Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3864361/

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a syndrome characterized by elevated intracranial pressure that usually occurs in obese women in the childbearing years. […] The annual incidence of IIH in the Western world is about 0.9/100,000 persons and 3.5/100,000 in females 15 to 44 years of age. […] IIH is increasing in incidence in parallel with the current epidemic of obesity. […] Other population studies have confirmed that the vast majority of patients with IIH are obese women of childbearing age. […] The mean age at the time of diagnosis is about 30 years. […] Although less frequent, IIH can also occur in children, men, and the elderly. […] In adulthood, less than 10% of IIH patients are male. […] There is no clear racial predilection for IIH. […] Although there is no difference in the prevalence of IIH between African Americans and Caucasians, African American patients with IIH may have worse visual outcomes compared to Caucasian Americans.

• #1 Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3864361/

  Recognizing and understanding the risk factors that truly contribute to intracranial hypertension is important in both diagnosing and understanding the pathophysiology of the disease. […] Given the relatively high prevalence of obesity in IIH patients, weight clearly plays a role in the disease process. […] Gender is the other obvious risk factor because over 90% of patients affected with IIH are women. […] Because female gender and obesity are the main risk factors for IIH, endocrine and hormonal changes likely play a role in the disease through an undetermined pathway. […] The co-occurrence of obstructive sleep apnea and IIH has been well reported. […] Many entities can cause raised intracranial pressure and mimic the signs and symptoms of IIH. […] Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is a disease of women in the childbearing years, and its prevalence is increasing due to the worldwide obesity epidemic.

• #2 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri): Epidemiology and pathogenesis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension-pseudotumor-cerebri-epidemiology-and-pathogenesis

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), also called pseudotumor cerebri, is a disorder defined by clinical criteria that include symptoms and signs isolated to those produced by increased intracranial pressure (ICP; eg, headache, papilledema, vision loss), elevated ICP with normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) composition, and no other cause of intracranial hypertension evident on neuroimaging or other evaluations. […] The annual incidence of IIH is 1 to 2 per 100,000 population. There is a higher incidence in females with obesity between the ages of 15 and 44 years (4 to 21 per 100,000). The highest incidence, 28 per 100,000 per year, was reported in Ireland. […] The incidence and prevalence of IIH are rising; in the United States, a 1.35-times increase in the prevalence of IIH occurred between 2015 and 2022, from 7.3 to 9.9 individuals per 100,000. Whether this is related to the obesity epidemic or other reasons is uncertain.

• #2 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri): Epidemiology and pathogenesis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension-pseudotumor-cerebri-epidemiology-and-pathogenesis/print

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), also called pseudotumor cerebri, is a disorder defined by clinical criteria that include symptoms and signs isolated to those produced by increased intracranial pressure (ICP; eg, headache, papilledema, vision loss), elevated ICP with normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) composition, and no other cause of intracranial hypertension evident on neuroimaging or other evaluations. This description constitutes the modified Dandy criteria for IIH. […] The annual incidence of IIH is 1 to 2 per 100,000 population. There is a higher incidence in females with obesity between the ages of 15 and 44 years (4 to 21 per 100,000). The highest incidence, 28 per 100,000 per year, was reported in Ireland. […] The incidence and prevalence of IIH are rising; in the United States, a 1.35-times increase in the prevalence of IIH occurred between 2015 and 2022, from 7.3 to 9.9 individuals per 100,000. Whether this is related to the obesity epidemic or other reasons is uncertain.

• #3 The expanding burden of idiopathic intracranial hypertension | Eye

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41433-018-0238-5

  A total of 23,182 new IIH cases were diagnosed. Fifty-two percent resided in the most socially deprived areas (quintiles 1 and 2). Incidence rose between 2002 and 2016 from 2.3 to 4.7 per 100,000 in the general population. Peak incidence occurred in females aged 25 (15.2 per 100,000). IIH incidence is rising (by greater than 100% over the study), highest in areas of social deprivation and mirroring obesity trends. The escalating population and financial burden of IIH has wide reaching implications for the health care system. […] Previous annual incidence was reported at approximately 0.52 in 100,000 in the general population. It has been widely speculated that the incidence of IIH is increasing in line with the world-wide epidemic of obesity. […] In this study of 23,182 IIH patients incidence is rising (4.69 per 100,000 in 2016) and this in line with increasing body mass index rates. IIH is more commonly found in those from areas of social deprivation. The hospital economic burden has risen from 9.2 million in 2002 to 49.9 million in 2014.

• #4

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40123-020-00296-0

  There is increasing evidence and appreciation of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) in medicine. […] IIH is considered a rare disease; however, increasing numbers of patients are being reported. […] Recent evidence indicates a greater than 100% increase in the incidence of IIH in England between 2002 and 2016, which rose from 2.3 to 4.7 per 100,000 in the general population. […] In females, the incidence of IIH more than tripled between 2005 and 2017, from 2.5 to 9.3 per 100,000 person-years, and increased markedly in those with a body mass index (BMI) higher than 30 kg/m2. […] Adult women are more likely to develop IIH than men, with a peak incidence in females aged 25 years of 15.2 per 100,000. […] Worldwide, IIH is more common in countries such as the UK, Italy, Israel and the USA, while incidence is lower in Asia.

• #4

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40123-020-00296-0

  A recent systematic review identified a positive correlation between a country-specific prevalence of obesity and incidence of IIH. […] The incidence of IIH in childhood is estimated to be around 0.5 per 100,000. […] Paediatric IIH has been classified by anthropometric features, with three identifiable subgroups of paediatric IIH: a young cohort that is not overweight, an early adolescent group that is either overweight or obese, and a late adolescent group that is mostly obese.

• #5 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is on the rise | MDedge

  https://community.the-hospitalist.org/content/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension-rise

  The incidence of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) characterized by increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure is rising considerably, corresponding to population increases in body mass index (BMI), a new study has shown. […] Given that there is a paucity of data regarding the epidemiology, health care utilization, and outcomes of people with IIH, Dr. Pickrell and colleagues conducted the current retrospective cohort study, which aimed to determine the temporal trends of IIH incidence and prevalence in Wales and health care utilization associated with IIH. […] Results showed a significant increase in IIH incidence and prevalence in Wales. The prevalence of IIH in Wales increased sixfold from 12/100,000 in 2003 to 76/100,000 in 2017, and the incidence of IIH increased threefold from 2.3/100,000 per year in 2003 to 7.8/100,000 per year in 2017.

• #5 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is on the rise | MDedge

  https://community.the-hospitalist.org/content/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension-rise

  The considerable increase in IIH incidence is multifactorial but likely predominately due to rising obesity rates, the authors noted. […] The increase in IIH incidence may also be attributable to increased IIH diagnosis rates because of raised awareness of the condition and greater use of digital fundoscopy at routine optometry appointments, they suggested. […] The results also show that individuals with IIH have increased rates of unscheduled health care utilization compared with a matched-control cohort. The rate ratio for unscheduled hospital admissions in the IIH cohort, compared with controls was 5.28. […] A considerable proportion of this excess in unscheduled hospital admissions occurs at the time of diagnosis and can be explained by the need for urgent investigation of papilloedema with brain imaging and spinal fluid analysis. However, there is also a considerable excess in unscheduled hospital admissions up to 2 years after diagnosis, the authors reported.

• #6 Epidemiological Patterns, Treatment Response, and Metabolic Correlatations of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: A US-Based Study From 1994 to 2024 | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.08.24318685v1.full-text

  Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH) presents an increasing health burden with changing demographic patterns. We studied nationwide trends in IIH epidemiology, treatment patterns, and associated outcomes using a large-scale database analysis within the United States (US). […] Among 51,526 patients, we found a significant increase in adult IIH incidence from 16.0 to 127.0 per 100,000 (adjusted RR: 6.94, 95% CI: 6.71-7.17). […] Southern regions showed the highest prevalence (43.0%, n=21,417). […] The marked regional disparities and rising incidence rates, especially among adults, suggest the need for targeted healthcare strategies. […] The United States has been showing a rising prevalence of obesity and metabolic disorders in the recent years, in which it may correlate with increased IIH cases respectively.

• #6 Epidemiological Patterns, Treatment Response, and Metabolic Correlatations of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: A US-Based Study From 1994 to 2024 | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.08.24318685v1.full-text

  The South demonstrated the highest prevalence (43.0%, n=21,417, 95% CI: 42.6-43.4), followed by the Northeast (33.0%, n=16,203, 95% CI: 32.6-33.4). […] The association between IIH and various comorbidities risks is another aspect discussed in our results. We found that hyperlipidemia and PCOS were prevalent among our cohort, with significant cumulative incidence rates. Recent studies have showed metabolic links to IIH independent from obesity in these patients, the associated risks reporting in the literature included cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, PCOS, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, heart failure, insulin resistance and even greater risks of developing metabolic syndrome. […] The significant increase in adult cases, especially among female population, points to shifting disease patterns that mirror broader public health focus in the United States.

• #7 Epidemiological Patterns, Treatment Response, and Metabolic Correlatations of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: A US-Based Study From 1994 to 2024 | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.08.24318685v1

  Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH) presents an increasing health burden with changing demographic patterns. […] We studied nationwide trends in IIH epidemiology, treatment patterns, and associated outcomes using a large-scale database analysis within the United States (US). […] Among 51,526 patients, we found a significant increase in adult IIH incidence from 16.0 to 127.0 per 100,000 (adjusted RR: 6.94, 95% CI: 6.71-7.17). […] Female predominance increased over time (female-to-male ratio: 3.29, 95% CI: 3.18-3.40). […] Southern regions showed the highest prevalence (43.0%, n=21,417). […] Cox modeling revealed significant associations between IIH and metabolic syndrome (HR: 2.14, 95% CI: 1.89-2.39) and cardiovascular complications (HR: 1.76, 95% CI: 1.58-1.94), independent of BMI. […] The marked regional disparities and rising incidence rates, especially among adults, suggest the need for targeted healthcare strategies.

• #8 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri): Epidemiology and pathogenesis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension-pseudotumor-cerebri-epidemiology-and-pathogenesis/print

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), also called pseudotumor cerebri, is a disorder defined by clinical criteria that include symptoms and signs isolated to those produced by increased intracranial pressure (ICP; eg, headache, papilledema, vision loss), elevated ICP with normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) composition, and no other cause of intracranial hypertension evident on neuroimaging or other evaluations. This description constitutes the modified Dandy criteria for IIH. […] The annual incidence of IIH is 1 to 2 per 100,000 population. There is a higher incidence in females with obesity between the ages of 15 and 44 years (4 to 21 per 100,000). The highest incidence, 28 per 100,000 per year, was reported in Ireland. […] The incidence and prevalence of IIH are rising; in the United States, a 1.35-times increase in the prevalence of IIH occurred between 2015 and 2022, from 7.3 to 9.9 individuals per 100,000. Whether this is related to the obesity epidemic or other reasons is uncertain.

• #9 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1214410-overview

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is most prevalent among women of reproductive age. Research on American populations shows that the incidence of IIH is approximately 0.9 to 1.0 per 100,000 in the general population. Among females, this incidence rate rises to 3.5 per 100,000. Notably, it increases significantly to between 19 and 20 per 100,000 in females aged 20 to 44 years who are more than 20% above their ideal body weight. […] The incidence of IIH varies from country to country. Because of the diseases relation to body habitus, its occurrence varies according to the incidence of obesity in the respective region. As an example, a far lower incidence has been noted in Asian countries (0.03/100,000), which is interpreted as the result of the markedly lower rate of obesity in these countries as compared to the United States. […] Although IIH may affect individuals of any age, most patients with this disease present in the third decade of life. No evidence exists to suggest that IIH has a predilection for any particular racial or ethnic group.

• #10 Intracranial Hypertension – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507811/

  Intracranial hypertension epidemiology depends on the etiology. Conditions presenting with acute ICP elevation are distributed in the population differently from pathologies causing chronic ICP increase. For example, about 60% of spontaneous hemorrhages arise from intracranial bleeding secondary to systemic hypertension. Up to a third of hypertensive hemorrhages occur in patients aged over 80. Amyloid angiopathy is another common etiology of spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage, more common in older patients’ cerebral cortices. Subarachnoid hemorrhage occurs with an annual incidence of up to 91 cases out of 100,000, 85% of which are due to aneurysmal rupture. In 2019, 27 million new cases of TBI occurred worldwide, ranging from mild to severe. […] Meanwhile, up to 90% of individuals with chronic IIH are women of childbearing age. People with chronic hypertension or obesity have an increased risk of developing intracranial hypertension. The occurrence frequency is 1.0 in 100,000 in the general population, 1.6 to 3.5 in 100,000 among women, and 7.9 to 20 in 100,000 among women who are overweight.

• #11 Pseudotumor Cerebri (Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension) – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Pseudotumor_Cerebri_(Idiopathic_Intracranial_Hypertension)

  Among studies performed in the United States, the incidence of IIH was found to be 0.9 to 1.0 per 100,000 in the general population, increasing to 1.6-3.5 per 100,000 in women and to 7.9-20 per 100,000 in overweight women. […] The disease incidence is variable throughout the world mainly because its occurrence varies according to the incidence of obesity in the region. […] IIH may be seen in any gender or age group but has a high predilection for females of childbearing age, especially when coupled with obesity. […] While males are less frequently affected, constituting less than 10% of adult IIH patients, the affected population also tend to be obese and are more likely to sustain worse visual prognosis compared to their female counterparts. […] Interestingly, in the prepubertal age group, IIH has no particular predilection for obesity or female gender. […] IIH also has no particular predilection for race, but race may impact visual prognosis in these patients.

• #12 Pseudotumor Cerebri (Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension) | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688631/all/Pseudotumor_Cerebri__Idiopathic_Intracranial_Hypertension_?q=Obesity

  Increased intracranial pressure with no clear pathophysiology. […] 0.9/100,000 in general population. […] 4 to 11.9/100,000 in obese women. […] 19/100,000 in women 20% over ideal body weight and reported 323/100,000 in those seeking bariatric surgery. […] Lower incidence in Scandinavia in adults of 0.65/100,000. […] In children age 7 years, males and females equally affected. […] Children age 7 years, obese girls have doubled incidence of obese boys and more than doubled for age 12 to 15 years. […] Rare in children 3 years or adults 60 years. […] Men potential bimodal distribution, prepubertal and middle-aged. […] Hypothesized increasing incidence due to increased rates of obesity but not studied. […] Prospective studies show 90-98% are women. […] Others show 9% prevalence in males considering all age groups. […] 21-2% of pregnant females. […] Female to male ratio ranges in adults from 4:1 to 6.1:1.

• #13 Pulsenotes | Idiopathic intracranial hypertension

  https://app.pulsenotes.com/medicine/neurology/notes/iih

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is a disorder characterised by features of raised intracranial pressure. […] The annual incidence of IIH is approximately 1-2 per 100,000 population. […] The highest incidence of IIH is seen in women of childbearing age. In this group the incidence is as high as 21 per 100,000. The condition is strongly linked with obesity, and due to the rising obesity epidemic, rates are increasing. […] Interestingly, although the incidence is much lower in men, they are at increased risk of visual loss.

• #14 Pediatric Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension

  https://www.reviewofophthalmology.com/article/pediatric-idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is a condition characterized by abnormally elevated intracranial pressure without any evident neurologic or radiologic cause. […] The incidence is approximately one in 100,000 individuals and can occur in all age groups, either gender and both obese and non-obese patients. […] Overall, the incidence of IIH in children is from 0.5 to 0.9 cases per 100,000. […] In contrast, recent studies have shown that this disease doesnt follow the same demographics in children as in adults. […] The prevalence of IIH in Down syndrome is 3.4 percent, which is much higher than that found in the general pediatric population. […] The clinical presentation of pediatric IIH is similar to that in adults. […] The diagnosis can be very challenging to make in young children who may have non-specific symptoms and cooperate poorly with the dilated fundus exam.

• #15 UK surveillance of childhood idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) | Archives of Disease in Childhood

  https://adc.bmj.com/content/97/Suppl_1/A6.1

  An average of 60 girls and 29 boys were diagnosed with childhood IIH each year in the UK. Obesity is the commonest association. The majority received medical treatment (s), a reasonable proportion needed repeated lumbar punctures and neurosurgery. […] Estimated UK annual incidence is 0.8 (1.0 for girls, 0.5 for boys) per 100,000 child population aged 1-16 years. […] This study highlights the urgent need to generate well-designed multicentre controlled trials to inform the efficacy of current non-evidenced based medical and surgical treatments in childhood IIH.

• #16

  https://journals.lww.com/jneuro-ophthalmology/fulltext/2001/03000/epidemiology_of_idiopathic_intracranial.3.aspx

  To determine the incidence, demographic, and clinical features of Pseudo Tumor Cerebri (PTC)/Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH) in Israel. […] Ninety-one patients with PTC/IIH were diagnosed during the years 1998 to 1999. […] The calculated incidence of PTC/IIH in the Israeli general population was 0.57 to 0.94 per 100,000 persons, with incidences of 1.82 per 100,000 for women and 0.034 per 100,000 for men. […] The incidence for women during the childbirth years was 4.02 per 100,000. […] Although the population of Israel is a mixture of people originating from Eastern and Western countries, the incidence of PTC/IIH was found to be similar to that of Western countries. […] The aim of this study was to determine the population-based incidence and provide the demographic and clinical features of IIH in Israel.

• #17

  https://journals.lww.com/jneuro-ophthalmology/fulltext/2001/03000/epidemiology_of_idiopathic_intracranial.3.aspx

  The incidence of IIH varies throughout the world. […] We found an annual incidence of 0.57 to 0.9 per 100,000 persons in the general population and 4.02 per 100,000 in females aged 15 to 45 years. […] In spite of its weaknesses, this study implies that IIH in Israel is as common as in Western countries.

• #18 Papilledema: epidemiology, etiology, and clinical management | EB

  https://www.dovepress.com/papilledema-epidemiology-etiology-and-clinical-management-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-EB

  Papilledema from various causes of IH may develop at any age, in either sex, and in any racial or ethnic group. […] In contrast, idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) predominantly affects obese women of childbearing age. […] In the USA, the annual incidence per 100,000 persons has been estimated to be 0.9 in the general population and 3.5 in females 15-44 years of age. […] The incidence of IIH varies from country to country, probably related to the prevalence of obesity. […] The reported annual incidence of IIH in Middle Eastern countries has been estimated at 2.0-22.2/100,000 in the general population. […] However, these atypical IIH patients should undergo a more aggressive evaluation for underlying etiologies other than IIH. […] IIH is typically defined by exclusion using specific diagnostic criteria (eg, modified Dandy criteria).

• #19 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension in US Women Varies Geographically – Endocrinology Advisor

  https://www.endocrinologyadvisor.com/news/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension-in-us-women-varies-geographically/

  The prevalence of idiopathic intracranial hypertension among this population was 3.44 per 10,000 (95% CI, 2.61-5.39) women. […] Stratified by state, significant geographic variation in idiopathic intracranial hypertension prevalence was observed (P =.03). […] In general, states with a higher prevalence of idiopathic intracranial hypertension also had a higher prevalence of obesity. […] In 2014, 13 women in Olmstead County were diagnosed with idiopathic intracranial hypertension and 11 women had prescriptions for acetazolamide or methazolamide, equating to an age-standardized prevalence of 2.93 per 10,000 (95% CI, 1.20-4.67) women. […] Using Medicaid claims data, the prevalence of idiopathic intracranial hypertension in Minnesota was estimated to be 3.24 per 10,000 (95% CI, 2.93-3.55) women (P .05). […] Future studies should use these observations to guide exploratory risk factor studies and identify novel social or environmental risk factors for IIH [idiopathic intracranial hypertension], the study authors concluded.

• #20 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension-1?case_id=idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension&lang=us

  By far the most commonly affected demographic is middle-aged obese females, affected approximately ten times more frequently than other patient groups. The etiological link between being female, overweight and developing idiopathic intracranial hypertension remains to be elucidated. […] Obesity is encountered in the majority of cases, and as the prevalence of obesity is increasing, so too is the incidence of this diagnosis. […] Less commonly IIH can also be encountered in males, usually older and less likely to be obese. It is rare in the pediatric population, being more common in the 12-17 year age group than in the 2-12 year age group.

• #21 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiopathic_intracranial_hypertension

  The number of new cases per year of IIH is strongly determined by sex and body weight. […] On average, IIH occurs in about one per 100,000 people, and can occur in children and adults. The median age at diagnosis is 30. IIH occurs predominantly in women, especially in the ages 20 to 45, who are four to eight times more likely than men to be affected. Overweight and obesity strongly predispose a person to IIH: women who are more than ten percent over their ideal body weight are thirteen times more likely to develop IIH, and this figure goes up to nineteen times in women who are more than twenty percent over their ideal body weight. In men this relationship also exists, but the increase is only five-fold in those over 20 percent above their ideal body weight. […] Despite several reports of IIH in families, there is no known genetic cause for IIH. People from all ethnicities may develop IIH.

• #22 Incidence of idiopathic intracranial hypertension parallels rising rate of obesity – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/medical-professionals/ophthalmology/news/incidence-of-idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension-parallels-rising-rate-of-obesity/mac-20430150

  Incidence of idiopathic intracranial hypertension parallels rising rate of obesity. […] Obesity is a major risk factor for idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), a condition of increased intracranial pressure of unknown cause that often produces papilledema and vision loss. […] The research team identified 63 new cases of IIH, yielding an overall age- and sex-adjusted annual incidence of 1.8 per 100,000 people (95 percent confidence interval, 1.3 to 2.2) between 1990 and 2014. […] In the current study period, the annual incidence increased from 1.0 per 100,000 (1990 to 2001) to 2.4 per 100,000 (2002 to 2014; P = 0.007). […] The increase in incidence of IIH mirrored the increase in obesity during this time period, with a strong correlation between IIH incidence rates and obesity rates in Minnesota (R2 = 0.70, P = 0.008). […] „Our study shows that the incidence rates of IIH and obesity have risen in parallel since 1990,” says Dr. Chen.

• #23

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00701-018-3772-9

  Obesity is widely recognized as a significant risk factor for primary IIH, and recent work uncovered that risk is further associated with rapid weight gain even when these occur below the obesity threshold. […] The prevalence of IIH steadily increased with age; from 0.22% in the 18-30 age group to 0.33% in the 70 years age group. This increase was statistically significant. […] The mean BMI of the IIH patients was 38.2 kg/m2, and there was a steady and statistically significant decrease in the prevalence of IIH as BMI increased. […] This study found an independent association between IIH and anemia in patients with obesity. […] In conclusion, IIH is clearly a multifactorial disease occurring in patients with a vast background of co-morbidities. We have explored the relationship between obesity and IIH prevalence in a British population, stratifying patients beyond the obesity threshold, and have found that the previously proved linear trend across BMI categories that peaks at the BMI 30-35 class tails off; and no increase in risk of IIH is observed in populations with BMI increases beyond it. Anemia was the only clinical factor to be independently associated to IIH; and NSAID use the only treatment factor.

• #24 The patients’ perspective on the burden of idiopathic intracranial hypertension | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text

  https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10194-021-01283-x

  60% of the participants complained about a lack of information on IIH and 80% claimed that physicians had insufficient knowledge about the disease. […] In addition to headaches and visual disturbances, sleep disturbances and depression are frequent symptoms in IIH and contribute to the patients symptom burden. […] Clinicians should be aware that IIH patients may suffer from high levels of sleep disturbance and depression and assess their psychosocial needs, including their obvious need for more information and psychological support.

• #24 The patients’ perspective on the burden of idiopathic intracranial hypertension | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text

  https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10194-021-01283-x

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is characterized by increased intracranial pressure without evidence of a tumor or any other underlying cause. […] In the 90 s, IIH was considered a rare condition with an initial incidence of one per 100.000 in the general population. […] In line with the world-wide increase in obesity, the incidence of IIH raised considerably from 2.3 to 2003 to 7.8 per 100.000 in 2017. […] Although it can affect all subgroups of the population, studies show a significantly higher risk for young, overweight women of childbearing age, as well as people from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. […] While visual disturbances are reported in about 50% of patients, complete loss of vision is thought to occur in 12% of cases per year. […] The majority of the patients reported a high symptom burden in the standardized questionnaires.

• #25 All About IIH | IIH UK – (Idiopathic intracranial hypertension)

  https://www.iih.org.uk/section/9/1/all_about_iih_also_known_as_benign_intracranial_hypertension

  IIH is considered a rare disease. Recent medical reports show that IIH is happening more often. Somewhere between 1-3 people in every 100,000 get this condition in the normal population, but it becomes more common in those with obesity(BMI 30)with rates reported up to 20 per 100,000. […] IIH is on the increase in women. Between 2005 and 2017 incidence has increased from 2.5 per 100,000 to 9.3 per 100,000 whilst prevalence has increased from 26:100,000 to 79:100,000. […] Incidence relates to new cases of IIH in the population in a year whereas prevalence tells us how widespread it is across the whole population.

• #26 The Incidence of Blindness Due to Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension in the UK

  https://openophthalmologyjournal.com/VOLUME/7/PAGE/26/

  To determine the incidence of blindness secondary to idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) in the United Kingdom. […] There were 24 new cases of registerable blindness secondary to IIH reported during the 12 month period. […] The results of this study suggest that approximately 1-2% of new cases of IIH are likely to become blind in a given year. […] IIH is much more common in women, particularly obese women of childbearing age, when the incidence is as high as 21/100,000/year. […] Data on the incidence of blindness in IIH is very sparse. […] The results from this prospective national study suggest that approximately 1-2% of new cases of IIH would become blind annually. […] The rate of blindness was calculated using a UK population of 63.2 million in 2011 and an overall incidence of IIH of 1-3/100,000. […] Assuming an incidence of 598-1794 new cases of IIH in the UK each year, 0.6-2% of these cases would be expected to become blind each year. […] If the 5 potential cases reported through BOSU but without a follow-up questionnaire are included then the incidence of blindness in IIH would rise to 3%.

• #27 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension/

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), often referred to as pseudotumor cerebri or benign intracranial hypertension, is a condition of unknown etiology that manifests with chronically elevated intracranial pressure (ICP). It predominantly affects obese women, especially such who have gained significant weight over a short period of time, but certain drugs (growth hormones, tetracyclines, excessive vitamin A) are also associated with the condition. […] Epidemiological data refers to the US, unless otherwise specified. […] Predominantly affects obese women aged 1544 years. […] Even with treatment, many patients will have persistent symptoms (up to 79%). […] Severe loss of vision (or even blindness) occurs in up to 24% of patients.

• #28 Revista de Pediatría de Atención Primaria – Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: epidemiology and current literature review

  https://pap.es/article/12771/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension-epidemiology-and-current-literature-review

  It is important that these patients undergo periodic clinical and ophthalmological evaluations. […] Once ophthalmologic findings become normal, pharmacological treatment should be tapered off to discontinuation. […] Patients should remain in followup after treatment discontinuation due to the risk of recurrence (8%-38% of patients): in our sample, we found recurrences in 15% of patients.

• #28 Revista de Pediatría de Atención Primaria – Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: epidemiology and current literature review

  https://pap.es/articulo.php?lang=en&id=12771&term1=

  It is important that these patients undergo periodic clinical and ophthalmological evaluations. […] Once ophthalmologic findings become normal, pharmacological treatment should be tapered off to discontinuation. […] Patients should remain in followup after treatment discontinuation due to the risk of recurrence (8%-38% of patients): in our sample, we found recurrences in 15% of patients. […] Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is an infrequent disease, but one whose early diagnosis and treatment is essential to prevent potentially irreversible sequelae.

• #29 Fulminant Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Fulminant_Idiopathic_Intracranial_Hypertension

  Like patients who present with non-fulminant IIH, the majority of patients with FIH are overweight or obese women of childbearing age, but FIH has also been reported in atypical populations including children and men. It is believed that FIH occurs in 2-3% of patients with IIH. […] The management of FIH differs from typical IIH because of the increased risk of permanent vision loss. […] Rapid diagnosis and management of FIH is necessary to prevent permanent vision loss. Studies have shown that surgical interventions may need to be performed within days of diagnosis as the chance of meaningful visual recovery decreases quickly over time.

• #30 Evolving evidence in adult idiopathic intracranial hypertension: pathophysiology and management | Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

  https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/87/9/982

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a rare but important disease associated with significant morbidity. There is an expected rise in prevalence in line with the escalating global burden of obesity. […] A recent epidemiology study reported an incidence of IIH occurring in 28/100000/year, which is the highest reported rate in the literature so far. […] The incidence and prevalence of IIH depend on the geographical location of the population studied; Andrews et al highlighted the diversity in the worldwide epidemiology for IIH and cautioned against comparing the rates because of inconsistent definitions of obesity used in various studies. Evidence from the literature suggests an incidence between 1 and 3/100000/year in the general population. When stratified for reproductive age, female gender and weight, the incidence rises by 1228/100000/year.

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