure on your brain and prevent vision loss. Depending on the severity, your healthcare provider may recommend: Taking medications, Undergoing surgery, Weight management. […] Your provider will determine what type of treatment is best by reviewing diagnostic test results.

• #60 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy, Optic Nerve Sheath Fenestration, CSF Diversion, and Venous Sinus Stenting

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1214410-treatment

  Management guidelines are based on symptoms and extent of visual impairment at presentation. If there is no immediate threat to vision, medical therapy is recommended. In the event of an immediate threat to visual function, a temporary CSF draining procedure (ie, placement of a lumbar drain) is immediately performed, and a definitive surgical plan is made; either a ventriculoperitoneal shunt or optic nerve sheath fenestration. […] The primary treatment objectives for patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) are to preserve optic nerve function, manage elevated intracranial pressure (ICP), and alleviate symptoms. […] For obese patients, weight management and a low-sodium diet are consistently emphasized. Additionally, any exogenous agents that could potentially elevate ICP should be discontinued.

• #61 Parents, Carers and Family | IIH UK – (Idiopathic intracranial hypertension)

  https://www.iih.org.uk/section/3/1/parents_carers_and_family

  Caring for someone with IIH can be very wearing and tiring both emotionally and physically and carers may also need support. […] Ensure that you make time for yourself, rest or go out and meet friends. […] The most commonly prescribed medication is Acetazolamide (Diamox), a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used for glaucoma, some types of epilepsy and fluid retention. It reduces CSF production in most patients. […] Patients prescribed Diamox or any other diuretic should have their progress monitored closely and have regular blood tests. […] Some IIH patients are treated with therapeutic lumbar punctures (LPs) to remove excess CSF on a regular basis. […] There is now definitive evidence that weight and IIH are related. Weight loss has been shown to be the only treatment to modify the underlying condition.

• #62 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy, Optic Nerve Sheath Fenestration, CSF Diversion, and Venous Sinus Stenting

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1214410-treatment

  The initial treatment typically involves administering acetazolamide, dosed according to the patient’s symptoms, tolerance, and visual function. If progressive visual field loss occurs despite maximal medical therapy, urgent surgical intervention may be necessary. […] Regular ophthalmologic assessments, especially quantitative visual field tests, are crucial to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment plan. […] If vision deteriorates despite ongoing treatment, surgical options like optic nerve sheath fenestration, lumboperitoneal or ventriculoperitoneal shunting, or endovascular venous stenting should be considered. […] Identifying and addressing any underlying causes, including specific disorders or medications, is also critical to managing IIH effectively.

• #63 Preserving vision, easing headaches: Timely multidisciplinary care for idiopathic intracranial hypertension – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/medical-professionals/neurology-neurosurgery/news/preserving-vision-easing-headaches-timely-multidisciplinary-care-for-idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension/mac-20468518

  The procedure involves inserting a catheter into the venous sinus and measuring the pressure above and below the transverse sinus stenosis that’s typically associated with IIH. […] Two-thirds of patients continue to have headaches after intracranial pressure is normalized and papilledema is resolved. […] The CSF dynamics clinic uses its multidisciplinary approach to manage the next phase of those patients’ care. […] „Headache is often the major complaint of patients with IIH. Once we’ve addressed the risk of vision loss, we want to help patients with their headaches,” Dr. Cutsforth-Gregory says. […] Because about 90% of people with IIH are obese, dietitians and nutritionists are often involved. […] The initial intervention to protect patients’ vision is really a bridge to their losing weight to prevent IIH from recurring.

• #64 Parents, Carers and Family | IIH UK – (Idiopathic intracranial hypertension)

  https://www.iih.org.uk/section/3/1/parents_carers_and_family

  Caring for someone with IIH can be very wearing and tiring both emotionally and physically and carers may also need support. […] Ensure that you make time for yourself, rest or go out and meet friends. […] The most commonly prescribed medication is Acetazolamide (Diamox), a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used for glaucoma, some types of epilepsy and fluid retention. It reduces CSF production in most patients. […] Patients prescribed Diamox or any other diuretic should have their progress monitored closely and have regular blood tests. […] Some IIH patients are treated with therapeutic lumbar punctures (LPs) to remove excess CSF on a regular basis. […] There is now definitive evidence that weight and IIH are related. Weight loss has been shown to be the only treatment to modify the underlying condition.

• #65 Neurology idiopathic intracranial hypertension clinic | Dayton Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrensdayton.org/patients-visitors/services/neurology/services-and-programs/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension

  Dayton Childrens neurology department offers a specialty clinic for care for idiopathic intracranial hypertension syndrome (IIH) that brings together a team of experts in one convenient appointment. […] This multidisciplinary approach is beneficial for clear communication and holistic care, leading to the best clinical outcomes for the child. […] During this visit, the child will be evaluated by each specialist within the clinic. Discussions will include appropriate testing and management of the condition and staff will answer any questions you may have. […] Since the majority of IIH patients have an unhealthy weight, weight loss is recommended. Healthy eating and exercise are a critical part of treatment for these patients. Losing weight can reduce CSF intracranial pressure, optic nerve swelling and headaches, and can help lead to remission.

• #66 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21968-idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension

  In severe cases, you may need surgery for IIH. […] To prevent IIH from happening again, your provider may suggest making lifestyle changes to improve your overall health. […] Timely treatment at the first sign of vision changes or symptoms can help reduce your risk of complications like permanent vision loss. Treatment is often successful at relieving symptoms. […] Let a provider know if you notice symptoms of IIH (like a headache or ringing in your ears) with changes to your vision.

• #67 Parents, Carers and Family | IIH UK – (Idiopathic intracranial hypertension)

  https://www.iih.org.uk/section/3/1/parents_carers_and_family

  Caring for someone with IIH can be very wearing and tiring both emotionally and physically and carers may also need support. […] Ensure that you make time for yourself, rest or go out and meet friends. […] The most commonly prescribed medication is Acetazolamide (Diamox), a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used for glaucoma, some types of epilepsy and fluid retention. It reduces CSF production in most patients. […] Patients prescribed Diamox or any other diuretic should have their progress monitored closely and have regular blood tests. […] Some IIH patients are treated with therapeutic lumbar punctures (LPs) to remove excess CSF on a regular basis. […] There is now definitive evidence that weight and IIH are related. Weight loss has been shown to be the only treatment to modify the underlying condition.

• #68 Preserving vision, easing headaches: Timely multidisciplinary care for idiopathic intracranial hypertension – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/medical-professionals/neurology-neurosurgery/news/preserving-vision-easing-headaches-timely-multidisciplinary-care-for-idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension/mac-20468518

  Mayo Clinic’s cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) dynamics clinic provides a multidisciplinary, specialized approach to the management of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). […] Timely diagnosis and treatment are essential for the optimal treatment of IIH. […] Once the diagnosis of IIH is confirmed, initial treatment focuses on lowering intracranial pressure to relieve papilledema. […] Depending on the degree of papilledema, medications such as acetazolamide might be tried. […] If the IIH is fulminant or medication fails to adequately reduce pressure, surgery is recommended. […] The classic surgical treatment involves the implantation of a shunt. […] Although shunts can relieve pressure and papilledema, and sometimes headaches, they often clog or malfunction. […] To avoid that scenario, Mayo Clinic often uses venous sinus stenting as a surgical option.

• #69 Neurology idiopathic intracranial hypertension clinic | Dayton Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrensdayton.org/patients-visitors/services/neurology/services-and-programs/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension

  Dayton Childrens neurology department offers a specialty clinic for care for idiopathic intracranial hypertension syndrome (IIH) that brings together a team of experts in one convenient appointment. […] This multidisciplinary approach is beneficial for clear communication and holistic care, leading to the best clinical outcomes for the child. […] During this visit, the child will be evaluated by each specialist within the clinic. Discussions will include appropriate testing and management of the condition and staff will answer any questions you may have. […] Since the majority of IIH patients have an unhealthy weight, weight loss is recommended. Healthy eating and exercise are a critical part of treatment for these patients. Losing weight can reduce CSF intracranial pressure, optic nerve swelling and headaches, and can help lead to remission.

• #70 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21968-idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension

  Let a healthcare provider know if you notice symptoms like changes to your vision in addition to a headache or ringing in your ears. Treatment options are available for IIH. […] A healthcare provider can quickly treat this condition to prevent complications. […] IIH may lead to vision loss if untreated. This is irreversible. A healthcare provider can offer treatment options to prevent this complication, so let them know as soon as possible if you notice changes to your vision. […] The goals of IIH treatment are to decrease pressure on your brain and prevent vision loss. Depending on the severity, your healthcare provider may recommend: Taking medications, Undergoing surgery, Weight management. […] Your provider will determine what type of treatment is best by reviewing diagnostic test results.

• #71 Intracranial Hypertension – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507811/

  A thorough review of past medical history, including comorbid conditions and medication use, provides essential context for understanding the underlying etiology of intracranial hypertension. […] Patients with suspected intracranial hypertension, especially individuals with severe TBI, should also have ICP monitoring. […] Management of Acute Intracranial Hypertension requires close intensive care unit (ICU) monitoring. […] Collaboration and communication among interprofessional team members are essential for optimizing patient outcomes and providing comprehensive care for individuals with intracranial hypertension.

• #72 Nursing Interventions for Patients with Intracranial Hypertension: Integrative Literature Review

  http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1657-59972019000400109

  The results of this study also evidence the importance of the best evidence-based care practice to support the multifaceted care that neurological patients require in ICU and whose success depends on a cohesive inter-professional staff, which also recognizes the family as an integral part of health care.

• #73 Nursing Care Plan For Raised Intracranial Pressure – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-raised-intracranial-pressure/

  Raised intracranial pressure (ICP) is a critical condition characterized by increased pressure within the skull. […] Nursing care for patients with raised ICP is of utmost importance in preventing further neurological damage and ensuring their safety and well-being. […] Nurses caring for patients with raised ICP should have a thorough understanding of neurological assessment, the signs and symptoms of increased ICP, and various interventions to mitigate intracranial pressure. […] Effective communication and collaboration with the healthcare team, which may include neurologists, neurosurgeons, and radiologists, are essential to ensure coordinated care and optimized patient outcomes. […] By adhering to the principles outlined in this care plan, healthcare professionals can provide holistic and patient-centered care to individuals with raised ICP, contributing to their safety, comfort, and potential recovery.

• #74 Nursing Care Plan For Raised Intracranial Pressure – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-raised-intracranial-pressure/

  Nurses must be vigilant in the assessment of patients at risk of raised ICP, as early detection is crucial for timely interventions to prevent complications. […] Regular assessments and effective communication with the healthcare team, including neurologists and neurosurgeons, are essential for providing optimal care to individuals with raised ICP. […] Nursing diagnoses for raised intracranial pressure (ICP) typically focus on assessing the patients condition, managing symptoms, and preventing complications. […] Effective care for patients with raised ICP involves symptom management, prevention of complications, emotional support, and patient education. […] Nursing care for patients with raised intracranial pressure is challenging and requires vigilant monitoring and symptom management.

• #75 Increased Intracranial Pressure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482119/

  Intracranial hypertension (IH) is a clinical condition that is associated with an elevation of the pressures within the cranium. […] The evaluation of increased ICP should include detailed history taking, physical examination, and ancillary studies. […] Assessment and management of the airway, specifically breathing and circulation should always be the priority. […] Nursing care must pay close attention to changes in neurologic status, any change in vitals such as an increasingly erratic heart rate, development of bradycardia, accurate and equal intake and output when having diuresis, and maintenance of proper blood pressure. […] Patient education regarding avoidance of future complications should come from all team members, with social work involvement to ensure home safety after discharge, and the patient’s primary care provider should be updated, to ensure appropriate follow-up.

• #76 Intracranial Hypertension – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507811/

  A thorough review of past medical history, including comorbid conditions and medication use, provides essential context for understanding the underlying etiology of intracranial hypertension. […] Patients with suspected intracranial hypertension, especially individuals with severe TBI, should also have ICP monitoring. […] Management of Acute Intracranial Hypertension requires close intensive care unit (ICU) monitoring. […] Collaboration and communication among interprofessional team members are essential for optimizing patient outcomes and providing comprehensive care for individuals with intracranial hypertension.

• #77 Nursing Care Plan For Raised Intracranial Pressure – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-raised-intracranial-pressure/

  Effective interventions aim to reduce ICP, prevent complications, and optimize the patients neurological outcome. […] The collaboration between nursing and medical teams is crucial to ensuring the best care for these patients. […] The care plan emphasizes the importance of early detection and continuous monitoring of ICP levels, as well as prompt interventions to prevent complications and optimize patient outcomes. […] Nurses play a pivotal role in providing patient-centered care, administering treatments, and offering emotional support to individuals and their families. […] Collaborating with the healthcare team, particularly neurologists, neurosurgeons, and radiologists, is essential for coordinating care and ensuring the best possible outcomes for patients with raised ICP. […] By adhering to the principles outlined in this care plan, healthcare professionals can contribute to the safety, comfort, and potential recovery of patients with raised ICP, ultimately enhancing their quality of life and neurological well-being.

• #78 Nursing Care Plan (NCP) & Interventions for Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP) | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-increased-intracranial-pressure-icp

  Avoid Complications from Increased ICP: Prevent issues like brain herniation, where parts of the brain get pushed into places they shouldn’t be. […] Monitor for changes in how the patient’s brain is working, like if they become less conscious or their vital signs change. […] Be quick to react if these signs show the pressure might be going up. […] Adjust treatments as needed, based on careful monitoring. […] Work closely with doctors and other healthcare professionals to make the best decisions for the patient. […] To keep the patient’s brain functioning well and improve their overall health and well-being. […] Conduct a thorough neurological assessment, including assessments of consciousness, level of alertness, pupillary response, and motor function. […] Continuously monitor vital signs, including blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate, to detect any deviations that may indicate changes in intracranial pressure.

• #79 Nursing Care Plan (NCP) & Interventions for Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP) | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-increased-intracranial-pressure-icp

  Maintain HOB 30-45. […] Decrease stimuli. […] Avoid valsalva maneuvers. […] To check if the treatments for high ICP are working and helping the patient’s brain health. […] Regularly check the patient’s consciousness, eye responses, and muscle movements. […] Keep an eye on temperature and blood pressure to make sure they’re in the safe range. […] Check how well these are working by checking surgical site and monitoring any ICP readings. […] Work closely with the entire healthcare team and keep communicating about the patient’s progress. […] To ensure the patient’s ICP is in the normal range and the patient does not experience neurological complications.

• #80 Nursing Interventions for Patients with Intracranial Hypertension: Integrative Literature Review

  http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1657-59972019000400109

  Nurses should be very cautious, given that routine procedures can aggravate the neurological condition due to the increase in ICP and decrease in cerebral perfusion pressure. Therefore, professionals must be trained to provide safe and qualified care to critically ill patients, given the need for constant attention in the application of interventions for their recovery. […] Thus, the neurological assessment is essential to identify Nursing diagnoses, a crucial stage to elaborate a care plan based on a theoretical framework, which guides and improves the practice, as well as directs nursing interventions and expected results. […] Intracranial hypertension is an event of great clinical impact. Complications arising from this event can be minimized and controlled through specific nursing interventions that include controlling neuro-physiological and hemodynamic parameters, as well as preventing the increase of ICP, often linked to the performance of nursing procedures.

• #81 Nursing Care Plan (NCP) & Interventions for Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP) | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-increased-intracranial-pressure-icp

  Increased ICP is serious because it can prevent blood from flowing properly to your brain, which causes brain damage if it’s not treated. […] It’s important for nurses to understand all this to help patients with high ICP. […] They need to know the right ways to lower the pressure, like giving certain medicines or other treatments, to keep the brain safe. […] Understanding these causes helps nurses figure out the best way to help. Each cause might need a different type of care to reduce pressure and prevent more brain problems. […] To maintain normal ICP (7-15 mmHg) and keep the brain healthy. […] Keep ICP in Check: Make sure the pressure inside the skull stays at a safe level (7-15 mmHg). […] Ensure Adequate Cerebral Perfusion: The brain needs enough blood flow to work right, so it’s important to monitor this.

• #82 Nursing Care Plan For Raised Intracranial Pressure – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-raised-intracranial-pressure/

  Effective interventions aim to reduce ICP, prevent complications, and optimize the patients neurological outcome. […] The collaboration between nursing and medical teams is crucial to ensuring the best care for these patients. […] The care plan emphasizes the importance of early detection and continuous monitoring of ICP levels, as well as prompt interventions to prevent complications and optimize patient outcomes. […] Nurses play a pivotal role in providing patient-centered care, administering treatments, and offering emotional support to individuals and their families. […] Collaborating with the healthcare team, particularly neurologists, neurosurgeons, and radiologists, is essential for coordinating care and ensuring the best possible outcomes for patients with raised ICP. […] By adhering to the principles outlined in this care plan, healthcare professionals can contribute to the safety, comfort, and potential recovery of patients with raised ICP, ultimately enhancing their quality of life and neurological well-being.

• #83 Nursing Care Plan (NCP) & Interventions for Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP) | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-increased-intracranial-pressure-icp

  Maintain HOB 30-45. […] Decrease stimuli. […] Avoid valsalva maneuvers. […] To check if the treatments for high ICP are working and helping the patient’s brain health. […] Regularly check the patient’s consciousness, eye responses, and muscle movements. […] Keep an eye on temperature and blood pressure to make sure they’re in the safe range. […] Check how well these are working by checking surgical site and monitoring any ICP readings. […] Work closely with the entire healthcare team and keep communicating about the patient’s progress. […] To ensure the patient’s ICP is in the normal range and the patient does not experience neurological complications.

• #84 Multimodal non-invasive assessment of intracranial hypertension: an observational study | Critical Care | Full Text

  https://ccforum.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13054-020-03105-z

  The aim of this study was therefore to compare the accuracy of different non-invasive methods to estimate ICP and to estimate the occurrence of intracranial hypertension in a heterogeneous cohort of brain-injured patients. […] The decision to insert invasive ICP monitoring was made by the attending ICU physician in collaboration with the neurosurgeons. […] The combination of ONSD and eICP had the best accuracy to estimate the occurrence intracranial hypertension. […] Knowledge of ICP is crucial when treating patients with acute brain injury, in particular after trauma. […] However, the indications for invasive ICP monitoring remain controversial in some brain conditions. […] Although non-invasive ICP methods are not accurate enough to substitute for invasive ICP, non-invasive ICP estimation may be helpful and could be used as a triage method or as a diagnostic tool in patients with unexplained alteration of consciousness outside the ICU.

• #85 Nursing Interventions for Patients with Intracranial Hypertension: Integrative Literature Review

  http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1657-59972019000400109

  The objective of this study was to identify, in national and international publications, the principal Nursing interventions aimed at patients with intracranial hypertension. […] The reading and analysis of the articles permitted observing that the Nursing interventions are linked to cognitive skills and clinical reasoning, but they should also be supported by practices based on the best scientific evidence. […] Caring for patients with neurological alterations is a big challenge for the whole Nursing staff. Patients with ICP require specific and continuous care in ICU and demand maximum attention from the health staff and minimum manipulation, in order to avoid possible deleterious injuries or aggravate those existing. […] As prerequisite to monitor ICP, the nurse needs to be aware of the principles of monitoring, neuro-anatomy, and neurophysiology, as well as the pathophysiology of intracranial hypertension (ICH).

• #86 Nursing Interventions for Patients with Intracranial Hypertension: Integrative Literature Review

  http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1657-59972019000400109

  It is known that increased ICP may be associated with the patients clinical condition or may occur in response to routine Nursing care. Therefore, the focus of medical and nursing interventions should be the prevention or minimization of secondary brain injury. […] The literature emphasizes the importance of Nursing empowerment in the multidisciplinary staff and the use of care protocols that include interventions to control and manage ICP to intervene briefly and effectively in treatments aimed at mitigating this event, as well as adjusting nursing procedures that, by association, may increase intracranial hypertension and decrease cerebral perfusion pressure. […] The interventions described in the literature found during the search period are neuro-physiological and encompass monitoring of hemodynamic parameters, like oxygen saturation, mean blood pressure, temperature, ICP, and cerebral perfusion pressure.

• #87 Nursing Interventions for Patients with Intracranial Hypertension: Integrative Literature Review

  http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1657-59972019000400109

  Nurses should be very cautious, given that routine procedures can aggravate the neurological condition due to the increase in ICP and decrease in cerebral perfusion pressure. Therefore, professionals must be trained to provide safe and qualified care to critically ill patients, given the need for constant attention in the application of interventions for their recovery. […] Thus, the neurological assessment is essential to identify Nursing diagnoses, a crucial stage to elaborate a care plan based on a theoretical framework, which guides and improves the practice, as well as directs nursing interventions and expected results. […] Intracranial hypertension is an event of great clinical impact. Complications arising from this event can be minimized and controlled through specific nursing interventions that include controlling neuro-physiological and hemodynamic parameters, as well as preventing the increase of ICP, often linked to the performance of nursing procedures.

• #88 Nursing Interventions for Patients with Intracranial Hypertension: Integrative Literature Review

  https://www.redalyc.org/journal/741/74163258009/movil/

  Nurses should be very cautious, given that routine procedures can aggravate the neurological condition due to the increase in ICP and decrease in cerebral perfusion pressure. […] Thus, the neurological assessment is essential to identify Nursing diagnoses, a crucial stage to elaborate a care plan based on a theoretical framework, which guides and improves the practice, as well as directs nursing interventions and expected results. […] Complications arising from this event can be minimized and controlled through specific nursing interventions that include controlling neuro-physiological and hemodynamic parameters, as well as preventing the increase of ICP, often linked to the performance of nursing procedures.

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